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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
  • C07C211/01—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C211/02—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C211/15—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms or by nitro or nitroso groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
  • A61K31/131—Amines acyclic
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/04—Antipruritics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/14—Drugs for dermatological disorders for baldness or alopecia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/16—Emollients or protectives, e.g. against radiation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to a composition and method for topical treatment of skin disease, and more specifically to a stabilized Nitrogen Mustard composition and method for topically treating the skin disease.
• Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a malignancy of the T-helper (CD4+) cells of the immune system.
• CTCL also known as mycosis fungoides (MF)
• MF mycosis fungoides
• T-helper cells are characterized by the presence of a protein receptor on their surface called CD4. Accordingly, T-helper cells are said to be CD4+.
• T-helper cells results in the penetration, or infiltration, of these abnormal cells into the epidermal layer of the skin.
• the skin reacts with slightly scaling lesionsjhat itch, although the sites of greatest infiltration do not necessarily correspond to the sites of the lesions.
• the lesions are most often located on the trunk, but can be present on any part of the body.
• the patchy lesions progress to palpable plaques that are deeper red and have more defined edges.
• skin tumors develop that are often mushroom- shaped, hence the name mycosis fungoides.
• the cancer progresses to extracutanous involvement, often in the lymph nodes or the viscera.
• CTCL is a rare disease, with an annual incidence of about 0.29 cases per 100,000 persons in the United States. It is about half as common in Eastern Europe. However, this discrepancy may be attributed to a differing physician awareness of the disease rather than a true difference in occurrence. In the Unites States, there are about 500-600 new cases a year and about 100-200 deaths. CTCL is usually seen in older adults; the median age at diagnosis is 55-60 years. It strikes twice as many men as women. The average life expectancy at diagnosis is 7-10 years, even without treatment.
• a first aspect of the present invention provides a composition for treating a skin disorder, comprising: a Nitrogen Mustard or an HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard, wherein the Nitrogen Mustard or the HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard is in a nonaqueous vehicle or carrier, wherein the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier does not include petrolatum or ethanol, wherein the Nitrogen Mustard is represented by the following structures: . CRrRaCR 9 R 10 Cl CRtrRiflCRi S R 2 oCI
• each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 . . . R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, a fluorinated linear alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, a bicycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkalkenyl group, an alkenylalkyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkalkynyl group, an alkynylalkyl group, a trifluoroprop
• a second aspect of the present invention provides A method for treating a person with a skin disorder, comprising: topically applying to the affected skin a Nitrogen Mustard or an HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard, wherein the Nitrogen Mustard or the HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard is in a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier, wherein the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier does not include petrolatum or ethanol, wherein the Nitrogen Mustard is represented by the following structures:
• each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 . . . R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, a fluorinated linear alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, a bicycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkalkenyl group, an alkenylalkyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkalkynyl group, an alkynylalkyl group, a trifluoroprop
• a third aspect of the present invention provides a method for stabilizing a volatile alkylating agent, comprising: providing a non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream, wherein the non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream does not include petrolatum or ethanol; feconsitituting an HX salt of the volatile alkylating agent in anhydrous solvent; combining with mixing the non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream and the HX salt of the volatile alkylating agent.
• a fourth aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus having a wall around a compartment, wherein the wall is made of a material that is impervious to a mixture of a pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard • HCl and a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a method for the use of compositions having stabilized alkylating agents for treating skin disease, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention
• FIG. 2 depicts a front cross-sectional view of an apparatus having a compartment partially enclosed by a wall, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention
• FIG. 3 depicts the apparatus having plugs mechanically sealed to close an opening in the wall, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
• FIG. 4 depicts the apparatus wherein the heat seals have been serrated to permit easy removal of the plugs, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
• patients having MF topically treated with Nitrogen Mustard compounded into a polypropylene glycol (PPG, molecular weight from about 300 to about 2500), propylene glycol (PG, ), polyethyleneglycol (PEG, molecular weight from about 100 to about 1000) or ethylene glycol ointment or cream showed no evidence of any systemic toxicities.
• PPG polypropylene glycol
• PG propylene glycol
• PEG polyethyleneglycol
• ethylene glycol ointment or cream showed no evidence of any systemic toxicities.
• Table 1 below provides a summary of topical treatment of patients having MF with nitrogen mustard in propylene glycol (PG), including response rates and toxicities.
• Table 1 Topical Nitrogen Mustard In Mycosis Fungoides (MF): Summary Of Clinical Outcomes & Toxicities.
• PTS patients studies
• F/U follow-up
• CR complete response
• PG propylene glycol
• PCR partial response
• NR not reported.
• Bone Marrow Suppression No evidence of bone marrow suppression (anemia, leukoopenia or thrombocytopenia) has reported with long term use of topical Nitrogen Mustard, based on serial monitoring of the complete blood count..
• Heptatotoxicity No evidence of hepatotoxicty has reported with long term use of topical NM 5 based on serial monitoring of peripheral blood liver function tests.
• Nephrotoxicity No evidence of nephrotoxicity has reported with long term use of topical Nitrogen Mustard, based on serial monitoring of peripheral blood renal function tests.
• Topical Nitrogen Mustard has been reported to be used in children and adolescences ( ⁇ 18 years) without any significant differences in toxicities than in adults. Use in Pregnancy
• SCC squamous cell carcinoma
• a DNA strand having deoxyribonucleosides wherein each deoxyribonucleoside may include a base adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G), replicates by linking each deoxyribonucleoside on the strand with another deoxyribonucleoside, wherein typical linking occurs between adenine (A) and thymine (T), forming an A-T linkage and between cytosine (C) and guanine (G), forming a C-G linkage between the original DNA strand and its replicated DNA strand.
• A adenine
• T thymine
• C cytosine
• G guanine
• Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents may act as anti-cancer agents by impairing natural DNA strand replication of cancer cells, allowing unnatural base-base linkages such as a guanine (G) base linking to another guanine (G) base if the particular Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents are bifunctional alkylators.
• bifunctional alkylators are Nitrogen Mustards having at least two 2-chloroethyl side chains, e.g. bis-(2-chloroethyl)methyl amine, such as structure I of Reaction 1, infra.
• Reaction 1 depicts a reversible reaction, represented by forward reaction Ia and reverse reaction Ib in Reaction 1, in which a Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agent having a 2-chloroethyl side chain, e.g., bis-(2- chloroethyl)methylamine, represented by structure I, infra, may undergo an intramolecular cyclization, resulting in formation of a highly reactive ethyleniminium intermediate (aziridinium cation), represented by a structure II, infra.
• a Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agent having a 2-chloroethyl side chain e.g., bis-(2- chloroethyl)methylamine
• a concentration of the aziridinium cation, II, infra may be in equilibrium with a concentration of the Nitrogen Mustard, I, infra, wherein the equilibrium constant K eq(la ,i b ) may be represented by a ratio of a rate k la , of the forward reaction Ia, to a rate ki b , of the reverse reaction Ib.
• Reaction 1 Formation of Aziridinium Cation, Represented by Structure II, infra.
• a carbon atom bonded to chlorine may initially have a partial positive charge, ⁇ +, and a chlorine atom may initially have a partial negative charge, ⁇ -.
• Reaction I an unshared pair of electrons of nitrogen may form a covalent bond to the carbon having ⁇ +, releasing the chlorine atom as chloride, and forming structure II.
• Structure II, supra, may undergo nucleophilic attack by an electron donor, i.e., a nucleophile, resulting in alkylating the nucleophile.
• Reaction with the nucleophile guanine (G), structure III, shown in Reaction 2, supra, at position N-7 of the guanine (G) occurs to the greatest extent.
• Other sites on guanine (G), and other DNA bases such as adenine (A), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), and phosphate oxygens also can be alkylated.
• structure III represents all stereoisomers and racemates of the deoxyribonucleoside having any DNA base.
• Reaction 2 Nucleophilic attack by guanine on the unstable aziridinium ring, structure II, resulting from the intramolecular cyclization shown in Reaction 1, supra.
• Reaction 2 results in forming the alkylated deoxyribonucleoside, structure IV.
• position N-7 of the guanine (G) base of the deoxribonucleoside, represented in structure III may nucleophilically attack the aziridinium ring, structure II, that may have been formed by the intramolecular cyclization represented by Reaction 1, supra, resulting in alkylating position N-7 of the guanine (G) base of structure III.
• structure IV represents all stereoisomers and racemates of the deoxyribonucleoside having any DNA base.
• Alkylating agents have four actions on nucleic acids. First of all, the agent may cause crosslinking ⁇ of DNA strands which interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis. This is thought to be the most important reason for the cytotoxic effect of alkylating agents. Secondly, the agent may alter the "side chain groups" of the nucleotide base ring which would lead to abnormal base pairing and point mutations in the synthesized DNA and RNA chains. Thirdly, the alkylating agent may split the base ring from the nucleotide which again interrupts proper DNA and RNA synthesis. Finally, the alkylating agent may break the ring structure of a nucleotide base which would prevent base pairing during DNA and RNA synthesis.
• a DNA strand consisting of deoxyribonucleosides wherein each deoxyribonucleoside may include a base adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G)
• each deoxyribonucleoside may include a base adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G)
• Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents may act as anti-cancer agents by impairing normal DNA strand replication, allowing abnormal base-base linkages such as a guanine (G) base linking to another guanine (G) base if the particular Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents are bifunctional alkylators.
• bifunctional alkylators are Nitrogen Mustards having at least two 2-chloroethyl side chains, e.g. bis-(2-chloroethyl)methyl amine, structure I, supra.
• one of the 2-chloroethyl side chains of the deoxyribonucleoside represented by the structure IV has alkylated the guanine (G) base of the structure III.
• the remaining 2-chloroethyl side chain of the deoxyribonucleoside of the structure IV has also undergone an intramolecular cyclization, resulting in formation of deoxyribonucleoside V, having the highly reactive aziridinium ring.
• Reaction 3 Formation of Aziridinium Cation from the remaining 2-chloroethyl side chain of the deoxyribonucleoside of the structure IV, supra.
• Reaction 4 depicts the abnormal linking of the deoxyribonucleoside V, having a guanine (G) base and the activated aziridinium ring, with another deoxyribonucleoside III, also having a guanine (G) base, forming an abnormal guanine-guanine (G-G) link in the product, represented by the structure VI.
• structure VI represents all stereoisomers and racemates of the product from coupling two molecules of the deoxyribonucleoside represented by structure III at the N-7 position with the bifunctional alkylating Nitrogen Mustard represented by the structure II, supra.
• eaction 4 The Abnormal Linking of the Deoxyribonucleoside V, Having a Guanine
• a highly unstable nature and extremely short duration of action of the Nitrogen Mustards in the presence of water may result because water may decompose the highly reactive ethyleniminium intermediate (aziridinium cation), represented by the structure II, in Reaction 1, supra, replacing the chlorine atom on the 2-chloroethyl side chains of the Nitrogen Mustard by an OH group.
• the Nitrogen Mustards are said to be highly unstable and have an extremely short duration of action because they may react with water, resulting in replacement of one or both of the chlorine atoms by a hydroxyl (OH) group.
• Reaction 5 illustrates competing equilibrium reactions, Ia and Ib and 5 a and 5b.
• a free form of the Nitrogen Mustard, structure I may be in equilibrium with the aziridium ion II, as described for Reaction 1, supra.
• the equilibrium constant for Reactions Ia and Ib has been described as K eq ( la! ,ib) 5 supra.
• the equilibrium constant for Reactions 5a and 5b, K eq ( 5a , 5b) may be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of the HX salt, IX, to the product of the concentration of the free form of the Nitrogen Mustard, structure I and the concentration of HX. Therefore, in an embodiment, there may be an equilibrium concentration of aziridinium cation represented by the ratio of K ⁇ a, ⁇ ) to Keq( 5a , 5 b) 3 even when the Nitrogen Mustard has been stabilized by converting the free base form of the Nitrogen Mustard, as represented by structure I, infra, as illustrated by Reaction 5, infi'a, to its HX salt, as represented by the structure IX.
• the N-2 position of the guanine base of DNA, structure III in Reactions 2-4 may be alkylated by the HX salt IX, as in Reaction 5, infra, because the concentration of the aziridinium cation in Reaction 5, infra, may be a real positive number, equal to K eq(la ,i b) to K e q( 5 a, 5 b).
• the free base form of the Nitrogen Mustard is any non-salt form of the Nitrogen Mustard, wherein a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom may be available for forming the aziridinium ion, II, as in Reaction 1, supra.
• the aziridinium cation may undergo nucleophilic attack by an electron donor, resulting in alkylating the nucleophile.
• reaction with the nucleophile guanine (G), structure III, shown in Reaction 2, supra, at position N-7 of the guanine (G) occurs to the greatest extent.
• Other sites on guanine (G), and other DNA bases such as adenine (A), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), and phosphate oxygens also can be alkylated.
• oxygen of primary alcohols often are nucleophiles and therefore may have a disadvantageous effect on the use of the free base or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt IX, as in reaction 5, infra, because the free base of the nitrogen mustard or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt IX is consumed in the undesirable side reaction in which the nucleophile is alkylated by the free base of the nitrogen mustard or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt IX, instead of being available to act as an anti-cancer agent against T-CeIl lymphoma, for example, by impairing normal DNA strand replication.
• pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt IX refers to salt forms that are pharmacologically acceptable and substantially non-toxic to the subject being treated with the compound of the invention. Therefore, secondary and tertiary alcohols, amines, amino alcohols having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms are preferred over primary alcohols having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms in formulations of the free base of the nitrogen mustard or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt IX, when a pharmaceutically acceptable inert ingredient, i.e., a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, may be needed to promote solubilization of the free base of the nitrogen mustard or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt IX in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable inert ingredient i.e., a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient
• Ethyl alcohol is not used to dissolve the nitrogen mustard or its HX salt because it is a nucleophile that degrades the nitrogen mustard or its HX salt by promoting loss of chlorine.
• Isopropyl, cetyl, stearyl, cetearyl, or lanolin alcohol are preferred pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for dissolving or taking up the nitrogen mustard or its HX salt.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may comprise solvents, emollients, humectants, preservatives, emulsifiers, and pH agents. Suitable solvents include acetone, glycols, polyurethanes, and others known in the art.
• Suitable emollients include mineral oil, propylene glycol dicaprylate, lower fatty acid esters, lower alkyl ethers of propylene glycol, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, wax, and others known in the art.
• Suitable humectants include glycerin, sorbitol, and others known in the art.
• Suitable emulsifiers include glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monoleate, stearic acid, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene cetostearyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyethylene glycol stearate, propylene glycol stearate, and others known in the art.
• Suitable pH agents include hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, sodium hydroxide, monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, and others known in the art. Alternatively, pH agents include from about 1 percent by weight to about 15 percent by weight acetic acid, citric acid or lactic acid.
• Suitable preservatives include benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, parabens, and others known in the art.
• the inventors disclose that polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethylene glycol (EG), polypropylene glycol (PPG) 5 propylene glycol (PG) and the diethylene glycol monosubstituted ether (DGMSE) are useful pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethylene glycol (EG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), propylene glycol (PG) and the diethylene glycol monosubstituted ether (DGMSE) that may hydrogen bond to trace nucleophiles that may be contaminants in the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, thereby reducing the nucleophilic strength of the trace nucleophiles.
• diethylene glycol monosubstituted ether (DGMSE) or silicones such as dimethicone or cyclomethicone are useful as pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to promote dissolution of the free base of the nitrogen mustard or the HX salt IX, infra, in formulations of the free base of the nitrogen mustard or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt IX, infra.
• pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts of the Nitrogen Mustard, structure IX, infra are more stable and of longer activity duration than their respective free bases, as measured by an effective alkylating activity of the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts of the Nitrogen Mustard, structure IX, infra, in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol, wherein an effective alkylating activity of the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol after three (3) years is equivalent to the effective alkylating activity of the free base form of the respective Nitrogen Mustards, structure I, after 3 months in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol in formulations of the nitrogen mustard free base or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts, structure IX, infra does not include any grade of white or yellow petrolatum recognized in the art as suitable for human application.
• the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol does not include material commercially available as Penreco Snow White Pet USP in formulations of the nitrogen mustard free base or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts, structure IX, infra.
• the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol does not include hydrocarbon mixtures formulated with mineral oils in combination with paraffin waxes of various melting points in formulations of the nitrogen mustard free base or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts, structure IX, infra.
• the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol does not include lipophilic emollient selected from the group consisting of: petrolatum; esters of fatty acids.
• the effective alkylating activity of the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts, structure IX, infra, in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is equivalent to the effective alkylating activity of the free base form of the respective Nitrogen Mustards in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol when a weight percent of the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt, structure IX, infra, in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is essentially equal to the weight percent of the respective free base of the Nitrogen Mustard, structure I in the nonaqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• use of the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt, structure IX, infra, of the Nitrogen Mustard in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol may preserve the effective alkylating activity by reducing its volatility compared to that of the free base form, since pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts of Nitrogen Mustards generally have lower vapor pressures than their corresponding free base forms.
• Reaction represented by arrow 5 c, infra illustrates formation of the stabilized Nitrogen Mustard • HX compositions of the present invention that have been stabilized by converting said free form highly reactive Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents to pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts by reaction of the Nitrogen Mustard with HX.
• Reaction 5 Formation of Nitrogen Mustard • HX, Represented by Structure IX, wherein the Nitrogen Mustard is Represented by Structure I, as in Reaction 1, supra.
• X " may advantageously be halide, such as Cl “ , Br “ , I “ or HSO 4 " or NO 3 , wherein HX may be respectively, HCl, HBr, HI, or H 2 SO 4 , or HNO 3 .
• pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts include conventional acid- addition salts or base-addition salts formed from suitable non-toxic organic or inorganic acids or inorganic bases.
• Exemplary acid-addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid, and those derived from organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethane- disulfonic acid, isethionic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, stearic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, glutamic acid, salicylic acid, sulfanilic acid, and fumaric acid.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobro
• Exemplary base-addition salts include those derived from ammonium hydroxides (e.g., a quaternary ammonium hydroxide such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide), those derived from inorganic bases such as alkali or alkaline earth-metal (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium) hydroxides, and those derived from non-toxic organic bases such as basic amino acids.
• ammonium hydroxides e.g., a quaternary ammonium hydroxide such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide
• inorganic bases such as alkali or alkaline earth-metal (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium) hydroxides
• non-toxic organic bases such as basic amino acids.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
• the API may be provided as a 10:1 weight ratio of NaCl: API.
• the weight ratio of NaCl to the API may be from about 100:0.01 to 0.01:100.
• the API may be formulated into any solid mixture having one or more of the above mentioned pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts.
• the inventors disclose that in theory the API, as the HX salt is stablized in a salt matrix because the salt matrix and the HX salt of the API are both ionic.
• FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of the present invention, a method 1, for treating a person with a skin disorder, comprising: a step 10, topically applying to the affected skin a pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard or a pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard, wherein the Nitrogen Mustard or the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard is in a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol, wherein the Nitrogen Mustard is represented by the following structures:
• each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 . . . R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, a fluorinated linear alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, a bicycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkalkenyl group, an alkenylalkyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkalkynyl group, an alkynylalkyl group, a trifluor
• n is 1, 2, or 3.
• p is O 5 1, or 2 and n + p ⁇ 3.
• any two R 1 - R 34 in the same molecule may be linked to form a three- to eight-membered cyclic group.
• the Nitrogen Mustard is advantageously selected from the group consisting of bis-(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine, bis-(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, and tris-(2-chloroethyl)amine J and combinations thereof.
• structures VII, VIII 5 IX and X (XI-XIV) may represent all racemic forms and stereoisomers wherein said compounds may be capable of optical activity.
• the Nitrogen Mustard may be advantageously derived from a Nitrogen Mustard prodrug represented by the following structures:
• each R 35 , R 36 , R 37 . . . R 78 is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, a fluorinated linear alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated cycloalkyl group having 3- 17 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, a bicycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkalkenyl group, an alkenylalkyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkalkynyl group, an alkynylalky
• each X group is a linking group selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched alkylene having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl ene having 3 to 17 carbon atoms, an alkylcycloalkylene having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylalkylene having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl ene, having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkylarylene, having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylalkylene, having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, and combinations thereof,
• each Ar group is a bifunctional aromatic linking group, wherein each Ar is selected from the group consisting of an arylene group, a substituted arylene group and/or a heteroarylene group.
• Compounds represented by structures XI, XII, . . . XIV may be prodrug candidate forms of the Nitrogen Mustards, because they can be metabolized in vivo to generate the active Nitrogen Mustard.
• a prodrug is a precursor (forerunner) of the active Nitrogen Mustard.
• a prodrug may undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes to the parent drug, thus becoming an active Nitrogen Mustard.
• structures XI, XII, . . . XIV (XI-XIV) may represent all racemic forms and stereoisomers, wherein said compounds may be capable of optical activity.
• phosphatase and phosphamidase enzymes may hydrolyze the P-N bond of structure XI, supm,e.g., cyclophosphamide, structure XIA, infra or ifosphamide, structure XIB, infra, resulting in an intermediate aldophosphamide, which may nonenzymatically break down to a bifunctional phosphoramide mustard.
• cyclophosphamide, structure XIA, supra or ifosphamide, structure XIB, supra may be oxidatively activated by cytochrome P-450
• structure XII supra, e.g., Chlorambucil, structure XIIA, infra, may be a bifunctional alkylating agent of the nitrogen mustard type.
• Structure XII may be cell cycle-phase nonspecific, although it also may be cytotoxic to nonproliferating cells. Activity may occur as a result of formation of an unstable ethylenimmonium ion, which alkylates or binds with many intracellular molecular structures, including nucleic acids. Its cytotoxic action may be primarily due to cross- linldng of strands of DNA, which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis.
• XIII may be a bifunctional alkylating agent of the nitrogen mustard type.
• prodrugs of structure XIII may be cell cycle-phase nonspecific, although they also may be cytotoxic to nonproliferating cells.
• structure XIV supra, e.g., uracil mustard, structure XIVA, infi'a, may be a bifunctional alkylating agent of the nitrogen mustard type.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard may be advantageously selected from the group consisting of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl, Nitrogen Mustard • H 2 SO 4 , Nitrogen Mustard • HNO 3 , Nitrogen Mustard • H 2 SO 4 , Nitrogen Mustard • HBr, Nitrogen Mustard • HI and combinations thereof.
• an ingredient of the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol may be polyethylene glycol (PEG) or ethylene glycol (EG), polypropylene glycol (PPG) or propylene glycol (PG), diethylene glycol monosubstituted ether (DGMSE), HOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OR 79 (HO(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 R 79 ), wherein R 79 is selected from the group consisting of a linear alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, a fhiorinated linear alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated branched alkyl group having 2-12 carbon atoms, a fluorinated cycloalkyl group having 3-17 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group,
• each ingredient of the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol may be selected from the group consisting of Ethoxy Diglycol Reagent, Hydroxypropylcellulose, buffer gel, Menthol Crystals USP 5 Butylated Hydroxytoluene NF, Glycerin USP, Edetate Disodium USP, Decyl Methyl Sulfoxide, Kris-Ester 236 and combinations thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts of the Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents used in the treatment of skin disorders may be more stable and have a longer duration of activity because the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts of the Nitrogen Mustards may be more resistant to attack by water than the respective free base form of the Nitrogen Mustard.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts of the Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents may be added to a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that may not include petrolatum.
• the use of pharmaceutically acceptable HX salts of the Nitrogen Mustard alkylating agents and/or adding them to the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that may not include petrolatum may result in greater stability and longer duration of action in the treatment of skin disorders.
• the skin disorder is selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, eczema, actinic keratosis, lupus, sarcoidosis, alopecia, cutaneous T-CeIl lymphoma, i.e., mycosis fungoides, lymphoreticular neoplasia, pleural and peritoneal effusions, cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, pseudolymphomas of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, malignant melanoma, lymphosarcoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera, lymphomatoid papulosis, Mucha-Habberman's disease (PLEVA), and combinations thereof.
• psoriasis eczema
• actinic keratosis lupus
• sarcoidosis alopecia
• Methods of delivery as in the step 10 of the method 1 comprise topical administration of the Nitrogen Mustard or Nitrogen Mustard • HCl to humans and animals of sterile solutions or suspensions, wherein the dosage contains suitable quantities of an active ingredient.
• Topical solutions or suspensions are incorporated in a slow release nonaqueous matrix for administering transdermally.
• a dosage for mammals may be from about .0001 percent by weight to about 2.0 percent by weight of the active ingredient in the non-aqueous and non-petrolatum matrix per day.
• the dosage for mammals may be from about .015 percent by weight to about 0.04 percent by weight of the active ingredient in the non-aqueous and non-petrolatum matrix per day.
• the dosage for mammals may be from about 0.015 to about 0.030 percent by weight of the active ingredient in the non-aqueous and non- petrolatum matrix per day.
• topical administration means applying a drug to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part.
• a method for treating a person with a skin disorder comprising: topically applying the Nitrogen Mustard or Nitrogen Mustard • HCl to the affected skin.
• the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol ameliorates skin irritation resulting from the Nitrogen Mustard or its HX salt, by providing an effective dose of the Nitrogen Mustard or Nitrogen Mustard ⁇ HCl.
• “ameliorates” means to lessen pain and reduce skin irritation, resulting in making an improvement because skin irritation has been reduced.
• an effective dose of the Nitrogen Mustard or Nitrogen Mustard • HCl may be sufficient to treat the skin having one of the aforementioned diseases without causing hypersensitivity, as disclosed in Table I 5 supra.
• a method for stabilizing a volatile alkylating agent comprising: providing a non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream, wherein the non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream does not include petrolatum or ethanol; reconsitituting an HX salt of the volatile alkylating agent in anhydrous solvent that does not include ethanol; combining with mixing the non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream and the HX salt of the volatile alkylating agent.
• the HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard is Nitrogen Mustard • HCl.
• a duration of activity of the Nitrogen Mustard or the HX salt of the Nitrogen Mustard is from about 3 months to about 3 years.
• the non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream includes polypropylene glycol (PPG), propylene glycol (PG) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) or ethylene glycol (EG).
• the non-aqueous flowable ointment or cream consists essentially of Propylene Glycol, Ethoxy Diglycol Reagent, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Menthol Crystals USP, Butylated Hydroxytoluene NF, Glycerin USP, Edetate Disodium USP, Decyl Methyl Sulfoxide, and Kris-Ester 236.
• the Nitrogen Mustard or its HX salt is selected from the group consisting of bis-(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine, bis-(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, tris-(2- chloroethyl)amine, and combinations thereof.
• the acceptable non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol for the purpose of this invention may be flowable nonaqueous pharmaceutical vehicle or carriers such as creams or ointments that do not contain nucleophiles, e.g., water or ethanol, that may decompose the Nitrogen Mustard or its HX salt, structure IX, as depicted in Reaction 5, supra.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include Ethoxy Diglycol Reagent, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Menthol Crystals USP, Butylated Hydroxytoluene NF, Glycerin USP, Edetate Disodium USP, Decyl Methyl Sulfoxide, Kris-Ester 236, Propylene glycol and Ethylene Glycol.
• the polypropylene glycol (PPG), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG) or ethylene glycol (EG) may be from about 15 to about 60 weight percent propylene glycol or ethylene glycol.
• the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting, emulsifying agents and the like together with the sensitizer of this invention.
• the sensitizers can also be used as adjunct therapy in combination with existing therapies, such as hyperthermia, in the management cancer treatment in patients having cancer.
• the drug product formulation consists of a pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard hydrochloride in a topical ointment base that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• the components/compositions are provided in Table 2 that follows, assuming a batch size of 1 liter.
• the drag product e.g., having 0.001 - 2.0 percent by weight Nitrogen Mustard as Bis-(2chloroethyl)methylamine • HCl, structure IX, as in Reaction 5, supra, may be manufactured according to the following general procedure:
• an excipient is an inert substance which is added to the free form of the nitrogen mustard or its pharmaceutically acceptable HX salt to provide bulk.
• the dry excipient ingredients are indicated as being added as solid weight, such as gram, i.e. gm.
• Particle sizes of the dry material are reduced to a uniform size through tritration.
• Polypropylene glycol (PPG), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG) or ethylene glycol (EG) from about 15 to about 60 percent by weight is then added via the principle of geometric dilution to form a smooth paste. Once a smooth paste is achieved, the propylene or ethylene glycol continues to be added until a volume that retains a flow like quality is obtained.
• the entire contents are then transferred to a large beaker.
• a spin bar is added and the beaker is placed on a magnetic stirring plate and mixing is begun.
• glycerin is added. While the mixture spins, the original vessel is washed with from about 15 to about 60 percent by weight ethoxy diglycol and the contents of the vessel are added to the spinning mixture in the beaker. After the ethoxy diglycol is added, kris-ester is added to the spinning mixture. This mixture then is spun for approximately one to two hours. After the spinning is finished the mixture is covered and left to sit over-night.
• the mixture is mixed with a high shear mixer to a uniform consistency with minimal to no air. Air and moisture may be removed during mixing by applying a vacuum from about 0.01 to about 0.1 torr. The mixture is then brought to ambient pressure by adding dry nitrogen.
• a concentration in mg/ml of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is advantageously from about lmg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of non-aqueous vehicle to about 2000mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of non-aqueous vehicle.
• a concentration in mg/ml of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl in a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is advantageously from about lOmg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol to about 40 mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• a concentration in mg/ml of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl used in a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is advantageously from about 15mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of nonaqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol to about 30 mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol. This mixture is then poured into a 50 ml flip top plastic cylinder and shipped to the appropriate patient.
• the drug product formulation consists of a pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard hydrochloride in a topical ointment base.
• the components/compositions are provided in Table 3 that follows, assuming a batch size of 1 liter.
• the acceptable non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol for the purpose of this invention that is the flowable non-aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol such as creams or ointments do not contain nucleophiles, e.g., water or ethanol, that may decompose the free form of the Nitrogen Mustard or its HX salt, structure IX, as depicted in Reaction 5, supra, may be dimethyl polysiloxane fluid such as dimethicone or cyclomethicone having essentially no moisture content.
• dimethicone means low viscosity silicones, low viscosity, i.e. from about 1 cps.
• cyclomethicone means cyclopentasiloxane, volatile poydimethylcyclosiloxane, CAS 541-02-6, CAS# 541-02-6, low surface tension silicone, volatile silicone, D5 silicone, Dow Corning 245 fluid, DC 245 fluid, 245 silicone, skin cream silicone, antiperspirant silicone, suntan lotion silicone, silicone for skin, skincare silicone, bodycare silicone, bath oil silicone, GE 1202, GE SF 1202 cyclopentasiloxane, D5 Cyclopentasiloxane, and D5 Decamethylcyclo Pentasiloxane.
• dimethicone and cyclomethicone are dimethyl silicone oils with good emollience, strong moisturization and humectant properties. Dimethicone and cyclomethicone have very low moisture content, as water, i.e. ⁇ 0.1% by weight because they are methyl stopped instead of OH stopped polymers.
• the drug product e.g., having 0.001 - 2.0 percent by weight Nitrogen Mustard as Bis-(2chloroethyl)methylamine • HCl, structure IX, as in Reaction 5, supra, in
• Dimethicone or Cyclomethicone Ointment may be manufactured according to the following general procedure:
• Dimethicone or cyclomethicone from about 10 to about 60 percent by weight is then added via the principle of geometric dilution to form a smooth paste. Once a smooth paste is achieved, the Dimethicone or cyclomethicone continues to be added until a volume that retains a flow like quality is obtained.
• glycerin is added. While the mixture spins, the original vessel is washed with from about 10 to about 16 percent by weight ethoxy diglycol and the contents of the vessel are added to the spinning mixture in the beaker.
• the mixture is mixed with a high shear mixer to a uniform consistency with minimal to no air. Air and moisture may be removed during mixing by applying a vacuum from about 0.01 to about 0.1 torr. The mixture is then brought to ambient pressure by adding dry nitrogen.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard • HCl having an essentially completely uniform consistency may be formed by agitating for 60-90 seconds using a high shear mixer to mix 1) an appropriate amount of API having been be reconstituted with an anhydrous secondary or tertiary alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol,
• a concentration in mg/ml of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is advantageously from about lmg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of nonaqueous vehicle to about 2000mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of non-aqueous vehicle.
• a concentration in mg/ml of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl used in a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is advantageously from about lOmg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol to about 40 mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• a concentration in mg/ml of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl used in a non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is advantageously from about 15mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol to about 30 mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• This mixture may then be poured into a 50 ml flip top plastic cylinder and shipped to the appropriate patient.
• lower volume containers having from about 0.01 to about 0.2 ml, from about 0.1 to about 0.5 ml, or from about 0.1 to about 1 ml may advantageously be used to provide from 1 to 10 applications of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl over a shorter period of use than the 50 ml flip top plastic cylinders, so that lower amounts of nucleophiles such as ambient water or other ambient nucleophiles such as methanol or ethanol may be introduced into the lower volume containers than when the flip top plastic cylinder is opened to the ambient environment over a period of 100 to 1000 applications.
• nucleophiles such as ambient water or other ambient nucleophiles such as methanol or ethanol
• the inventors anticipate decreased decomposition of the free form nitrogen mustard or its HX salt, structure IX, depicted in Reaction 5, supra, when the pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard is contained in lower volume containers intended for from about 1 to 10 applications.
• the chlorides of the free form of the nitrogen mustard or its HX salt may be displaced by nucleophilic attack, such as by water or ethanol, resulting in substitution of the Cl by an OH.
• Said decomposition of the free form of the nitrogen mustard or its HX salt may be avoided by isolating the nitrogen mustard from traces of water, ethanol or other nucleophiles in the environment.
• An apparatus 20, as depicted in FIG. 2, infra depicts this smaller volume container,
• FIG. 2 depicts a front cross-sectional view of the apparatus 20 for containing the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol or the stabilized volatile alkylating agent or HX salt of the stabilized volatile alkylating agent, comprising: a compartment 25 enclosed by a wall 31.
• the wall 31 comprises an outer surface 28 and an inner surface 23, ends 24 and 21, and opening 30.
• the first compartment 25 may be charged with the essentially completely uniform mixture of the pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard • HCl 5 supra, through the opening 30.
• the opening 30 may be closed with plug 22.
• the plug 22 may be made of the same material as the wall 31, or a lower melting plastic or wax material.
• FIG. 3 depicts the apparatus 20, after forming heat seals 26 and 27 by heating the plug 22 and the ends 21 and 24 to their melting points, wherein heating physically and mechanically couples ends 21 and 24 to form mechanically strong heat seals 26 and 27.
• FIG. 4 depicts the apparatus 20, after forming serated perforations 33 and 34 in the plug 22 using a crimping tool or other appropriate device for forming serated perforations 33 and 34.
• the serated perforations 33 and 34 weaken the heat seals 21 and 24 so that they become mechanically less strong, resulting in a tear line for removal of the plug 22 by the patient seeking to apply the pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard • HCl to a diseased area or area for treatment.
• a person could use an instrument having a sharp edge or blade, such as scissors, a razor blade or a knife, to pierce the plug 22, thereby restoring the opening 30 in the wall 31 of the apparatus 20.
• a person wishing to apply the pharmaceutically acceptable nitrogen mustard • HCl to the diseased area or area for treatment may remove plug 22
• a concentration of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol in the compartment 25 is from about lmg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of non-aqueous vehicle to about 2000mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of nonaqueous vehicle.
• a concentration of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is from about lOmg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol to about 40 mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• a concentration of the pharmaceutically acceptable Nitrogen Mustard • HCl in the non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol is advantageously from about 15mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol to about 30 mg of Nitrogen Mustard • HCl per 100 ml of non-aqueous vehicle or carrier that does not include petrolatum or ethanol.
• An orifice or opening 30 may be made by forming an opening in the outer wall 31, through which opening 30 this mixture of the Nitrogen Mustard is then provided by prescription of a physician for treatment of the patient.
• the outer wall 31 of apparatus 20 is impermeable or impervious to the mixture of step g) or step 9), supra, and/or the reconstituted nitrogen mustard solutions.
• impermeable or impervious means the wall 31 prevents the mixture of step g) or step 9), supra, and/or the reconstituted nitrogen mustard solutions to pass or diffuse through the wall 31.
• impervious means not admitting of passage of the mixture of step g) or step 9), supra, and/or the reconstituted nitrogen mustard solutions through the wall 31 or the wall 31 being capable of being affected by the mixture of step g) or step 9), supra, and/or the reconstituted nitrogen mustard solutions.
• the wall 31 may be made from aluminum foil, plastic lined or resin coated aluminum foil, elastomeric materials including ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethylacrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, silicone elastomers, medical-grade polydimethylsiloxanes, nedprene rubber, polyisobutylene, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, vinylchloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polymethacrylate polymer (hydrogel), polyvinylidene chloride, poly(ethylene terephthalate), butyl rubber, epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene- vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylenevinyloxyethanol copolymer; silicone copolymers, polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymers, polysiloxane- polyethyleneoxide copolymers, polysiloxane-polymethacrylate copolymers, polysi

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