WO2007057599A1 - Systeme de detection et de localisation d'eau dans une structure sandwich d'aeronef - Google Patents
Systeme de detection et de localisation d'eau dans une structure sandwich d'aeronef Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007057599A1 WO2007057599A1 PCT/FR2006/051158 FR2006051158W WO2007057599A1 WO 2007057599 A1 WO2007057599 A1 WO 2007057599A1 FR 2006051158 W FR2006051158 W FR 2006051158W WO 2007057599 A1 WO2007057599 A1 WO 2007057599A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- water
- sandwich structure
- sandwich
- microwaves
- microwave
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
- G01N22/04—Investigating moisture content
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
Definitions
- the invention relates to a system for detecting and locating the presence of water in aircraft box structures and, in particular, in composite sandwich structures.
- the invention has applications in the field of aeronautics and, in particular, in the field of maintenance with non-destructive testing of aircraft structures.
- the invention applies more particularly to so-called boxed structures, that is to say to closed structures made of composite materials with an outer carbon envelope and an inner honeycomb layer.
- boxed structures that is to say to closed structures made of composite materials with an outer carbon envelope and an inner honeycomb layer.
- STATE OF THE ART In the field of aeronautics and, in particular, the maintenance of aircraft in service, it is important to detect the presence of water in the structures of the aircraft. Indeed, water may be present in certain parts in the aircraft, particularly in parts made of sandwich type composite materials.
- a sandwich type material has a honeycomb structure forming an inner layer.
- the honeycomb structure may be a cardboard honeycomb layer, such as Nomex®, or honeycomb fiberglass or foam.
- the skins can be made of impermeable material. They can be shaped to meet on the edge of the room, forming an envelope around the honeycomb structure. The pieces thus formed are called box structures.
- the landing gear hatches, the elevators, the radomes or the elevators are parts that are frequently made of composite sandwich.
- the presence of water in sandwich structures is generally detected using an external source of heat.
- This conventional detection technique consists in heating the water present inside the sandwich structure by means of an external heat source.
- This heat source may be an oven or a heating blanket, that is to say a blanket through which a resistance to heat the entire surface covered by said blanket.
- the heating of the water causes either a deformation of the structure or an increase in the temperature of the surface of the structure.
- the maintenance personnel deduce the presence of water in said structure using either an interferometer (shearography system) or a camera sensitive to infrared radiation.
- Detection of a deformation of the sandwich structure is performed by a holographic interferometry method.
- Holographic interferometry is a method of localization based on the use of two superimposed holographic images, which reveal the parts of a room where the constraints are manifested.
- holographic interferometry consists of making two holographic images, that is to say two images in relief, which are superimposed to show the differences between the two images. These differences correspond to the deformation of the sandwich structure. It is deduced that at the location of the deformation, there is water in the intermediate layer of the sandwich structure.
- the increase of the temperature of the surface of the structure is detected by means of a thermal camera or an infrared camera whose particularity is to highlight, in an image, the zones of the surface of the structure where the temperature is different. At the location of these areas, there is water in the intermediate layer of the sandwich structure.
- this technique requires heating the entire structure to be inspected in order to heat the water possibly infiltrated into the intermediate layer of said structure.
- some structural defects in the structure such as excess resin or adhesive, have the same thermal signature as a honeycomb cell in which there is water. Thus, under the effect of heat, these defects have the same visual representation, on the images acquired by the camera, that water infiltrations. This technique therefore allows no discrimination of defects.
- the presence of excess resin or adhesive is detected as the presence of water in a cell. Maintenance personnel then make repairs that are not necessary.
- the fact of heating the entire structure to inspect involves the use of a relatively bulky device and heavy to implement: in the case of heating in an oven, it is necessary to isolate the room to inspect in an oven; in the case of a heating blanket, the blanket must be placed flat on the part to be inspected and connected to a power source.
- the invention proposes a system for heating only water infiltrated into the structure.
- the outer skin of the sandwich structure is not heated completely, which has the effect that any structural defects in the structure are not heated and, therefore, are not detected by the camera.
- the invention proposes to heat the water present in a sandwich structure by means of electromagnetic microwaves generated in the structure to be inspected, these microwaves having the effect of heating the water.
- the detection of water is then done by means of a thermal camera or a holographic interferometry device.
- the invention relates to a system for detecting and locating water in an aircraft sandwich structure, comprising means for heating the water present in an intermediate layer of the sandwich structure and means for taking at least an image of a surface of the sandwich structure, said image showing remarkable areas of said surface corresponding to the presence of water in the intermediate layer, characterized in that the means for heating the water comprises a device (2, 3 , 6) for emitting, within the sandwich structure, microwaves at a frequency substantially equal to the resonant frequency of the water molecules.
- the invention may also include one or more of the following features:
- the microwave emission device comprises a microwave generator, outside the sandwich structure, at least one microwave transmitter, located inside the structure, and at least one waveguide to transmit the microwaves of the generator to the transmitter.
- the microwave generator emits waves at a frequency substantially equal to the resonance frequency of the water molecules.
- the means for taking images is an infrared camera or a thermal camera capable of detecting a hot zone on the surface of the structure, this hot zone corresponding to the presence of water heated by the microwaves.
- the means for taking images is a holographic interferometry device capable of detecting deformed areas of the surface of the sandwich structure, these deformed zones corresponding to the presence of water heated by the microwaves.
- the microwave emission device comprises two microwave emitters.
- the two microwave transmitters emit at different frequencies.
- a microwave transmitter is an irremovable antenna.
- An immovable antenna has a base attached to the structure and a conductive rod located inside the structure.
- a microwave transmitter is a removable antenna.
- a removable antenna comprises a conductive rod installed in an orifice of the structure, this orifice being closed by a sealed plug, in flight.
- the invention also relates to a method for detecting water in an aircraft sandwich structure, characterized in that it comprises the following operations: - emission of microwaves inside the sandwich structure,
- Figure 1 shows schematically an example of a water detection system according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 represents an exemplary image obtained with an infrared camera according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 represents another example of an image obtained with the system of the invention, in the case where the thermal signature is non-homogeneous.
- FIG. 4 represents yet another example of an image obtained with the system of the invention, in the case where the thermal signature is homogeneous.
- the invention relates to a system for detecting the presence of water in a sandwich structure, by injecting microwaves into said structure.
- a system is shown schematically in FIG.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a structure to be inspected equipped with the system of the invention.
- the structure to be inspected 1 is a structure, or piece, closed comprising one or more cells.
- the structure to be inspected 1 has a rectangular shape. It is understood that it can have various shapes and, in particular, shapes adapted to the structure of an aircraft.
- This structure to be inspected may be, for example, the front landing gear flap of an aircraft.
- the structure to be inspected is a sandwich structure having carbon skins and an intermediate honeycomb layer.
- the honeycomb has the advantage of not absorbing electromagnetic waves.
- Carbon has the advantage of being impassable by electromagnetic waves.
- the system of the invention comprises a device for emitting microwaves inside the structure to be inspected.
- This emission device comprises a wave generator 2 located outside the structure to be inspected 1.
- the waves produced by the generator 2 are microwaves.
- This transmission device also comprises a transmitter 3, or antenna, installed in the structure 1. At least one transmitter is mounted in each part to be inspected from the aircraft.
- the transmitter 3 of the part to be inspected 1 is connected to the generator 2 by means of a waveguide 6.
- This waveguide 6 transmits to the transmitter 3 microwaves generated by the generator 2.
- the transmitter 3 transmits these microwaves in the inner layer, that is to say the honeycomb layer of the structure 1. In propagating in the inner layer, the microwaves heat the water present in the structure 1.
- the microwaves are generated at a substantially equal frequency at the resonant frequency of the water molecules, which excites the water molecules. This excitation results in an increase in the temperature of the water. The heat released by this increase in water temperature is transmitted to the surface of the structure to be inspected. This heat has for as a result of heating and deforming an area of the surface of the structure.
- the system of the invention also comprises an image pickup device 5 located outside the structure to be inspected 1 and which makes at least one image of the surface of the structure.
- the imaging device is a thermal camera or an infrared camera that makes an image of the structure to be inspected.
- the thermal camera and the infrared camera have the particularity of analyzing the different elements of the shooting according to their thermal radiation. They allow, one as the other, to identify hot spots on an image. In the invention, such a camera makes it possible to identify the hot zones of the structure to be inspected 1.
- the image taking device is a holographic interferometry device which produces two holographic images of the surface of the structure to be inspected 1. These holographic images are superimposed, thus making it possible to detect deformed zones.
- this holographic interferometry device detects the areas of the surface of the structure 1 which have deformed under the effect of heat. These deformed zones each correspond to the location of an infiltration of water in the inner layer of the structure.
- the images obtained from the surface of the structure to be inspected show the remarkable areas of said surface, that is to say the zones hot or deformed areas that correspond to a water point inside the structure.
- the generator 2 emits microwaves at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Since the microwaves do not pass through the carbon skins of the sandwich structure, they remain contained in the closed structure; they can therefore be issued without risk to the safety of maintenance personnel.
- the transmitter is an irremovable antenna. It is therefore permanently installed in the structure.
- each part of the aircraft that can be inspected comprises at least one fixed antenna.
- Such an antenna may comprise:
- the base fixed in the carbon skin of the structure to be inspected.
- the base comprises an input terminal adapted to receive the waveguide 6.
- this conductive rod transmits the microwaves inside the structure 1.
- the length of this conductive rod is adapted to the structure to be inspected.
- the conductive rod may have a length of the order of 30 mm.
- the transmitter is a detachable antenna.
- an orifice is preformed in the carbon skin of the structure to be inspected.
- the antenna is installed in this hole.
- the orifice is closed by means of a leakproof plug.
- This plug can be, for example, screwed into the structure.
- the cap is unscrewed and the transmitter is installed in place of the plug in the orifice.
- the cap is screwed back into the hole.
- the orifice is filled with resin as soon as the structure is out of maintenance.
- the transmitter may be a radial antenna that is to say that emits in all directions of a plane, particularly when the microwave transmission power is high, or a directional beam antenna, especially when the available power is less.
- FIG 2 there is shown an exemplary image of the surface of a sandwich structure infiltrated with water, obtained with an infrared camera.
- this image there is a plurality of spots, each spot corresponding to the detection of a hot zone on the surface of the structure.
- One of these spots has a particularly round shape: it corresponds to the antenna 3.
- the location of the antenna being known, it is easy to identify, in the image, the spot corresponding to the antenna compared to other spots.
- the other detected spots 7 correspond to points hot from the surface of the structure.
- Each hot spot corresponds to the presence of water infiltrated into the structure.
- the image provided by the infrared camera can identify, on the outer skin of the sandwich structure, the hot zones whose location corresponds to the presence of water in the inner layer. Since only water is sensitive to microwaves, all the hot zones detected on the surface of the sandwich structure correspond to an infiltrated zone of water. Construction defects are not detected.
- a single transmitter is used to transmit the microwaves into the inner layer of the surface to be inspected.
- the use of a single transmitter may result in non-homogenization of the electromagnetic field in the structure.
- the zones infiltrated with water do not have an identical rise in temperature.
- the spots on the image have different aspects.
- An example of an image obtained by an infrared camera in which the thermal signature is non-homogeneous is shown in FIG. 3.
- the emitter allows a detection of water over an area of 800 mm.
- the hot spot 9a at 400 mm is larger than the others; the hot spot 11a at 800 mm is smaller than the others.
- the invention proposes an embodiment in which two emitters are installed in the structure to be inspected, which has the effect of homogenizing the electromagnetic field in the structure.
- the frequency of the second transmitter may be different from that of the first transmitter.
- the infiltrated areas of water then have a similar rise in temperature.
- the hot spots on the image are therefore of a similar size, as shown in the example of FIG. 4.
- the detection of hot spots 8b, 9b, 10b, 11b, 12b on the image is thus facilitated.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 correspond to images obtained by means of an infrared camera. It is understood that a detection of the infiltrated zones of water with a homogeneous thermal signature can also be obtained with a holographic interferometry device, as previously described.
- the system of the invention which has just been described has the advantage of allowing a rapid heating time of the infiltrated water. This heating time is of the order of 10 seconds to 1 minute.
- the temperature rise of the surface of the structure to be inspected is therefore also faster than in the prior art, which allows a fast inspection of the parts, without any disassembly.
- the total time for the implementation and acquisition of results is thus less than half an hour. This reduction in detection time makes it possible to carry out more frequent inspections and thus to carry out less heavy repairs since they were performed early, before the structure has suffered too much degradation.
- this system has the advantage of being relatively compact since it requires, to heat the water, a microwave generator of reduced size and one or more transmitter (s) located (s) ) inside the structure to be inspected.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BRPI0618503-7A BRPI0618503A2 (pt) | 2005-11-10 | 2006-11-09 | sistema de detecção e de localização de água em uma estrutura prensada de aeronave |
JP2008539481A JP4982499B2 (ja) | 2005-11-10 | 2006-11-09 | 航空機用のサンドイッチ構造体内の水の検知及び位置特定化システム |
EP06831321A EP1946086A1 (fr) | 2005-11-10 | 2006-11-09 | Systeme de detection et de localisation d'eau dans une structure sandwich d'aeronef |
CA2627526A CA2627526C (fr) | 2005-11-10 | 2006-11-09 | Systeme de detection et de localisation d'eau dans une structure sandwich d'aeronef |
US12/093,212 US8294104B2 (en) | 2005-11-10 | 2006-11-09 | System for detecting and locating water in a sandwich-type structure for aircrafts |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0553415 | 2005-11-10 | ||
FR0553415A FR2893135B1 (fr) | 2005-11-10 | 2005-11-10 | Systeme de detection et de localisation d'eau dans une structure sandwich d'aeronef |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007057599A1 true WO2007057599A1 (fr) | 2007-05-24 |
Family
ID=36808868
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2006/051158 WO2007057599A1 (fr) | 2005-11-10 | 2006-11-09 | Systeme de detection et de localisation d'eau dans une structure sandwich d'aeronef |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8294104B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1946086A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4982499B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101300479A (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0618503A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2627526C (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2893135B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2397478C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2007057599A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102010039153B4 (de) * | 2010-08-10 | 2012-04-19 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Verfahren zum Verbinden eines in ein Faserverbundbauteil eingebetteten Lichtleiters mit einem externen Lichtleiter |
JP5827926B2 (ja) * | 2012-06-19 | 2015-12-02 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 湿度推定装置を用いたレコメンドサービスシステム、方法およびプログラム |
CA2929287A1 (fr) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-05-14 | Bombardier Inc. | Surveillance de l'etat de fonctionnement de structures composites |
US20160370309A1 (en) | 2015-06-22 | 2016-12-22 | The Boeing Company | Methods and systems for determining an allowable moisture content in a composite structure |
US10422742B2 (en) * | 2017-10-18 | 2019-09-24 | The Boeing Company | Moisture detection system |
US10656081B2 (en) * | 2017-10-18 | 2020-05-19 | The Boeing Company | Synchronized phased array and infrared detector system for moisture detection |
US11474058B2 (en) | 2019-01-10 | 2022-10-18 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for detecting water in a fan case |
RU2720738C1 (ru) * | 2019-09-12 | 2020-05-13 | Акционерное общество «Обнинское научно-производственное предприятие «Технология» им. А.Г.Ромашина» | Способ управления нагревом при тепловых испытаниях керамических обтекателей |
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US6183126B1 (en) * | 1994-04-11 | 2001-02-06 | The John Hopkins University | Method for nondestructive/noncontact microwave detection of electrical and magnetic property discontinuities in materials |
US20020018510A1 (en) * | 1996-07-31 | 2002-02-14 | Murphy John C. | Thermal-based methods for nondestructive evaluation |
EP1455180A1 (fr) * | 2003-03-04 | 2004-09-08 | Silvia Hofmann | Procédé et dispositif d'essais thermographiques de matériaux plastiques des coques de navires ou bateaux |
WO2005095934A1 (fr) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-10-13 | Quest Integrated, Inc. | Detection d'anomalies par thermographie transitoire a rechauffement par induction |
Family Cites Families (9)
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JPS60164797U (ja) * | 1984-04-11 | 1985-11-01 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 電子レンジ |
JPS614903A (ja) * | 1984-06-20 | 1986-01-10 | Hitachi Ltd | ホログラフイ干渉法による変位モ−ド把握方法 |
JPH03195958A (ja) * | 1989-12-16 | 1991-08-27 | Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm Gmbh <Mbb> | 大形構成部材を温度計測試験するための装置 |
JPH0812162B2 (ja) * | 1992-04-20 | 1996-02-07 | 川崎重工業株式会社 | ハニカム構造体中の水分検出方法 |
JP3205806B2 (ja) * | 1999-04-02 | 2001-09-04 | 鹿島建設株式会社 | アスファルト表面層内部の水探知方法および装置 |
JP2004335361A (ja) * | 2003-05-09 | 2004-11-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 高周波加熱装置及びその制御方法 |
DE10319099B4 (de) * | 2003-04-28 | 2005-09-08 | Steinbichler Optotechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zur Interferenzmessung eines Objektes, insbesondere eines Reifens |
FR2880424B1 (fr) * | 2004-12-30 | 2008-10-10 | Airbus France Sas | Systeme de detection, de quantification et/ou de localisation d'eau dans des structures sandwich d'aeronef et procedes de mise en oeuvre de ce systeme |
US20070090294A1 (en) * | 2005-10-24 | 2007-04-26 | The Boeing Company | Terahertz imaging non-destructive inspection systems and methods |
-
2005
- 2005-11-10 FR FR0553415A patent/FR2893135B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-11-09 EP EP06831321A patent/EP1946086A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-11-09 US US12/093,212 patent/US8294104B2/en active Active
- 2006-11-09 JP JP2008539481A patent/JP4982499B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-11-09 RU RU2008123548/09A patent/RU2397478C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-11-09 CN CNA2006800408781A patent/CN101300479A/zh active Pending
- 2006-11-09 CA CA2627526A patent/CA2627526C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-11-09 BR BRPI0618503-7A patent/BRPI0618503A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-11-09 WO PCT/FR2006/051158 patent/WO2007057599A1/fr active Application Filing
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US6183126B1 (en) * | 1994-04-11 | 2001-02-06 | The John Hopkins University | Method for nondestructive/noncontact microwave detection of electrical and magnetic property discontinuities in materials |
US20020018510A1 (en) * | 1996-07-31 | 2002-02-14 | Murphy John C. | Thermal-based methods for nondestructive evaluation |
EP1455180A1 (fr) * | 2003-03-04 | 2004-09-08 | Silvia Hofmann | Procédé et dispositif d'essais thermographiques de matériaux plastiques des coques de navires ou bateaux |
WO2005095934A1 (fr) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-10-13 | Quest Integrated, Inc. | Detection d'anomalies par thermographie transitoire a rechauffement par induction |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8294104B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 |
US20100155603A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
JP4982499B2 (ja) | 2012-07-25 |
BRPI0618503A2 (pt) | 2011-09-06 |
RU2008123548A (ru) | 2009-12-27 |
JP2009516161A (ja) | 2009-04-16 |
FR2893135B1 (fr) | 2008-08-29 |
FR2893135A1 (fr) | 2007-05-11 |
CA2627526C (fr) | 2015-04-21 |
EP1946086A1 (fr) | 2008-07-23 |
CN101300479A (zh) | 2008-11-05 |
RU2397478C2 (ru) | 2010-08-20 |
CA2627526A1 (fr) | 2007-05-24 |
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