WO2007047256A2 - Svv-based animal vaccines and uses thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) is a unique picornavirus that can specifically kill certain types of human tumor cells, but cannot infect, replicate within or kill normal human cells. It has been determined that SVV is also permissive to porcine cells, and shares high genomic sequence identity to a number of porcine picornaviruses, herein considered to be members of a group called SVV-like picornaviruses. Antibodies that can neutralize SVV infection of SVV permissive cell lines have been found to be cross-reactive to the SVV-like picornaviruses. Because these SVV-like picornaviruses may be associated with a variety of diseases and sicknesses in pigs, vaccines comprising SVV or S W-like picornaviruses may be useful for the protection of non-primate animals against picornavirus related infection and disease, including disease and sickness that may be associated with SVV and SVV-like picornavirus infection.

Description

SW-BASED ANIMAL VACCINES AND USES THEREOF

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Serial No. 60/726,313, filed October

13, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] This disclosure contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves any and all copyright rights.

[0003] All patent applications, published patent applications, issued and granted patents, texts, and literature references cited in this specification are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to more fully describe the state of the art to which the present invention pertains.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Picornaviruses can be responsible for a variety of animal diseases, including,

Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), and those diseases caused by various porcine enteroviruses. Such diseases cause enormous economic losses for farmers. For example, FMD is considered by many to be the most economically devastating livestock disease virus in the world. This is largely due to the fact that it is highly transmissible and causes economic losses in animal production due to depopulation, currently the most effective means of control. The economic effects of FMD occur when countries prohibit exports of beef, pork, mutton, dairy products, and live animals. This means the United States would have the potential to lose $3.1 billion in beef exports and $1.3 billion in pork exports each year. In a recent revenue impact analysis done of a FMD outbreak in the U.S., by Paarlberg et al. (JAVMA, (2002) 220(7): 988-992), it was estimated that $14 billion would be lost in farm income. Livestock exports would drop $6.6 billion. Another indirect effect is that of consumer fear. Even though FMD is not a risk to humans, consumption of red meat and dairy products could be reduced and estimates include a 20% decline in consumer purchases, causing a loss to farm income of $20.8 billion. New vaccines that can protect animals against viral diseases and disorders are desired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) was initially identified as a unique virus that specifically kills certain types of human tumor cells but is not cytotoxic to normal human cells (see International Application No. PCT/US2004/031504 and U.S. Serial No. 60/506,182, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, including SW nucleotide and amino acid sequences obtained from the SW isolate ATCC Patent Deposit Number PTA-5343). The present invention relates to the discovery that SW is closely related to certain picoraaviruses ("S W-like picomaviruses" - see below) that infect and may cause disease/sickness in pigs and potentially other non-primate animals. SW itself may also infect and cause disease/sickness in non-primate animals. In part because SW is closely related to viruses that may cause disease/sickness in non-primate animals, the invention provides vaccine compositions comprising SW and methods involving their use for the protection of non-primate animals against SW and S W-like picornavirus infection and associated disease/sickness.

[0006] In one aspect, the invention provides a vaccine comprising at least one SW component. An SW component includes, but is not limited to, an SW antigen, a vector that expresses an SW antigen, or antibodies specific to an SW antigen. An SW antigen can comprise, for example, the entire SW particle or virion, an SW nucleic acid (including the genomic RNA and portions thereof), SW proteins or peptides (including the polyprotein and portions thereof), and host cell modifications of SW (including sugars, proteins and lipids that might be attached by the host cell to a part of SW). In one aspect, the host cell modification comprises a glycosylation of an SW capsid protein. SW proteins or peptides can also be in the form of fusion proteins, where an SW protein or peptide is fused to a molecule that is known to be highly antigenic. The vaccine can also comprise non-S W^{^} specific components including, but not limited to, an adjuvant, a preservative, water, and saline.

[0007] In one aspect, the invention provides a vaccine comprising an SW particle.

In another aspect, a vaccine can comprise a tumor cell infected with an SW particle. In another aspect, a vaccine can comprise a lysate or extract from a tumor cell infected with an SW particle. The particle can comprise, for example, a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to: (i) SEQ ID NO:1 (SW genomic sequence) or (ii) a contiguous portion of SEQ ID NO:1 that is least 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 500, or 1000 nucleotides in length. The particle (i.e., the virus) can be attenuated or inactivated.

[0008] hi another aspect, the vaccine can comprise an SW particle and an SW-like picornavirus particle, hi another aspect, a vaccine can comprise a tumor cell infected with an SW-like particle. In another aspect, a vaccine can comprise a lysate or an extract from a tumor cell infected with an SVV-like particle. The SVV-like picornavirus particle can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to: (i) SEQ ID NO:1 or (ii) a contiguous portion of SEQ ID NO:1 that is least 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 500, or 1000 nucleotides in length. The SVV-like picornavirus can comprise an epitope that is reactive to (or recognized by, or can be specifically bound by) an antibody that neutralizes SVV infection of an SVV permissive cell. The SVV-like picornavirus particle can be from one of the following viral isolates: MN 88-36695, NC 88-23626, IA 89-47552, NJ 90-10324, IL 92-48963, CA 131395; LA 1278; IL 66289; IL 94-9356; MN/GA 99-29256; MN 99197; and SC 363649. The S W-like picornavirus can also be a cardiovirus.

[0009] In one aspect, the invention provides a vaccine comprising an SW protein or peptide. The SW protein or peptide can comprise a sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to: (i) the amino acid sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:2 (SVV polyprotein) or (ii) a contiguous portion of SEQ ID NO:2 that is at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, or 200 amino acids in length. The SW protein or peptide can comprise a leader sequence peptide, VP4, VP2, VP3, VPl, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, or a portion thereof.

[0010] In another aspect, the invention provides a vaccine comprising an SW protein or peptide and an SVV-like picornavirus protein or peptide. The SW-like picornavirus protein or peptide can be from one of the following viral isolates: MN 88-36695, NC 88- 23626, IA 89-47552, NJ 90-10324, IL 92-48963, CA 131395; LA 1278; IL 66289; IL 94- 9356; MN/GA 99-29256; MN 99197; and SC 363649. The SW-like picornavirus protein or peptide can also be from a virus that is reactive to an antibody that can neutralize SVV infection of an SVV permissive cell line. The SW-like picornavirus protein or peptide can be from a cardiovirus. The SVV-like picornavirus protein or peptide can be at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a contiguous portion of SEQ ID NO:2 that is at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, or 200 amino acids in length.

[0011] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for protecting a non-primate animal from a picornavirus infection and/or associated disease or sickness, the method comprising administering to the non-primate animal a vaccine of the invention, hi one aspect, the vaccine that is administered, with respect to its antigenic content, comprises (or in another aspect, consists essentially of) SVV particles or SW proteins/peptides or portions thereof. SVV proteins/peptides, or portions thereof, can be in the form of protein fusions, where the SVV part of the fusion protein is fused to a molecule that is known to be highly antigenic, for example, fusion of SVV capsid proteins with heat shock protein 70, or fused to a molecule that is known to be immunostimulatory, such as cytokines (like GM-CSF), interleukins, and interferons. The picornavirus infection can be from any picornavirus, including SVV or from an SVV-like picomavirus. The picornavirus associated disease or sickness can comprise, for example, stillborn offspring, diarrhea, pneumonia, gliosis, vasculitis, enlarged spleen, liver disorder including congestion, heart hemorrhage, necrosis, congested tonsils, stomach and intestine disorders including congestion, nose discharge, inflammation, lameness, lung hemorrhage, foot lesions, mouth lesions, skin lesions, lameness, respiratory distress, unhealthy offspring conditions including stupor and dome- headedness, dehydration, abnormal fetal development, or any combination thereof. Also, the picornavirus associated disease or sickness can comprise Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), diseases in non-primate animals caused by enteroviruses, or related diseases or sicknesses. The non-primate animal can be, for example, a pig, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, mule, llama, donkey, chicken, turkey, goose, duck, cat, dog, guinea pig, mouse, or rat. In one aspect, the non-primate animal is a pig.

[0012] In another aspect, the invention provides a kit for immunizing a non-primate animal comprising any one of the vaccines described herein.

[0013] In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a vaccine comprising: (1) a tumor cell infected with SVV and/or an SVV-like particle, or (2) an extract or lysate from the tumor cell infected with SVV and/or an SVV-like particle. The extract or lysate can be an oncolysate that comprises tumor marker antigens and virus antigens. The extract or lysate that is administered can be a purified portion of the whole cell extract or lysate, including for example a protein portion or a membrane portion. The tumor cell infected with SW or with an SVV-like virus can be, for example, a human small cell lung cancer cell, a human retinoblastoma cell, a human neuroblastoma cell, a human medulloblastoma cell, a mouse neuroblastoma cell, a Wilms' tumor cell, or a human non-small cell lung cancer cell. Thus, the cancer that is treated can be a cancer that is neurotropic or has neuroendocrine properties, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and neuroblastomas. Other examples of neuroendocrine tumors that are contemplated to be treated by certain vaccines of the present invention include, but are not limited to: adrenal pheochromocytomas, gastrinomas (causing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), glucagonomas, insulinomas, medullary carcinomas (including medullary thyroid carcinoma), multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, pancreatic endocrine tumors, paragangliomas, VIPomas (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide tumor), islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0014] Figures 1A-1H present the genomic sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and encoded polyprotein sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of SVV. Specific features of the SVV genomic sequence, such as specific coding regions for proteins cleaved from the polyprotein sequence are described herein. The SVV genome sequence was obtained from the SW isolate that has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); ATCC Patent Deposit Number PTA-5343.

[0015] Figures 2A-2D present the nucleic acid sequence of the SVV genome (SEQ

ID NO:1).

[0016] Figure 3 presents the amino acid sequence of the SW polyprotein (SEQ ID

NO:2).

[0017] Figure 4 provides an analysis of epidemiology of SW. SW is a unique virus, phylogenetically similar to cardioviruses, but in a separate tree.

[0018] Figures 5A-5D show a nucleic acid sequence comparison between SW and some SW-like picornaviruses in the areas of the Pl structural region and 2 A. In particular, the comparison is in the VP2(partial)-VP3-VPl-2A(ρartial) regions. The listed SVV sequence is SEQ ID NO:3; the listed sequence for isolate IA 89-47752 is SEQ ID NO:4; the listed sequence for isolate CA 131395 is SEQ ID NO:5; the listed sequence for isolate NC 88-23626 is SEQ ID NO:6; the listed sequence for isolate MN 88-36695 is SEQ ID NO:7; the listed sequence for isolate NJ 90-10324 is SEQ ID NO:8; the listed sequence for isolate IL 92-48963 is SEQ ID NO:9; the listed sequence for isolate LA 1278 (97-1278) is SEQ ID NO: 10; and the listed consensus sequence is SEQ ID NO:11.

[0019] Figure 6 shows a nucleic acid sequence comparison between SW and isolates IA 89-47752 and CA 131395 in the 2C coding region (partial). The listed SW sequence is SEQ ID NO: 12; the listed sequence for isolate IA 89-47752 is SEQ ID NO: 13; the listed sequence for isolate CA 131395 is SEQ ID NO: 14; and the listed consensus sequence is SEQ ID NO: 15. [0020] Figures 7A-7B show a nucleic acid sequence comparison between SVV and isolates NC 88-23626, MN 88-36695, IA 89-47752, NJ 90-10324, IL 92-48963, LA 97-1278, and CA 131395 in the 3D polymerase coding region (partial) and 3' UTR region. The listed sequences are SVV (SEQ ID NO: 16), NC 88-23626 (SEQ ID NO: 17), MN 88-36695 (SEQ ID NO: 18), IA 89-47752 (SEQ ID NO: 19), NJ 90-10324 (SEQ ID NO:20), IL 92-48963 (SEQ ID NO:21), LA 97-1278 (SEQ ID NO:22), CA 131395 (SEQ ID NO:23), and consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO:24).

[0021] Figure 8 presents a schematic of the basic genome structure and protein products generated from polyprotein processing for picornaviruses, including SVV.

[0022] Figure 9 shows the results of a neutralization assay of GPl 02 sera on SW

(see Example 2). The neutralization titer (calculated as the highest dilution that neutralizes the virus 100%) is 1:100.

[0023] Figure 10 shows the results of a neutralization assay of anti-SVV antisera on

MN 88-36695 (see Example 2). The neutralization titer is 1:560.

[0024] Figure HA and Figure HB depict neighbor-joining trees. These trees were constructed using PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package Computer Programs for Inferring Phylogenies) and show the relationship between SW and seven SW-like picornaviruses when comparing sequences from regions in Pl and partial 2A (Figure 1 IA) and in the '3 end of the genome (Figure 1 IB).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] The invention provides vaccines and methods for using the vaccines in order to immunize or protect non-primate animals against picornavirus infection and associated disease/sickness. The invention also provides oncolysate and whole-cell vaccines based on tumor cells infected with SW (or an S VV-like virus) in order to treat cancer in primate or non-primate animals. The vaccine compositions of the invention include an SW component, such as an SVV particle (wild-type, attenuated, virus like particles without RNA in them, or inactivated), an SVV protein or peptide or portion thereof, an SW nucleic acid, or a vaccine vector that expresses an SW protein or peptide or portion thereof. The SVV particles, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids can be from wild-type SVV or mutants, derivatives, homologues or variants thereof. An SW vaccine can also comprise antibodies specific to SVV, where such a vaccine can be used to provide passive immunity to a vaccination subject. SVV vaccines that comprise antibodies specific to SW can also be used to provide protection for non-primate animals against infections from SVV-like picomaviruses, as such viruses can be cross-reactive with antibodies raised against SVV antigens. The vaccine compositions can further comprise particles, proteins/peptides or nucleic acids from SVV- like picornaviruses. An SW vaccine can also comprise plasmids or vectors that express SVV or SVV-like picornavirus proteins or peptides in a subject to be vaccinated. An SVV vaccine can also comprise vehicles (i.e., liposomes, virosomes, etc.) that deliver SVV or SVV-like picornavirus antigens to the subject to be vaccinated. The invention limits the use of such vaccines to non-primate animals, because in humans, SVV specifically binds and kills tumor cells. SVV-based vaccines are useful for the protection of non-primate animals from picornavirus infection and associated disease/sickness because, in part, it is possible that picornavirus infection in pigs can cause a variety of diseases and sicknesses.

[0026] Terms

[0027] As used herein a "SW component" refers to an entity that can cause or enhance an immune response to SW or to some portion of SW. For example, an SW component includes, but is not limited to, an SW antigen, a vector that expresses or otherwise delivers an SVV antigen to a subject to be vaccinated, and an antibody that specifically binds to an SVV antigen. An SVV antigen includes, but is not limited to, an SW particle or virion, an SVV nucleic acid, and an SW protein or peptide encoded by the SVV genome or variants thereof encoded by nucleic acids having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or to a contiguous portion thereof that is at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 1000, 1500, or 2000 nucleotides in length. The SVV antigen can also include modifications made by a host-cell that produces SW particles, where such modifications can be, for example, sugars, lipids, or proteins that are not encoded by the SVV genome but are produced by the host-cell and attached to some part of SW. A vector that expresses or otherwise delivers an SVV antigen to a subject of vaccination includes, for example, plasmids or virosomes that can express an SW protein or polypeptide in the subject to be vaccinated. Virosomes can also be used to deliver the pre-formed SVV antigens when SW proteins are embedded in the virosome membrane. SW antigens can also be delivered by other non-plasmid vehicles, including but not limited to, elastic vesicle transfersomes, non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes), liposomes, and biodegradable microspheres. Antibodies that are specific to an SVV and are used as an SVV vaccine component can be used to provide passive immunity to the subject of vaccination.

[0028] The terms "virus," "viral particle," "virus particle," and "virion" are used interchangeably.

[0029] The terms "vector particle" and "viral vector particle" are interchangeable and are to be understood broadly - for example - as meaning infectious viral particles that are formed when, e.g., a viral vector of the invention is transduced or transfected into an appropriate cell or cell line for the generation of infectious particles.

[0030] The terms "derivative," "mutant," "variant" and "modified" are used interchangeably to generally indicate that a derivative, mutant, variant or modified virus can have a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence difference with respect to a template viral nucleic acid or amino acid sequence. For example, an SVV derivative, mutant, variant or modified SVV may refer to an SVV that has a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence difference with respect to the wild-type SVV nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of ATCC Patent Deposit Number PTA-5343.

[0031] An "SW-like picornavirus" as used herein can have at least about 65%, 70%,

75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SVV at the nucleotide level, where the sequence comparison is not limited to a whole-genome analysis, but can be focused on a particular region of the genome, such as the 5'UTR, structural encoding regions, non-structural encoding regions, and portions thereof. The particular length of the genome for sequence comparison that is adequate to determine relatedness/likeness to SW is known to one skilled in the art, and the adequate length can vary with respect to the percentage of identity that is present. The length for sequence comparison can be, for example, at least 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, or 2500 nucleotides. Where the length is shorter, one skilled in the ait understands, for example, that the identity between sequences can be higher in order to consider the two sequences to be related. However, such guidance is qualified at least with respect to considerations of sequence conservation, in that certain regions of the genome are more conserved than others between related species. Additionally, if an antiserum generated from a virus can neutralize SW infection of an SW permissive cell line, then the virus is considered to be an SW-like picornavirus. Additionally, if an antiserum generated from a virus can neutralize SW infection of an SVV permissive cell line, and that antiserum can also bind to other viruses (for example, if the antiserum can be used in indirect immunofluorescence assays to detect virus), then the other viruses that can be bound by the antiserum are considered to be SVV-like picornaviruses. For purposes of the invention, SVV-like picornaviruses can include cardioviruses. Exemplary SVV permissive cells or cell lines include, but are not limited to, Y79, NCI-H446, NlE-115, NCI-Hl 770, NCI-H82, PER.C6^®, NCI-H69AR, SK-NEP-I, IMR-32, NCI-H187, NCI-H209, HCC33, NCI-Hl 184, D283 Med, SK-N-AS, BEK PCB3E1, ST, NCI-H1299, DMS 153, NCI-H378, NCI-H295R, BEK, PPASMC, PCASMC, PAoSMC, NCI-H526, OVCAR-3, NCI-H207, ESK-4, SW-13, 293, Hs 578T, HS l.Tes, and LOX IMVI.

[0032] An "attenuated virus" or a "live attenuated virus" are viral mutants that are unable to cause disease or are less able to replicate or grow in a vaccination subject, but the mutants retain their antigenicity such that they can induce immunogenic protection.

[0033] An "inactivated" or "killed" virus is a virus that is treated such that it cannot replicate.

[0034] The terms "identical" or percent "identity" in the context of two or more nucleic acid or protein sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm such as Protein-Protein BLAST (Protein-Protein BLAST of GenBank databases (Altschul, S. F. et al. (1990) "Basic local alignment search tool." J. MoL Biol. 215:403-410)) or by visual inspection. The BLAST algorithm is described in Altschul et al., J. MoI. Biol, 215:403-410 (1990), and publicly available BLAST software is provided through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).

[0035] For example, as used herein, the term "at least 90% identical to" refers to percent identities from 90 to 100 relative to the reference polypeptides (or polynucleotides). Identity at a level of 90% or more is indicative of the fact that, assuming for exemplification purposes a test and reference polypeptide length of 100 amino acids are compared, no more than 10% (i.e., 10 out of 100) amino acids in the test polypeptide differs from that of the reference polypeptide. Similar comparisons can be made between a test and reference polynucleotide. Such differences can be represented as point mutations randomly distributed over the entire length of an amino acid sequence or they can be clustered in one or more locations of varying length up to the maximum allowable, e.g., 10 out of 100 amino acid difference (90% identity). Differences are defined as nucleic acid or amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions. At the level of identities above about 85-90%, the result should be independent of the program and gap parameters set; such high levels of identity can be assessed readily, often without relying on software.

[0036] Seneca Valley Virus (SW) Genome and Proteins

[0037] SVV is an RNA virus, and with respect to previously characterized picornaviruses, SVV is most closely related to members from the genus Cardiovirus (Scraba, D. et al., "Cardioviruses (Picornaviridae)," in Encyclopedia of Virology, 2nd Ed., R. G. Webseter and A. Granoff, Editors, 1999) in the family Picornaviridae. The results of sequence analyses between SVV and other cardioviruses are discussed in International Application No. PCT/US2004/031504), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Since the time of the sequence analysis of SVV described in PCT/US2004/031504, the Picornavirus Study Group has initiated discussion as to whether SW will be a member of a new genus. Figure 4 presents a genetic relationship tree between members of the family Picornaviridae.

[0038] The genome of SW consists of one single-stranded positive (+) sense strand

RNA molecule having a size of 7,310 nucleotides including a poly(A) tail of 30 nucleotides in length (see Figure 1 A-IH; Fig. 2A-2D; SEQ ID NO:1). As SW is a picornavirus, it has a number of features that are conserved in all picornaviruses: (i) genomic RNA is infectious, and thus can be transfected into cells to bypass the virus-receptor binding and entry steps in the viral life cycle; (ii) a long untranslated region (UTR) at the 5' end of the genome (for SVV, nucleotides 1-666 of SEQ ID NO:1) and a shorter 3' untranslated region (for SVV, nucleotides 7210-7280 of SEQ ID NO:1); (iii) the 5' UTR contains a clover-leaf secondary structure known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) (which can be from about nucleotide 300 to about nucleotide 366 of SEQ ID NO:1 for example); (iv) the rest of the genome encodes a single polyprotein (for SW, nucleotides 667-7209 of SEQ ID NO:1 encode the polyprotein (SEQ ID NO:2)) and (v) both ends of the genome are modified, the 5' end by a covalently attached small, basic protein, "Vpg," and the 3' end by polyadenylation (nucleotides 7281-7310 of SEQ ID NO:1).

[0039] In a host cell, the SW polyprotein is cleaved into a number of smaller proteins (see Figure 8). DNA clones of the SW genome or portions thereof can be made by reverse-transcription of the SW RNA genome. The DNA clones can be subcloned into expression plasmids, such that the expression plasmids can express any one of the SVV proteins or portions thereof. Additionally, expression plasmids can be generated such that more than one SVV protein can be expressed as a single larger protein. Besides the use of SVV particles, SVV proteins, peptides, portions of the full polyprotein, and the polyprotein itself, can be used in vaccine compositions to protect animals against SVV and S W-like picornavirus infections as described herein. The following table lists the nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1 that encode the SVV proteins. The table also lists the amino acid sequences of the SW proteins with respect to the polyprotein sequence listed in SEQ ID NO:2.

Table 1: SVV Genome/Protein Features

[0040] SW Epidemiology

[0041] From initial sequence comparisons to known picornaviruses (see International

Application No. PCT/US2004/031504), there were two phylogenetic classification options: (1) to include SVV as a new species in the genus Cardiovirus; or (2) assign SVV to a new genus. At that time and for the International application, SVV was designated to be a novel member of the genus Cardiovirus. After further analyses however, it has been found that several characteristics of SW differ with that of cardioviruses. For example, some cardiovirus genomes contain an extended internal poly(C) tract in their 5' UTRs. SVV does not contain a poly(C) tract. From the additional 5' sequence information, the Internal Ribosome Entry Sequence (IRES) of SVV has been mapped and compared to other picornaviruses, and it has been determined that the SW IRES is Type IV, whereas cardiovirus IRES's are Type II. The cardioviruses have a long (150 amino acid (aa)) 2A protease while SW has a short (9 aa) 2 A protease. The size of this protein as well as others (Leader peptide, 3A) differs significantly between SW and cardioviruses. From the study of other picomaviruses, it is know that these proteins are likely involved in host cell interactions including tropism and virulence. Lastly, it is now thought that the overall sequences differ too much in a number of genome regions and SW-OOl should therefore be considered to form a new genus. Additionally, multiple unique picomaviruses have been discovered at the USDA that are more similar to SW than SW is to other cardioviruses. Therefore, it has been decided by the Executive Committee of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICVT) based on recommendations made by the Picornavirus Study Group that SVV will make up a new species of picornavirus, named Seneca Valley virus. However, currently, SVV and these unique USDA picomaviruses (herein referred to as being members of the group of SW-like picomaviruses) are currently unassigned to any genus.

[0042] Several of the SW-like picomaviruses discovered at the USDA are about 95-

98% identical to SVV at the nucleotide level (for example, see Figures 5-7). Antisera against one virus (MN 88-36695) neutralizes SW, and this virus is reactive to other antisera that can neutralize SVV. The SW-like picomaviruses were isolated from pigs, and thus, pigs are likely a permissive host for SW and other SW-like viruses. Examples of SW-like picomaviruses isolated from pigs include, but are not limited to, the following USDA isolates MN 88-36695, NC 88-23626, IA 89-47552, NJ 90-10324, IL 92-48963, CA 131395; LA 1278; IL 66289; IL 94-9356; MN/GA 99-29256; MN 99197; and SC 363649. SW-like picomaviruses may also include cardioviruses closely related to SW (as determined by sequence analysis or by cross-reactivity to antibodies raised against SW antigens).

[0043] Uses of SW Vaccine

[0044] In humans, SW selectively infects and kills tumor cells (see

PCT/US2004/031504) and not normal cells. In addition to certain types of human cancer cell lines, it has been determined that primary porcine smooth muscle cells are permissive for SW replication (see Table 3). Thus, in one embodiment, a vaccine comprising SVV or proteins/peptides thereof is useful for immunizing pigs against SW or SW-like picornavirus mediated sickness.

[0045] SW vaccines can comprise wild-type, inactivated or live-attenuated SW.

Inactivated or 'killed' SW vaccines comprise SW particles that are treated so that they are unable to replicate. SW particles can be inactivated by standard methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, heat treatment, formaldehyde treatment, UV irradiation, β- propiolactone treatment, and gamma ray treatment. Live-attenuated SVV vaccines can comprise SVV mutants that are less able to grow in a vaccination subject or are less virulent in a vaccination subject. SW can be attenuated, for example, by replacing the IRES of SW with an IRES of other picornaviruses, e.g., poliovirus was attenuated by replacing its IRES sequence with that of a rhino virus. SVV can also be attenuated, for example, by serial passage of SVV in semipermissive or non-permissive cells that may lead to attenuation of SVV virulence, e.g., attenuated poliovirus vaccines were prepared by serial passage of poliovirus serotypes in non-permissive or semi-permissive cells. SVV vaccines can also comprise a combination of SVV particles and SVV-like picornavirus particles.

[0046] In another embodiment, the invention provides an SW vaccine that elicits passive immunity. In this embodiment, the administration of preformed antibodies specific to SVV particles or its component parts, including proteins, peptides and nucleic acids, provide passive immunity for the animal. Thus, in addition to generating antibodies specific to epitopes on the SW particle, antibodies can be generated that are specific to any protein or peptide from the SVV polyprotein (SEQ ID NO:2) or to any portion of the SW genome (SEQ ID NO:1). Such antibodies can be used in vaccines for the purpose of generating passive immunity against SW or against viruses that are cross-reactive to these antibodies, for example, SVV-like picornaviruses.

[0047] Due to the relatedness between SW and SW-like picornaviruses, a vaccine made from SW particles and/or proteins/peptides can be used to immunize animals against infection and sickness from SVV and/or SW-like picornaviruses. Relatedness between SW and SVV-like picornaviruses can be determined by sequence comparison and reactivity to antisera. For example, the isolate MN 88-36695 was inoculated into a gnotobiotic pig and antisera was generated ("GP 102"). The GP 102 antisera was found to specifically bind to the following viruses in an indirect immunofluorescence assay: MN 88-36695, NC 88-23626, IA 89-47552, NJ 90-10324, IL 92-48963, CA 131395; LA 1278; IL 66289; IL 94-9356; MN/GA 99-29256; MN 99197; and SC 363649. Further, the GP102 antisera were able to neutralize SVV infection of S W-permissive cell lines. The GP 102 antisera was specific to SW and SW-like picornaviruses because the antisera was non-reactive with 24 common porcine viral pathogens not related to SW.

[0048] Besides pigs, antisera from cattle and mice were also tested to determine whether they could neutralize SW (see Example 1). Results indicate that 10/50 bovine sera were neutralizing, 27/71 porcine sera contained neutralizing antibodies, and 5/35 wild mice sera were neutralizing. In contrast, 1/100 human sera and 0/52 primate sera from four species contained neutralizing antibodies to SVV. Because antibodies cross-reactive to SW and/or SVV-like picornavimses have been found in pigs, cows and mice, these data indicate that SW and/or SVV-like picornaviruses may be prevalent in a wide- variety of non-primate animals. Thus, in one embodiment, an SVV vaccine can be used to immunize any non- primate animal. Examples of non-primate animals include, but are not limited to, pig, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, mule, llama, donkey, chicken, turkey, goose, duck, cat, dog, guinea pig, mouse, rat, and non-poultry birds. In one embodiment, an SVV vaccine can be used to immunize any farm animal that is not a primate. In one embodiment, an SVV vaccine can be used to immunize a primate animal. For example, because monkeys are reported to be highly susceptible to cardiovirus infections, an SW based vaccine may provide protection against cardiovirus infections in primates.

[0049] The following table provides an exemplary list of symptoms that were present in the pigs that the SVV-like picornaviruses were isolated from:

Table 2: Symptoms from SW-like Infection

[0050] Thus, in one embodiment, an SW vaccine can be used to immunize an animal against S W-mediated or SW-like picornavirus-mediated infection and sickness, where the sickness can comprise: stillborn offspring, diarrhea, pneumonia, gliosis, vasculitis, enlarged spleen, liver disorder including congestion, heart hemorrhage, necrosis, congested tonsils, stomach and intestine disorders including congestion, nose discharge, inflammation, lameness, lung hemorrhage, foot lesions, mouth lesions, skin lesions, lameness, respiratory distress, unhealthy offspring conditions including stupor and dome-headedness, dehydration, and abnormal fetal development. In one embodiment, the animal can be any non-primate animal.

[0051] In another embodiment, an SVV vaccine can be used to immunize an animal against Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), a disease caused by an enterovirus, or related diseases. In another embodiment, SVV can be used as a vector to express antigens from other pathogens in an animal such that the antigens help to provoke immunity against the pathogens.

[0052] In another embodiment, the invention provides the use of a vaccine comprising an SVV-like picornavirus particle, or proteins, peptides, nucleic acids therefrom, for the immunization of a non-primate animal against diseases such as FMD, SVD, and/or against S W-mediated or SVV-like picomavirus-mediated infection and sickness, where the sickness can comprise: stillborn offspring, diarrhea, pneumonia, gliosis, vasculitis, enlarged spleen, liver disorder including congestion, heart hemorrhage, necrosis, congested tonsils, stomach and intestine disorders including congestion, nose discharge, inflammation, lameness, lung hemorrhage, foot lesions, mouth lesions, skin lesions, lameness, respiratory distress, unhealthy offspring conditions including stupor and dome-headedness, dehydration, and abnormal fetal development. SW vaccines can also comprise a combination of SW proteins or peptides and SVV-like picornavirus proteins or peptides to protect against SW and/or SW-like picornavirus infection and associated diseases/disorders.

[0053] In another embodiment, the invention provides for the use of a vaccine comprising a transencapsidated virus. For example, transencapsidation can comprise SW RNA that is packaged into other picornaviral capsid proteins or transencapsidation can comprise other picornaviral RNA genomes may be packaged into SW capsid proteins. A transencapsidation approach may be used for preparation of attenuated or inactivated vaccines.

[0054] In another embodiment, the invention provides for the use of an oncolysate vaccine or a whole-cell vaccine to treat cancer. Cancer vaccines made with SW or an SVV- like virus may improve the body's natural immune response to cancer, causing it to attack and kill more cancer cells than it would if the SVV or SW-like virus was not present.

[0055] Herein, oncolysate vaccines can be made using pieces of cancer cell membranes infected with SW and/or an SW-like virus. Oncolysate-based vaccines can be injected under or into the skin. An oncolysate is an extract made from cancer cells that are infected with a lytic strain of virus. Thus, an oncolysate extract can contain cancer cell proteins, virus proteins, and virus particles.

[0056] Herein, whole-cell vaccines can be made using whole tumor cells infected with SVV and/or an SVV-like virus. The tumor cells used in the vaccine are changed in the laboratory so that they cannot multiply or infect the patient. Whole-cell vaccines with SW and/or an SVV-like vims tend to be given only by injection under the skin.

[0057] For the oncolysate and whole-cell vaccines to treat cancer, the tumor cell infected with SVV or with an SVV-like virus can be, for example, a human small cell lung cancer cell, a human retinoblastoma cell, a human neuroblastoma cell, a human medulloblastoma cell, a mouse neuroblastoma cell, a Wilms' tumor cell, or a human non- small cell lung cancer cell. Thus, the cancer that is treated can be a cancer that is neurotropic or has neuroendocrine properties, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and neuroblastomas. Other examples of neuroendocrine tumors that are contemplated to be treated by certain vaccines of the present invention include, but are not limited to: adrenal pheochromocytomas, gastrinomas (causing Zollinger-EUison syndrome), glucagonomas, insulinomas, medullary carcinomas (including medullary thyroid carcinoma), multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, pancreatic endocrine tumors, paragangliomas, VIPomas (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide tumor), islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma.

[0058] Methods for Screening

[0059] To determine whether an animal might be a potential subject for vaccination with an SW vaccine or an S W-like picornavirus vaccine, antiserum from the animal can be tested for cross-reactivity to SVV or SW-like picornavirus particles, proteins, peptides and/or nucleic acids. For example, if the antiserum specifically binds to SW or to an SW- like picornavirus or component parts thereof (for example, in an indirect immunofluorescence assay, a serum neutralization assay, an ELISA assay, or a Western blot assay), then this indicates that the animal in general (i.e., the species) might be a candidate for vaccination. Alternatively, if the virus is isolated from the animal and is shown to be the cause of disease in the animal, antisera to SVV can be tested for specific binding to the virus and if it binds, then the animal might be a candidate for vaccination. A decision to vaccinate an animal or a herd of such animals may be contingent upon associating a sickness or disease and SVV/S W-like picornavirus infection of the animal. [0060] Such cross-reactivity testing can also be used to identify new SW-like picornaviruses. If antiserum from an animal is cross-reactive to SVV or an SW-like picomavirus, then virus isolates from the animal can be obtained and analyzed. These new virus isolates can be amplified, such that material for sequencing and antibody production can be provided. If the sequence information shows that the new virus isolate has at least 95% sequence (in other embodiments, the percent sequence identity can be lower, for example, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, or 70%) identity to SVV or is otherwise serologically considered to be part of the SVV genus, then the new virus can be used to generate vaccines for protection against the sicknesses, diseases and disorders described herein. If the antibodies generated from the new virus isolate is cross-reactive with SW or known SW-like picornaviruses, then the new virus can also be considered to be a potentially new SW-like picomavirus and the new virus can be used to generate vaccines for protection against the sicknesses, diseases and disorders described herein.

[0061] In another embodiment, to determine whether an animal species is a candidate for vaccination, blood, fecal or other tissue samples from animals can be isolated for reverse- transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The primers in such assays can be designed from the SVV nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:1). For example, if the primers can amplify a product that when sequenced, contains at least 95% sequence (in other embodiments, the percent sequence identity can be lower, for example, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, or 70%) identity to SW or is otherwise genetically considered to be part of the SW genus, then animal may be considered for. vaccination.

[0062] Methods for Making SW Vaccines

[0063] Vaccines comprising SVV particles

[0064] For SVV vaccines that comprise SW particles, either inactivated, attenuated or unmodified, SW particles must first be produced. As stated in PCT/US2004/031504, SVV can be purified to high titer and can be produced at more than 200,000 particles per cell in permissive cell lines. Cells that are capable of producing high quantities of viruses include, but are not limited to, PER.C6^® (Fallaux et al, Human Gene Therapy, 9:1909-1917, 1998), H446 (ATCC# HTB-171) and the other cell lines listed in Table 1 of PCT/US2004/031504. The choice of a particular cell line can also be made on the basis of whether the cell line provides a particular type of post-translational modification on the SW proteins, such as particular types or patterns of glycosylation of the SW capsid proteins. [0065] Generally, the cultivation of picornaviruses can be conducted as follows. The virus of interest is plaque purified once and a well-isolated plaque is picked and amplified in a permissive cell line. A crude virus lysate (CVL) from the infected cells can be made by multiple cycles of freeze and thaw, and used to infect large numbers of permissive cells. The permissive cells can be grown in various tissue culture flasks, for example, 50x150 cm² flasks using various media, such as Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Biowhitaker, Walkersville, MD) and 10 mM magnesium chloride (Sigma, St Louis, MO). The infected cells can be harvested between 12-48 hours after infection or when complete cytopathic effects (CPE) are noticed, and are collected by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes at 4⁰C. The cell pellet is resuspended in the cell culture supernatant and is subjected to multiple cycles of freeze and thaw. The resulting CVL is clarified by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes at 4⁰C. Virus can be purified by gradient centrifugation. For example, two rounds of CsCl gradients can suffice for SVV purification: a one-step gradient (density of CsCl 1.24 g/ml and 1.4 g/ml) followed by one continuous gradient centrifugation (density of CsCl 1.33 g/ml). The purified virus concentration is determined spectrophotometrically, assuming 1A260 = 9.5 x 10 particles (Scraba D. G., and Palmenberg, A.C. 1999. Cardioviruses (Picornaviridae). In: Encyclopedia of Virology, Second edition, R.G. Webster and A Granoff Eds). Titers of purified virus are also determined by a standard plaque assay. The yield of SVV from PER.C6^® cells is greater than 200,000 particles per cell with particles to PFU ratio of about 100. The yields of SW from other permissive cells (H446-ATCC# HTB-171) may be at least this high or higher.

[0066] In addition, several steps in a commercially attractive large scale Good

Manufacturing Processes (GMP) are applicable to the purification of SW and S W-like picornaviruses. Methods for purifying SVV and SW-like picornaviruses can be based on methods for purifying adenoviruses because SW has a very similar density to adenovirus and can be purified in a similar manner as adenovirus (as described above). SW can also be purified by methods used for purification of other picornaviruses including but not limited to column chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation.

[0067] Vaccines comprising SVV proteins or peptides

[0068] SW vaccines can comprise one or more SW proteins, including the VP4,

VP2, VP3, VPl capsid proteins and the following seven nonstructural proteins, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3 A, 3B, 3C, and 3D. SVV vaccines can comprise peptide fragments of the SW proteins. SVV vaccines can comprise other polyprotein products, such as the precursor proteins Pl, P2, and P3 (for representative picomavirus polyprotein processing products, see Figure 8). In a host cell, the SVV polyprotein (SEQ ID NO:2) can be initially cleaved to generate Pl, P2 , and P3. Pl, P2, and P3 are thereafter cleaved into smaller proteins. The cleavage products of the structural region Pl (the capsid region) can be IABC, VPO, VP4, VP2, VP3 and VPl. The cleavage products of the non-structural protein P2 (2 ABC) can be 2A, 2BC, 2B and 2C. The cleavage products of the non-structural region P3 polyprotein (3 ABCD) can be 3AB, 3CD, 3A, 3C, 3D, 3C\ and 3D'. Thus, in one embodiment, an SVV vaccine can comprise the SVV polyprotein, VP4, VP2, VP3, VPl, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, Pl, P2, P3, IABC, VPO, 2BC, 3AB, 3CD, 3C\ 3D', peptides thereof, or any combination thereof. Additionally, an SVV vaccine can comprise any protein or peptide of the SVV polyprotein in combination with an SW particle (inactivated or attenuated or unmodified).

[0069] For SW vaccines that comprise an SVV polyprotein, protein or peptide, the polyprotein, protein or peptide can be generated according to standard techniques known to one skilled in the art. Particles from SVV isolates can be used to infect permissive cell lines in order to produce large quantities of SW particles. The SW particles can be purified in bulk and digested in order to provide SVV proteins. This bulk preparation can be manipulated in order to purify only the protein fraction that can then be used in an SW vaccine. The protein fraction can also be further fractionated by chromatography or other standard techniques such that particular protein fractions can be used to comprise an SVV vaccine. Alternatively, DNA clones of the SW genome regions that encode for the SVV polyprotein, protein or portions thereof, can be subcloned into expression vectors. The expression vectors can then be transfected into an appropriate cell line in order to express the SW polyprotein, protein or portions thereof. The expression vectors can comprise SVV proteins or portions thereof as fusion proteins, where the SW component of the fusion protein is fused to a molecule known to be highly antigenic. To assist in purification, the expression vectors can also comprise a fusion between the relevant SVV protein and another protein or epitope tag, for example a GST domain, an HA-tag or a His₆ tag.

[0070] SVV and S W-like picomavirus proteins or peptides can also be packaged into delivery vehicles such as virosomes, elastic vesicle transfersomes, non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes), liposomes, and biodegradable microspheres, which are administered to a subject to be vaccinated..

[0071] Vaccines comprising SVV nucleic acids [0072] SVV vaccines can also comprise SVV nucleic acids. Purified SW RNA itself can be used as a vaccine component, as SW RNA can itself be an immunogen. Also, SVV vaccines can comprise RNA genome fragments that encode for one or more SVV proteins, including the capsid proteins and/or the nonstructural proteins. Further, DNA clones of SVV encoding SW proteins or peptides can be subcloned into vaccine vectors or plasmids. For example, alphavirus constructs can express proteins in pigs, and as such, alphavirus constructs expressing SW proteins may be used for immunization of non-human animals. Porcine adenoviruses can also be used to express SVV proteins. Other virus vectors can be used according to one skilled in the art to express SVV and/or SW-like picornavirus proteins/peptides in an animal, where the skilled artisan will understand which virus vector can express proteins in a particular animal species. SVV can also be used as an expression vector, for example, coding regions for small immunogenic peptides or genes encoding proteins of viral or bacterial pathogens can be inserted into the SVV genome.

[0073] Non-SVV Vaccine components

[0074] Vaccines of the invention can also comprise sterile water or saline. Vaccines may also comprise a preservative or antibiotic. Vaccines can also be prepared with stabilizers to help maintain the vaccine's effectiveness during storage. Vaccines can also comprise an adjuvant, where the adjuvant can be included in order to enhance immunogenicity of SVV components of the vaccine, to decrease the toxicity of antigens, and/or to provide solubility to vaccine components. Adjuvants include, but are not limited to, mineral compounds (including aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, potassium aluminum sulfate, calcium phosphate), oil emulsions (including Freund's emulsified oil adjuvants (complete and incomplete), Arlacel A, Mineral oil, Emulsified peanut oil adjuvant (adjuvant 65)), monophosphoryl lipid A, ISCOMs with Quil-A, Syntex adjuvant formulations, bacterial products (including lipopolysaccharide), squalene, and immunostimulating complexes (saponin adjuvant Quil-A, cholesterol and amphipathic antigen).

[0075] Vaccine Administration

[0076] Vaccines can be administered according to standard veterinary practice. Most vaccines are injected subcutaneously. Vaccines can be administered intramuscularly, however caution should be exercised to avoid tissue damage and abscess formation, as this results in carcass damage and trimming at slaughter for farm animals. Caution is also advised when administering different vaccines close together on the same side of the animal. It is advisable if vaccinating with two different vaccines to administer each on a different side of the neck of the animal. Vaccines can also be administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intranasally or orally.

[0077] SVV Permissive and Non-Permissive Cells and Cell Lines

[0078] Table 3 below lists the results of SVV permissivity experiments on 165 primary cells and cell lines, representing 22 tissues from 7 different species. The results indicate that virtually all human adult normal cells are non-permissive for SW. Thirteen primary adult human cell cultures tested were non-permissive. Of the twelve bovine, ovine, porcine and primate normal cell cultures tested, only three cell cultures were permissive, which were porcine smooth muscle cells. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the natural host for SVV may be pigs. Besides the porcine smooth muscle cells, only neuroendocrine cancer cell lines and most fetal lines were permissive.

Table 3: SW Permissive and Non-Permissive Cells and Cell Lines

Cell Line Species Stage State Organ Type Metastatic Site EC50*

PERMISSIVE

Y79 Human Adult Cancer Eye, Retina Retinoblastoma 0.00035, 0.0007

NCI-H446 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Variant Small Cell Pleural effusion 0.0012, 0.002,

Cancer Lung Carcinoma . 0.0007

(SCLC)

N1 E-115 Murine Adult Cancer Brain Neuroblastoma 0.0028, 0.001

NCI-H1770 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Non-Small Cell Lung Lymph Node 0.00724

Cancer Carcinoma (NSCLC)

NCI-H82 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Variant Small Cell Pleural effusion 0.015

Cancer Lung Carcinoma

(SCLC)

PER.C6® Human Fetal Cancer Eye, Retina Retinoblast 0.02, 0.0049

NCI-H69AR Human Adult Cancer Lung Small Cell Lung 0.035, 0.05

Carcinoma, multidrug resistant (SCLC)

SK-NEP-1 Human Adult Metastatic Kidney Wilms' Tumor Pleural effusion 0.03

Cancer

IMR-32 Human Adult Cancer Brain Neuroblastoma 0.035, 0.0059,

0.05

NCI-H 187 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Classic Small Cell Pleural effusion 0.00343

Cancer Lung Carcinoma (SCLC)

NCI-H209 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Bone Marrow 0.04

Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC)

NCI-H1184 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Lymph Node 0.155

Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC)

D283 Med Human Adult Metastatic Brain, Medulloblastoma Peritoneum 0.25

Cancer Cerebellum

SK-N-AS Human Adult Metastatic Brain Neuroblastoma Bone Marrow 0.474

Cancer

BEK PCB3E1 Bovine Fetal Normal, Ad5 Kidney Ad5E1 transformed 0.99 transformed

ST Porcine Fetal Normal, Testis 5.9 immortalized

NCI-H1299 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Large Cell Lung Lymph Node 7.66, 4.8

Cancer Carcinoma Cell Line Species Stage State Organ Type Metastatic Site EC50*

DMS 153 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Liver 9.2

Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC)

NCI-H295R Human Adult Cancer Adrenal Gland, Adrenocortical 16.5

Cortex Carcinoma

BEK Bovine Fetal Normal, Kidney 17.55 immortalized

PPASMC Porcine Adult Normal, Lung, Smooth Muscle Cells 18.4

Primary Pulmonary Artery

PCASMC Porcine Adult Normal, Heart, Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells 11.9

Primary Artery

PAoSMC Porcine Adult Normal, Heart, Aorta Smooth Muscle Cells 88 rrimary

NCI-H526 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Variant Small Cell Bone Marrow 46.4

Cancer Lung Carcinoma (SCLC)

OVCAR-3 Human Adult Cancer Ovary Adenocarcinoma 39

ESK-4 Porcine Fetal Normal, Kidney Fibroblast 60

Immortalized

SW-13 Human Adult Cancer Adrenal Gland, Small Cell <100

Cortex Adenocarcinoma

293 Human Fetal Normal, Ad5 Kidney Ad5 transformed 0.036, 184.8 transformed

Hs 578T Human Adult Cancer Breast Carcinoma 273

HS LTΘS Human Fetal Normal, Testis 416

Immortalized

LOX IMVI Human Adult Cancer Skin Melanoma 569

PK(15) Porcine Adult Normal, Kidney 1144, 129

Immortalized

NON-

PERMISS1VE

WI-38 Human Fetal Normal, Lung Fibroblast >10,000

Immortalized

IMR-90 Human Fetal Normal, Lung Fibroblast >10,000

Immortalized

MRC-5 Human Fetal Normal, Lung Fibroblast >10,000

Immortalized

HCN-1A Human Adult Normal, Brain, Cortical >10,000

Immortalized Neuron

HMVEC Human Adult Normal, Skin Microvascular >10,000

(neon Primary Endothelial Cells atal)

HMVEC Human Adult Normal, Skin Microvascular >10,000

Primary Endothelial Cells

HUVEC Human Adult Normal, Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells >10,000

Primary

HRE Human Adult Normal, Kidney Epithelial Cells >10,000

Primary

HRCE Human Adult Normal, Kidney Cortical Epithelial >10,000

Primary Ceils

PHH Human Adult Normal, Liver Hepatocyte >10,000

Primary

HCASMC-c Human Adult Normal, Heart, Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells >10,000

Primary Artery

HCAEC Human Adult Normal, Heart, Coronary Endothelial Cells >10,000

Primary Artery

HAEC Human Adult Normal, Heart, Aorta Endothelial Cells >10,000

Primary

HAoSMC-c Human Adult Normal, Heart, Aorta Smooth Muscle Ceils >10,000

Primary

NHA Human Adult Normal, Brain Astrocytes 1713

Primary

HPASMC Human Adult Normal, Lung Smooth Muscle Cells >10,000

Primary

PBMC Human Adult Normal, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells >10,000

Primary

SF-295 Human Adult Cancer Brain Glioblastoma >10,000

U251 Human Adult Cancer Brain Glioblastoma >10,000

SF-539 Human Adult Cancer Brain Glioblastoma >10,000

SNB-19 Human Adult Cancer Brain Glioblastoma >10,000 Cell Line Species Stage State Organ Type Metastatic Site EC50*

SF-268 Human Adult Cancer Brain Glioblastoma 3103 U-118MG Human Adult Cancer Brain Glioblastoma, >10,000

Astrocytoma

SNB-75 Human Adult Cancer Brain Astrocytoma >10,000 M059K Human Adult Cancer Brain, Glial Cell Malignant 1061

Glioblastoma

KK Human Adult Cancer Brain, Glial Cell Glioblastoma >10,000

HCC-2998 Human Adult Cancer Colon Carcinoma >10,000

KM12 Human Adult Cancer Colon Carcinoma >10,000

HT-29 Human Adult Cancer Colon Adenocarcinoma >10,000

HCT 116 Human Adult Cancer Colon Carcinoma >10,000

HCT-15 Human Adult Cancer Colon Carcinoma >10,000

COLO 205 Human Adult Metastatic Colon Adenocarcinoma Ascites >10,000

Cancer

SW620 Human Adult Metastatic Colon Colorectal Carcinoma Lymph Node 6503, >10,000

Cancer

PC3M-2AC6 Human Adult Cancer Prostate >10,000

PC3M-2AC6 + Human Adult Cancer Prostate ND

2-AP

PC-3 Human Adult Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma Bone >10,000 Cancer

LNCaP. FGC Human Adult Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma Lymph Node >10,000 Cancer

DU 145 Human Adult Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma Brain >10,000 Cancer

Hep3B Human Adult Cancer Liver Hepatocellular >10,000

Carcinoma

Hep G2 Human Adult Cancer Liver Hepatocellular >10,000

Carcinoma

786-0 Human Adult Cancer Kidney Clear Cell >10,000

Adenocarcinoma

TK-10 Human Adult Cancer Kidney Carcinoma >10,000

RXF 393 Human Adult Cancer Kidney Carcinoma >10,000

UO-31 Human Adult Cancer Kidney Carcinoma >10,000

SN12C Human Adult Cancer Kidney Carcinoma >10,000

A-498 Human Adult Cancer Kidney Carcinoma >10,000

ACHN Human Adult Cancer Kidney Carcinoma >10,000

SW839 Human Adult Cancer Kidney Renal Clear Cell >10,000 Adenocarcinoma

Caki-1 Human Adult Metastatic Kidney Clear Cell Skin >10,000 Cancer Adenocarcinoma 5637 Human Adult Cancer Bladder Carcinoma >10,000

NCI-H1339 Human Adult Cancer Lung >10,000

NCI-H1514 Human Adult Cancer Lung >10,000

A549 Human Adult Cancer Lung Carcinoma >10,000

S8 Human Adult Cancer Lung Carcinoma >10,000

NCI-H727 Human Adult Cancer Lung Carcinoid >10,000

NCI-H835 Human Adult Cancer Lung Carcinoid >10,000

UMC-11 Human Adult Cancer Lung Carcinoid >10,000

DMS 114 Human Adult Cancer Lung Small Cell Lung >10,000 Carcinoma (SCLC)

DMS 53 Human Adult Cancer Lung Small Cell Lung >10,000 Carcinoma (SCLC)

NCI-H69 Human Adult Cancer Lung Small Cell Lung >10,000 Carcinoma (SCLC)

NCI-H2195 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Bone Marrow >10,000 Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC) DMS 79 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Pleural effusion >10,000 Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC) NCI-H146 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Classic Small Cell Bone Marrow >10,000 Cancer Lung Carcinoma (SCLC)

NCI-H1618 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Classic Small Cell Bone Marrow >10,000 Cancer Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) Cell Line Species Stage State Organ Type Metastatic Site EC50*

NCI-H345 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Classic Small Cell Bone Marrow >10,000

Cancer Lung Carcinoma (SCLC)

HOP-62 Human Adult Cancer Lung Non-Small Cell Lung >10,000

Carcinoma (NSCLC)

EKVX Human Adult Cancer Lung Non-Small Cell Lung >10,000

Carcinoma (NSCLC)

HOP-92 Human Adult Cancer Lung Non-Small Cell Lung >10,000

Carcinoma (NSCLC)

NCI-H522 Human Adult Cancer Lung Non-Small Cell Lung >10,000 Carcinoma (NSCLC)

NCI-H23 Human Adult Cancer Lung Non-Small Cell Lung >10,000

Carcinoma (NSCLC)

NCI-H322M Human Adult Cancer Lung Non-Small Cell Lung >10,000

Carcinoma (NSCLC)

NCI-H226 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Squamous Cell Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer Carcinoma,

Mesothelioma

NCI-H460 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Large Cell Lung Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer Carcinoma

HeLa, HeLa Human Adult Cancer Cervix Adenocarcinoma >10,000 S3

CCRF-CEM Human Adult Cancer Peripheral Acute Lymphoblastic >10,000

Blood, T Leukemia (ALL) lymphoblast

MOLT-4 Human Adult Cancer Peripheral Acute Lymphoblastic >10,000

Blood, T Leukemia (ALL) lymphoblast

RPMI 8226 Human Adult Cancer Peripheral Plasmacytoma, >10,000

Blood, B Myeloma lymphocyte

SR Human Adult Metastatic Lymphoblast Large Cell Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer Lymphoblastic

Lymphoma

HL-60(TB) Human Adult Cancer Peripheral Acute Promyelocytic >10,000

Blood, Leukemia (APL)

Promyleoblast

K-562 Human Adult Metastatic Bone Marrow Chronic Myelogenous Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer Leukemia (CML)

UACC-257 Human Adult Cancer Skin Melanoma >10,000

M14 Human Adult Cancer Skin Melanoma >10,000

UACC-62 Human Adult Cancer Skin Melanoma 6614

SK-MEL-2 Human Adult Cancer Skin Malignant Melanoma >10,000

SK-MEL-28 Human Adult Cancer Skin Malignant Melanoma >10,000

A375.S2 Human Adult Cancer Skin Malignant Melanoma >10,000

SK-MEL-28 Human Adult Cancer Skin Malignant Melanoma >10,000

SK-MEL-5 Human Adult Metastatic Skin Malignant Melanoma Lymph Node >10,000

Cancer

MALME-3M Human Adult Metastatic Skin Malignant Melanoma Lung >10,000

Cancer

BT-549 Human Adult Cancer Breast Ductal Carcinoma >10,000

NCI/ADR-RES Human Adult Cancer Breast Carcinoma >10,000

MCF7 Human Adult Metastatic Breast Adenocarcinoma Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer

MDA-MB-231 Human Adult Metastatic Breast Adenocarcinoma Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer

T-47D Human Adult Metastatic Breast Ductal Carcinoma Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer

MDA-MB-435 Human Adult Metastatic Breast Ductal Pleural effusion >10,000

Cancer Adenocarcinoma

IGR-OV1 Human Adult Cancer Ovary Carcinoma >10,000

OVCAR-4 Human Adult Cancer Ovary Adenocarcinoma >10,000

OVCAR-5 Human Adult Cancer Ovary Adenocarcinoma >10,000

OVCAR-8 Human Adult Cancer Ovary Adenocarcinoma >10,000

SK-OV-3 Human Adult Metastatic Ovary Adenocarcinoma Ascites >10,000

Cancer

BxPC-3 Human Adult Cancer Pancreas Adenocarcinoma >10,000 Cell Line Species Stage State Organ Type Metastatic Site EC50*

AsPC-1 Human Adult Metastatic Pancreas Adenocarcinoma Ascites >1000 Cancer NCI-H295 Human Adult Cancer Adrenal Gland, Adrenocortical >10,000 Cortex Carcinoma TT Human Adult Cancer Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma >10,000

C8-D30 Murine Adult Normal Brain, >10,000 Cerebellum LLC 1 Murine Adult Cancer Lung Lewis Lung >10,000 Carcinoma RM-1 Murine Adult Cancer Prostate >10,000

MLTC-1 Murine Adult Cancer Testis Leydig Cell Tumor >10,000

KLN 205 Murine Adult Cancer Lung Squamous Cell >10,000 Carcinoma CMT-64 Murine Adult Cancer Lung Small Cell Lung >10,000 Carcinoma (SCLC) CMT-93 Murine Adult Cancer Rectum Polyploid Carcinoma >10,000

B16-F0 Murine Adult Cancer Skin Melanoma >10,000

RM-2 Murine Adult Cancer Prostate >10,000

RM-9 Murine Adult Cancer Prostate >10,000

Neuro-2A Murine Adult Cancer Brain Neuroblastoma >10,000

FBRC Bovine Fetal Eye, Retina ^■>\ 0,000

MDBK Bovine Adult Normal, Kidney >10,000 Immortalized CSL 503 Ovine Adult Normal, Lung Ad5E1 transformed >10,000 Immortalized OFRC Ovine Adult Normal, Eye, Retina Ad5E1 transformed >10,000 Immortalized PC-12 Rat Adult Cancer Adrenal Gland Pheochromocytoma >10,000

Vero Monkey Adult Normal, Kidney >10,000 Immortalized PAOEC Porcine Adult Normal, Heart, Aorta Endothelial Cells >10,000 Primary PCAEC Porcine Adult Normal, Heart, Coronary Endothelial Cells >10,000 primary Artery

PPAEC Porcine Adult Normal, Lung, Endothelial Cells >10,000 Primary Pulmonary Artery

\

TBD

NCI-H289 Human Adult Cancer Lung TBD

NCI-M 963 Human Adult Cancer Lung Small Cell Lung TBD Carcinoma (SCLC) NCI-H2227 Human Adult Cancer Lung Small Cell Lung TBD Carcinoma (SCLC) NCI-H378 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Classic Small Cell Pleural effusion TBD Cancer Lung Carcinoma

NCI-H2107 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Bone Marrow TBD Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC) HCC970 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Bone Marrow TBD Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC) HCC33 Human Adult Metastatic Lung Small Cell Lung Pleural effusion <1000/TBD Cancer Carcinoma (SCLC) BON Human Adult Cancer Pancreas Carcinoid TBD

H1T-T15 Hamster Adult Normal, Pancreas Islets of Langerhans, TBD Immortalized b-cell

*EC50 determined after 3 days except where noted

EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION

[0079] The example described below is provided to illustrate an aspect of the present invention and is not included for the purpose of limiting the invention. Example 1 : Serum Studies

[0080] Pigs are a permissive host for the USDA virus isolates identified above. The isolate MN 88-36695 was inoculated into a gnotobiotic pig and antisera generated (GP102). The antisera binds to all of the other USDA isolates listed above and to SVV. The antisera does not react with 24 common porcine virus pathogens indicating its specificity. Porcine sera was also tested for neutralizing antibodies to 1278 (Plum Island virus). Sera were collected in the US and 8/29 sera were positive with titers ranging from 1 :57 to 1 :36,500.

[0081] To test whether the pig is the natural source for SVV, serum samples from various animals were obtained and tested for their ability to act as neutralizing antibodies against SVV infection of permissive cells. The Serum Neutralization Assay is conducted as follows: (1) Dilute various serums 1 :2 and 1 :4 and serially in increasing dilutions if necessary; (2) Mix with 100 TCID50 of virus (SVV; but any virus can be tested to determine whether a serum can neutralize its infection); (3) Incubate at 37°C for 1 hour; (4) Add the mixture to IxIO⁴ PER.C6^® cells (or other permissive cell type); (5) Incubate at 37°C for 3 days; and (6) Measure CPE using a tetrazolium based dye cytotoxicity (such as MTS) assay. The neutralization titer is defined as the highest dilution of sera that neutralizes SVV (or other virus in question) at 100%.

[0082] The serum neutralization results showed that there is a minimal or no presence of neutralizing antibodies inhuman and primate populations, hi one experiment, 0/22 human sera contained neutralizing antibodies to SW. In another experiment, only 1/28 human sera contained neutralizing antibodies, hi a third experiment, 0/50 human sera from Amish farmers were neutralizing. In another experiment, 0/52 primate sera from four species were neutralizing.

[0083] The serum neutralization results showed that there is a prevalence of SVV neutralizing antibodies in farm animal populations, hi one experiment, 27/71 porcine sera from farms were neutralizing. In another experiment, 4/30 porcine sera from a disease-free farm were neutralizing. In another experiment, 10/50 bovine sera were neutralizing. In yet another experiment, 5/35 wild mouse sera were neutralizing.

[0084] Antisera to MN 88-36694 were tested in serum neutralization assays on SVV

(see Example 2). Anti-MN 88-36695 gnotobiotic pig serum was able to neutralize infection by SW (neutralization titer on infection was 1:100 for SW). As stated above, the antisera binds to all of the other USDA isolates and to SW, indicating that the herein disclosed USDA isolates are S VV-like picomaviruses due to their serological cross-reactivity with the gnotobiotic pig serum as measured in an indirect immunofluorescence assay.

[0085] These data indicate that SVV is genetically and serologically linked to the porcine USDA virus isolates.

Example 2: SVV and SW-like picomaviruses

[0086] The grouping of the following isolates: MN 88-36695, NC 88-23626, IA 89-

47552, NJ 90-10324, IL 92-48963, CA 131395; LA 1278; IL 66289; IL 94-9356; MN/GA 99-29256; MN 99197; and SC 363649, was deduced in part from indirect immunofluorescence experiments. Antisera GP102 was raised against isolate MN 88-36695 by inoculation of the virus into a gnotobiotic pig. The antisera binds to all twelve isolates demonstrating that they are serologically related to one another.

[0087] The GP 102 antisera was tested in a neutralization assay with SVV. In this assay, serial dilutions of antisera are mixed with a known quantity of SW (100 TCID50s). The mixtures are placed at 37°C for 1 hour. An aliquot of the mixture is then added to 1x10⁴ PER.C6 cells, or another cell line that is also permissive for SVV, and the mixtures are placed at 37°C for 3 days. The wells are then checked for a cytopathic effect of the virus (CPE). If the serum contains neutralizing antibodies, it would neutralize the virus and inhibit the infection of the PER.C6^® cells by the virus. CPE is measured quantitatively by using a tetrazolium based dye reagent that changes absorbance based on the number of live cells present. The results are expressed as the percent of viable cells of an uninfected control vs. the log dilution of serum, and are shown in Figure 9. This data indicates that SVV is serologically linked to the porcine USDA virus isolates.

[0088] Additionally, the viral lysate of MN 88-36695 was tested in cytotoxicity assays with four different cell lines and the results are shown in Table 4. The permissivity profile is identical to that of SW in that NCI-H446 and HEK293 are permissive for SW, and NCI-H460 and S 8 are not. Additionally, MN 88-36695, like SW, was cytotoxic to PER.C6^® cells. Further, polyclonal antisera to SVV raised in mice was used in a neutralization assay along with MN 88-36695 virus. The results are shown in Figure 10. The anti-SW antisera neutralized MN 88-36695, further linking SW to the USDA viruses serologically.

Table 4: MN 88-36695 Cytotoxicity Results

[0089] Partial genomic sequence analysis of several of the USDA isolates revealed that they are all very closely related to SVV (see Figures 5-7 for sequence alignments). Table 5 shows the percent sequence identity between SVV and six of the isolates. It was found that about 95-98% identity exists at the nucleotide (nt) level over 460 nt of the 3' end of the genome encoding 3D^po1 and the 3'UTR (Fig. 7). Each of the USDA viruses is unique and is about 95-98% identical to SW at the nucleotide level.

Table 5: Percent Se uence Identit Between SVV and Six USDA Isolates

[0090] Further sequencing of parts of the Pl (Fig. 5) and 2C (Fig. 6) genes of two of the isolates has confirmed this close relationship with SW. The USDA isolates are more highly related to SW than any other known viruses, including members of the genus Cardiovirus. Sequences from several regions of seven of the USDA viruses were compared with SW and neighbor-joining trees were constructed (Figure 1 IA and 1 IB). These trees further confirm the high degree of relation between the viruses, and identifying CA 131395 as SVVs current closest relative.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED:

1. A vaccine comprising a Seneca Valley Virus particle.

2. The vaccine of claim 1 , wherein the Seneca Valley Virus particle comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to: (i) SEQ ID NO:1 or (ii) a contiguous portion of SEQ ID NO:1 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.

3. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the particle is attenuated or inactivated.

4. The vaccine of claim 1 , wherein the vaccine further comprises a Seneca Valley Virus- like picornavirus particle.

5. The vaccine of claim 4, wherein the Seneca Valley Virus-like picornavirus comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to: (i) SEQ ID NO:1 or (ii) a contiguous portion of SEQ ID NO:1 that is at least 100 nucleotides in length.

6. The vaccine of claim 4, wherein the Seneca Valley Virus-like picornavirus comprises an epitope that binds to an antibody that neutralizes Seneca Valley Virus infection of a Seneca Valley Virus permissive cell.

7. The vaccine of claim 4, wherein the Seneca Valley Virus-like picornavirus particle is from one of the following viral isolates: MN 88-36695, NC 88-23626, IA 89-47552, NJ 90- 10324, IL 92-48963, CA 131395; LA 1278; IL 66289; IL 94-9356; MN/GA 99-29256; MN 99197; and SC 363649.

8. A vaccine comprising a Seneca Valley Virus protein or peptide.

9. The vaccine of claim 8, wherein the Seneca Valley Virus protein or peptide comprises a sequence that is at least 70% identical to a contiguous portion of SEQ ID NO:2 that is at least 20 residues in length.

10. The vaccine of claim 8, wherein the Seneca Valley Virus protein or peptide comprises a leader sequence peptide, VP4, VP2, VP3, VPl, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3 A, 3B, 3C, 3D, or a portion thereof.

11. The vaccine of claim 8, further comprising a Seneca Valley Virus-like picornavirus protein or peptide.

12. The vaccine of claim 11 , wherein the Seneca Valley Virus-like picomavirus protein or peptide is from one of the following viral isolates: MN 88-36695, NC 88-23626, IA 89- 47552, NJ 90-10324, IL 92-48963, CA 131395; LA 1278; IL 66289; IL 94-9356; MN/GA 99-29256; MN 99197; and SC 363649.

13. A method for protecting a non-primate animal from a picomavirus infection and/or associated disease or sickness, the method comprising administering to the non-primate animal the vaccine of any one of claims 1-12.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the vaccine is the vaccine of claim 1 or claim 8.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the picomavirus is from a Seneca Valley Virus or from a Seneca Valley Virus-like picomavirus.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the picomavirus associated disease or sickness comprises stillborn offspring, diarrhea, pneumonia, gliosis, vasculitis, enlarged spleen, liver disorder including congestion, heart hemorrhage, necrosis, congested tonsils, stomach and intestine disorders including congestion, nose discharge, inflammation, lameness, lung hemorrhage, foot lesions, mouth lesions, skin lesions, lameness, respiratory distress, unhealthy offspring conditions including stupor and dome-headedness, dehydration, abnormal fetal development, or any combination thereof.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein picomavirus associated disease or sickness comprises Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), or related diseases or sicknesses.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the non-primate animal is a pig, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, mule, llama, donkey, chicken, turkey, goose, duck, cat, dog, guinea pig, mouse, or rat.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein the non-primate animal is a pig.

20. A vaccine comprising at least one SW component.

21. The vaccine of claim 20, wherein the SW component comprises an SVV antigen, an antibody specific to an SW antigen, or a vector that encodes an SW antigen.

22. The vaccine of claim 21, wherein the SW antigen comprises an SVV particle, an SW protein or peptide, and/or an SVV nucleic acid.

23. The vaccine of claim 22, wherein the SVV particle is attenuated or inactivated.

24. The vaccine of claim 22, wherein the SVV antigen further comprises a host-cell modification.

25. The vaccine of claim 24, wherein the host-cell modification comprises glycosylatioii of an SVV capsid antigen.

26. A kit for immunizing a non-primate animal comprising the vaccine of any one of claims 1-12 and 20-25.

27. A cancer vaccine comprising a tumor cell infected with SW or an SVV-like virus.

28. A cancer vaccine comprising a cellular extract made from a tumor cell infected with SVV or an SW-like virus.

29. The cancer vaccine of claim 27 or claim 28, wherein the tumor cell is a human small cell lung cancer cell, a human retinoblastoma cell, a human neuroblastoma cell, a human medulloblastoma cell, a Wilms' tumor cell, or a human non-small cell lung cancer cell.