WO2006085237A1 - Dispositif electronique et procede de selection d'elements de contenu - Google Patents

Dispositif electronique et procede de selection d'elements de contenu Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006085237A1
WO2006085237A1 PCT/IB2006/050317 IB2006050317W WO2006085237A1 WO 2006085237 A1 WO2006085237 A1 WO 2006085237A1 IB 2006050317 W IB2006050317 W IB 2006050317W WO 2006085237 A1 WO2006085237 A1 WO 2006085237A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
music
content items
exercise
tempo
user
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2006/050317
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Steffen C. Pauws
Fabio Vignoli
Gertjan L. Wijnalda
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
Priority to US11/815,887 priority Critical patent/US20080188354A1/en
Priority to JP2007554688A priority patent/JP5149017B2/ja
Priority to EP06710785A priority patent/EP1851661A1/fr
Priority to CN2006800048517A priority patent/CN101120343B/zh
Priority to KR1020077021106A priority patent/KR101333024B1/ko
Publication of WO2006085237A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006085237A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B71/00—Games or sports accessories not covered in groups A63B1/00 - A63B69/00
    • A63B71/06—Indicating or scoring devices for games or players, or for other sports activities
    • A63B71/0686—Timers, rhythm indicators or pacing apparatus using electric or electronic means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
    • G11B27/10—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B69/00—Training appliances or apparatus for special sports
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/60—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of audio data
    • G06F16/68—Retrieval characterised by using metadata, e.g. metadata not derived from the content or metadata generated manually
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/60—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of audio data
    • G06F16/68—Retrieval characterised by using metadata, e.g. metadata not derived from the content or metadata generated manually
    • G06F16/683—Retrieval characterised by using metadata, e.g. metadata not derived from the content or metadata generated manually using metadata automatically derived from the content
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H1/00—Details of electrophonic musical instruments
    • G10H1/36—Accompaniment arrangements
    • G10H1/40—Rhythm
    • G10H1/42—Rhythm comprising tone forming circuits
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B71/00—Games or sports accessories not covered in groups A63B1/00 - A63B69/00
    • A63B71/06—Indicating or scoring devices for games or players, or for other sports activities
    • A63B71/0619—Displays, user interfaces and indicating devices, specially adapted for sport equipment, e.g. display mounted on treadmills
    • A63B71/0622—Visual, audio or audio-visual systems for entertaining, instructing or motivating the user
    • A63B2071/0625—Emitting sound, noise or music
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B2225/00—Miscellaneous features of sport apparatus, devices or equipment
    • A63B2225/50—Wireless data transmission, e.g. by radio transmitters or telemetry
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B2230/00—Measuring physiological parameters of the user
    • A63B2230/04—Measuring physiological parameters of the user heartbeat characteristics, e.g. ECG, blood pressure modulations
    • A63B2230/06—Measuring physiological parameters of the user heartbeat characteristics, e.g. ECG, blood pressure modulations heartbeat rate only
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H2210/00—Aspects or methods of musical processing having intrinsic musical character, i.e. involving musical theory or musical parameters or relying on musical knowledge, as applied in electrophonic musical tools or instruments
    • G10H2210/375—Tempo or beat alterations; Music timing control
    • G10H2210/385—Speed change, i.e. variations from preestablished tempo, tempo change, e.g. faster or slower, accelerando or ritardando, without change in pitch
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H2220/00—Input/output interfacing specifically adapted for electrophonic musical tools or instruments
    • G10H2220/155—User input interfaces for electrophonic musical instruments
    • G10H2220/371—Vital parameter control, i.e. musical instrument control based on body signals, e.g. brainwaves, pulsation, temperature, perspiration; biometric information
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H2240/00—Data organisation or data communication aspects, specifically adapted for electrophonic musical tools or instruments
    • G10H2240/121—Musical libraries, i.e. musical databases indexed by musical parameters, wavetables, indexing schemes using musical parameters, musical rule bases or knowledge bases, e.g. for automatic composing methods
    • G10H2240/131—Library retrieval, i.e. searching a database or selecting a specific musical piece, segment, pattern, rule or parameter set

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electronic device for selecting content items, a music player or a device for transferring songs to a music memory or music player, for example.
  • the invention further relates to a method of selecting content items.
  • the invention also relates to software enabling a programmable device to perform a method of selecting content items.
  • WO 2004/072767 An electronic device for reproducing a human perceptual signal is known from WO 2004/072767.
  • WO 2004/072767 describes an audio reproduction device which adapts the tempo of an audio signal such that the tempo of the adapted audio signal lies within a predefined accepted deviation from a selected tempo.
  • the selected tempo can be based on a heart rate of a person, a pace of a person and/or a user-specified tempo.
  • a piece of audio may be selected from an audio source manually by a user or automatically by the audio reproduction device itself (based on the selected tempo).
  • a drawback of the known audio reproduction device is that the piece of audio that is selected is often not optimal for the physical activity that the user is performing, especially if the user had to transfer pieces of audio to a music (player) memory in advance of the physical activity and the memory has a relatively small size.
  • the first object is according to the invention realized in that the electronic device comprises electronic circuitry operative to select a subset of content items from a collection of content items in dependency of feedback gathered during a previous physical activity of a person, the subset being smaller than the collection of content items and the feedback comprising information regarding the previous physical activity.
  • the electronic device comprises electronic circuitry operative to select a subset of content items from a collection of content items in dependency of feedback gathered during a previous physical activity of a person, the subset being smaller than the collection of content items and the feedback comprising information regarding the previous physical activity.
  • feedback that comprises information regarding the previous physical activity of the person in the content selection step
  • content items can be selected whose reproduction results in the most beneficial performance of the person.
  • the characteristics of the content items whose reproduction results in the most beneficial performance of the person are part of the feedback or can be derived from the feedback. Even if it were possible for a user to manually select the appropriate content items, this would require a significant amount of effort.
  • the invention is especially advantageous if the
  • the content item may comprise audio, video, light and/or tactile feedback, for example.
  • the electronic device may be, for example, a PC for transferring the subset of content items to a memory or a portable reproduction device, the portable reproduction device itself (e.g. a mobile phone) or a stationary reproduction device (possibly integrated into a fitness device).
  • the collection may be a private collection or a public collection (e.g. a collection of a content provider).
  • the electronic device may be used in health clubs, at home or outdoors, for example.
  • the subset of content items may be stored locally or remotely (e.g. at a content or service provider).
  • the feedback may comprise a physical state of the person during the previous physical activity.
  • the physical state may comprise, for example, the heart rate of the person.
  • the physical state may be, for example, an average of the person's physical state during a plurality of exercises, an average of the person's physical state during each exercise, or an average of the person's physical state during each of a plurality of time periods.
  • the feedback may comprise a pace of the person during the previous physical activity. This is especially useful if the person has to achieve a target physical state (e.g. heart rate), but the content item is synchronized with the pace of the person.
  • the pace may comprise, for example, rotations per minute for bicycling or steps per minute for jogging.
  • the pace may be, for example, an average of the person's pace during a plurality of exercises, an average of the person's pace during each exercise or an average of the person's pace during each of a plurality of time periods.
  • the feedback may comprise a pace associated with a physical state of the person during the previous physical activity. This is especially useful if a tempo of an audio output signal depends on both the pace and the physical state of the person.
  • the fitness of the person and thus the physical state of the person while achieving a certain pace is dynamic: it usually depends on the amount of recent physical activity of the person.
  • the feedback may comprise information identifying which ones of the subset of content items have been skipped during a certain type of physical exercise.
  • a certain content item may seem appropriate for a certain type of physical exercise based on its tempo or a user's general preferences, it may turn out not to be suitable for the certain type of physical exercise and in fact deteriorate the performance of the person. This certain content item should not be selected for this certain type of exercise and perhaps not even be transferred to a music (player) memory.
  • the feedback may comprise information identifying an influence of one or more of the subset of content items on a physical state of the person.
  • Some content items may have an unexpected beneficial effect on the physical state, i.e. performance, of the person. These content items should preferably be selected.
  • the feedback may comprise a length of a certain type of physical exercise.
  • a certain type of exercise may need to be prolonged because the target for this exercise has not yet been achieved or may be voluntarily prolonged because the person enjoys the certain type of exercise.
  • the exact length of the exercises is important information for selecting the appropriate amount of content items for each exercise if the user has to transfer a subset of content items to a music (player) memory in advance of the physical activity and the memory is relatively small.
  • the second object is according to the invention realized in that the method comprises the step of selecting a subset of content items from a collection of content items in dependency of feedback gathered during a previous physical activity of a person, the subset being smaller than the collection of content items and the feedback comprising information regarding the previous physical activity.
  • Fig.l shows an example of workout scheme that is used in an embodiment of the method of the invention
  • Fig.2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the method of the invention
  • Fig.3 is a block diagram of the electronic device of the invention. Corresponding elements within the drawings are identified by the same reference numeral.
  • music appeals to physical sport exercising, especially to sports that are individual, repetitive, and endurance. Listening to music, before and during exercising, is deemed to increase work output by dissociation, by motivation, and by improving affective states and to provide improved control and skill learning for motor control. Hence, music can be an excellent guide for keeping up to a physical exertion, especially when this exertion is monotone, repetitive, and boring. Runners with music on their ears are already an everyday appearance on the streets.
  • the method of the invention is preferably used in a personalized music system for sport exercising that realizes an integration of sport training programs, music selection, and music playback. It should make sport exercising more enjoyable and should help the user in keeping up with the intended goals as set in the training program.
  • the system supports the user in pre-selecting preferred music that suits the physical exertion in the training program.
  • songs are selected for playback and properties of the music playback, in particularly, the musical tempo, are adapted either to reflect or to guide current user performance expressed in heart rate and movement frequency.
  • performance and playback data are collected for visual inspection, for training program adaptation, and for refining future music selections by learning.
  • Used dissociative strategies are imagery production, positive mood development (e.g., by thinking about the nice things in life), having thoughts about work, career, or social relationships, creating self-efficacy, self-esteem and confidence, or doing problem solving such as mental arithmetic.
  • MHRR maximal heart rate reserve
  • exercisers are forced to start switching their attention from external cues back to internal sensations of physical discomfort.
  • a level of physical load where feelings of extreme fatigue or exhaustion prevail e.g., at 90% VO 2 MAX
  • exercisers are not longer able to "dissociate' themselves from the incoming painful sensations. Instead, exercisers have to directly "fight' against the pain to persevere their exertion, for which high levels of motivation and exertion tolerance are required.
  • the player is a 256 MB flash-memory device for playing about four to eight hours MP3 or WMA-encoded music and contains FM radio. Music can be refreshed by down- loading.
  • a training program prescribes the sequence of physical exercises that are scheduled in a single training. The definition of an exercise may include (see Fig.l):
  • the type of exercise which refers to an exertion within sports like running, cycling, rowing, aerobics, and fitness;
  • the exercise duration which specifies the period of time that the exercise should take, possibly at a prescribed intensity level
  • the exercise intensity which specifies at what level of exertion the exercise should be performed. It is expressed in percentage of maximal heart rate reserve (MHRR), which may specify a desired heart rate zone. For instance, the aerobic heart rate zone for improved endurance and optimal cardiovascular training is at 70-80% of MHRR;
  • the exercise stringency which tells how strictly or how loosely the exercise should be performed in terms of duration and intensity.
  • parameters are irrelevant or can not be predicted.
  • the heart rate during a warm up or stretch exercise is less relevant, and presumably at rest. How long it takes to recover from an exertion until the heart rate is at rest is also not known beforehand.
  • a training program can also consist of a single exercise such as a run of one hour, for those who prefer ⁇ a loose run across the park' instead of committing themselves to training programs.
  • the training program is part of a complete and personalized coaching plan to achieve a well-defined long term goal such as working towards peak performance at a sports event, extending endurance, building up strength and power, losing weight, getting healthier, staying healthy, or rehabilitating physically.
  • the plans, together with the training programs are created by sports physiologists, coaches, trainers, consultancy firms for sports and health, or by the people themselves, possible helped by present-day computer technologies.
  • the four stages are an installation stage (not shown), a preparation stage 1, an exercising stage 2, and a feedback stage 4.
  • the installation stage, the preparation stage 1, and the feedback stage 4 are off-line. In other words, the tasks involved in these stages will be performed at home using a personal computer before or after the physical exertion.
  • the exercising stage 2 is on-line, while the user is physically exercising.
  • First-time use of the system requires an installation stage (not shown) to personalize the system.
  • the system requests relevant personal data (e.g., name, gender, age), exercise and physiological data (e.g., weight, fat percentage, resting heart rate, aximal or peak heart rate, stride frequency, stride length), and the level of sports experience (i.e., beginner, intermediate, experienced) to the user.
  • relevant personal data e.g., name, gender, age
  • exercise and physiological data e.g., weight, fat percentage, resting heart rate, aximal or peak heart rate, stride frequency, stride length
  • the level of sports experience i.e., beginner, intermediate, experienced
  • the definition of exercises can be altered or added, together with the likes and dislikes of music.
  • Multiple users can use the system, though they all have their individual profile. Users can always come back to this installation stage to reset their data.
  • the preparation stage 1 is concerned with off-line training program creation and music pre-selection. Ready-made training programs are available for use, adaptation, or can be created from scratch. Subsequently, preferred music is selected from a larger music collection that fits the training program. Music pre-selection before the actual training commences ensures a hassle-free sports and music experience. In addition, it copes with storage limitations on present-day portable flash-based players. Different training exercises have quite different characteristics in motion, pace, intensity, and duration. For instance, a warming-up is different from an interval training exercise, for it does not consider the exercise intensity or user performance. Instead, a warming-up requires full concentration of the exerciser. These different exercise characteristics require different selections of preferred music. Both the music and the training program are downloaded to a portable player to take along. The following requirements were designed into the music pre-selection strategy of the system:
  • An amount of music is selected that is proportional to the duration of the individual exercises and of the training program as a whole. Music is selected on the basis of the intensity of the exercises. In particular, exercise intensities are translated into musical tempo properties.
  • the preparation stage 1 comprises a step 6 of selecting a subset of content items from a collection of content items in dependency of feedback gathered during a previous physical activity of a person 3, see Fig. 2, the subset being smaller than the collection of content items and the feedback comprising information regarding the previous physical activity.
  • the feedback is processed in the feedback stage 4.
  • step 6 may be performed as part of an exercise stage that is performed at a server.
  • a (e.g. known) content reproduction device may be connected to that server during the physical activity.
  • an offline stage is not necessary.
  • These attributes reflect tags of catalogue data or musically intrinsic features such as unique identification, title information, artist name, genre, time duration, music tempo, and time signature. Values for these tags can be easily provided by online services from third parties or music signal processing algorithms. All possible values for each &-th attribute are collected in an attribute domain denoted by D k .
  • a finite set of m songs M (S 1 , ... s m ) represents the music collection of the user.
  • p lk the value of the &-th attribute of the ⁇ -th song in the play set.
  • the size of the play set n is known. In practice, the size of the play set is made variable.
  • constraints C For each individual exercise, a set of constraints C is defined, either by the user or by the system from which a play set can be generated. In addition, constraints are defined that should hold for the training programme as a whole, for instance, to guarantee that different songs are selected for the exercises and that all music fits on the portable player. All play sets are combined into a collection of pre-selected music to be used in the exercising stage. Constraints are restrictions that tell in declarative terms what songs should be in the play set and what songs should not. Constraints can reflect music preferences of the user or restrictions on music attributes that suit the physical exertion in an exercise. A play set is said to satisfy a constraint if it meets the restrictions that are defined by that constraint. Otherwise, it is said to violate the constraint.
  • the exclude constraint is given by a four-tuple (p,n,k,V), where: p is a play set, n is the size of/?, k is an attribute number, l ⁇ k ⁇ K ,
  • V is a set of attribute values, F c D, , denoting that it has to hold that p lk € V , for all l ⁇ i ⁇ n .
  • the system instantiates a counting constraint that restricts and forces the number of occurrences of particular attribute values in the play set.
  • the counting constraint is given by a six- tuple (p, n, k, V, a, b) , where: p is a play set, n is the size of/?, k is an attribute number, l ⁇ k ⁇ K , V is a set of attribute values, F c D, , a and b are a lower bound and an upper bound, respectively, denoting that it has to hold that ⁇ ⁇
  • the duration constraint is given by a five-tuple (p,n,k,a,b) , where: p is a play set, n is the size ofp, k is an attribute number, l ⁇ k ⁇ K , a and b are a lower bound and an upper bound, respectively, n denoting that it has to hold that ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ p lk ⁇ b .
  • an exercise By its intensity and stringency, an exercise restricts the play set generation on the range of musical tempi that need to be included. If we assume that movement frequency will be synchronized with the music (or vice versa), only music with a specific range of musical tempi is required, for which a range constraint is available. The precise restrictions on music tempo in relation to the exercises need to be learned for each specific user.
  • the range constraint is given by a five-tuple (p,n,k,v, w) , where: p is a play set, n is the size ofp, k is an attribute number, l ⁇ k ⁇ K , v and w are a lower bound and an upper bound, respectively, where v,we D k denoting that it has to hold that v ⁇ p lk ⁇ w , for 1 ⁇ i ⁇ n .
  • songs can be generated for the playset as if the values for the &-th attribute are drawn from a statistical distribution (e.g., a Normal distribution).
  • Each penalty iunction is defined to be zero if the constraint is met, to be larger than zero if the constraint is not met, and to increase with the amount of violation of the constraint.
  • the penalty iunction for the duration constraint is defined as
  • the penalty is a normalized difference between that summation and the closest lower or upper bound.
  • the total penalty is defined as a weighted convex combination of all penalty functions involved. Weights indicate how severe it is if a constraint has not been met. Some constraints are very hard, whereas other constraints indicate wishes that might be partly violated. Selecting too few songs of a preferred artist may be more severe than selecting more music than that can fit in an exercise.
  • a small modification to the above approach is not converting all constraints into penalty functions, but to handle a few easy constraints by pre-processing (i.e., by using constraint propagation principles). For instance, if the user wants all songs to be rock songs, one can easily achieve that by only using the rock songs from the music collection, and leaving all other songs out.
  • the exercising stage 2 is an on-line stage in which the pre-selected music is played back while the user is exercising. Exercises in the training program dictate what music will be played back.
  • the system (now, a portable player) monitors and records user performance data like heart rate using a wireless connection with a heart rate sensor, and movement frequency (i.e., stride frequency for runners) and running speed using a wireless connection with a pedometer.
  • movement frequency i.e., stride frequency for runners
  • music playback is adapted to the current user performance or current training goal.
  • the following advanced music playback modes have been realized:
  • Constant tempo music is played back at a constant tempo to motivate the exerciser to synchronize her steps with the music for enhanced endurance. Its aim is to help the exercise to evenly distribute her effort over a distance and reducing recovery costs due to brief high intensity efforts.
  • Pace matching music tempo is continually adapted to the current stride frequency of the exerciser to support the running at varying stride frequencies without having to concentrate on keeping time.
  • Pace influencing music tempo is sped up/slowed down to motivate the exerciser to speed up/slow down in the same manner by synchronizing her steps with the music.
  • the goal is to arrive at a performance level as defined in the training program.
  • the different modes of playback are relevant for different ways of exercising that can vary in type of motion (e.g., running, cycling, interval, jogging), pace, intensity, and duration.
  • the assumption is that the performance of the user is measured, while exercising.
  • the user performance can be expressed as running pace in step frequency using a pedometer, as cycling pace in revolution frequency using a cyclometer, or as heart rate in heartbeats per minute using a cardiometer.
  • the step frequency can be taken as unit of performance.
  • cycling half the cycling frequency can be taken as unit of performance.
  • rowing half of the full rowing cycle can be taken as unit of performance.
  • heart rate a single heartbeat can be taken as unit of performance.
  • Different units of performance can be defined for different sports.
  • Properties of music playback e.g., tempo, loudness, sound position, equalisation
  • the tempo of the music playback can be controlled by music transformation technologies (e.g., time stretching), if required.
  • the modes of playback are extended over songs, implying that new songs are chosen on the basis of the playback mode and the current user performance.
  • songs and exercises can be skipped or prolonged using interactive controls on the player.
  • different modes of playback can be selected.
  • the duration and the intensity of the current exercise are monitored for signaling the user to go to the next exercise.
  • Song selection is based on the current user performance, current exercise goal, mode of music playback, and history of already played songs.
  • the different modes of music playback require different control and music selection strategies. Standard linear playback requires no further elaboration.
  • the system is set-up with a portable music player, heart rate monitoring (typically comprising of a chest belt with a wireless transmitter, and a receiver connected to the player) and stride frequency monitor (using a pedometer connected to the player).
  • the used chest belt transmits a pulse for every heart beat.
  • the system uses a five-point moving average of incoming pulse intervals as the current heart rate. For stride frequency, a five-point moving average is used as well.
  • Constant Tempo Music playback by constant tempo transforms the tempo of a given song by time stretching, if the original tempo of the song does not meet the desired tempo.
  • time stretching is the shortening or lengthening of a audio data file without pitch modifications according to a scaling factor.
  • a standard time-domain technique based on synchronous overlap-and-add (SOLA) is used.
  • SOLA synchronous overlap-and-add
  • the scaling factor represents the ratio between the desired tempo and the original tempo of the song.
  • Time stretching can not be done with greatity for extreme scale factors, as music that is modified too extensively (e.g., more than 125%) sounds awkward. Therefore, the (next) song for playback is defined as the one whose original tempo comes closest to the desired tempo and which has not been played back recently. If desired, songs by one artist are not played successively.
  • Pace matching Exercisers are motivated by music that is synchronized to their movements. Pace matching synchronizes the music to the user's stride frequency. Stride frequency, or pace, is the number of ground impacts of the user's feet in the course of one minute and is denoted in steps per minute (spm). The music tempo is denoted in beats per
  • Playing music in a tempo of 75 bpm when the stride frequency is 150 spm is also considered a match, as the moment of a foot impact can still coincide with a musical beat. Note that we assume that the music tempo and the user's strides are in phase. In general,
  • the system would change the music play out tempo to 105 bpm. If the stride frequency is 130 spm, no valid match inside the song stretch range can be found. In this case, the music playout tempo is changed to the stretch border closest to the stride frequency by time stretching the song. Then, a new song is selected, under the condition that the current song has been played long enough (say, 30 seconds, to reduce repetitive song changing over time). The new song is required to have a stretch range that includes the current playout tempo as well as the current stride frequency, in order to allow for a transition without abrupt tempo changes.
  • Changing playout tempo is done in a smooth fashion.
  • a change in tempo is done instantly, a hick-up in the music playback is evident.
  • system response is too slow (i.e., in excess of 10 seconds) to accurately match the user's stride frequency.
  • T m which specifies the time that a maximal change in playout tempo as defined by the song's stretch range should take.
  • a linear function is used to calculate the actual time to change from a given playout tempo to a new playout tempo.
  • step 3 These steps are repeated in a continuous loop until the exercise goal has been reached.
  • the assumption is that by matching music playout tempo to stride frequency in step 1, a change in playout tempo in step 3 will have a synchronization effect on the user's stride frequency. In other words, the exerciser will automatically keep her movements in time with later changes in music playout tempo.
  • Matching playout tempo and stride frequency is done by using the pace matching mode described earlier. As soon as the stride frequency is matched, the system advances to the next step.
  • the user's current heart rate is compared with the heart rate goal of the current exercise, and the difference percentage is determined.
  • a prediction of the required stride frequency is made by applying the heart rate difference percentage directly to the current stride frequency. From sports physiology, we know that heart rate will alter linearly with exercise intensity. In other words, an increase of 10% in heart rate means a 10% increase in stride frequency.
  • the desired stride frequency is then transformed into a desired music playout tempo; the desired playout tempo can be a multiple or integral division of the desired stride frequency.
  • the system changes the playout tempo to the closest value possible (i.e., either the maximal or minimum song stretch boundary). Subsequently, it selects a new song that has a stretch range that includes the reached and the desired music playout tempo.
  • the system keeps a history of heart rate measurements. From that, it can make a prediction how the heart rate (and hence the desired playout tempi) will progress in the next 30 seconds. This prediction provides valuable information on what song is best to choose next, if song changing is required for playback. It effectively minimizes the number of song changes needed.
  • the system waits for the user's heart rate to stabilize before making additional changes. From experiences when testing, the user's cardiovascular system needs some time to adapt to the additional effort. Rather than specifying a fixed waiting time after each change, the system looks for a trend of decreasing differences in successive heart rates with small derivative values.
  • the music can be played louder, lower frequencies can be accentuated, and/or the music can be played back as if it is in front of the listener.
  • New songs can be selected that have a tempo that corresponds to a level of performance that is slightly higher than the current user performance.
  • the music can be played softer, lower frequencies can be attenuated, and/or the music can be played back as if it is behind the listener.
  • New songs can be selected that have a tempo that corresponds to a level of performance that is slightly lower than the current user performance.
  • the feedback stage 4 is concerned with off-line performance storage and feedback.
  • Performance data, the training program actually performed, and the list of songs actually played back is stored for user inspection and system learning purposes.
  • the performance data can be graphically displayed for inspection, self-esteem, motivation, and for advising on adapting the current training method.
  • the system acquires data for learning what music is best suitable for what type of exercise.
  • the most important characteristic that determines the suitability of a song in the music database for use in a particular exercise is its tempo.
  • Other characteristics include, for example, its percussiveness (the amount of beats in the song), its meter, its key, the musical instruments used in the recording, etc. Since the amount of storage space is often limited, a way has to be found to ensure the right music is on the portable device so that a suitable song can be found at all times, taking into account user preferences such as 'do not play the same song twice during one training program' or 'do not play songs by the same artist successively'. This can be achieved by generating a tempo probability graph per exercise and then combining these graphs to a global tempo probability graph for the entire training program.
  • the pace that matches the exercise heart rate zone is determined in order to find music that fits the training program.
  • This relationship is not a straightforward one.
  • the heart rate resulting from running at a certain pace varies from user to user and over time due to factors such as, among others, endurance (how long is the running already going on), fatigue, fitness of the runner, the weather conditions and the time of day.
  • endurance how long is the running already going on
  • fatigue how long is the running already going on
  • fatigue how long is the running already going on
  • fitness of the runner the weather conditions and the time of day.
  • certain average tempos may be assumed, resulting in a table like:
  • Another important aspect for determining the average tempo for an exercise is the position of the exercise within the training program. For instance, the pace needed to reach a 110 heart rate when starting exercising might be 90, while after 30 minutes a pace of 80 will be enough to reach this heart rate. Therefore, a user's fatigue curve can be assumed based on gender and age, in which the influence of time on the pace needed to reach a certain heart rate level is documented. These rough tables and fatigue curves are based on classifications of users because of gender and age groups. This information can be entered by the user easily and does not require lots of time for the system's calibration. Having established a predicted value for the pace of each of the exercises in a training program, a Gaussian distribution can be assumed from these average paces, estimating the likelihood of a particular tempo in an exercise with a typical heart rate zone:
  • the mean ⁇ in this straightforward Gaussian function is the average estimated pace for an exercise, where as the standard deviation ⁇ denotes the width of the resulting graph.
  • the standard deviation can be determined taking in consideration the estimated tempo of the previous exercise (as it is likely that this tempo is the tempo at which the current exercise will be started) and the next exercise (for similar reasons). All of the above takes into account statistical information on the performances of user classes (age and gender groups). Also, information from the training program is used. However, during exercise, data on the user's performance is logged and this is collected in the feedback stage, after exercising. This data can be used to make the distributions more personal.
  • the average deviation can be determined for certain types of exercises and this can be used in conjunction with the statistical information already available to find a better standard deviation ⁇ for this class of exercises.
  • the mean tempo ⁇ in the function can be determined much more precise when taking into account the user's performance.
  • An effective way to perform this combination would be to generate a real curve from the user's performance and average out this curve with the one already created before. The same process can be applied to the user's fatigue curve. In this way, the prediction of tempo is getting more and more precise with each new exercise that is completed by the user. Having created more or less precise distributions for each individual exercise, all these curves can be summed up to one global distribution for the entire training program. The relative weight of the exercises can be taken into account.
  • This weight is determined by looking at the duration of the exercises with respect to the length of the entire training program.
  • One of the problems that arises is that some exercise durations may be expressed in kilometres or target heart rate instead of time.
  • the distance duration exercises the distance may be multiplied with the average running speed, taking into account the user's fatigue curve.
  • target heart rate the user's fatigue curve can be taken into account as well.
  • this distribution can be mapped to total playing time available on a music (player) memory.
  • the total playing time is dependent on the amount of space on the memory and the average compression level for individual songs. Matching this graph can be made one of the constraints that songs need to satisfy in the Preparation stage 1, see Fig. 2.
  • the system allows a user to stop, skip, pause or resume an exercise in a training program, the currently playing song in the playlist, and the mode of music playback.
  • the music player keeps itself strictly to the training program by playing only music that was pre-selected for individual exercises and by taking into account the duration of the exercises or the time it takes to reach a pre-defined performance level.
  • User control of the music playback is effectuated by the present invention consisting of a user interlace system that provided access to interactive controls.
  • the system starts by playing music that has been pre-selected for the first exercise.
  • the type of exercise is conveyed to the user, either by speech synthesis and/or a textual/display cue.
  • song information is conveyed to the user, for instance, by display and/or speech synthesis.
  • Exercises can have a pre-defined fixed duration or can have a variable duration. In the latter case, the exercise will be prolonged until a pre-defined level of user performance has been reached or as long as a pre-defined level of user performance has to be maintained (see Fig.l).
  • a user can pause the music playback and the exercise, for instance, when full attention is required for other tasks such as crossing a road or talking to a passer-by.
  • the music and the exercise can be resumed afterwards. Resumption may mean re-starting an exercise, if the exercise deals with reaching or maintaining a particular level of performance.
  • the user is informed about the state of the exercise, either by display and/or speech synthesis.
  • playback of a particular song is disliked, the user can skip the currently playing song. Then, a next pre-selected song will be played back. Choice of this new song may depend on the mode of playback. Information about the new song is conveyed to the user. Skipping songs can be done repetitively, until a preferred song is found. The choice of new songs is cyclic, allowing for user error recovery and full navigation through all songs that are pre-selected for an exercise.
  • the user is informed when an exercise can be ended. Ending of an exercise means that the pre-defined duration has expired or the user successfully reached or maintained a particular level of performance.
  • This information can be conveyed by an auditory cue, a vibratory cue, a textual/display cue, a LED-light cue, or by changing properties of the music playback (e.g., slowing down, softer).
  • the user decides to move on to the next exercise by skipping the current exercise.
  • the user may also decide to stay with the current exercise; after a short period, the device will re-start the current exercise. At all times, the user can decide to skip the current exercise, even if the exercise has not been ended yet. Moving on to the next exercise is cyclic.
  • the electronic device 21 of the invention comprises electronic circuitry 23, see
  • the electronic circuitry 23 is operative to select a subset of content items from a collection of content items in dependency of feedback gathered during a previous physical activity of a person, the subset being smaller than the collection of content items and the feedback comprising information regarding the previous physical activity.
  • the electronic device 21 may stationary or portable.
  • the electronic device 21 may be, for example, a content reproduction device for reproducing content while the person is performing the physical activity, e.g. a portable music player, or a device for transferring content items to the content reproduction device or to a memory for use in the content reproduction device.
  • the electronic device 21 may comprise an input 25, e.g. a USB port or a network connection, for receiving the subset of content items.
  • the electronic device 21 may comprise an output 25, e.g.
  • the electronic device 21 may comprise a (fixed or removable) storage means 31, e.g. a hard disk, solid-state memory and/or an optical disc reader.
  • the storage means 31 may store the collection of content items, the subset of content items and/or the gathered feedback, for example.
  • the electronic device 21 may comprise a reproduction means 29, e.g. a speaker, a tactile feedback generator, a display or a lamp, for reproducing the subset of content items.
  • the electronic circuitry 23 may be, for example, a general-purpose or application-specific processor. Software can be used to make the electronic circuitry 23 operative to perform the method of the invention.
  • 'Means' as will be apparent to a person skilled in the art, are meant to include any hardware (such as separate or integrated circuits or electronic elements) or software (such as programs or parts of programs) which perform in operation or are designed to perform a specified function, be it solely or in conjunction with other functions, be it in isolation or in co-operation with other elements.
  • the invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer.
  • 'Software' is to be understood to mean any software product stored on a computer- readable medium, such as a floppy disk, downloadable via a network, such as the Internet, or marketable in any other manner.

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Abstract

Procédé de sélection d'éléments de contenu : sélection (6) de sous-ensemble d'éléments de contenu dans un ensemble d'éléments en liaison avec une rétroaction issue d'une activité physique antérieure d'une personne (3). Le sous-ensemble est inférieur à l'ensemble et la rétroaction englobe une information relative à l'activité physique antérieure. Le dispositif électronique comprend des circuits électroniques capables d'assurer la mise en oeuvre du procédé décrit. Le logiciel présenté permet à un dispositif programmable d'assurer la mise en oeuvre du procédé.
PCT/IB2006/050317 2005-02-14 2006-01-30 Dispositif electronique et procede de selection d'elements de contenu WO2006085237A1 (fr)

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US11/815,887 US20080188354A1 (en) 2005-02-14 2006-01-30 Electronic Device and Method For Selecting Content Items
JP2007554688A JP5149017B2 (ja) 2005-02-14 2006-01-30 コンテンツアイテムを選択するための電子装置及び方法
EP06710785A EP1851661A1 (fr) 2005-02-14 2006-01-30 Dispositif electronique et procede de selection d'elements de contenu
CN2006800048517A CN101120343B (zh) 2005-02-14 2006-01-30 用于选择内容项的电子设备和方法
KR1020077021106A KR101333024B1 (ko) 2005-02-14 2006-01-30 콘텐트 아이템들을 선택하기 위한 전자 디바이스 및 방법

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US20080188354A1 (en) 2008-08-07
CN101120343B (zh) 2012-07-04
KR20070112189A (ko) 2007-11-22
KR101333024B1 (ko) 2013-11-26
EP1851661A1 (fr) 2007-11-07
JP2008530678A (ja) 2008-08-07
JP5149017B2 (ja) 2013-02-20
CN101120343A (zh) 2008-02-06

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