WO2006081618A1

WO2006081618A1 - Biostatic polymeric formed articles

Info

Publication number: WO2006081618A1
Application number: PCT/AU2006/000131
Authority: WO
Inventors: Steven Kritzler
Original assignee: Novapharm Research (Australia) Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2005-02-02
Filing date: 2006-02-02
Publication date: 2006-08-10
Also published as: JP5495358B2; MX2007009293A; EP1845774A1; EG27143A; US20080167383A1; IL184910A; CA2601738C; EP1845775A4; BRPI0606561B1; CA2601737C; TW200638873A; US20120058077A1; CA2601737A1; KR101449496B1; IL184911A0; TW200631962A; CA2601738A1; JP2008528737A; KR20070099629A; MX2007009294A

Abstract

Compositions comprising a polyvinyl alcohol in combination with a biocide which is a plasticiser, such as a quaternary ammonium compound, or in combination with a biocide and a compatible plasticiser, and wherein the biocide forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol, said combination having been heated to above its melting point, said composition having a surface which remains biostatic or biocidal for at least 7 days. A hot melt of the composition may be cast or applied as a film or coating or may be extruded moulded or otherwise into articles. Volatiles formed during heating may be removed from the combination e.g. by low pressure.

Description

TITLE: "BIOSTATIC POLYMERIC FORMED ARTICLES "

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and composition for making a film or formed article which has a biostatic or biocidal surface. Articles which are cast, extruded, moulded or otherwise formed according to the invention have a surface which resists microbial colony growth thereupon for a long period.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.

It is well known that infection may be transmitted from one person to another by direct contact, by inhalation of air borne infectious particles, or by contact with infectious fluids. Infection is also commonly transmitted indirectly for example by contact with a surface that has itself become infected by contact with an infected person, or with infected airborne particles, or fluids.

For example hospital taps are a notorious for their potential to transmit infection and this has been to some extent alleviated by the use of elbow lever taps. But inside hospitals microbial agents such as bacteria, spores, viruses and fungi can also be indirectly transmitted by staff handling instruments, instrument sterilizing baths, door handles, and by touching many other surfaces. Both inside and outside of hospitals infections are spread via contact with toilet cubicle surfaces, toilet flushing buttons/levers, toilet doorhandles, telephone handsets, lift buttons, furniture and building surfaces, documents, and utensils to name but a few of countless examples. Surfaces of all of these typically harbour significant and rapidly growing colonies of microbes, moulds and the like. The invention also extends to include surfaces on which slimes and the like may harbour microbes such as tubing, surfaces in water treatment plants and the like and tubing.

The risk of infection from such like surfaces is reduced by regular cleaning with disinfectant solutions. However it is not practical to wipe such surfaces sufficiently often to provide effective disinfection. No disinfectants for application to surfaces have been sufficiently durable to maintain a biostatic or biocidal surface for long periods in use. Attempts to incorporate disinfectants into solid articles for slow release have either not proven sufficiently durable, or have not been sufficiently effective or have been too toxic or expensive and none has been commercially successful. It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

According to one aspect the invention provides a composition comprising a polyvinyl alcohol in combination with a biocide which is a plasticizer, or in combination with a biocide and a compatible plasticiser, and wherein the biocide forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol, said combination having been heated to above its melting point, said composition having a surface which remains biostatic or biocidal for at least 7 days. In a preferred embodiment the biocide is the plasticizer and no additional plasticisers are required. However, if desired additional plasticisers may be added. Alternatively a biocide may be selected in combination with a compatible plasticiser and in that case the biocide need not itself be a plasticiser provided that it forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol.

In highly preferred embodiments the biocide is a quaternary ammonium compound which acts as the sole plasticiser and the surface remains biostatic or biocidal for very much longer periods than 7 days. Preferred embodiments are free of microbes after manufacture, and prevent microbial colony growth on the surface after a period of months, even when the surface has been subjected to running water continuously in the interim.

It is believed that a complex formed by hydrogen bonding between the biocide and the polyvinyl alcohol prevents or inhibits leaching of biocide from the surface of the article.

Other embodiments of the invention provide a film or formed article manufactured from a polyvinyl alcohol incorporating a plasticizer, and a biocide which forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol. In a preferred such embodiment the biocide is a quaternary ammonium compound; and the plasticizer is a phenoxy ethanol, a suitable high boiling alcohol, ether, ester or the like. In preferred embodiments the surface remains biostatic or biocidal for very much longer periods than 7 days and it is believed will do so for the life of the article.

The present invention also provides composition in the form of a melt which comprise a polyvinyl alcohol in combination with a biocide which is a plasticizer, or in combination with a biocide and a compatible plasticiser, and wherein the biocide forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol. The melt may be hot and/or flowable, or cooled and/or solidified.

According to a second aspect the invention provides a method for forming an article having a biostatic or biocidal surface, comprising the steps of combining a polyvinyl alcohol with a biocide which is a plasticiser, or with a biocide and a plasticiser, and wherein the biocide forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol, and heating the combination to above its melting point.

Desirably any acid evolved during heating is removed by incorporation of an acid scavenger or is removed as volatiles for example by reduced pressure. Suitable acid scavengers are exemplified by metal hydroxides, for example magnesium hydroxide, or suitable amines An article may be formed from the resulting composition e.g. by extrusion of the melt.

For preference the biocide is a quaternary ammonium biocidal compound which itself acts as a plasticizer. A combination of plasticizers may be used and the combination may include those which are biocides or those which are not. For example, some quaternary compounds which are good biocides and which form complexes with polyvinyl alcohol are not good plasticisers and may be used as the biocide in combination with other more effective compatible plasticisers

Preferably the materials are first blended and then the blend is extruded in an extrusion machine having at least one, and preferably a plurality of ports along the extrusion outlet channel from which volatiles may be removed under low pressure during the extrusion process. Desirably the blend is heated during extrusion to a temperature in the range of from 9O⁰C to 220⁰C, and more preferably from 14O⁰C to

210⁰C, and more preferably still at 19O⁰C to 200⁰C. The extrudate may be pelletized and used as a raw material for a casting, moulding (including injection and blow moulding) or other forming processes. In less preferred embodiments, it is envisaged that a suitable blend melt may be formed in a reactor under vacuum and then cast or extruded.

For preference the composition comprises from 20 %- 75 % of polyvinyl alcohol and from 0.5%-25% of a quaternary ammonium biocide. However if the polyvinyl alcohol is combined with other polymers or copolymers, or fillers, the composition as a whole may contain down to 0.5%wt of polyvinyl alcohol. In preferred embodiments, the polyvinyl alcohol has a degree of polymerization such that its viscosity is from 25-30 cp in a 1% aqueous solution at 20⁰C and has a degree of hydrolysis such that in excess of 97.5% of the acetate groups have been hydrolysed to hydroxyl groups. However for moulding more rigid articles, a polyvinyl alcohol having a significantly higher degree of polymerisation (and consequently viscosity in solution) is preferred Polyvinyl alcohol normally begins to decompose at around 140⁰C which is below its melting point. Consequently prior attempts to extrude or mould polyvinyl alcohol by itself have merely resulted in the composition decomposing under the influence of heat and pressure. This has been overcome by the addition of polyalcohol plasticizers such as glycerine and pentaerythritol together with addition of metal hydroxides to the blend being extruded. The resulting polymers are expensive and with the exception of some low alcohol polyvinyl alcohol polymers which are readily soluble in water, they have no particular properties which have been considered useful commercially. None of the prior art polymers were biostatic or biocidal. In the present invention low pressure can be used to remove volatiles from the components during heating and this assists in avoiding decomposition and /or one or more acid scavengers may be added to avoid decomposition during heating.

The present inventors have found that under certain conditions polyvinyl alcohol can be formed into shapes and that when a quaternary ammonium compound is included, it forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol. Evidence for complex formation resides in a significant shift in the infra red spectrum of a the OH group peak from 3296cm^"1 in pure polyvinyl alcohol to 3346cm^"1 in mixtures with the quaternary ammonium biocide indicative of very significant levels of hydrogen bonding. The quaternary ammonium compound serves as a plasticizer but is also effective at the surface of the article to confer longstanding biostatic or biocidal properties.

The surface of the article is free of microbes when formed (i.e. is disinfected) and the formed article remains biostatic or biocidal for long periods. By biostatic is meant that microbial colonies (if any) on the surface do not grow or multiply. By biocidal is meant that bacteria (but not necessarily mycobacteria) and fungi on the surface are killed. By "long periods" in this context is meant a period of at least weeks, preferably months, and more preferably years. If the subsequently becomes contaminated it may be disinfected (eg by treatment with a disinfectant) and will thereafter again resist microbial colony growth for a long period. Furthermore, the articles of the present invention present a fresh biostatic or biocidally active surface if the article is cut, scarred, scratched or otherwise disrupted. This is in contrast to coated articles, which, when the integrity of the coating is disrupted, can in some cases harbour bacteria.Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words 'comprise', 'comprising', and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to".

In preferred embodiments of the invention the quaternary ammonium compound is n alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and is present in the range of from 0.5% to 75% w/w of the dried composition and more preferably 0.5% to 25%.

The present inventors have discovered that a combination of a polyvinyl alcohol with a quaternary ammonium biocide results, after melting under conditions which avoid decomposition, in a composition which is biostatic, that is to say on which micro organisms do not grow. The extruded composition may be dissolved in a solvent and used to form a film with which to coat a surface, or may be used to cast a film, but preferably is extruded to form a sheet, tube, extruded moulding of indefinite length, or may be pelletized and the pellets may be recycled or used to mould or otherwise form an article by known techniques, the article having a surface which is biostatic and remains so for long periods.

The combination may optionally include adhesion promoters, vehicles, pigments and the like, and may include acid scavengers such as metal hydroxides or amines.

The term "polyvinyl alcohol" as herein used includes all resins made by the hydrolysis (saponification) of polyvinyl esters, for example polyvinyl acetate. The properties of the resins vary according to the degree of polymerization of the parent polyvinyl ester and the extent of the hydrolysis (saponification degree). In the case of a polyvinyl alcohol prepared from polyvinyl acetate the structure of polyvinyl alcohol may be represented by -CH₂CHOH (CH₂CHOH)₁₁₁-

where "1+m" is the degree of polymerization. On partial hydrolysis proportional amounts of residual CH₂COO- groups are distributed along the chain in place of OH and the amount of such acetate groups expressed as a percentage is the acetate content. Thus in polyvinyl alcohol of 70% acetate content, 30% of the acetate groups of the original polyvinyl acetate were hydrolysed to hydroxyl groups, and 70% remain as acetate groups. This may be referred to as 70% acetate content or as a 30% alcohol. In commercial grades "low acetate" or "high alcohol" grades covers up to about 15% acetate (i.e. from 100% down to about 85% alcohol), "medium acetate" covers from about 15% to about 45% acetate and "high acetate" or "low alcohol" grades over 45% acetate (below about 55% alcohol).

The term "polyvinyl alcohol" as used herein includes all suitable grades, degrees of saponification and degrees of polymerization.. Polyvinyl alcohols may also be made by hydrolysing polyvinyl esters other than acetates, and the same principles apply to the polyvinyl alcohols so formed which may also be used in the invention. Preferred embodiments of the invention utilize polyvinyl alcohol having an average degree of hydrolysis of greater than 96 mole % hydrolysis, since such compositions are more resistant to removal by cold or warm water.

Quaternary Ammonium compounds for use in the invention The invention has been exemplified by reference to n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (also known as benzalkonium chloride) as the highly preferred quaternary biocide. Alkyl benzyl quaternary biocidal compounds are preferred; however those skilled in the art will recognise that other quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds may be used in the present invention.

It is preferred that the quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compound is selected from the group having a general formula:

R¹

R^ NN-^R"" x^"

I

R"¹

Wherein R¹ R" R'" R"" are alkyl radicals that may be the same or different, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, and cyclic or acyclic. X is any anion but preferably a halogen, more preferable chlorine or bromine.

Highly preferred antimicrobial compounds are mono-long chain, tri-short chain, tetralkyl ammonium compounds, di-long-chain, di-short chain tetralkyl ammonium compounds and mixtures thereof where by "long" chain is meant about C 6 - C 30 alkyl, and by "short" chain is meant C 1 - C 5 alkyl, preferably Cl - C 3, or benzyl, or C 1 - C 3 alkylbenzyl. Examples include monoalkyltrimethyl ammonium salts such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), monoalkyldimethylbenzyl compounds or dialkylbenzyl compounds. Quaternay biocides such as chlorhexadine gluconate may be employed.

The most highly preferred compounds for use in the invention have at least one benzyl radical which may be a substituted benzyl. Examples include C 8 - C 22 dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride , C 8 - C 22 dimethyl ethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and di- C 6 - C 20 alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride in a polymer compounder. The blend was then extruded and formed into moulded disks as described in Example 1

Example 3 A composition consisting of :

70 parts of polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of saponification of about 98.5% hydroxyl and a viscosity of 4.6-6.0 cps in a 1% solution at 2O⁰C; 17.5 parts of glycerine, 10 parts of pentaerythritol, 2 parts n-Alkyl (40%C12, 50%C14, 10% C16) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, 0.5 parts of magnesium hydroxide was blended in a polymer compounder.. The blend was then extruded as in example 1 and sample disks prepared by injection moulding.

Example 4

Polyvinylalcohol; low molecular weight; % hydrolysis 96.5% - 99.0% 70% w/w Benzalkonium chloride 20% w/w

Plasticizer 10%w/w Plasticizer selected from phenoxyethanol ; 1 -hexanol; 1 -heptanol; 2-heptanol; 3- heptanol; 1-octanol; 2- octanol; 1-nonanol; octyleneglycol; 2-ethyl-l,3- hexanediol.

Example 5

Polyvinylalcohol; low molecular weight; % hydrolysis 96.5 - 99.0 96.0% w/w Benzalkonium chloride 1.0% w/w

Plasticizer 3 %w/w The quaternary ammonium compound is incorporated for broad spectrum (gram positive and gram negative) antibacterial properties.

Although the quaternary ammonium compound may comprise from 0.5%to 75% w/w of the dried film composition, it is preferred to employ more than 2% w/w of the dried film composition.

Examples of the invention

Example 1

A composition consisting of 70 parts of polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of saponification of about 98.5% hydroxyl and a viscosity of 4.6-6.0 cps in a 1% solution at 2O⁰C was blended with 30 parts n-Alkyl (40%C12, 50%C14, 10% C16)dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride in a polymer compounder. The blend was extruded in a D.S.M. brand laboratory scale mini extruder having a port on the extrusion barrel which was subjected to pressure reduction by a modestly sized vacuum pump. Commercial versions of this extruder have up to 10 ports on the extrusion barrel. The extrusion rate was 20gm/ min and the temperature was in the range 19O⁰C to 200⁰C. The extrudate was then used to feed an injection moulding apparatus which was used to produce disk shaped samples about 3 cm in diameter and 0.4 cm thick for testing.

Example 2

A composition consisting of 95 parts of polyvinyl alcohol having a degree of saponification of about 98.5% hydroxyl and a viscosity of 4.6-6.0 cps in a 1% solution at 2O⁰C was blended with 5 parts n-Alkyl (40%C12, 50%C14, 10% C16) Plasticizer selected from phenoxyethanol ;l-hexanol;l-heptanol; 2-heptanol; 3- heptanol; 1-octanol; 2- octanol; 1-nonanol; octyleneglycol; 2-ethyl-l,3- hexanediol.

Moulded disks formed from composition according to examples 1-5 were tested for biostatic properties. The disks were inoculated with Pseudomonas Originosa ATCC 15442 (6.1 log concentration) in accordance with test method AOAC 955.17 and met the criteria for fungistatic efficacy.

Other disks were subjected to a stream of running water for 24hours 7 days and 30 days and tested at the end of those periods, hi each case the disks met the criteria of test method AOAC 955.17 for fungistatic efficacy. These tests are ongoing and the inventors are confident that the surfaces will maintain the bacteriostatic properties for the life of the article.

Biocidal properties of moulded disks made from a composition according to the examples were tested according to ASTM E2180 - 01 immediately after drying (t=0); after 7 days; and after 30 days with the following results:

While it is preferred to use a biocide which acts as both biocide and plasticizer, a combination of such biocide with other plasticizers may be used, or selected plasticisers may be employed with a biocide which is not itself a plasticizer but which forms a bond with the polyvinyl alcohol or plasticizer or both such as to inhibit leaching of the biocide from the article. Suitable plasticisers for use in the invention include phenoxyethanol ;l-hexanol;l-heptanol; 2-heptanol; 3-heptanol; 1- octanol; 2- octanol; 1-nonanol; octyleneglycol; 2-ethyl-l,3- hexanediol; other high boiling point alcohols and polyols; and compatible ethers such as nonyl phenol condensed with two or three moles of ethylene oxide or esters of dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate such as used as PVC plasticizers. It will be understood that compositions according to the invention may be combined with other suitable polymers or copolymers either by combining pellets of compositions according to the invention with the other polymers or by combining them prior to melting the Polyvinyl alcohol.

Compositions according to the invention may be coated as hot melts on and are effective on a wide range of surfaces including without limitation paper, textiles, plastics, metals, glass, and ceramics. The compositions may be extruded as sheets , rods, tubes or mouldings of indefinite length. Extruded compositions may be pelletised and recycled or the pellets may be used as raw material for moulding and forming processes to make articles of more complex shape. Compositions according to the invention may be incorporated into articles, (for example paper cups or food containers), or articles may be formed directly from the compositions when suitably formulated.

Those skilled in the art will be able to select combinations of polyvinyl alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds for use in the invention based on the teaching hereof and to select appropriate ratios according to intended end product use. The invention extends to include the combination, solutions of the combination in appropriate solvents, and films or articles formed from the combination with or without solvents.

Claims

THE CLAIMS DEFINING THE INVENTION ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. A composition comprising a polyvinyl alcohol in combination with a biocide which is a plasticizer, or in combination with a biocide and a compatible plasticiser, and wherein the biocide forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol, said combination having been heated to above its melting point, said composition having a surface which remains biostatic or biocidal for at least 7 days.

2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the biocide is a quaternary ammonium compound and acts as the sole plasticiser..

3. A composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the biocide is selected from the group having a general formula:

R¹

R'L_N-R"" X I R"¹

wherein R' R" R'" R"" are alkyl radicals that may be the same or different, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, and cyclic or acyclic.

4. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the biocide is a n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. 5. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherin the polyvinyl alcohol comprise from 0.

5 to 75% w/w of the composition.

6. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the polyvinyl alcohol has a degree of hydrolysis of greater than 96.5% alcohol substitution.

7. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the polyvinyl alcohol has a viscosity when measured in aqueous solution at 2O⁰C of greater than 4.6 cps

8. A composition according to any one of claims 3 to7 when dependant from claim 1 and comprising a plasticiser in combination with a biocide and wherein the plasticiser is one or more compound selected from the group consisting of a high boiling point alcohols; polyols; and compatible ethers.

9. A composition according to claim 8 wherein the selected plasticiser is one or more compound selected from the group consisting of phenoxyethanol ;l-hexanol;l- heptanol; 2-heptanol; 3-heptanol; 1-octanol; 2- octanol; 1-nonanol; octyleneglycol; 2- ethyl-1,3- hexanediol; nonyl phenol condensed with two or three moles of ethylene oxide; or esters of dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate.

10. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the composition includes an acid scavenger.

11. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10 in the form of a melt.

12. A composition according to claim 11 in the form of a solidified melt.

13. A sheet, tube or moulding of any length when extruded from a composition according to any one of the preceding claims.

14. A pellet when made from a sheet, tube or moulding of any length, extruded from a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10

15. A solution of a composition according to any one of claims 1-10

16. A casting, film or coating made from a hot melt of a composition according to any one of claims 1-10

17. An article impregnated impregnated or coated with a hot melt or solution according to claim 15 or 16.

18. A method comprising the steps of combining a polyvinyl alcohol with a biocide which is a plasticiser, or with a biocide and a plasticiser, and wherein the biocide forms a complex with the polyvinyl alcohol, and heating the combination to above its melting point

19. A method according to claim 18 wherein volatiles formed during heating are removed from the combination

20. A method according to claim 18 or claim 19 wherein volatiles are removed under low pressure during heating.

21. A method according to anyone of the preceding claims wherein the combination of polyvinyl alcohol, biocide, and additional plasticiser if any, is heated during extrusion in an extruder having at least one port on the extruder barrel from which volatiles can be extracted.

22. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 21 wherein the combination is heated to a temperature in the range of from 9O⁰C to 220⁰C

23. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 22 wherein the combination is heated to a temperature in the range of from 14O⁰C to 210⁰C

24. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 23 wherein the combination is heated d to a temperature in the range of from 19O⁰C to 200⁰C

25. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 24 wherein the biocide is a quaternary ammonium compound and acts as the sole plasticiser.

26. A method according to any one of claims 18-25 wherein the biocide is selected from the group having a general formula: R¹

R'i. -NiR¹¹" X

R"

27. A method according to any one of claims 18-26 wherein the biocide is a n- alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.

28. A method according to any one of claims 18-27 wherein the polyvinyl alcohol comprise from 0.5 to 75% w/w of the composition.

29. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 28 wherein the polyvinyl alcohol has a degree of hydrolysis of greater than 96.5%.

30. A method according to any one of claims 18-29 wherein the polyvinyl alcohol has a viscosity when measured in aqueous solution at 2O⁰C of greater than 4.6 cps

31. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 30 when dependant from claim 18 and comprising a plasticiser in combination with a biocide and wherein the plasticiser is one or more compound selected from the group consisting of a high boiling point alcohols; polyols; and compatible ethers.

32. A composition according to claim 31 wherein the selected plasticiser is one or more compound selected from the group consisting of phenoxyethanol ;l-hexanol;l- heptanol; 2-heptanol; 3-heptanol; 1-octanol; 2- octanol; 1-nonanol; octyleneglycol; 2- ethyl-1,3- hexanediol; nonyl phenol condensed with two or three moles of ethylene oxide; or esters of dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate.

33. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the composition further includes an acid scavenger.

34. A method according to claim 33 wherein the acid scavenger is a metal hydroxide or an amine.

35. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 34 further including the step of extruding the melted composition as a sheet, tube or moulding of any length.

36. A method according to claim 35 further including the step of forming a pellet from the extruded composition

37. A method according to claim 35 further including the step of moulding or forming an article from the pellets.

38. A method comprising the step of dissolving a melted composition according to any one of claims 18 to 35, if necessary after allowing the melt to cool.

39. A method according to claims 36 further comprising the step of casting, forming a film or a coating from the hot melt of the combination

40. A method comprising the step of impregnating or coating a substrate with a hot melt or solution according to claim 38 or 39.

41. A composition substantially as herein described with reference to the examples.

42. A composition substantially as herein described with reference to the examples in the form of a pellet..

43. A method substantially as herein described with reference to the examples.

44. An extruded article substantially as herein described with reference to the examples.

44. A moulded or formed article substantially as herein described