WO2007000692A1 - Recherche modulable dans une communaute virtuelle definie selon les canaux de diffusion dans des reseaux poste a poste - Google Patents

Recherche modulable dans une communaute virtuelle definie selon les canaux de diffusion dans des reseaux poste a poste Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007000692A1
WO2007000692A1 PCT/IB2006/052026 IB2006052026W WO2007000692A1 WO 2007000692 A1 WO2007000692 A1 WO 2007000692A1 IB 2006052026 W IB2006052026 W IB 2006052026W WO 2007000692 A1 WO2007000692 A1 WO 2007000692A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
peer
data objects
network
search
data
Prior art date
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PCT/IB2006/052026
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Marc A. Peters
Wilhelmus H. G. M. Van Den Boomen
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Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
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Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Publication of WO2007000692A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007000692A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/104—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/10—File systems; File servers
    • G06F16/18—File system types
    • G06F16/182—Distributed file systems
    • G06F16/1834—Distributed file systems implemented based on peer-to-peer networks, e.g. gnutella
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/40—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of multimedia data, e.g. slideshows comprising image and additional audio data
    • G06F16/43—Querying
    • G06F16/435—Filtering based on additional data, e.g. user or group profiles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/104—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks
    • H04L67/1044—Group management mechanisms 
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/104—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks
    • H04L67/1061—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks using node-based peer discovery mechanisms
    • H04L67/1068—Discovery involving direct consultation or announcement among potential requesting and potential source peers
    • H04L67/107—Discovery involving direct consultation or announcement among potential requesting and potential source peers with limitation or expansion of the discovery scope

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of searching within a group of peers on a peer-to-peer data network.
  • the invention further relates to an apparatus, a system comprising the apparatus, and to a computer program for performing a search within a group of peers on a peer-to-peer data network.
  • peer-to-peer refers to a type of transient Internet network that allows a group of users with the same networking program to connect with each other, directly access files from one another's data storage and provide other services among each other via the network.
  • Various peer-to-peer configurations exist, such as a centralized configuration, a decentralized configuration and a controlled centralized configuration.
  • a centralized configuration the system depends on a central server that directs the communication between peers.
  • "Napster" is an example of a centralized configuration.
  • a decentralized configuration does not have a central server, and each peer is capable of acting as a client, as a server or as both.
  • a user connects to the decentralized network by connecting to another user who is connected.
  • Gnutella and “Kazaa” are examples of decentralized networks.
  • a user may act as a client, as a server or as both as in the decentralized configuration, but specific operators control which user is allowed to access which particular server.
  • "Morpheus” is an example of the latter.
  • peer-to-peer network architectures see, e.g., “Stretching The Fabric Of The Net: Examining the present and potential of peer-to-peer technologies", Software & Information Industry Association (SIIA), 2001.
  • Kazaa enables the sharing of files.
  • KMD Kazaa Media Desktop
  • the software provides a search functionality to search for particular content shared by other KMD users. The searches are run via specific KMD users, referred to as Supernodes, who have fast connections and powerful computers. A Supernode indexes the content available in the storage area of the users who are connected to it. Upon locating the desired file, KMD enables the end-user to directly download the file from the KMD user who actually has it.
  • Peer-to-peer networks are emerging that connect a plurality of network- enabled consumer electronics (CE) apparatus such as digital video recorders (DVRs) and home networks that have large data storage capacities.
  • DVRs also referred to as personal video recorders (PVRs)
  • PVRs are CE devices with a hard-disk drive (HDD) or an optical disc drive that enable the end-user to record TV broadcasts, e.g., for play-back at a later time or for time-shifting during the broadcast.
  • HDD hard-disk drive
  • Such a peer-to-peer network will give rise to virtual dynamic communities of users interested in specific content information, virtual because it is not physical or geographical, and dynamic because a specific user may belong to various communities depending on his/her activities and interests with respect to content.
  • EP 1 429 513 offers a solution to this by disclosing the forming of a private network from all of the available peers and searching for data objects only amongst the peers comprising the private network.
  • Using a private network, or group, of peers does indeed provide scalable searching, but forms a strict definition of the group, limiting the scope of the search.
  • the number of groups that a user will subscribe to is limited by the user's need to manage the groups and keep a manageable overview.
  • a method for searching data in a peer-to-peer network connecting peers wherein the peers are enabled to store data objects received from a data source.
  • the method comprises the steps of forming a first private network comprising a first peer and a first further peer connected to the peer-to- peer network, the first further peer satisfying a first criterion determined by the first peer, thereby forming a group of peers with a common first criterion, such as a common group of interest.
  • the method further comprises the steps of receiving a search query from the first peer and searching for data objects stored by peers connected to the first private network for data objects that match the search query.
  • a second private network comprising the first further peer and a second further peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the second further peer satisfying a second criterion determined by the first further peer, thereby forming a group of peers with a common second criterion, such as a second common group of interest.
  • the peers connected to the second private network are then searched for data objects that match the search query. In this way different, initially unrelated, groups are bridged which would not have been possible directly from the first peer.
  • a result of searches executed in the searching steps is returned to the first peer.
  • the results therefore comprise data objects matching the search query in the group of peers having a common first criterion and data objects matching the search query in the group of peers having a common second criterion. Therefore, the scope of the search is increased, leading to an improved success rate of the search, whilst ensuring that the scalability of the search in the peer-to-peer network remains under control.
  • the peers are arranged to subscribe to at least one data delivery service and to store data objects from the data delivery service where the first criterion is subscription to at least one data delivery service to which the first peer is subscribed and the second criterion is subscription to at least one data delivery service to which the first further peer is subscribed.
  • This allows an end user to search in broadcast channels comprised within the subscriptions of other peers with a common first criterion and increases the chance of success in finding a desired data object.
  • This also allows data delivery services to broaden exposure to the service's valuable data, without broadening access to the valuable data itself.
  • the first criterion and the second criterion are derived from the search query and the second private network is formed after submission of the search query, thus allowing a dynamic search query to be formed.
  • the method according to the first aspect of the invention wherein the data delivery service comprises a broadcast service provider and the data objects comprise streams of audio-visual data, provides an end user with an embodiment whereby desired audio-visual content can be sought in a scalable manner on a peer-to-peer network.
  • the data objects have associated metadata and the steps of searching for data objects comprises analysis of the metadata since the analyzing of metadata is a simple process which can be performed on a system with limited processing resources.
  • the metadata may comprise a content reference identifier, which is useful because this is a standardized manner of referencing content.
  • the content reference identifier can also point to a further document and the method of the invention can be arranged to search the further document using the search query. This is advantageous since the further document may be held on a server and may be of a more dynamic nature.
  • the result of the search further comprises at least one criterion indicator where the criterion indicator indicates which criterion was used during searching.
  • the criterion indicator indicates which criterion was used during searching.
  • the data source comprises the peers of the peer-to- peer network, a cable broadcast provider, a terrestrial broadcast provider, a satellite broadcast provider or an Internet protocol broadcast provider and so allowing an end user to access data objects via a multitude of sources.
  • a second aspect of the invention provides an apparatus for searching data in a peer-to-peer network connecting peers, comprising a receiver unit for receiving data objects from a data source, a storage device to store the data objects and a central processing unit being programmed to form a first private network comprising the apparatus and a first peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the apparatus satisfying a first criterion determined by the first peer, receive a search query from the first peer, search in a first search step for data objects stored by the apparatus, where the data objects match the search query, form a second private network comprising the apparatus and a second further peer connected to the peer-to- peer network, the second further peer satisfying a second criterion determined by the apparatus, search in a second search step for data objects stored by peers connected to the second private network, where the data objects match the search query and return a result of searches executed in the first search step and the second search step to the first peer.
  • a system for searching data in a peer-to-peer network connecting peers comprising an apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention, the apparatus comprising a receiver unit for receiving data objects from a data source, a storage device to store the data objects and a central processing unit being programmed to form a first private network comprising the apparatus and a first peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the apparatus satisfying a first criterion determined by the first peer, receive a search query from the first peer, search in a first search step for data objects stored by the apparatus, where the data objects match the search query, form a second private network comprising the apparatus and a second further peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the second further peer satisfying a second criterion determined by the apparatus, search in a second search step for data objects stored by peers connected to the second private network, where the data objects match the search query and return a result of searches executed in the first search step and the second search step to the first peer.
  • a program element directly loadable into the memory of a programmable device comprising software code portions for performing, when said program element is run on the device, the method steps of forming a first private network comprising a first further peer and a first peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the first further peer satisfying a first criterion determined by the first peer, receiving a search query from the first peer, searching in a first search step for data objects stored by the first further peer, where the data objects match the search query, forming a second private network comprising the first further peer and a second further peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the second further peer satisfying a second criterion determined by the first further peer, searching in a second search step for data objects stored by peers connected to the second private network, where the data objects match the search query and returning a result of searches executed in the first search step and the second search step to the first peer.
  • a computer- readable medium directly loadable into the memory of a programmable device, comprising software code portions for performing, when said code portions are run on the device, the method steps of forming a first private network comprising a first further peer and a first peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the first further peer satisfying a first criterion determined by the first peer, receiving a search query from the first peer, searching in a first search step for data objects stored by the first further peer, where the data objects match the search query, forming a second private network comprising the first iurther peer and a second further peer connected to the peer-to-peer network, the second further peer satisfying a second criterion determined by the first further peer, searching in a second search step for data objects stored by peers connected to the second private network, where the data objects match the search query and returning a result of searches executed in the first search step and the second search step to the first peer.
  • Fig. Ia is a block diagram of an embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention.
  • Fig. Ib is a flow diagram illustrating the method steps of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a peer-to-peer network to elucidate an embodiment of the method according to the invention
  • Fig. 3 illustrates a peer-to-peer network including a data service provider providing data objects to elucidate an embodiment of the method according to the invention
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a peer-to-peer network comprising multiple overlapping groups, or private networks, to elucidate an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • peer is defined as a unit of communications hardware or software that is on the same protocol layer of a network as another.
  • Communications links generally comprise two protocol stacks, which are actually connected only at the very lowest (physical) layer, for example, via a wired Ethernet or wireless Bluetooth or WiFi interface.
  • the two protocol stacks can be regarded as being connected at each higher layer by virtue of the services provided by the lower layers.
  • Peer-to-peer communication refers to these real or virtual connections between corresponding systems in each layer.
  • a peer may act as both client and server.
  • a peer-to-peer (or P2P) computer network is a network that relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the network rather than concentrating it in a relatively low number of servers.
  • Peer-to-peer networks are typically used for connecting nodes via largely ad hoc connections. Such networks are useful for many purposes. Sharing content files, i.e. file sharing, containing audio, video, data or anything in digital format is very common, for example using the known systems of Kazaa, eMule and Napster, and real-time data, such as telephony traffic, is also passed using peer-to-peer technology, such as by the Skype system.
  • a pure peer-to-peer network does not have the notion of clients or servers, but only equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients” and “servers” to the other nodes on the network.
  • This model of network arrangement differs from the client-server model where communication is usually to and from a central server.
  • Hybrid peer-to-peer networks also exist that make use of a combination of peer-to-peer connections and client- server connections for the various services offered, for example, for network search services and data transfer services.
  • a peer as defined here may, therefore, be understood to represent any physical device on the network capable of communicating with another physical device on the network at the protocol level necessary to practice the present invention.
  • Examples of typical peer devices are a Set-Top-Box device, a digital video recording device, a network-enabled device, a conditional access system, a portable audio player, a portable video player, a mobile phone, a DVD player, a CD player, a hard disk based media player, an Internet radio device, a computer, a television, a public entertainment device and an MP3 player.
  • data delivery service is a term used to define a traditional television broadcast channel, such as those channels receivable via terrestrial, cable, satellite or via the Internet. It may also include packaged services such as premium pay TV packages.
  • a conditional access channel may also be a data delivery service.
  • Another example of a data delivery service is a pure data delivery service as opposed to an audio- video data service.
  • the term data object is defined as an object that may be delivered by a data delivery service. This may be an individual television program, a series of television programs, a film etc. A data object may also be a distinct piece of data capable of being uniquely identified by the data delivery service.
  • Fig. Ia shows a Consumer Electronics system 100 comprising a video recorder 110 as an embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention, a TV-set 150 and a control device 160.
  • the video recorder 110 is arranged to record streams of audio-visual data and interactive applications associated with those streams of audio-visual data carried by a signal 170.
  • the video recorder 110 comprises a receiver 120 for receiving the signal 170, a de-multiplexer 122, a video processor 124, a central processing unit such as a micro-processor 126 for controlling components of the video recorder 110, a storage device 128, a program code memory 130, a user command receiver 132 and a central bus 134 for connecting components of the video recorder 110.
  • the video recorder further comprises a network interface unit 140 for connecting to a network such as the Internet.
  • the network interface unit 140 may be embodied as an analogue modem, an ISDN, DSL or cable modem or an Ethernet/UTP network interface.
  • the receiver 120 is arranged to tune in to a television channel and derive data of that television channel from the signal 170. Any known method; cable, terrestrial; satellite, broadband network connection or any other method of distributing audio-visual data can receive the signal 170.
  • the signal 170 can even be derived from the output of another consumer electronics apparatus.
  • the program code memory 130 may be embodied as a Flash EEPROM, a ROM, an optical disk or any other type of data carrying medium.
  • the program code memory 130 may even be embodied by a RAM memory where program code is loaded during operation from the network connected to the network interface unit 140.
  • the storage device is adapted to store content that is received by either the receiver 120 or the network interface unit 140 for future reproduction on the TV-set 150 or for further dissemination via the network interface unit 140.
  • the content may be processed prior to storage.
  • the further dissemination of stored content is preferably done via a peer-to- peer network 200, as shown in Fig. 2.
  • the peer-to-peer network 200 comprises various peers or peer clients that are all enabled to store data objects such as content received from a broadcast provider.
  • a peer 210 gets in contact with other peers by sending a message to a rendezvous peer 220 at start-up.
  • the rendezvous peer 220 provides information about the other peers of the peer-to-peer network to the peer 210, so the peer 210 can connect to the peer-to-peer network 200.
  • the peer 210 can also broadcast a message to all peers on the network within a specified area and receive answers from the broadcast message.
  • Peers communicate with each other by either sending messages to each other or to a super peer 230, preferably over the Internet, in the latter case constituting a sub- network in the peer-to-peer network. Communication within the network is possible from every peer to every peer. Connections between each of the individual peers have not been drawn for reasons of clarity.
  • the selection from the very large peer-to-peer network 200 is achieved by forming a private network 240 within the peer-to-peer network 200. This is achieved by ensuring that peers satisfy at least one criterion form the private network 240.
  • the criterion may be subscription to a certain broadcast channel, membership of a group with a common interest, such as a group who enjoy action movies, etc.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates a peer-to-peer network including a data delivery service 350 providing data objects 355 to elucidate an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • the criterion is derived from the search query. For example, a user of the peer 310 in a peer-to-peer network 300 enters a search query related to a spy film. The search query is used to generate a first criterion.
  • the private network 320 is formed, based upon the first criterion, of users offering spy films for downloading through the peer-to-peer network 300. Since probably not all peers of the peer-to-peer network 300 will offer spy films for downloading, the search effort is downscaled significantly.
  • Content is received from the data delivery service 350 to which a user has to subscribe or is subscribed automatically.
  • Providers of such services prefer to restrict dissemination of data objects 355, such as television programs, they deliver. Even when they allow dissemination of data, they will probably only allow dissemination among users subscribed to their service.
  • a general exception to this limitation to subscribed users is when advertising, for example, program content. In such a situation dissemination among users not subscribed to their service would also be valid and encouraged by the service provider. To achieve this the private network 320 is too limited.
  • the first criterion for selecting peers for private networks for searching data is the data delivery service the peers are subscribed to. For example, when a peer, or more explicitly, a user of a peer, is subscribed to CNN, BBC and the Dutch public broadcast service, the search query is only submitted to peers being subscribed to at least one of those three content delivery services.
  • This first criterion governs the size of the private network formed.
  • the method of the invention begins with the submission of a search query in step 10. To achieve this, the private network is formed of three groups of peers, as shown in Fig.
  • Fig. 4 shows a peer to peer network 400 with a first group 410 of peers subscribed to CNN, a second group 420 of peers subscribed to BBC and a third group 430 of peers subscribed to the Dutch public broadcast service.
  • a first peer 405 is a member of all three groups. When the first peer 405 submits a search query, only the private network comprising the eight peers of the three groups are initially searched for data objects matching the search query, as shown in step 30 for Fig. Ib.
  • the peers targeted by the initial search query for example further peer 406 in Fig.4, determine a second criterion, step 40 of Fig. Ib. Therefore further peers are selected, for example, a second further peer 407 in Fig.4.
  • a second private network is created for searching data, where the second criterion is again the data delivery service(s), or channel(s), the further peer is subscribed to.
  • An example of a second private network formed from a further group of peers 440 is shown in Fig. 4 and may be formed in step 40 of Fig. Ib. Fig.
  • FIG. 4 shows a peer to peer network 400 with a first group 410 of peers subscribed to CNN, a second group 420 of peers subscribed to BBC, a third group 430 of peers subscribed to the Dutch public broadcast service and a fourth group 440 of peers subscribed to Canal+.
  • the further peer 406 submits a search query to the second private network 440, step 50 in Fig. Ib, only the private network comprising the four peers of the group 440 are searched for data objects matching the search query.
  • the further peer 406 Upon completion of the search query the further peer 406 returns the results to the first peer 405, as shown in step 60 in Fig. Ib.
  • the method according to Fig. Ib may be executed using data stored in the program code memory 130 using the microprocessor 126.
  • the different method steps shown in Fig. Ib may be implemented as one or more computer programs running on one peer or distributed over multiple peers.
  • the first peer 405 may implement step 10 in Fig. Ib
  • the further peer 406 may implement steps 20
  • Metadata is associated with or contained within the data objects.
  • Metadata For television programs, content description formats such as TV Anytime or MPEG-7 may be used.
  • TV anytime metadata provides a Content Reference Identifier, CRID, which comprises information on the origin of the data object. Furthermore, it points to a document providing further information on the data object.
  • a CRID has the following format: crid:// ⁇ authority>/ ⁇ data>.
  • the ⁇ authority> refers to the location resolution service, i.e. where to get ⁇ data> about the specific content, such as metadata, or actual broadcast information.
  • the data delivery service may already be identified through the CRID, for example, a CRID such as crid://bbc.co.uk/films/TheHill identifies the data delivery service as the BBC and conveys the fact that at bbc.co.uk you can get information about this movie.
  • a 3rd party may refer to other data delivery services, for example, crid://3rdpartyagentforbestmovies/films/TheHill can still be linked to the BBC broadcast, but provide further metadata.
  • genre information it is known to the skilled person that the document to which the CRID points, or another URL in the metadata associated with the data object points, may be analyzed.
  • a private network 'films' may be set up, comprising subgroups 'spy films', 'thriller' and 'drama'.
  • a peer may be member of multiple private networks, as shown in Fig. 4.
  • various other types of data can be searched for using the method according to the invention.
  • films, also other types of audio-visual data can be searched for.
  • Even data objects such as e-books can be searched for using the method according to the invention and embodiments thereof.
  • the invention provides a method, system, apparatus, for use in the system, and computer program for searching data in a peer-to-peer network, wherein the peers are enabled to store data objects received from a data source.
  • Large peer-to-peer networks comprise millions of peers having enormous amounts of data objects available. Searching all peers takes a lot of time. Searching a small group, by forming a private network based on satisfying at least on criterion within the peer-to-peer network reduces the success rate of the search.
  • the invention improves the search success rate by forming a second private network based on satisfying at least a second criterion within the peer-to-peer network.
  • the invention may also be embodied as a computer program product, storable on a storage medium and enabling a computer to be programmed to execute the method according to the invention.
  • the computer can be embodied as a general-purpose computer such as a personal computer or network computer, but also as a dedicated consumer electronics device with a programmable processing core.
  • reference to the singular is also intended to encompass the plural and vice versa.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé, un système (400), un dispositif (406) destiné à être utilisé dans ce système, et un programme informatique permettant la recherche de données dans un réseau (200, 300, 400) poste à poste, permettant aux postes de mémoriser des objets de données reçus en provenance d'une source de données. Les réseaux poste à poste de grande taille comptent des millions de postes disposant d'énormes quantités d'objets de donnés disponibles. Une recherche effectuée auprès de la totalité des postes nécessite un temps considérable. Une recherche effectuée auprès d'un petit groupe, par la formation d'un réseau privé (410, 420, 430) constitué selon au moins un critère, à l'intérieur le réseau poste à poste, réduit en revanche de taux de succès de la recherche. La présente invention permet d'améliorer ce taux de succès par la formation d'un second réseau (440) privé défini en fonction d'au moins un second critère.
PCT/IB2006/052026 2005-06-28 2006-06-22 Recherche modulable dans une communaute virtuelle definie selon les canaux de diffusion dans des reseaux poste a poste WO2007000692A1 (fr)

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WO2010069219A1 (fr) * 2008-12-16 2010-06-24 腾讯科技（深圳）有限公司 Système poste à poste et procédé de demande de renseignements concernant des semences

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