WO2006011587A1 - 癌細胞の悪性度判定法 - Google Patents
癌細胞の悪性度判定法 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N33/57496—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer involving compounds serving as markers for tumor, cancer, neoplasia, e.g. cellular determinants, receptors, heat shock/stress proteins, A-protein, oligosaccharides, metabolites involving intracellular compounds
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a means for determining malignancy of cancer cells. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for determining malignancy of cancer cells, and reagents and kits used therefor.
- Cancer which refers to all malignant tumors, exhibits various pathologies depending on the tissue in which it forms, the genetic predisposition of the patient, environmental factors, and the like.
- cancer treatment in general, the most effective therapy is preferentially selected from chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It is extremely important to accurately determine the malignancy of cancer cells when deciding on a cancer treatment policy.
- the grade of cancer is generally determined by the ability of cancer cells to grow and the effects of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Low-grade cancers have low proliferative ability and are easy to remove surgically, or chemotherapy or radiation therapy is effective and the prognosis is good.
- Non-special literature 1 Miura et al. And loning and characterization of an ATBF1 isoform thatex presses in a neuronal differentiation-dependent manner. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270: 2 6840-26848
- Non-Patent Document 2 Kataoka et al. Alpha-fetoprotein producing gastric cancer lacks transcrip ription factor ATBF1. Oncogene (2001) 20: 869—873
- Non-Special Reference 3 Ishu et al. ATBF1- A protein, but not ATBF1- B, ispreferentialyexpres ssed in developing rat brain. J. Compartive Neurology (2003) 465: 57-71
- Non-Special Terms 4 Kataoka et al., INGl represses transcription by direct DNA binding and through eifectson p53.Cancer Res. (2003) 15: 5785-92.
- Non-Patent Document 5 Noguchi et al. An example of long-term survival of AFP-producing gastric cancer with brain metastasis. Journal of the Japan Society for External Health (2003) 36 (12): 1659-1664
- Non-Special Reference 7 Iida et al. Alteration of the AT motif binding factor- 1 expressionin alp ha— fetoprotein producing gastric cancer: is it an event fordifferentiation and proliferation of the tumors? Oncology Report (2004) 11: 3-7
- Non-Special Terms 8 Kaspar et al. Myb- interacting protein, ATBF1, repressestranscription al activity of Myb oncoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274: 14422-1442
- Non-Special Terms 9 Sun X et al. Frequentsomatic mutations of the transcription factor ATBF ⁇ in human prostate cancer. Nat Genet. (2005) Mar 6; [Epub ahead of print] Disclosure of the invention
- an object of the present invention is to provide means for easily determining the malignancy of cancer cells.
- ATBF1 AT motif binding factor 1
- ATBF1-A 404 kDa, amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2).
- -A coding base sequence GenBank accession
- ATBF1-B (306 kDa, the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, and the base sequence encoding ATBF1-B (see GenBank accession number: L32833) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5) (See Non-Patent Document 1).
- ATBFl-A has a structure in which the N-terminal side of the protein is 920 amino acids longer than ATBFl-B.
- ATBF1 moved from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and changed to the expression of the nucleus. Cell cycle arrest and growth suppression were observed. These results show that ATBF1 is a protein that actually translocates to the cytoplasmic nucleus as expected from the presence of two nuclear retention signals and that this translocation is associated with cell cycle arrest. Means.
- PI3K family proteins confirmed at the time of the study, an ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated, telangiectasia cerebellum) was examined to determine which protein is involved in phosphate bundling during the nuclear translocation of ATBF1.
- a caffeine a drug that is thought to specifically inhibit the action of the ataxia causative gene, was activated, resulting in inhibition of nuclear translocation when the PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin, LY294002 was used.
- LY294002 was used.
- caffeine inhibited the translocation of ATBF1 to the nucleus in almost all cultured cells, which means that PI3K involved in the phosphorylation of the ATBF1 nuclear retention signal site is ATM.
- the introduction of ATBF1 into the nucleus means that it is promoted by the detection of DNA damage due to ATM activity (phosphorylation), that is, radiation.
- ATBF1 travels from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and then to the cytoplasm. It became clear that switching to the time of the cell cycle and the proliferation state by doing.
- ATBF1 expression vector was used to culture mouse neuroblastoma-derived cultures. Cell line Neur 0 2A cells were subjected to forced expression experiments (basic experiment 3). As a result, it became clear that cells with forced expression of ATBF1 did not recognize BrdU (5-bromodeoxyuridine) incorporation without exception, and the fact that the cell cycle was arrested by ATBF1 was clarified.
- Cancer cells are similar to normal neuroepithelial cells in that they are undifferentiated and have the ability to divide, and are also similar in that ATBF1 is present in the cytoplasm. In normal neuroepithelial cells, ATBF1 is transferred to the cytoplasmic nucleus and finally differentiates into neuronal cells that have stopped cell growth and change their properties. There are two types of cancer cells with respect to the intracellular localization of ATBF1. ATBF1 is present only in the cytoplasm and a high grade malignancy. ATB F1 is present in the nucleus and a relatively low grade type. Can be classified.
- ATBF1 functions by binding protein-protein to the tumor suppressor gene P53 in the cultured cells of gastric cancer as already shown in the previous report (Non-patent Document 6). It is assumed that this ATBF1 and p53 complex activates the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene p21, leads to increased expression of p21, and causes cancer cells to fall into apoptosis. It is also clear that the action of certain anticancer drugs (alkylating agents) to activate the DNA modification signal induces ATBF1 expression. It is. The therapeutic effect on cancer depends largely on the induction of ATBF1 and the effect of transferring ATBF1 to the nucleus. This is the principle by which the present inventors evaluate the effects of apoptosis and various treatments of various cancer cells from the mode of ATBF1 expression in clinical application experiments.
- ATBF1 tends to be more abundant in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus or localized only in the cytoplasm, and in some cases with poor prognosis, both the nucleus and cytoplasm There was an example where ATBF1 was missing.
- the staining properties of ATBF1 in the whole cell, cytoplasm, and nucleus are as follows: (1) When the nucleus is mainly localized, (2) When the cytoplasm is mainly localized, (3) The nucleus It was clear that the malignancy of cancer cells differed when the tendency of the cytoplasm to be lost was different, and that the malignancy of cancer cells could be determined by distinguishing them.
- the present inventors conducted a more detailed study on the relationship between ATBF1 and malignancy of cancer cells. That is, the antibody D1-120 (the antibody specifically recognizing the region corresponding to exon 10 of the ATBF1 gene) used in each of the above experiments was compared with the N of the ATFF1-A protein. Two types of antibodies that specifically recognize the terminal side (region corresponding to exon 3 of the ATBF1 gene) (antibody names; NT440 and 1-12, see Fig. 31) and the C-terminal side of the ATBF1 protein (ATBF1 gene) Specific region) We examined the localization of ATBF1 protein in various cancer cells using the antibody (antibody name; AT6, see Fig. 31). As a result, the following knowledge was obtained.
- ATBF1 is subject to processing of proteins that are not always present as a single large protein, depending on the type of tumor or malignancy, or sometimes It has been clarified that there are pathological conditions in which exon skipping occurs due to alternate splicing of mRNA during transcription of the ATBF1 gene, resulting in changes in protein structure. (See Figure 47).
- Both NT440 and 1-12 dyeability tended to be localized mainly in the nucleus. Therefore, detection of the sites recognized by these antibodies, ie, the N-terminal A TBF1 site corresponding to exon 3 of the ATBF1 gene, is an indicator of whether the amount of ATBF1 in the whole cell has increased or decreased, or ATBF1 is missing. become.
- NT440 remains in the cytoplasm and 1-12 is present in the nucleus, it means that there is a movement in which the N-terminal of ATBF1 is transferred to the nucleus due to the presence of serine 148 at the 148th serine. If the ratio of the amount of protein stained in 1-12 is obtained, it is possible to know the ratio of nuclear migration in the same part.
- the presence or absence of NT440 site or 1-12 site, localization of nucleocytoplasm should be compared with the staining ability of the antibody recognizing the center of ATBF1 protein (D1-120) and the antibody recognizing the Z or C-terminal side.
- a huge transcription factor it encodes not only the antibody corresponding to exon 10 that encodes an important DNA binding domain but also the N-terminus. Stained with an antibody corresponding to exon 3 (and an antibody corresponding to exon 11 encoding the C terminus). It is effective to compare.
- the localization of the AT6 site is mainly cytoplasmic in most tumors.
- the D1-120 site and AT6 site are detected simultaneously in the cytoplasm.
- the staining of AT6 was localized in the nucleus, not in the cytoplasm. A certain part).
- it may be judged that the degree of malignancy is extremely high only by observation that the D1-120 site is missing, but it is theoretically that Bcl-2 is suppressed when AT6 is localized in the nucleus. And the observation itself proves it.
- the localization of the ATBF1 site that can be detected by D1-120 can be regarded as the most important in determining the malignancy of cancer.
- NT440, 1-12, Dl-120, and AT6 Due to the staining properties of NT440, 1-12, Dl-120, and AT6 described above, in the same tumor, the N-terminal site of ATBF1 (NT440, 1-12), the site near the center (Dl-120), and the C-terminal site (AT6 If all of the three dyeing properties are mainly nuclear or cytoplasmic, there is no unity in each case.
- the overall structure of the protein Represents the fact that there are pathological conditions that cause changes in structure.
- the present invention has been completed based on the above results, and provides the following configurations. That is, the present invention is a method for determining the malignancy of a test cancer cell, comprising the step of detecting the amount of ATBF1 in the test cancer cell separated from a living body.
- one or more selected from the group consisting of the following (1) to (3) is detected as the ATBF1 amount.
- At least (1) is detected. In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the above (1) to (3) are detected.
- an immunohistological staining method is preferably used as a detection method.
- the present invention provides reagents (reagents for determining malignancy of test cancer cells) and kits (kits for determining malignancy of test cancer cells) that can be used in the method of the present invention.
- the reagent of the present invention comprises an anti-ATBF1 antibody.
- anti-ATBF1 As anti-ATBF1, (l) an antibody that recognizes the region corresponding to exon 10 of the ATBFl gene, (2) an antibody that recognizes a region corresponding to exon 11 of the ATBF1 gene, or (3) corresponds to exon 3 of the ATBF1 gene It is possible to use an antibody that recognizes the region to be treated.
- the kit of the present invention comprises one or more antibodies selected from the group consisting of the following (1) to (3).
- the kit of the present invention optionally includes ATBF1. Further, when an antibody produced using an antigen that is a fusion protein with a tag or carrier protein is used in the kit, the kit may further include a tag or a carrier protein. The invention's effect
- the malignancy of a test cancer cell can be easily determined.
- the malignancy judging method of the present invention can be used for predicting the proliferative ability of cancer expressed by the indicators of growth rate, tendency to infiltrate, and metastasis in various types of cancer.
- the determination result of the present invention can be used to predict the effectiveness of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, for example.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the relationship between ATBF1 and p21 and p53. It outlines the mechanism by which cell cycle is stopped by DNA damage.
- FIG. 2 shows ATBF1 expression in P19 cells and search by flow cytometry.
- the upper row shows triple-stained images of DAPI (nuclear DNA staining) and ATBF1, j8-tubulin.
- Figure 2a shows P19 cells without retinoic acid (RA) action. Neither ATBF1 nor j8-tubulin is observed.
- Figure 2b shows P19 cells 24 hours after the action of retinoic acid (RA), negative for ⁇ -tubul in. The cytoplasm is stained for ATBF1.
- Figure 2c shows P19 cells that ceased retinoic acid (RA) action and continued to culture for an additional 4 days.
- FIGS. 2d, 2e, and 2f are flow cytometric analyzes of P19 cells shown in Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c, respectively. Only the cell cycle arrest is observed in Figure 2f.
- Fig. 3a shows the potential position of ATBF1 in the nuclear retention signal by computer analysis. Presence of sequences similar to the consensus sequence is expected in two places (amino acids 277 and 2987, respectively).
- Figure 3b also shows the potential location of extranuclear export signals in ATBF1. The presence of nuclear export signals is expected at three locations (starting with amino acids 1267, 2471, and 2504, respectively).
- FIG. 4 shows the expression site of ATBF1 in P19 cells with and without fibronectin and poly-L ornithine applied to the culture dish after retinoic acid treatment.
- Figure 4a shows ATBF1 expression in P19 cells without application. The cells are floating and ATBF1 is It does not move to the nucleus that appears in the cytoplasm.
- Figure 4b shows ATBF1 expression in P19 cells 3 hours after the application of fibronectin and poly-L-ornithine to the culture dish. Transition of ATBF1 to the nucleus is observed.
- Figure 4c shows the state after 24 hours, and nuclear ATBF1 expression is clearly enhanced.
- FIG. 5 shows the effect of Leptomycin B on the nuclear translocation of ATBF1 in P19 cultured cells.
- Fig. 5a shows the state of ATBF1 expression in P19 cells when Leptomycin B is not allowed to act! Recognize the presence of ATBF1 in the nucleus.
- Fig. 5b shows the ATBF expression in P19 cells when LeptomysinB was allowed to act. It is clear that the concentration of ATBF1 in the nucleus has increased.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of experiments for examining the effects of three PI3K family protein antagonists (Wortmannin, LY294002, caffeine) on the translocation of ATBF1 to the nucleus in P19 cells.
- Figure 6a shows ATBF1 expression in the nucleus of P19 cells.
- Figure 6b shows that the action of Wortmannin inhibits ATBF1 translocation into the nucleus, and ATBF1 is present in the cytoplasmic center.
- Figure 6c shows that the action of LY294002 partially inhibits ATBF1 translocation into the nucleus. However, it is understood that the inhibitory effect is smaller than Wortmannin.
- Figure 6d shows the effect of caffeine. It can be seen that the transfer of ATBFl to the nucleus was more completely inhibited compared to Wortmannin, LY294002.
- FIG. 7 shows the findings of confocal laser micrographs in which full-length ATBFl cDNA was forcibly expressed in the mouse neuroblastoma-derived cell line Neuro2A cells.
- BrdU was added to the culture medium for 1 hour just before the cells were observed for fixation, and DNA-synthesized cells were labeled.
- BrdU incorporation cells were detected with a secondary antibody that emitted green fluorescence, and at the same time, the HA tag added to the forced expression vector was detected with a secondary antibody that emitted red fluorescence.
- the green power of BrdU-positive cells was detected.
- the cell cycle of each cell group was further tested using FACScan.
- the cell cycle of the gene transfer group of ATBF1 cDNA shown in Fig. 7e is 10 ml for the Ml region, that is, the G1 / G0 phase cell group.
- the cell cycle was almost completely stopped in the G1 / G0 phase by the forced expression of ATBF1 when combined with the DNA transfer efficiency.
- FIG. 8 shows the histological findings of the isthmus of the rat brain on the 14th day of fetal period.
- Figure 8a is a Br dU stained image. The expression of BrdU is clearly different between the paraventricular region (solid line) and the differentiation region (dotted line). There are many BrdU positive cells in the parabrain tissue region, and most of them are BrdU negative in the differentiated region.
- Figure 8b is an ATBF1-stained image. In the paraventricular region (solid line), ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm, whereas in the segmental region (dotted line), ATBF1 is localized mainly in the nucleus. The enlarged parts are shown in FIGS. 8c and 8d. As shown by the black arrow in Fig.
- DAB reactant black
- Fig. 8e is a fluorescence-stained image (white is positive)
- ATBF1 exists mainly in the nucleus as indicated by white arrows.
- the DAB reaction product black
- Fig. 8f the fluorescence-stained image in Fig. 8f (white is positive)
- ATBF1 is present in the cytoplasm, and as shown by the white arrow, the nucleus is missing in black tone and no expression is observed.
- FIG. 9 shows the difference in staining by the antigen activation method performed in noninvasive cancer and invasive cancer cases among urothelial cancers of the bladder. Auto-tarbing was performed using various buffers, and ATBF1 staining was performed. The black circle ( ⁇ ) indicates that the result of staining with nuclei was obtained. Open circles ( ⁇ ) indicate that cytoplasmic staining results were obtained.
- Figure 10 shows the difference in staining by the antigen activation method performed in noninvasive and invasive cases of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Electron range treatment was performed using various buffers, and ATBF1 staining was performed. The black circle ( ⁇ ) indicates that the result of staining mainly of nuclei was obtained. Open circles ( ⁇ ) indicate that cytoplasmic staining results were obtained.
- FIG. 11 shows the anti-tumor activity of urinary tract epithelial cancer of the urinary bladder in noninvasive cancer and invasive cancer cases, respectively. The difference in dyeability by the original activation method is shown. Pressure buffer processing was performed using various buffers, and ATBF1 staining was performed. The black circle ( ⁇ ) indicates that the result of staining with nuclei was obtained. Open circles ( ⁇ ) indicate that cytoplasmic staining results were obtained.
- Figure 12 presents a representative example of the difference in staining by the selection of the antigen activation method performed in noninvasive cancer and invasive cancer cases among bladder urothelial cancer.
- the upper row shows non-invasive cancer
- the lower row shows invasive cancer cases.
- the left shows a case of autoclaving using 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer ⁇ . ⁇ .
- Both non-invasive cancer (Fig. 12a) and invasive cancer (Fig. 12b) show ATBF1 staining in the nucleus.
- the middle (Fig. 12c, d) shows a case where D AKO TRS pH6.0 was used for microwave treatment.
- Non-invasive cancer Fig. 12c
- invasive cancer Fig. 12d
- the right Fig. 12e, f
- ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus
- Fig. 12f ATBF1 is localized mainly in the cytoplasm around the nucleus as shown by an arrow, and the difference in localization between the nucleus and cytoplasm is highlighted. Show that it is possible.
- FIG. 13 shows the results of ATBF1 staining in resected cases and biopsy cases of breast cancer cases.
- Figures 13a (HE staining) and b (ATBFl staining) are 53-year-old females, showing sites confined within the ducts of papillary ductal carcinoma. Histologically, the site within the mammary gland (Fig. 13a, boxed with an arrow) is stained with ATBF1, and as shown by the white arrow, it is mixed with cells where ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm. The mixing of cells is evident (Fig. 13b).
- Figure 13c (HE staining), d, e (AT BF1 staining) is a 66-year-old female patient with papillary ductal carcinoma presenting in the duct and necrotic at the center.
- Figure 13c As shown by the arrow, ATBFl is localized mainly in the nucleus in most ductal vesicular carcinomas (Figs. 13d and e).
- Fig. 13 HE staining) and g (ATBFl staining) are 50-year-old females and are papillary ductal carcinomas that infiltrate locally in the mammary gland (Fig. 13f). ATBF1 is confined to the cytoplasm of almost all cells (Fig.
- Figures 13g shows coarse granular staining as indicated by the arrows.
- Figures 13h (HE staining) and i (ATBFl staining) are 73-year-old females, which are papillary ductal carcinomas that infiltrate from the mammary gland tissue to the surrounding fatty tissue (Fig. 13h). As shown by the arrow, ATBF1 localized in the cytoplasm is observed (Fig. 13i). Compared to the dyeability in Fig. 13g, the amount of ATBF1 tends to be small.
- Figures 13j (HE staining) and k (ATBFll staining) are for a 53-year-old female.
- the tumor is a hard cancer that shows infiltrating with individual tumors (Fig. 13j).
- ATBF1 is partially localized in the cytoplasm as indicated by the black arrow, but a portion of the cancer cell where ATBF1 is missing is also observed as indicated by the white arrow (Fig. 13k).
- FIG. 14 shows HE-stained human bladder cancer cell lines (upper a, d, g, left-forced RT4, T24, ⁇ T1376 stained), ATBF1-stained image (middle b, e, h, From left to right, RT4, T24, and HT1376 stained images), and ⁇ 53 stained image (bottom c, f, i, left force is also sequentially stained RT4, T24, and HT1376).
- RT4 ATBF1 is also present in the cytoplasm.
- Fig. 14b there are cells that are clearly localized in the nucleus
- p53 also shows strong staining in the nucleus (Fig. 14c).
- T24 A TBF1 is almost confined to the cytoplasm as shown by the black arrow, and the staining is coarse granular (Fig. 14e).
- p53 shows very thin staining in the nucleus (Fig. 14f).
- HT1376 is very small in ATBF1, limited to the nucleus as shown by the black arrow (Fig. 14h).
- p53 has staining in the nucleus (Fig. 14i).
- Figure 15 shows human bladder urothelial carcinoma tissues (a case of papillary intramucosal cancer WHO Grade I low grade, b papillary intramucosal cancer WHO Grade 1 (low grade), WHO Grade II (moderate) Grade), c submucosal invasive cancer, WHO Grade II moderate grade, d submucosal invasive cancer WHO Grade III high grade, and HE staining (al , bl, cl, d 1), and ATBF1 stained images (a2, b2, c2, d2, d3).
- the papillary carcinoma in situ in Fig. 15a can be judged as WHO Grade I (al) because the nuclei are small and arranged.
- a TBF1 expression at the black box is restricted to the nucleus as indicated by the black arrow (a2).
- the papillary carcinoma in situ in Figure 15b is a mixture of WHO Grade I (upper bl) with small nuclei and well-ordered, and WHO Grade II (below bl) with larger nuclei and slightly disturbed arrangement. It is.
- ATBF1 is localized at the nucleus center as indicated by the black arrow at the Grade I site, and at the cytoplasm center as indicated by the white arrow at the Grade II site (b2). .
- FIG. 15c shows that the tumor has invaded and spread in the subepithelial connective tissue and vasculature, and can be judged as WHO Grade II from the size of the cells (cl).
- the cytoplasm shows coarse granular staining (c2).
- Figure 15d shows a WHO Grade III invasive cancer with densely arranged cells and very large nuclei (dl).
- ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm as shown by the white arrow (d2), and ATBF1 is expressed very little in the nucleus and cytoplasm as shown by the black arrow.
- the part (d3) that tends to be missing is mixed.
- FIG. 16 shows ATBF1 expression in an adenoma diagnosed as group III of the stomach.
- Figure 16a1 is a gastric adenoma or atypical epithelial nest showing dense growth of atypical ducts with cubic eosinophilic cell power.
- ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus as indicated by the arrow (a2), and expression of p53 in the nucleus (a3) and expression of p21 in the nucleus (a4) are clear.
- Figure 16bl is a moderately atypical adenoma with irregular intestinal microtubules, and is an atypical epithelial nest.
- ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus as shown by the arrow (b2), and the expression of p53 and p21 is also observed (b3, b4).
- Figure 16cl is an intestinal gland duct that is a highly atypical or borderline adenoma or atypical epithelial nest with an elongated nucleus and a high stratification tendency.
- ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm as indicated by the arrow (c2), and although p53 staining is observed (c3), p21 expression is lost (c4).
- FIG. 17 shows ATBF1 expression in histologically highly differentiated or moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma among cancers diagnosed with Group V in the stomach.
- Figure 17al HE-stained is a well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma consisting of large and small glandular duct structures that grow invasively under the esophageal squamous epithelium (dashed arrow).
- ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm (a2, ATBF1 staining) and ATBF1 is missing (a3, ATBFl staining).
- 17bl (HE-stained) is a medium-sized tubule adenocarcinoma with large and small gland ducts closely and irregularly coherent.
- a TBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm as indicated by the arrow in most cells (b2, ATBFl staining).
- FIG. 18 shows ATBF1 expression in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma among cancers diagnosed as Group V in the stomach.
- Figure 18al shows adenocarcinoma with solid growth
- a2, a4 HE staining
- HE staining is an enlargement of the boxed area. It turns out that it is solid and lacks glandular tube formation.
- the histological images in HE staining are similar, there are sites where ATBF1 is missing (a3, ATBF1 staining) and sites where ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm (a5, ATBFl staining) as indicated by the arrows.
- Fig. 18bl shows that anaplastic cancer cells with a high nucleus / cytoplasm ratio are infiltrated individually. ATBF1 is restricted to the cytoplasm as indicated by the arrow (b2, ATBF1 staining).
- Fig. 19 shows ATBF1 expression in the infiltrated part of the stomach (Fig. 19a) and metastatic infiltrating part of the gallbladder (Fig. 19b) among cancers diagnosed as Group V in the stomach.
- Fig. 19al shows invasion of signet ring cells with nuclei pushed around by viscous droplets.
- ATBF1 is restricted to the cytoplasm of the signet ring cells as indicated by the black arrow, and stainability as indicated by the dotted arrow. May be missing, and an infiltrating part is formed by mixing these cells.
- Fig. 19 shows ATBF1 expression in the infiltrated part of the stomach (Fig. 19a) and metastatic infiltrating part of the gallbladder (Fig. 19b) among cancers diagnosed as Group V in the stomach.
- Fig. 19al shows invasion of signet ring cells with nuclei pushed around by viscous droplets.
- ATBF1 is restricted to the cytoplasm of the signe
- ATBF1 is absent in both lymphatic vessels (b2, ATBF1 staining) and infiltrated areas (b3, ATBFl staining).
- FIG. 20 shows ATBF1 expression at various grades of Paget's disease of extramammary disease that occurred in the penis.
- Figure 20a HE-stained
- Figure 20bl HE staining
- Fig. 20cl HE staining
- ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm as indicated by the arrow (c2, ATBFl staining).
- ATBFl expression in the tumor formation (a, HE staining) is mainly on the tumor surface (d, the part indicated by the arrow in ATBFl staining), and tends to be lost in the deep part of the tumor.
- Fig. 20el and fl both HE staining
- cord-like tumors are both infiltrated.
- ATBFl is highly localized in the cytoplasm on the surface of the tumor as shown by the arrow in Fig. 20e2 (ATBFl staining), and ATBF1 is missing in the deep part of the tumor as shown by the arrow in Fig. 2012 (ATBF1 staining).
- Figure 20gl (HE-stained) is an inguinal lymph node that shows tumor metastasis in lymphoid tissues and lymphatic vessels (dotted arrows).
- Fig. 20g2 (ATBFl staining) shows that ATBF1 is missing as indicated by the arrow in the Paget cells present in the lymphatic vessels (dotted arrows).
- FIG. 21 shows ATBF1 expression in bone marrow.
- Fig. 12a is a bone marrow tissue image by HE staining, which shows mildly hyperplastic bone marrow cells. Although not clearly shown in the figure, there are a mixture of three types of hematopoietic cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.
- Figure 21b (ATBFl staining) shows that ATBF1 is positive in some cell groups of bone marrow. A partial enlargement of this cell is shown in Fig. 21c (ATBFl staining).
- FIG. 22 shows histological images and ATBF1 expression in small peripheral lung tumor tissues.
- Figure 22al (ATBFl staining) shows the formation of a tumor with a diameter of about 1 cm in the lung as indicated by the arrow.
- Figure 22a2 (ATBFl staining) is an enlarged image of tumor cells that replace the alveolar epithelium. It can be seen that it has proliferated and the growth of interstitial connective tissue has increased. Tumor cells tend to be flat, orderly arranged, and the size of the nuclei is mild, allowing diagnosis of low-grade atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (1 ow-grade AAH). When the magnification is further increased, the presence of ATBF1 is observed in the nucleus of the tumor cell as shown in FIG.
- Figure 22a3 (ATBFl staining).
- Figure 22bl (HE staining) shows the formation of a tumor with a diameter of about 0.7 cm that exists around the bronchiole of the lung as shown by the arrows.
- Figure 22b2 (HE-stained) shows the enlargement of tumor cells present to replace the alveolar epithelium, stromal growth, lymphocyte infiltration, tumor cell size, cells from low-grade AAH in Figure 22a High density It is clear that the height of the cells is high, and it can be diagnosed as high grade adenoma-like hyperplasia (high-grade AA H).
- Figures 22b3 and b4 show that ATBF 1 is localized mainly in the nucleus of most tumor cells.
- Fig. 22cl HE staining
- Figure 22c2 HE-stained image
- Figure 22c3 HE staining
- tumors in areas with alveolar collapse and fibrosis are arranged densely.
- BAC bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
- Noguchi type B bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
- the part where staining is present in the nucleus partially exists as shown by the white arrow in Fig. 22c4 (AT BF1 staining).
- ATBF1 has a staining property in the cytoplasm.
- FIG. 22c5 shows the alveolar collapse and fibrosis, and it is clear that ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm in most cells as indicated by the arrows.
- FIG. 23 shows ATBF1 expression in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (al, HE staining) and localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (bl, HE staining).
- ATBF1 is strongly localized in the nucleus within the range indicated by the arrow (a2, ATBF1 staining), and the boundary with normal tissue is very clear.
- ATBF1 is strongly localized in the cytoplasm within the range indicated by the arrow (b2, ATBF1 staining), and the boundary with normal tissue is very clear.
- FIG. 24 shows preparations in lung adenocarcinoma tissues of 1 case (a, ATBF1 staining) in which chemotherapy was effective and 3 cases (b, c, d, ATBF1 staining) in which chemotherapy was ineffective.
- Invalid The three preparations are Macroscopically, DAB brown is very light (b, c, d), while the preparation in one case is dark brown. Although the brown color of the preparation is difficult to understand on the naked eye, the ATBF1 staining at low magnification shows that the ATBF1 staining is strong (a2) as shown by the arrow in the effective case.
- Fig.25 shows pre-treatment (al, bl) and treatment of cases (a, 65 years old, male) who responded well to chemotherapy and cases (b, 65 years old, female) who were ineffective.
- a2, b2 CT images
- lung adenocarcinoma histology a3, b3, HE staining
- ATBF1 expression site a4, b4, ATBF1 staining
- the CT images of the most effective cases show swelling (al, white arrows) and disappearance (a2, white arrows) of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
- the tumor is a low fractional adenocarcinoma ( a3 ) with a partial lumen.
- Tumor cell ATBF1 expression (a4) has a mixture of sites localized in the cytoplasm (white arrows) and sites localized in the nucleus (black arrows).
- the ineffective CT images show the presence of metastatic tumor (bl, black arrow) and increase (b2, black and white arrow) at the upper pole of the left kidney. Histologically, the tumor is a tubular adenocarcinoma (b3).
- ATBF1 is expressed in small amounts, all localized in the cytoplasm (b4, black arrow), and no localization in the nucleus is observed.
- FIG. 26 shows a histological image (a, HE staining) and ATBFl (b-g, AT BF1 staining) of a 74-year-old male. Histologically, as shown in Fig. 26a, a small round or short spindle cell is a tumor that grows densely and solidly with a small amount of vascular connective tissue. Many fission images indicate a fast-growing tumor. Its sequence is solid and alveolar.
- Figure 26b shows low ATBF1 staining, indicating that tumors have very high ATBF1 expression compared to other types of tumor cells. As shown in Figs.
- Fig. 26c and 26d there are some sites that show staining mainly in the nucleus (c) and mainly in the cytoplasm (d).
- Fig. 26e shows a nuclear-stained site, which shows strong ATBF1 expression in the nucleus, as indicated by the white arrow.
- ATBF1 shows staining in the cytoplasm around the nucleus, and it is clear that tumor cells may be stained in both nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Fig. 26f shows the site where the nucleus (dashed arrow) and cytoplasm (arrow) are mixed, and Fig. 26g shows the site mainly composed of cytoplasm (arrow).
- Fig.27 shows the histology of neuroblastoma (a, c, HE staining) and subcellular localization of ATBF1 (b, d) in surviving (a, b) and dead (c, d) , ATBF1 staining).
- Fig. 27a is a left adrenal tumor of an 8-month-old girl who was diagnosed as a poorly differentiated neuroblastoma, low MKI, and favora history history group. ATBF1 removes a small number of cells as indicated by the arrows in Figure 27b. Almost all cells were confined to the nucleus.
- Fig.27 shows the histology of neuroblastoma (a, c, HE staining) and subcellular localization of ATBF1 (b, d) in surviving (a, b) and dead (c, d) , ATBF1 staining).
- Fig. 27a is a left adrenal tumor of an 8-month-old girl who was diagnosed as a poorly differentiated neuroblasto
- 27c is a 2-year-old boy, histological image of retroperitoneal lymph nodes, showing tumor cells invading the vasculature, and histologically diagnosed as poorly differentiated neuroblastoma ⁇ low MKI, unfavorable histology group. Observed at low MKI, anaplasia is conspicuous, and mitosis is often recognized as 10 / high magnification field of view). ATBF1 tended to be localized in the cytoplasm in most cells as shown by the arrow in FIG. 27d.
- Figure 28 shows HE-stained images (al, bl), c-kit-stained images (a2, b2), and CD34-stained in order from the left for GIST tissues (a: GIST primary, b: colon primary GIST). Image (a3, b3) and ATBF1-stained image (a4, b4) are shown.
- GIST of the stomach has tumor formation in the muscle layer below the gastric mucosa shown by the wavy arrow in Fig. 28al (arrow), and the border with the surrounding is relatively clear.
- the majority of tumor cells are positive for c-kit and CD34 in the cytoplasm.
- FIG. 28b4 As shown by the arrow in 8a4, ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus in the majority of tumor cells.
- GIST of the colon in the death case shows invasive growth in the submucosa below the colonic mucosa as indicated by the wavy arrow in Fig. 28bl, and the boundary with the surrounding tissue is from the surviving case (see Fig. 28al). It is unclear.
- Tumor cells are c-kit positive (arrow in Fig. 28b2) but CD34 negative (note that only the small blood vessels shown in the arrow in Fig. 28 b3 are CD34 positive).
- ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm in the majority of tumor cells as shown by the arrow in FIG. 28b4.
- FIG. 29 shows various meningioma tissues; fibrous meningiomas WHO grade I (a), meningiocutaneous meningioma WHO grade I (b), atypical meningioma WHO grade II ( c), clear cell meningioma WHO grade I 1 (d) shows HE-stained image (al, bl, cl, dl), ATBF1-stained image (a2, b2, c2, d2).
- Fig. 29al is a fibrous meningioma consisting of a long and thin fibrocarcinoma tumor cell, and ATBF1 is localized only in the nucleus of the long cell as shown by the arrow (a2).
- Figure 29bl is a meningiocutaneous meningioma with partial whorl formation.
- ATBF1 is localized only in the nuclei of tumor cells (b2).
- Fig. 29cl shows partial brain infiltration, atypical live meningioma with a clear cell density compared to the meningioma in Fig. Al, bl, and ATBF1 in the cytoplasm in the majority of tumor cells as indicated by the arrows Localized (c2).
- Figure 29dl is a clear cell meningioma mainly composed of glycogen-rich cells with a bright cytoplasm.
- ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm in the majority of tumor cells as shown by the arrow (d2).
- FIG. 30 All micrographs are from prostate cancer biopsy specimens of 61-, 66-, and 76-year-old male cases. The material was subjected to ATBFl staining. Histologically, the photos were arranged in the order of Gleason grade and compared with A TBF1 staining. In the figure, 3A-5B indicates Gleason grade. Grade 3A is an irregular gland duct size but does not show a fusion tendency. Grade B is a mixture of smaller gland ducts. 3 ⁇ 4B. did. If the cancer cells did not form solid masses or showed a tendency to infiltrate in isolation, it was judged as 5B.
- the black arrow shows an example in which ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus of the tumor cell
- the wavy arrow shows an example in which ATBF 1 is localized in the cytoplasm of the tumor cell.
- ATBFl is localized in the nucleus
- 5B it is localized in the cytoplasm.
- grade 3B to grade 4B tumor cells showing the nucleus and cytoplasm are mixed.
- FIG. 31 shows NT440, 1-12, which recognizes the N-terminal part of ATBF1, D1-1 20, which recognizes the central part, AT6 part which recognizes the C-terminal, each exon and protein of the ATBF1 gene Correspondence of sequence, amino acid sequence of polypeptide used for immunization is shown. NT440 and 1-12 showed differences between ATBF1 sequences in humans and mice.
- FIG. 32 shows the histological findings of a normal lymph node in a 71-year-old male.
- FIG. 32A shows the distribution of Be 2 at sites including lymphoid follicle cells and marginal regions.
- FIG. 32B-1 is AT6 staining of the same site
- FIG. 32B-2 is an enlarged view of the lymph follicle site
- FIG. 32B-3 is an enlarged view of the marginal region.
- FIG. 32C (NT440), FIG. 32D (1-12), and FIG. 32E (D1-120) show ATBF1 staining other than AT6 for the region including the marginal region and lymphoid follicle.
- FIG. 33 shows a summary of ATBF1 staining in normal lymph nodes of a 71-year-old male.
- Figure 33A is a schematic of the position of the antibody in the ATBF1-A protein.
- Figures 33B and C show the staining intensity of each antibody in the region including the lymphoid follicle and the marginal region, the localization ratio in the nucleus and cytoplasm, the position of protein processing assumed from the staining property, and the nuclear AT6 site. It is shown schematically that the transcription of be ⁇ 2 gene is repressed, and that the transcription of be ⁇ 2 gene is deregulated when the location of AT6 site is changed to cytoplasm.
- FIG. 34 is a Western blotting search for changes in the molecular weight of ATBF1 protein depending on the presence or absence of retinoic acid treatment of three types of cultured cells (P19, NB1, GOTO).
- the antibody used is D1-120 corresponding to Exon 10.
- FIG. 35 shows a GIST histology of a 52-year-old male stomach.
- Fig.35A c-kit
- Fig.35B CD34
- Figure 35C AT6 part of ATBF1
- Figure 35D Bc2
- the arrows in Figs. 35C and D show that the localization of AT6 and Be ⁇ 2 is complementary, and details of the staining properties of ATB Fl and Bc ⁇ 2 in the area of circle 1 and circle 2 are shown.
- Search in Figure 36 shows that the localization of AT6 and Be ⁇ 2 is complementary, and details of the staining properties of ATB Fl and Bc ⁇ 2 in the area of circle 1 and circle 2 are shown.
- FIG. 36 shows the details and summary of the histology of a 52-year-old male stomach GIST. Dyeability at the area of mouth circle l (Al-El) and mouth circle 2 (B2-E2) in Fig. 35, (A) NT440, (B) 1-12, (C) D1-120, (D) A summary of ATBF1 staining at AT6, (E) Bcl-2 and Bd_2 expression missing sites (F) and Bd_2 expression sites (G) is shown.
- FIG. 37 is a histological image of a 56-year-old female, large-cell diffuse B-cell lymphoma.
- HE A1 weak enlargement, A2 strong enlargement
- CD20 B
- AT6 C1 weak enlargement, C2 strong enlargement
- PCNA D1 weak enlargement, D2 strong enlargement
- Bcl-2 El weak enlargement, E2 strong enlargement
- FIG. 38 summarizes and summarizes the staining properties of ATBF1 and Be ⁇ 2 in a 56-year-old female, large-cell diffuse B-cell lymphoma.
- the stained images of NT440 (A), l-12 (B), D1-120 (C), AT6 (D), and Bcl-2 (E), and a summary of staining (F) are shown.
- Figure 39 shows a histological image of a glioblastoma of the cerebrum, a 63-year-old male.
- the localization of GFAP (A2, B2) in solid tumor sites (Al, HE) and necrotic sites (B1, HE) is shown.
- B1 and B2 arrows indicate the range of necrotic tissue.
- FIG. 40 is a stained image of GFAP, Dl-120, AT6 of a glioblastoma glioblastoma of a 63-year-old male. Details of staining properties (al, a2) at the GFAP missing site (A, mouth 1) and GFAP positive site (A, mouth 2) are shown. D1-120 (B) and AT 6 (C) are similar to the staining pattern (B arrow, C arrow). Dl-120 (bl), AT6 (cl) staining is predominantly nuclear (bl, cl arrow) at the GFAP missing site (A, mouth 1), and Dl- at the GFAP positive site (A, mouth 2). 120 (b2), AT6 (c2) staining is mainly cytoplasmic (b2, c2 arrows).
- FIG. 41 is a stained image of MIB1, Bcl-2, Be ⁇ xL of a glioblastoma of the cerebrum, a 63-year-old male.
- GFAP deletion site in Fig. 40 (Fig. 40A, box 1), staining pattern in GFAP positive site (Fig. 40A, box 2) and MIBKA), Bcl-2 (B), Bcl-xL ( C) Staining pattern (A, B, C arrows) is similar.
- MIB1 (al, a2), Bcl-2 (bl, b2), Bcl-xL (cl, c2) in GFAP deletion site (A, mouth 1) and GFAP positive site (A, mouth 2) Details of dyeing The details are shown.
- FIG. 42 is a summary of NT440, 1-12 stained images and ATBF1 staining of a 63-year-old male, cerebral glioblastoma multiforme. Details of staining of NT440 (Al, A2) and 1-12 (Bl, B2) in the GFAP missing site in Fig. 40 (Fig. 40A, box 1) and GFAP positive site (Fig. 40A, box 2) Indicates. A summary of ATBF1 staining (C) at sites without GFAP production and ATBF1 staining (D) at sites showing GFAP production in this tumor is shown.
- Figure 43 shows the findings of HE and NCAM in a 52-year-old male, esophageal neuroendocrine cancer. Esophageal mass formation (A, HE), NCAM (CD56) positive image (B), lymphatic vessel invasion (C, HE), histologically showing a ribbon-like arrangement (D, HE, black arrows) , And a portion (D, HE, white arrow) indicating a solid sequence is illustrated.
- Figure 44 shows a comparison of tissue organization and ATBF1 expression in a 52-year-old male esophageal endocrine cancer.
- HE A1, 2)
- NT440 Bl, 2 of the part (A1-E1) showing a highly differentiated sequence in the form of a ribbon
- A2-E2 showing a dense, nest-like and poorly differentiated sequence , 1-12 (CI, 2), Dl-120 (Dl, 2), AT6 (El, 2) staining results and summary (F, G) are shown.
- Figure 15 shows the findings of a 56-year-old male, undifferentiated carcinoma of the sinuses, and lymph node metastasis. Summary of MIBl (A), Bc ⁇ 2 (B) expression, NT440 (C), 1-12 (D), D1-120 (E), AT6 (F) expression and staining (G) of tumors Illustrated.
- Figure 16 shows the findings of a 47-year-old female, large-cell diffuse B-cell lymphoma of the brain.
- Tumor HE Al, 2)
- CD20 B
- CD79a C
- Be 2 D
- NT440 E
- 1-12 F
- Dl- 120 G
- AT 6 H
- I ATBF1 staining
- Fig. 17 shows the mechanism of ATBF1-A and B2 types of mRNA produced by using different promoters as shown in Non-Patent Documents 1 and 9, and alternative splicing, and abnormal skipping of etason 10 in human malignant tumors. It is a schematic explanatory drawing of the mutant protein production by.
- Figure 47 shows an example of a 47-year-old female, large-cell diffuse B lymphoma of the brain, whose lack of staining at site D1-120 is shown in Figure 46.
- Figure 48 shows the findings of a 68-year-old female, large-cell diffuse B-lymphoma of the brain. As shown in the figure, the difference in ATBF1 expression and Be 2 staining between the central part (A) and the peripheral part (B) of the tumor is shown.
- NT440 ( ⁇ , ⁇ ), 1-12 ( ⁇ 2, ⁇ 2), Dl—120 (A3, B3), AT6 (A4, B4), Bel- 2 (A5, B5) Shows the stained image.
- FIG. 49 is a summary of ATBF1 expression in a 68-year-old female, brain large cell diffuse B lymphoma. The staining of the central part of the tumor (A) and the peripheral part of the tumor (B) are summarized and illustrated.
- FIG. 50 is a diagram showing the sequence of each exon (exons 2 to 11) of ATBF1.
- the underlined part is the exon area.
- An exon number is attached to the upper right of each exon sequence.
- the exon number is the ATBF1-B-specific untranslated region exon located at the 5 'upstream end of the TBF1 gene, followed by the ATBF1-A-specific untranslated region exon, the first ATBF1- Exon including the A translation region is number 3 and the following exons are 4 to: L 1 in order.
- the “test cancer cell” refers to a cell for which malignancy is determined by the method of the present invention.
- the test cancer cell is separated from the living body. That is, the present invention is applied to a test cancer cell in a state separated from a living body.
- “Separated from the living body” refers to a state in which the test cancer cell is completely isolated from the organism from which it is removed by removing a part of the living tissue in which the test cancer cell exists.
- the test cancer cells are usually prepared in a state existing in the living body, that is, in a state of being bound to surrounding cells, and used in the method of the present invention.
- the test cancer cells may be used in the method of the present invention after the surrounding cell force is also separated (isolated).
- test cancer cells in the present invention include cells that are judged to be cancer by other diagnostic methods, cells that are judged to be highly likely to be cancer, and cells that have the possibility of being cancer. .
- cells that are judged to be cancer by other diagnostic methods or cells that are judged to have a high probability of being cancerous are used.
- Other diagnostic methods here include, for example, X-ray contrast examination, endoscopy, ultrasonic examination, CT examination, MRI examination, PET examination, and diagnostic method using one tumor marker.
- test cancer cells are collected from tissue suspected of having cancer due to one or more of these.
- cancer is to be interpreted broadly and includes carcinoma and sarcoma.
- cancer is used interchangeably with “tumor”.
- Pathological diagnosis is confirmed It may include benign tumors, benign malignant border lesions, and malignant tumors in general before being determined, that is, before benign or malignant as a tumor is determined.
- ATBF1 refers to AT motif binding factor 1 (AT motif binding factor 1).
- ATBF1 is known to be a transcription factor that binds to the AT rich domain of an AFP (alphafetoprotein) regulator and down-regulates the expression of the AFP gene (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- AFP alphafetoprotein
- ATBF1 has two isoforms (ATBF1-A and ATBF1-B).
- ATBF1 is used as an expression encompassing these two isoforms. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, “ATBF1 amount” means the total abundance of each isoform. In the method of the present invention, in principle, the sum is used as a detection target. However, this does not prevent the detection of only the amount of either isoform. It should be noted that when “ATBF1” is simply described, it means ATBF1 protein except when it is clear that it has other meanings.
- the structure of the ATBF1 gene is shown in FIG. 47 (see Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 9).
- the sequences of exon 2 to L1 of the ATBF1 gene are shown in FIGS.
- the ATBF1 gene contains exons 1 to: L1, and ATBF1-A and ATBF1-B mRNAs are formed as a result of alternative splicing. Note that the regions indicated as exons 10 and 11 in FIG. 47 are described as exons 9 and 10 in Non-Patent Document 9, respectively.
- amino acid sequences and base sequences corresponding to exon 3, exon 10, and exon 11 are described by the following SEQ ID NOs in the attached sequence table.
- amino acid sequence of the region corresponding to exon 3 (SEQ ID NO: 11), the base sequence of exon 3 (SEQ ID NO: 12), the amino acid sequence of the region corresponding to exon 10 (SEQ ID NO: 13), the base sequence of exon 10 (SEQ ID NO: 14), amino acid sequence of the region corresponding to exon 11 (SEQ ID NO: 15), base sequence of exon 11 (SEQ ID NO: 16).
- the “ATBF1 amount in the test cancer cell” refers to the total amount of ATBF 1 present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the test cancer cell.
- the amount of ATBF1 in the test cancer cell is also referred to as “the amount of ATBF1 in the whole cell of the test cancer cell”!
- the amount of ATBF1 in the nucleus of the test cancer cell refers to the amount of ATBF1 present in the nucleus of the test cancer cell.
- the amount of ATBF1 in the cytoplasm of the test cancer cell refers to the amount of ATBF1 present in the cytoplasm of the test cancer cell.
- Detecting the amount of ATBF1 means grasping the amount of ATBF1 as an absolute amount or a relative amount.
- the reference of the relative amount here can be, for example, the amount of ATBF1 of the standard sample prepared according to the grade of malignancy.
- the amount of ATBF1 in the nucleus can be used as a reference.
- the amount of ATBF1 in the cytoplasm is the detection target, the amount of ATBF1 in the nucleus can be used as the reference.
- detecting the amount of ATBF1 includes examining whether ATBF1 exists. Usually, the presence of ATBF1 and, if present, its amount will be examined.
- the amount of ATBF1 is measured to the extent that it is possible to determine the malignancy of the test cancer cell by comparing with the amount of ATBF1 in the control that is an index of malignancy. I can do it.
- the first aspect of the present invention relates to a method for determining the malignancy of a test cancer cell (malignancy determination method).
- the “malignancy determination method” refers to a method of determining the malignancy of a test cancer cell.
- the grade of malignancy of cancer is generally classified (determined) based on cell atypia, cell, tissue architecture atypia, proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis, and the like.
- the grade of malignancy is low, and it is difficult to cause invasion and metastasis with slow cell proliferation in cancer. Cases are conceivable, and these combine to improve the prognosis.
- malignancy is high, and in cancers, the rate of cell proliferation is fast, and invasion and metastasis are likely to occur, so surgical resection is likely to be difficult.
- malignancy determination is carried out by predicting the ease of invasion and metastasis due to the growth rate of cancer, that is, the prediction of the growth ability of cancer and the ability to obtain an effective therapeutic effect by chemotherapy or radiation therapy Can be used as a standard. Therefore, proliferative potential is low (cell cycle arrest is likely to occur), and chemotherapy or radiotherapy is expected to be effective (apoptosis is easily introduced due to DNA damage).
- Predicting high proliferative ability based on the intensity of cytoplasmic staining means that invasion, metastasis, and progression progress quickly, and surgical treatment is often impossible, and it is judged as highly malignant.
- apoptosis is more likely to be introduced due to DNA damage than the strong staining of the nucleus, cancer cells can be completely killed when reacting easily to chemotherapy, so low-grade cancer It will also be judged. Therefore, in determining the degree of adverse effects, it is a reality that it is necessary to always consider the two factors of cancer proliferative ability and the effectiveness of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and it is practical and practical. It is also a cautionary point when considering the degree of maliciousness.
- the malignancy of cancer can be evaluated using either of the above two factors as an index.
- a) a step of detecting the amount of ATBF1 in the test cancer cell is performed. Based on the detected amount of ATBF1 obtained as a result, the malignancy of the test cancer cell is determined. As shown in the examples described later, for example, the amount of ATBF1 is low in the whole cell (both nucleus and cytoplasm), and the malignancy of the case is very high, whereas the expression level of ATBF1 is high, In many cases, the prognosis was good and they were likely to respond to various therapies. Therefore, the amount of AT BF1 in the whole cell is effective as an index for determining malignancy.
- the amount of ATBF1 in the whole cell can also be quantified by the quantification of ATBF1 mRNA using the PCR method and the scoring method.
- b) a step of detecting the amount of ATBF1 in the nucleus of the test cancer cell is performed. Based on the detected amount of ATBF1 obtained as a result, the malignancy of the test cancer cell is determined.
- the overall malignancy is determined by individually judging the proliferative ability, sensitivity of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. It is desirable to do.
- a step of detecting the amount of ATBF1 in the cytoplasm of the test cancer cell is performed.
- the malignancy of the test cancer cell is determined based on the presence or absence of the amount of ATBF1 present in the cytoplasm of the test cell. Specifically, for example, when a large amount of ATBF1 is detected in the cytoplasm, it can be determined that the proliferation ability of the test cancer cell is maintained. Further, even when ATBF1 is not detected in the cytoplasm or when the detection amount is small, it can be determined that the proliferation ability of the test cancer cell is maintained under the condition that there is no ATBF1 expression in the nucleus. Here again, it is preferable to make a comprehensive judgment that takes into account the state of expression in the nucleus.
- a) a step of detecting the amount of ATBF1 in the test cancer cell b) a step of detecting the amount of ATBF1 in the nucleus of the test cancer cell, and c) a test cancer
- ATBF1 is compared between the nucleus and cytoplasm of the test cell.
- the grade of malignancy of the test cell is determined mainly based on the localized state of AT BF1.
- ATBF1 tends to be localized in the nucleus in cancer cells that have low proliferative ability or high sensitivity to chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can be predicted and judged to have low malignancy. There was found.
- ATBF1 is confined to the cytoplasm (that is, when the amount of ATBF1 in the nucleus is relatively small)
- histologically the progression of cancer, such as subepithelial invasion, becomes stronger, and chemotherapy or radiation It was found that the sensitivity of the therapy tends to be low, and the malignancy is higher.
- ATBF1 is missing in both the nucleus and cytoplasm through the search for highly malignant types of cancer and the search for metastases in general cancers, the tendency to become more malignant becomes clearer. became.
- it is determined to which of a plurality of categories the malignancy becomes higher in order.
- the number of divisions here is not particularly limited.
- grade 1 (low): ATBF1 tends to localize in the nucleus
- grade 2 (medium): ATBF1 tends to localize in the cytoplasm
- grade 3 (high): ATBF1 tends to be missing in both nucleocytoplasm
- grade 4 specifically, for example, grade 1 (low: ATBF1 tends to be highly localized in the nucleus, grade 2 (medium): ATBF1 Mild to moderately localized in the nucleus
- grade 3 (high): ATBF1 is confined to the cytoplasm
- grade 4 (very high): ATBF1 is in the nucleus and cytoplasm
- the nucleus' cytoplasm shows high ATBF1 expression, and the proliferation ability is high but the sensitivity to chemotherapy is also high. How to treat high cancer as a malignancy belonging to any of the above grades 1 to 3 or 1 to 4 The law is expected to be difficult decision.
- the type of cancer targeted by the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the present invention is applied to determine the malignancy of various tumors including breast cancer, bladder cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, neuroblastoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), prostate cancer, meningioma, etc. be able to.
- Example 1 In an examination of 153 human breast cancer cases using ATBF1 mRNA expression as an index, the expression level of ATBF1 mRNA is high or the prognosis of the case group is better than the case group with low or no expression level. There was found. From this result, in the method of the present invention, for example, as a result of measuring the amount of ATBF1 in a suspected breast cancer cell as a test cancer cell, the expression level is high, and in some cases, the malignancy is low (or the test cancer cell is derived) The prognosis of the subject is good).
- Example 2 In a bladder cancer cell line (Int J Cancer. 1996 Nov 15; 68 (4): 501-5) where the effects of the tumor suppressor genes p21 and p53 and the anticancer drug cisbratin have already been confirmed, In cell lines that could induce tumor apoptosis with the agent, ATBF1 was present in the nucleus.
- the anti-cancer agent did not show any effect, and the cell line had a low expression level of ATBF1, or was localized in the cytoplasm even if the total expression amount was large, and it was strong that staining in the nucleus was not recognized. From these results, in the method of the present invention, for example, as a result of measuring the amount of ATB F1 in a cell with a suspected bladder cancer cell as a test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is low when the expression level is large. . Alternatively, when ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus in the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the grade of malignancy is low.
- the amount of ATBF1 in the test cancer cell is small, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- the amount of ATBF1 in a test cancer cell is localized in the cytoplasm and V, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- Example 3 A clinical case of human bladder cancer, papillary urothelial carcinoma showed a tendency for ATBF1 to localize in the nucleus. Invasion to the subepithelium showed a tendency for ATBF1 to localize in the cytoplasm. From this result, in the method of the present invention, for example, as a result of investigating the presence state of ATBF1 in a suspected papillary urothelial cancer cell or suspected invasive bladder cancer cell as a test cancer cell, ATBF1 is a nucleus. It can be determined that the grade of malignancy is low. On the other hand, when ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm of the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- Example 4 Searching for a series of adenomas to carcinomas in the stomach (biopsy diagnosis, Group III-V)
- ATBF1 localized to the nucleus in group III adenomas, mild variants, and moderate variants.
- ATBF1 localized to the cytoplasm in group III adenomas and severe variants.
- Group V carcinomas ATBF1 was present in the cytoplasm and was absent.
- ABF-producing gastric cancer which is considered to be highly malignant, lacks ATBF1.
- signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach cancer cells lacking ATBF1 and cancer cells where ATBF1 is localized only in the cytoplasm were mixed.
- the malignancy is low when ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus in the test cancer cell.
- the amount of ATBF1 in the test cancer cell is small, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm in a test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- Example 5 In lung adenocarcinomas that responded to chemotherapy and the tumors shrunk, the whole cell showed high expression of ATBF 1 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, but in cases that did not respond to treatment, AT BF1 The expression itself was small and localized to the cytoplasm only. From this result, in the method of the present invention, for example, as a result of measuring the amount of ATBF1 in the suspected lung adenocarcinoma cell as the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is low when the amount of ATBF1 is large. . Alternatively, it can be determined that the malignancy is low when ATBF1 is also present in the nucleus or is localized in the nucleus in the test cancer cell.
- the amount of intracellular ATBF1 in the test cancer cell is small, it can be determined that the malignancy is high. Alternatively, it can be determined that the malignancy is high when ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm in the test cancer cell.
- Example 6 In atypical adenoma-like hyperplasia, a precancerous lesion of lung adenocarcinoma, ATBF1 was also present in the nucleus, not just in the cytoplasm. On the other hand, in cases where adenocarcinoma could be determined, ATBF1 tended to be localized in the cytoplasm where the nucleus was not stained. From this result, in the method of the present invention, for example, when the suspected lung adenocarcinoma cell was used as a test cancer cell and the presence state of ATBF1 in the cell was examined, malignancy was found when ATBF1 was also present in the nucleus. Can be determined to be low. On the other hand, when ATBF1 is confined to the cytoplasm in the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- Example 7 Normal spinal cord hematopoietic cells showed high ATBF1 expression in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. This fact indicates that bone marrow hematopoietic cells are a group of cells with proliferative proliferation, and that when treating various cancers, bone marrow cells that have a hematopoietic function are most susceptible to normal cells! Supporting the thing (called bone marrow suppression. DNA damage easily causes apoptosis)
- Example 8 Like bone marrow hematopoietic cells, small amounts of ATBF1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm are also present in small cell carcinoma of the lung (oat cell carcinoma). This supports the ease of reaction.
- the presence of ATBF1 in the suspected small cell lung cancer cell as a test cancer cell was examined, and as a result, when ATBF1 was localized in the cytoplasm, the malignancy was It can be determined to be high. On the other hand, when the amount of ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus in the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the grade of malignancy is low.
- Example 9 In high-grade prostate cancer, when ATBF1 was localized in the nucleus, moderately differentiated, or poorly differentiated, ATBF1 tended to be localized in the cytoplasm or lacked expression. From this result, in the method of the present invention, for example, as a result of measuring the amount of ATBF1 in the suspected prostate cancer cell as the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is low when the amount of ATBF1 is large. Alternatively, when ATBF1 is confined to the nucleus in the test cancer cells, it can be determined that the grade of malignancy is low. On the other hand, when the amount of intracellular ATBF1 in the test cancer cell is small (particularly when ATBF1 expression is not observed), it can be determined that the malignancy is high. Alternatively, when AT BF1 is localized in the cytoplasm in the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- Example 10 Among the adrenal tumors of newborns and infants, neuroblastoma is known that has died but spontaneously disappears. The prognosis is an important issue for both the physician and the parents of the child. As a result, AT BF1 was localized in the nucleus in most tumor cells of cases that were benign and ultimately survived. On the other hand, in cases where the patient finally survived, dissection revealed that the tumor showed invasion, metastasis, vascular invasion, etc., and tumor death due to the malignancy of the tumor itself was obvious. In some tumor cells, ATBF1 was localized in the cytoplasm. This implies the possibility of predicting tumor progression and patient prognosis at the biopsy stage.
- the ATBF1 is aggravated when localized in the nucleus. It can be determined that the degree is low. On the other hand, when ATBF1 is localized in the cytoplasm in the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- Example 11 In gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), ATBF1 is usually confined to the nucleus, but it died of liver metastasis, and ATBF1 was present in the cytoplasm in cases diagnosed as highly malignant GIST. As a result Thus, in the method of the present invention, for example, as a result of examining the presence of ATBF1 in the suspected GIST cell as a test cancer cell, it is determined that the grade of malignancy is low when ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus. Can do. On the other hand, if ATBF1 is also present in the cytoplasm in the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- Example 12 In meningiomas (WHO Grade I) tumor cells classified as benign tumors, ATBF1 is localized to the nucleus but is considered to have a malignant course (WHO Grade ⁇ ), specification In alveolar meningiomas (WHO Grade II), ATBF1 was expressed in the cytoplasm. From this result, in the method of the present invention, for example, as a result of examining the presence of ATBF1 in the suspected meningioma cell as a test cancer cell, the malignancy is low when ATBF1 is confined to the nucleus. Can be determined. On the other hand, if ATBF1 is also present in the cytoplasm in the test cancer cell, it can be determined that the malignancy is high.
- detecting a specific region of ATBF1 is effective in determining the malignancy of a test cancer cell. Based on this finding, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the following (1) to (3) is detected as the amount of ATBF1 in the test cancer cell separated from the biological force.
- first region of ATBF1 protein a region corresponding to exon 10 of the ATBF1 gene (partial protein.
- first region of ATBF1 protein also referred to as “first region”.
- Amino acid sequence of the region) (SEQ ID NO: 13 and the nucleotide sequence encoding the region is shown in SEQ ID NO: 14), and the abundance in the nucleus and Z or cytoplasmic abundance are to be detected.
- the amount of the first region using several test cancer cells As a result of verifying the relationship between the localization mode and the malignancy, generally, (a) the first region is localized mainly in the nucleus, the malignancy is low, and (b) the first region is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. It was confirmed that if present, the malignancy was high, and (c) if the first region was missing (in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus), the malignancy was high. That is, it has been found that (a) to (c) are suitable and important indexes for determining the malignancy of cancer cells.
- the malignancy of the test cancer cell is low. Can be judged.
- the malignancy of the test cancer cell is high, Can be determined.
- the lack of the first region is observed in the test cancer cell (or when the abundance is very small), it can be determined that the malignancy of the test cancer cell is high.
- the nuclear abundance and cytoplasmic abundance of the first region are usually detected simultaneously. Then, the localization of the first region is examined by comparing the detection results.When the first region is localized mainly in the cytoplasm or when the lack of the first region is observed, malignancy of the test cancer cell Judgment is high. Thus, by comparing the detection amount in the nucleus and the detection amount in the cytoplasm, it is possible to clearly grasp the intracellular localization mode of the first region. It should be noted that the detection result of either the nuclear abundance in the first region or the cytoplasmic abundance may be determined by predicting the intracellular localization in the first region. In this case, only one of the abundances needs to be detected.
- the second region of ATBF1 protein a region corresponding to exon 11 of the ATBF1 gene (partial protein.
- the second region of ATBF1 protein or abbreviated as “second region”.
- Amino acid sequence of the region) (SEQ ID NO: 15 and the nucleotide sequence encoding the region is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16), and the abundance in the nucleus and Z or cytoplasmic abundance are to be detected.
- the second region is mainly nuclear If the second region is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, it is malignant.
- (a) and (b) are suitable and important indicators for determining the malignancy of cancer cells. Therefore, for example, when a large amount of the second region is detected in the nucleus of the test cancer cell (or when the second region is localized mainly in the nucleus), it can be determined that the malignancy of the test cancer cell is low . Similarly, for example, when a large amount of the second region is detected in the cytoplasm of the test cancer cell (or when the second region is localized mainly in the cytoplasm), the malignancy of the test cancer cell is high, Can be determined.
- the nuclear abundance and cytoplasmic abundance of the second region are usually detected simultaneously. Then, by comparing the detection results, the localization mode of the second region is examined, and when the second region is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, it is determined that the malignancy of the test cancer cell is high. Thus, by comparing the detection amount in the nucleus with the detection amount in the cytoplasm, it becomes possible to clearly grasp the intracellular localization mode of the second region.
- the detection result of either the nuclear abundance in the second region or the cytoplasmic abundance may be determined by predicting the intracellular localization of the second region. In this case, it is only necessary to detect the abundance of the deviation!
- a region corresponding to exon 3 of the ATBF1 gene (partial protein.
- the third region of ATBF1 protein or abbreviated as “the third region”.
- Amino acid sequence of the region (SEQ ID NO: 11 and the nucleotide sequence encoding the region is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12) and the abundance in the nucleus and the abundance in Z or cytoplasm are to be detected.
- detection of the third region is an indicator of whether the amount of ATBF1 in the entire cell has increased, decreased, or is missing. It is also possible to know the ratio of nuclear transfer in the third region by detecting the phosphate state of 148 serine in the third region. Furthermore, by comparing the presence, absence, and location of the nucleocytoplasm with the localization of the central region of the ATBF1 protein (i.e., the first region), the processing status of the ATBF1 protein, and further occurs at the mRNA level. It is possible to determine the Etason skip due to abnormal splicing. As mentioned above, the third area Detection provides useful but useful information in determining the grade of cancer.
- two or more of the above (1) to (3) are detected, and the degree of maliciousness of the test cancer cell is determined in consideration of each detection result. If two or more detections are performed in this manner, a more detailed and accurate determination / evaluation can be performed.
- the detection item preferably includes the above (1), that is, the detection of the first region. It can be said that the abundance or subcellular localization of the first region detected in (1) is the most characteristic of cancer malignancy. Therefore, detection of (1) is particularly important in determining malignancy.
- a form for detecting the above (1) and (2) and a form for detecting the above (1) and (3) can be mentioned. If the number of detection items is increased in this way, determination with higher accuracy can be performed. Among these, it is most preferable to detect the above (1) to (3) and perform comprehensive evaluation using each detection result. This is because detailed information can be obtained and determination with higher accuracy can be made.
- the grade 1 is the lowest grade, and the higher the number, the higher the grade.
- grade 4 include partial sinus cancer and part of diffuse malignant lymphoma.
- a representative example of grade 3 glioblastoma, a part of diffuse malignant lymphoma, a typical example of grade 2 of GIST (Bd-2 +), a meningioma Part of the GIST as a representative example of grade 1 (Be ⁇ 1) can include a part of meningiomas
- exons 1 to L1 exist in the ATBF1 gene (see Fig. 47).
- Exon 10 has the longest alignment ability and encodes all four homeodomains. As shown in the examples below, it was suggested that ATBF1 was cut into multiple parts in the post-translational process. In addition, due to abnormal skipping of Exon 10, it corresponds to Exon 10. It was reported that a mutant protein lacking the region was produced (Non-patent Document 9). If ATBF1 is intact in the cell (if it exists as a full-length protein!
- ATBF1 gene region corresponding to exon 10 ie, first region
- ATBF1 gene The “region corresponding to exon 11 of the child (ie, the second region)” and “region corresponding to exon 3 of the ATBF1 gene (ie, the third region)” each exist as part of such ATBF1.
- each region exists as one (or part of) one of the partial ATBF1 generated by the division.
- the first region is recognized by antibody D1-120, which is prepared by using a part of the central region of ATBF1-A protein (region other than the home domain of exon 10) as an antigen.
- the second region is recognized by antibody AT6, which is produced by using part of the C-terminal region of ATBF1-A protein as an antigen
- the third region is obtained by using part of the N-terminal region of ATBF1-A protein as an antigen. Recognized by the prepared antibodies NT440 and 1-12. Methods for producing these antibodies are described in detail in the Examples section below.
- the test cancer cells can also collect suspicious cancer tissue power. Specifically, a part of the suspicious cancer tissue can be collected by biopsy and used as a sample containing the test cancer cells for the method of the present invention.
- detection of the amount of ATBF1 and detection of the first region, the second region, and the third region of ATBF1 protein are not limited to these, but preferably immunohistological staining Use the law.
- the amount of ATBF1 can be detected quickly and with high sensitivity.
- the operation is simple. Therefore, the burden on the subject (patient) associated with the detection of the amount of ATBF1 and the like is reduced.
- antibodies that specifically recognize the detection target are used, and the amount of ATBF1 is detected using the binding (binding amount) of the antibody as an index. .
- a test cancer cell is first contacted with an antibody (for example, an anti-ATBF1 antibody) specific to the detection target. Thereafter, the amount of the antibody bound to the whole cell, nucleus, and Z or cytoplasm is measured. From the measurement results, the abundance of the detection target in the whole cell, nucleus, and Z or cytoplasm of the test cancer cell is calculated.
- an antibody for example, an anti-ATBF1 antibody
- the method of the present invention can be carried out according to the following immunohistological staining method.
- immunohistochemical staining of biological tissue is performed by the following procedures (1) to (9).
- the tissue surgically collected from the living body is fixed with formalin, paraformaldehyde, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, or the like. Then embedded in paraffin. Generally dehydrated with alcohol, treated with xylene, and finally embedded in paraffin. A specimen embedded with norafin is sliced into a desired thickness (eg, 3-5 ⁇ m thick) and spread on a glass slide. Instead of paraffin-embedded specimens, alcohol-fixed specimens, dry-sealed specimens, frozen specimens, etc. may be used.
- the treatment is performed sequentially with xylene, alcohol, and purified water.
- Enzyme treatment, heat treatment and Z or pressure treatment are performed for antigen activation as necessary.
- peroxidase When peroxidase is used as a labeling substance during staining, it is treated with hydrogen peroxide to remove endogenous peroxidase activity.
- the section is treated with ushi serum albumin solution (eg 1% solution) for several minutes to several tens of minutes to inhibit non-specific reactions. It should be noted that this step may be omitted by carrying out the next primary antibody reaction using an antibody solution containing ushi serum albumin.
- ushi serum albumin solution eg 1% solution
- An antibody diluted to an appropriate concentration is dropped onto a section on a slide glass, and then allowed to react for several tens of minutes to several hours. After completion of the reaction, wash with an appropriate buffer such as phosphate buffer.
- DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine)
- Tris buffer a Tris buffer
- hydrogen peroxide is added.
- the coloring solution thus prepared is allowed to penetrate the section for several minutes (for example, 5 minutes) to develop a color. After color development, the section is washed thoroughly with tap water to remove DAB.
- Nuclear staining is performed by reacting Meyer's hematoxylin for several seconds to several tens of seconds. Wash with running water and color (usually for a few minutes).
- the type and origin of the antibody (detection antibody) used in the immunohistochemical staining method is not particularly limited as long as the antibody has specific binding properties.
- the detection antibody may be any of a polyclonal antibody, an oligoclonal antibody (mixture of several to several tens of antibodies), and a monoclonal antibody.
- a polyclonal antibody or an oligoclonal antibody an anti-serum-derived IgG fraction obtained by animal immunization, or a purified antibody using an antigen can be used.
- Anti-ATBF1 antibody strength Anti-antibodies such as Fab, Fab ', F (ab'), scFv, dsFv antibody
- the D1-120 antibody shown in the examples described later can be used.
- This antibody specifically recognizes the D1-120 site (a region corresponding to exon 10 and a part of home domain 1 and a region immediately before it) that is a common part of ATBF1-A and ATBF1-B. Therefore, it is possible to detect both ATBF1-A and ATBF1-B simultaneously using this antibody.
- this antibody specifically binds to the first region of ATBF1, the amount detected by this antibody reflects the abundance of the first region. Therefore, if this antibody is used, it is possible to grasp the amount of the first region or its localization.
- antibody AT6 that recognizes the region corresponding to exon 11 of the ATBF1 gene was used.
- the amount or location of the second region which is the C-terminal region, can be ascertained, and if the antibody NT440 or 1-12 that recognizes the region corresponding to exon 3 of the ATBF 1 gene is used, It becomes possible to grasp the amount of the third region or its localization.
- Anti-ATBF1 antibody and the like can be prepared by using an immunological technique, a phage display method, a ribosome display method, and the like.
- Preparation of a polyclonal antibody by an immunological technique can be performed by the following procedure.
- Prepare an antigen for example, D1-120 site of ATBF1 or a part of it
- ATBF1 or a part thereof
- the antigen can be obtained by purifying a biological sample.
- an antigen obtained using a gene recombination technique can also be used.
- Recombinant human ATBF1 is prepared, for example, by introducing a gene encoding ATBF1 (which may be a part of the gene) into a suitable host using a vector and expressing it in the obtained recombinant cell.
- an antigen bound with a carrier protein When effective immune-inducing action cannot be expected due to the low molecular weight, it is preferable to use an antigen bound with a carrier protein.
- Carrier proteins such as KLM (Keyhole Light Hemocyanin), BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin), OVA (Ovalbumin), etc. are used.
- KLM Keyhole Light Hemocyanin
- BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
- OVA Optalbumin
- the carposiimide method, dartalaldehyde method, diazo condensation method, MBS (maleimidobenzoyl succinimide) method and the like can be used.
- an antigen in which ATBF1 (or a part thereof) is expressed as a fusion protein with GST, ⁇ -galactosidase, maltose-binding protein, histidine (His) tag or the like can also be used.
- a fusion protein can be easily purified by a general method.
- the present inventors have used Western blotting in fetal and adult rat brain tissues, undifferentiated embryonic cancer cell lines (P19 cells) and two neuroblastoma cell lines (NB-1, GOTO).
- the size of ATBF1 protein in actual tissues was tested.
- the antibody used at that time was D1-120 which detects the central part of AT BF1-A (404 kDa) protein.
- the size of the protein that the antibody recognizes i.e., ATBF1 protein
- the ATBF1 gene (part of the gene) Selected from the gene part encoding the D1-120 site of the AT BF1-A amino acid sequence (the site corresponding to exon 10) and introducing it into a suitable host using a vector.
- the detection results (localization mode, etc.) when using anti-ATBF1 antibody that recognizes sites that are significantly separated from D1-120 site force are D1
- the result is completely different from the detection result when -120 is used.
- the site (first region) detected by D1-120 can be detected in the same manner using an antibody that recognizes a site other than the D1-120 site.
- the antibody has the same specificity as 3 ⁇ 41-120 is determined by preliminary experiments using P19 cells, etc., and ATBF1 localization experiments using cancer cells (specifically Western plotting etc.) Can be verified.
- the antibody can be used for the same purpose as D1-120.
- a monoclonal antibody can be prepared by the following procedure. First, immunization is performed in the same procedure as above. Immunization is repeated as necessary, and when the antibody titer rises sufficiently, immunized animal antibody-producing cells are removed. Next, the obtained antibody-producing cells and myeloma cells are fused to obtain a hyperidoma. Subsequently, after this hybridoma is monoclonalized, a clone producing an antibody having high specificity for the target protein is selected.
- the target antibody can be obtained by purifying the culture medium of the selected clone.
- the desired antibody can also be obtained by growing Hypridoma to a desired number or more and then transplanting it into the abdominal cavity of an animal (for example, mouse) and growing it in ascites to purify the ascites.
- affinity chromatography using protein G, protein A or the like is preferably used.
- the antigen A modified affinity chromatography can also be used.
- methods such as ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and centrifugation can be used. These methods can be used alone or in any combination.
- a labeled antibody is used as the anti-ATBF1 antibody or the like, it is possible to directly detect the amount of the bound antibody using the labeled amount as an index. Therefore, it becomes a simpler method.
- an indirect detection method such as a method using a secondary antibody to which a labeling substance is bound or a method using a polymer to which a secondary antibody and a labeling substance are bound.
- the secondary antibody herein is an antibody having specific binding properties to anti-ATBF1 antibody and the like.
- anti-ATBF1 antibody or the like when prepared as a rabbit antibody, an anti-rabbit IgG antibody is used.
- Labeled secondary antibodies that can be used for various types of antibodies such as rabbits, goats, and mice are commercially available (for example, Funakoshi Co., Ltd., Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd., etc.), and anti-ATBF1 antibodies used in the present invention Appropriate ones can be selected and used according to the situation.
- Labeling substances include peroxidase, j8-D-galactosidase, microperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine isothiocyanate. Any one selected from (RITC), alkaline phosphatase, piotin, and a radioactive substance is preferably used.
- HRP horseradish peroxidase
- FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
- rhodamine isothiocyanate Any one selected from (RITC), alkaline phosphatase, piotin, and a radioactive substance is preferably used.
- a method of reacting avidin peroxidase using biotin as a labeling substance enables detection with higher sensitivity.
- a second aspect of the present invention provides a reagent (reagent for determining malignancy of a test cancer cell) and a kit (kit for determining malignancy of a test cancer cell) for carrying out the method of the present invention.
- a reagent reagent for determining malignancy of a test cancer cell
- a kit kit for determining malignancy of a test cancer cell
- One form of the reagent of the present invention is an anti-ATBF1 antibody (anti-first region antibody, anti-second region antibody, anti-third antibody) used when the method of the present invention is performed by an immunological technique as described above. Including region antibodies, and so on).
- the antibody here may be any of a polyclonal antibody, an oligoclonal antibody (mixture of several to several tens of antibodies), and a monoclonal antibody. Good.
- an anti-serum-derived IgG fraction obtained by animal immunization and a purified antibody antibody with an antigen can be used.
- the anti-ATBF 1 antibody may be an antibody fragment such as Fab, Fab ′, F (ab ′), scFv, or dsFv antibody. Desired
- the above-mentioned label may be applied to the antibody.
- an antibody that recognizes a region corresponding to exon 10 of the ATBF1 gene (2) an antibody that recognizes a region corresponding to exon 11 of the ATBF1 gene, or (3) an antibody of the ATBF1 gene.
- An antibody that recognizes a region corresponding to exon 3 can be preferably used.
- a region corresponding to exon 10 (the first region of the ATBF1 protein) can be detected.
- a region corresponding to exon 11 (ATBF1 protein second region) can be detected.
- a region corresponding to exon 3 (ATB F1 protein third region) can be detected.
- antibody (1) Specific examples of the antibody (1), the antibody (2), and the antibody (3) include the following which are used in the examples described later.
- Antibody (1) Dl-120
- Antibody (2) AT6,
- Antibody (3) 1-12
- NT440 mixture of NT440-1, NT440-2, NT440-3)
- the kit of the present invention contains a reagent having specific binding property to ATBF1 or a part of ATBF1 such as the first region.
- a suitable example of the reagent is not limited to the anti-ATBF1 antibody.
- an immunoassay (detection) kit containing an anti-ATBF1 antibody is provided.
- a labeled anti-ATBF1 antibody is used.
- an unlabeled anti-ATBF1 antibody is used.
- a secondary antibody labeled with a labeling substance may be included in the kit.
- the polymer may be included in the kit. Yes.
- ATBF1 (antigen) may be further included in the kit.
- ATBF1 that is substantially the same as or equivalent to that used as an antigen in preparing the anti-ATBF1 antibody used in the kit is included in the kit. Therefore, it does not have to be a full-length ATBF1. Further, it may be a recombination ATBF1.
- ATBF1 is used to confirm that the staining obtained using the kit is based on the specific binding between the anti-ATBF1 antibody and ATBF1. Specifically, first, anti-ATBF1 antibody is treated with ATBF1. Perform immunostaining using the treated anti-ATBF1 antibody. The obtained stained image is compared with the stained image obtained using the untreated anti-ATBF1 antibody.
- the staining property is based on the specific binding between the anti-ATBF1 antibody and ATBF1.
- an anti-ATBF1 antibody prepared using a fusion protein with a tag or carrier protein (hereinafter referred to as a tag) as an antigen is used in the kit, the tag used may be further included in the kit. Good. If the anti-ATBF1 antibody that constitutes the kit contains a reactive antibody in the tag used in the preparation process, the tag is required. If the tag is used as described below, it can be confirmed that the staining obtained using the kit is based on the specific binding between the anti-ATBF1 antibody and the ATBF1 antibody.
- the anti-ATBF1 antibody is treated with this tag or the like. Perform immunostaining of the specimen using the treated anti-ATBF1 antibody. The obtained stained image is compared with the stained image obtained using the untreated anti-ATBF1 antibody. If there is no difference in staining between the two, it can be confirmed that the staining in the latter stained image is based on the specific binding between the anti-ATBF1 antibody and ATBF1.
- kits of the present invention Necessary for immunostaining such as antigen-antibody reaction and staining in the kit of the present invention-more reagents (for example, formalin and paraffin for tissue fixation / embedding, BSA for inhibiting non-specific binding) Further, a coloring reagent such as DAB, a hematoxylin solution for nuclear staining, etc.) and instruments may be further included. Usually, an instruction manual is attached to the kit of the present invention.
- reagents for example, formalin and paraffin for tissue fixation / embedding, BSA for inhibiting non-specific binding
- a coloring reagent such as DAB, a hematoxylin solution for nuclear staining, etc.
- instruments may be further included.
- an instruction manual is attached to the kit of the present invention.
- ATBF1 a DNA-binding transcription regulator
- cytoskeleton protein GFAP glial fibrillar acidic protein
- Non-patent Document 6 In addition, in another experimental system using gastric cancer cultured cells as previously reported (Non-patent Document 6), the present inventors bind ATBF1 to p53 protein in the nucleus, activate the p21 promoter, and I discovered that it works to suppress the cycle (see Figure 1). Therefore, we focused on the cell cycle control function of ATBF1, and investigated the trend of ATBF1 in various cancer cells.
- the antigen was prepared by the following procedures (1) and (2). Details of antigen preparation and antibody production are described in a previous report (J. Compartive Neurology (2003) 465: 57-71: Non-Patent Document 3).
- (1) As described above, the target amino acid portion was excised from mouse cDNA and recombined (subcloned) into the vector pGEX-KT for producing GST fusion protein.
- (2) The gene was introduced into E. coli AD 202 !, and the protein expressed in AD 202 was purified in a conventional manner using Sepharose-glutthione beaded agarose (Sigma) (for example, “Recombination for the first time”). (See “Protein Purification Knowbook”, published in 1999, Amersham Armasia Biotech Co., Ltd.).
- anti-ATBF1 antibody D1-120 was obtained by the following procedures (1) to (4).
- fibronectin or the like is not applied to the culture dish, the cells are floating and ATBF1 appears in the cytoplasm, but does not migrate to the nucleus! (See Fig. 4a), whereas fibronectin and poly L
- ATBF1 translocation into the nucleus is observed in a significant number of cells within 3 hours of culture (see Figure 4b), and almost all cells are observed in 24 hours.
- ATBF1 was observed in the nucleus (see Figure 4c).
- laminin-gelatin was applied to the culture dish, P19 cells were able to adhere well to the surface of the culture dish, and the transfer of ATBF1 to the nucleus was observed even under these conditions.
- ATBF1 translocation of ATBF1 to the cytoplasmic nucleus is regulated by the influence of factors such as fibronectin that promote cell adhesion to the culture dish (which is the adhesion stimulus itself!).
- the change from the floating state to the attached state may involve receptors present on the cell surface, and it was thought that the intracellular localization of ATBF1 was changed by transmitting information according to the extracellular environment into the cell. .
- ATBF1 The trend of ATBF1 was observed by carrying out ATBF1 staining by the method described in 1). As a result, the concentration of ATBF1 in P19 cells is clearly increased by the action of Leptomysin B compared to the expression level when Leptomycin B is not acted (see Figure 5a). ) And the number of cells that fall into apoptosis clearly increased. In addition, when one day culture was added, most cells died the next day. The results of this experiment indicate that the export of ATBF1 to the nucleus is controlled by CRM1, and that the increased ATBF1 concentration in the nucleus is a condition that promotes apoptosis of cancer cells, and the cancer treatment policy. Seemed to give important suggestions.
- PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase family proteins have been well studied, and recently, like ATBF1, N- and oR (The nuclear) function in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Cytoplasmic ATBF1 gathers like a ring in the cytoplasmic part around the nucleus (predicted inside the endoplasmic reticulum). That means there is no ATBF1 transfer to the nucleus!
- Telangiectasia Mutated is a causative gene of telangiectasia cerebellar ataxia and is a representative gene encoding a PI 3K family protein. Although its functions are diverse, it is known to control cell death and cell cycle, especially as a DNA damage monitoring system due to radiation.
- the present inventors conducted an experiment using a drug caffeine that specifically inhibits the action of ATM. First, after confirming that P19 cells were cultured and became adherent to the culture dish, retinoic acid treatment was performed, and then caffeine was allowed to act.
- ATBF1 was switched to the cytoplasmic nucleus and further to the cytoplasm, so that the cell cycle period and the proliferation state were switched.
- ATBF1 single expression vector Forced expression experiments were performed on a cultured cell line derived from a transblastoma, Neuro2A cells. Neuro2A After introducing the ATBF1 expression vector and forcibly expressing ATBF1, the ATBF1 staining was observed by the ATBF1 staining method described in 3-1 above, and the cell cycle was searched by flow cytometry. .
- ATBF1 nuclear translocation and proliferation ability in embryonic day 14 rat fetal brain and nerve cells were examined.
- the neurons in the basal cerebrum during the embryonic period maintain an undivided state (called neuroepithelial cells) in the paraventricular region directly under the ventricle, and the cells that have finished the final division are the ventricles. It passes through the lower region, moves to the differentiation region, and is finally differentiated into nerve cells.
- BrdU was administered intraperitoneally to mother rats and sacrificed 3 hours later, and fetuses were examined.
- immunohistochemical staining was performed according to the following procedure. First, the collected fetal tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sliced to a thickness of about 3 m, and spread on a glass slide. After deparaffinization, heat treatment was performed for 4 minutes (110 ° C) in a pressure cooker using citrate buffer (PH6.0) (see Example 7 for the reason for selecting this antigen activation method). reference). Subsequent treatment with peroxyhydrogen water removed endogenous peroxidase.
- citrate buffer PH6.0
- the anti-ATBF1 antibody prepared in Example 2 was dissolved in 0.05 M Tris buffer (pH 7.6, 1% solution of urine serum albumin, containing sodium azide) so as to be 5 / zg / ml.
- the primary antibody solution was dropped onto the slice and allowed to react at room temperature for about 1 hour (primary antibody reaction). After thorough washing, the secondary antibody (DAK0).
- ATBF1 intracellular localization of ATBF1
- cytoplasm cytoplasm
- the results of staining were outlined.
- the staining intensity of non-invasive cancer and invasive cancer, and the nuclear and cytoplasmic staining patterns changed depending on the heat treatment method and buffer type. Although all 27 types of staining were different, the major tendency was that when autoclaving was performed, the staining of the nucleus was prominent and cytoplasmic staining could not be obtained depending on the choice of the koffer (see Fig. 9). On the other hand, it became difficult to obtain nuclear staining with a microwave treatment, and there was a tendency for cytoplasmic staining to stand out (see Fig. 10).
- the temperature setting was in the middle of the autoclave and microwave oven, and showed a tendency to simultaneously produce nuclei and cytoplasmic staining (see Figure 11).
- no staining was obtained for any non-invasive cancer or invasive cancer by any of the enzyme treatments.
- ATBF1 is localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in non-invasive cancers (see Figure 12a, c) and in both nuclei and cytoplasm in invasive cancers (see Figures 12b, d), depending on the antigen activation method and type of buffer I was very puzzled about the evaluation. Objective evaluation is impossible at first glance However, it was possible to evaluate trends throughout the 27 types of staining as shown in (1) and (2) below.
- (l) ATBFl is a protein that can exist in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, but not in membranes or plasma components.
- ATBF1 is present in both nucleus and cytoplasm.
- the protein ratio of the nuclear / cytoplasmic subcellular localization there is a difference in the protein ratio of the nuclear / cytoplasmic subcellular localization, and it can be judged that the nucleus is mainly for non-invasive cancer and the cytoplasm is mainly for invasive cancer. Based on these two assessments, the response to surgically excised and formalin-fixed specimens can be determined.
- Real-time semi-quantitative PCR was performed on 153 clinical specimens of breast cancer surgery to examine the expression level of ATBF1 mRNA.
- Real-time semi-quantitative PCR was performed in a conventional manner using LightCycler ver.3.0 (Roche Diagnostics) with reference to the attached manual.
- LightCycler ver.3.0 Roche Diagnostics
- parameters that are important as conventional prognostic factors such as the size of the primary lesion, the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis, and the presence or absence of estrogen receptor expression, and changes in the expression level of ATBF1 mRNA show a statistically significant correlation.
- the facts are known (results not shown). In simple terms, in the case of tumors with high expression levels of ATBF1,
- ATBF1 staining was performed according to the procedure shown in Example 6. Carried out . Examples are papillary ductal carcinoma and hard carcinoma. Histologically confined within the duct and immersed around the duct There was a tendency for ATBF1 nuclei to be stained (see Figures 13b, d, and e) in carcinomas that did not show moisture (see Figures 13a and c). In the mammary gland, at sites showing invasive growth in adipose tissue (see Fig. 13f, h, j), ATBF1 is localized only in the cytoplasm (see Fig.
- ATBF1 is also localized in the nucleus in a state where it is confined in the ductal epithelium and does not show infiltration, that is, in a low malignant state. The tendency to infiltrate and progress to fat showed that ATBF1 had a localized force in the cytoplasm and a tendency to lack expression.
- ATBF1 The ability to observe the transition of ATBF1 to the nucleus or cytoplasm in an actual tumor. is important.
- the inventors of the present invention are p21, p53, which are very closely related to ATBF1, respectively (see Fig. 1 again).
- ATBF1 staining using 3 cultured cell lines RT4, T24, HT1366
- These three strains have already been searched for the effectiveness of the anticancer drug cisbratin and whether p21 is introduced (Int J Cancer. 1996 Nov 15; 68 (4): 501-5). . Therefore, it seems to be an optimal material for assessing the malignancy of tumors expressing ATBF1.
- RT4 HE-stained image
- ATBF1-stained image middle
- p53-stained image lower
- RT4 is derived from human bladder papilloma
- both p21 and p53 are mutated in cisbratin and can induce apoptosis, and the malignancy is the lowest among the three cultures.
- the staining ability of ATBF1 is also present in a small amount in the cytoplasm, indicating that the main force is the nucleus, indicating that ATBF1 has been introduced into the nucleus.
- p53 without mutation can be introduced into the nuclei of most cells.
- the center of Fig. 14 is the T24 HE-stained image (upper), ATBF1-stained image (middle), and p53-stained image (lower).
- T24 has no p21 mutation, but is a p53 nonsense mutant, and the p53 protein is cleaved in the middle. Because the normal ⁇ 53 ⁇ ⁇ 21 pathway (see Figure 1) does not work, this cell cannot induce apoptosis by cisplatin, and its malignancy is higher than RT4.
- ATBF1 is a force that is also present in the nucleus. ⁇ 53, which has a nonsense mutation, has almost been introduced into the cell nucleus.
- Fig. 14 shows an HE-stained image of HT1376 (upper), an ATBF1-stained image (middle), and a p53-stained image (lower).
- HT1376 cannot introduce apoptosis with cisplatin due to the p53 missense mutation and the presence of a point mutation in the protein, as well as the p21 frameshift mutation. Therefore, it is a highly malignant culture similar to T24. In this cell line, unlike the difference between RT4 and T24, the weak expression of ATBF1 was present in the nucleus! In some cases, p53 with a missense mutation has been introduced into the cell nucleus.
- Bladder cancer (Usefulness of ATBF1 in determining the grade of human bladder cancer)
- FIG. 15a is a stained image (al: HE-stained image, a2: ATBFl-stained) of a case of a 65-year-old male with papillary intramucosal carcinoma, WHO Grade I, and histologically low grade.
- ATBF1 staining is observed only in the nucleus. This staining is similar to cultured cells RT4 (see 9-1 above and Figure 14b).
- Figure 15b shows a stained image of an 81-year-old male with a mixture of papillary intramucosal cancer, WHO Grade 1 (histologically low grade), and WHO Grade II (histologically moderate grade) ( Figure 15bl).
- Fig. 15b2 ATBFl-stained image
- ATBF1 staining is observed only in the nucleus.
- ATBF1 staining is observed in the cytoplasm.
- the staining in the nucleus is still similar to cultured cell RT4 (see 9-1 above and Figure 14b).
- cytoplasmic staining is similar to cultured cell T24 (see 91 above and Figure 14e).
- Fig. 15c is a submucosal invasive carcinoma of a 55-year-old male. Stained images of WHO Grade II (moderate histological grade) (Fig. 15c 1: HE-stained image, Fig. 15c2: ATBFl-stained image) is there. ATB F1 staining is observed in the cytoplasm. Staining is similar to cultured cell T24 (see 91 above and Figure 14e).
- Fig. 15d is a stained image of a case of an 84-year-old male invasive cancer under the mucosa and WHO Grade III (Fig. 15dl: HE-stained image, Fig. 15d2, d3: ATBFl-stained image).
- ATBF1 staining is observed in the cytoplasm (Fig. 15d2, staining is similar to cultured cell T24), and ATBF1 staining tends to be slightly lost (Fig. 15d3: Staining is HT1376 among 3 types of cultured cells) Cells with (close) are mixed.
- Gastric adenoma (shown here is a 55-year-old female who has undergone polypectomy for several polyps in the same stomach), among which is a gastric atypical epithelial nest or adenoma (Group III, see Fig. 16al) is a benign lesion with a long course, and the size may not change much even after several years of follow-up.
- ATBF1 staining was restricted to the nucleus (see Figure 16a2), p53 staining in the nucleus was present (see Figure 16a3), and p21 was also introduced into the nucleus (see Figure 16a4). reference).
- Intestinal atypical epithelial nest or adenoma (Group III, see Fig. 16al) is a benign lesion with a long course, and the size may not change much even after several years of follow-up.
- ATBF1 staining was restricted to the nucleus (see Figure 16a2)
- p53 staining in the nucleus was present
- ATBF1 Even in lesions with moderate atypia (see Fig. 16b 1), ATBF1 is mainly confined to the nucleus (see Fig. 16b2), although there is a difference in intensity of staining with gastric adenoma, but p53, The expression of p21 was confirmed (see Fig. 16b3 and b4).
- ATBF1 shows granular staining in the cytoplasm (see Fig. 16c2) P53 expression was also mildly diffuse (see Fig. 16c3) and p21 was not introduced into the nucleus (see Fig. 16c4).
- ATBF1 introduced into the nucleus binds p53 and protein-protein and p21 If it is considered to be involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, p21 can be introduced as long as ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus, even if the same adenoma is mildly or moderately atypical. It can be considered that adenoma growth can not be stopped because p21 is transferred to the cytoplasm and p21 cannot be introduced. As a result, it is possible to predict the grade of adenoma by ATBF1 staining (as adenoma is not a malignant tumor, it is possible to predict proliferative ability and ease of apoptosis rather than grade of malignancy). It can be said that it is useful for distinguishing from border areas and lesions that require differentiation.
- adenocarcinoma Tubl, Group V
- An example of a gastric cancer (78 years old, male, see Fig. 17al) occurring in the esophageal subcutaneous region and cardia.
- ATBF1 was a mixture of sites in the cytoplasm of cancer cells (see Fig. 17a2) and sites lacking ATBF1 expression (see Fig. 17a3).
- ATBF1 was predominantly cytoplasmic (see Figure 17b2).
- a biopsy of a 68-year-old woman is shown. Porl showing expansible growth in the mucous membrane (see Fig. 18al, a2, and a4).
- ATBF1 staining is a site where staining is missing in the whole cell (see Fig. 18a3) and is localized in the cytoplasm. (See Figure 18a5).
- ATBF1 is predominantly cytochrome-stained and has no strong nuclear staining (See Figure 18b2.)
- ATBF1 was a mixture of cells present in the cytoplasm and cells lacking ATBF1 (see Figure 19a2).
- ATBF1 is a signet-ring cell carcinoma in a normal gastric cancer primary site and shows a mixture of cells that are localized in the cytoplasm and cells that lack ATBF1 (see Figure 19a2).
- both the lymphatic invasion site (see Fig. 19b2) and the invasion site into the connective tissue of the gallbladder wall (see Fig. 19b3) are completely ATBF1.
- Non-Patent Documents 2, 5, and 7 ATBF1 expression was completely absent at the AFP-producing site of AFP-producing gastric cancer (results not shown).
- ATBF1 loss can be expected to significantly increase the malignancy of gastric cancer.
- the site where ATBF1 is confined only to the nucleus is a part of a well-differentiated cancer and a part of solid low-grade cancer Can be found in
- ATBF1 is either one that lacks the force that is mostly present in the cytoplasm. This result suggests that gastric cancer is generally a tumor with high malignancy, and that the absence of cytoplasmic ATB F1 staining can indicate a further increase in malignancy.
- ATBF1 staining could play an important role in the prediction of tumor malignancy or prognosis in the stomach as well.
- Paget's disease was originally a skin disease concept proposed by Dr. Paget in the breast teat in 1874. Actually, it is an adenocarcinoma that also occurs in various sites other than the mammary gland. Initially, there are only a limited number of large Paget cells in the epidermis with histologically rich nuclei rich in chromatin and abundant and bright vesicles (so-called Carcinoma in situ). It is a malignant disease that infiltrates the dermis as the disease progresses, and further causes lymphatic metastasis and multiple organ invasion.
- ATBF1 expression search (using D1-120) V, went (see Figure 20a).
- Cancer cells that showed distant metastasis have higher malignancy! From the viewpoint of ⁇ and ⁇ ⁇ , the cancer cells in the lymph node metastasis tend to lack ATBF1, corresponding to the results obtained by ATBF1 staining, and Cancer cells present in the tumor-forming tumor can be judged to have the highest malignancy, and the site where ATBF1 on the surface of the dermis begins to infiltrate or the surface of the tumor is in the cytoplasm is the next highest malignancy It can be judged that the site where ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus is the least malignant.
- Paget cells remain in the epithelium as long as ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus, appear in the cytoplasm, infiltrate and form a tumor, and may also be metastasized due to lack of expression.
- ATBF1 staining may be useful for predicting tumor progression and prognosis even in adenocarcinoma such as Paget's disease outside the breast.
- a sample of a 67-year-old woman who was diagnosed as having normal bone marrow puncture due to suspected hematological disease was treated with ATBF1 staining (using D1-120) after formalin fixation.
- the staining of ATBF1 in the bone marrow must be consistent with the group of cells in which bone marrow hematopoietic cells maintain their proliferative capacity and the group of cells that are very susceptible to chemotherapy and radiation (referred to as myelosuppression). It is thought to provide important information for understanding the staining of cancer.
- ATBF1 expression of blood cells released to the periphery is completely different from that in the bone marrow, and expression in the nucleus is very small. Only the cytoplasmic expression was present in the cells (retrieval of lymph nodes and veins of various organs, not shown).
- Small peripheral lung cancer (Development of small peripheral lung cancer, study of progression process, study of usefulness of ATBF1 in determining malignancy)
- GGO gland glass op acity
- AAH pathologically adenomas atypical hyperplasia
- AAH adeno ma-carcinoma sequence concept
- Noguchi classification is applied to BAC of 2 cm or less.
- Noguchi's Type A and B are considered to correspond to non-invasive cancer with 5-year survival rate of 100% without metastasis to lymph nodes.
- AAH or BAC represents lymph node metastasis in 30% and corresponds to early invasive cancer with a 5-year survival rate of 75%.
- GGO pre-cancerous lesions and early lung adenocarcinoma
- the carcinogenesis mechanism in peripheral lung adenocarcinoma is examined by histomorphology, cell biology, molecular biology and pathology It is clear that it is an important issue from the viewpoint of decision of treatment policy and prognosis prediction.
- diagnosis of AAH or BAC lacks definitive diagnostic criteria, such as biopsy diagnosis, cytodiagnosis diagnosis or rapid diagnosis at the time of surgery, and it is a problem for pathologists and surgeons who are not so easy. The current situation is.
- BAC Localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
- ATBF1 nucleus Intracytoplasmic site
- ATBF1 staining is attracting attention in the development of small peripheral-type adenocarcinoma, study of the progression process, and determination of the malignancy of carcinomas detected early.
- AAH Like AAH, high-grade AAH was mainly stained with 1S nuclei, which also contains ATBF1-stained sites in the cytoplasm.
- ATBF1 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm in all cases (results not shown).
- AAH the difference between the main body of nuclei and in BAC (Noguchi Type A and B), the cytoplasmic body and ATBF1 expression sites were clear.
- ATBF1 staining will be applied to surgically resected peripheral small lung tumors to investigate not only future prognostic studies but also cell biological characteristics. Useful for improving the accuracy of qualitative pathological diagnosis and preventing excessive surgical treatment It is expected to lead to.
- Normal lung is originally a tissue with a high expression level of ATBF1, and even normal lung tissue is type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, etc., and shows a small amount of ATBF1 staining (using D1-120).
- alveolar epithelial cancer or atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
- the ATBF1 level in the whole cells of the cancer cells was overwhelmingly increased by microscopic observation at low magnification (64-year-old male, 57-year-old male).
- a female example is presented, see Figure 23). Therefore, it was expected that cancer tissue or precancerous lesion could be distinguished from normal tissue only by the fact that ATBF1 staining was high.
- the AT BF1 staining method can be a useful discrimination tool for beginners of pathological diagnosis.
- Lung adenocarcinoma (Possibility as an index for selection of chemotherapy for advanced lung adenocarcinoma) Advanced lung cancer has a high possibility of recurrence after surgery. Treatment for relapses and metastases is becoming an increasingly important choice for prolonging life and giving patients a better life expectancy. In particular, there is no standard treatment for adenocarcinoma that continues to increase. Depending on the case, chemotherapy may be effective or ineffective, and for patients with local recurrence, lymph nodes and other organ metastases, there is no indication of chemical therapy selection, and the patient is burdened with unnecessary chemotherapy In some cases, as a result, surgical removal may be a regret.
- CT shows clear swelling of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (see Fig. 25al), but almost 4 months after chemotherapy. Disappeared (see Figure 25a2).
- ATBF1 had a mixture of sites showing clear staining in the cytoplasm and sites showing nuclear staining (see Figure 25a4).
- the ineffective case was a histologically well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (see Figure 25b3), and a CT showed a metastatic tumor (see Figure 25bl) at the upper left pole.
- a CT showed a metastatic tumor (see Figure 25bl) at the upper left pole.
- the tumors clearly increased after 4 months (see Figure 25b2).
- the expression of ATBF1 was small, all was restricted to the cytoplasm, and nuclear staining was not observed (see Figure 25b4).
- ATBF1 in the nucleus is thought to mean cell cycle arrest via p21, ease of chemical and radiotherapy, while the presence of ATBF1 cytoplasm is the proliferation of cells. It is assumed that it means a strong nature and the difficulty of various treatments. In this case, tumor cells with ATBF1 localization coexisted in the nucleus where the expression level of ATBF1 in the tumor cells is markedly large in the chemotherapy effective cases. On the other hand, ineffective cases, the amount of ATBF1 expressed in tumor cells was small, and ATBF1 was localized in the cytoplasm or tended to lack expression.
- Small cell lung cancer accounts for about 15-20% of all lung cancers. Compared to non-small cell carcinoma, it is characterized by early metastasis.At diagnosis, more than 70% of mediastinal lymph node metastases are recognized, and about 60% have distant metastases. It is only 4% force that no metastasis is recognized.
- ATBF1 staining using D1-120
- 4 cases all males 78, 52, 67, and 70 years
- ATBF1 in tumor cells It was investigated.
- the amount of ATBF1 in small cell carcinoma cells is very large.
- cytoplasmic staining sites There are various types of cytoplasmic staining sites, nuclei staining sites, and a mixture of both staining sites. (See Figure 26). The proportions varied from case to case and were not constant.
- the presence of ATBF1 in the nucleus means cell cycle arrest via p21, ease of chemical and radiotherapy, and the presence of ATBF1 cytoplasm has a strong cell proliferative potential. It is assumed to mean the difficulty of various treatments.
- the expression level of ATBF1 is significantly higher than the other types of tumor cells searched for in addition to the various cytoplasm, as well as various tumor cells in which ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus. It was a characteristic that it was mixed at the rate of. This search result seems to fit well with the characteristics that small cell lung cancer has a very high tumor growth rate but is highly sensitive to anticancer drugs and radiation therapy.
- biopsy specimens will be stained with ATBF1, and in particular, by searching the total proportion of tumor cells where ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus, it is possible to treat curable cases (mostly showing staining in the nucleus). Prediction! It is possible that a certain acupuncture can point out cases that are refractory to chemotherapy (predicting that most tumor cells show cytoplasmic staining).
- Neuroblastoma is the most common type of malignant solid tumor in children, with age, stage, Prognostic factors such as the site of occurrence, number of genes and chromosomal abnormalities are known, and the treatment method and prognosis are affected.
- the treatment policy is completely different depending on the judgment of the degree of malignancy, and when treatment is completed by surgery alone, there are cases where treatment can be cured only by chemotherapy.
- advanced cases and high-grade neuroblastomas require powerful and long-term chemotherapy, sometimes requiring ultrahigh-dose chemotherapy using bone marrow transplantation for lifesaving. . Therefore, the current trend is to aim for a more reduced chemotherapeutic protocol for advanced neuroblastoma with a poor prognosis, with the aim of reducing treatment for infant neuroblastoma with a good prognosis.
- ATBF1 was localized in the cytoplasm in most tumor cells (see Figure 27). This result suggests that the presence of cytoplasmic staining by ATBF1 staining can be one of the criteria for determining the high malignancy of tumor groups.
- GIST Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
- Surgical treatment is the first choice of effective treatment for GIST, but there are known cases of recurrent metastasis even after complete resection.
- a tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatib mesylate
- imatib mesylate a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- the absolute criteria for good or malignant GIST are metastasis to distant organs and invasion of surrounding organs.
- the size of the tumor is now used as an important criterion because of the prognosis!
- FIG. 28 shows ATBF1 staining for two cases of GIST (58-year-old female) with primary colon.
- FIG. 28 shows HE stained image, c-kit (CD117) stained image, CD34 stained image, and ATBF1 stained image in order from left to right in both upper and lower stages.
- Meningioma (Study on the usefulness of ATBF1 in the pathological diagnosis and prognosis of meningioma) Meningioma, one of the brain tumors, is derived from meningeal skin cells and has a relatively slow course. It is a tumor with a good prognosis among all brain tumors. Although there are overwhelmingly benign tumors, there are rare cases of malignant progression depending on the histological type, and WHO is graded from low to high atypical grade corresponding to the histological type. The MIB1 labeling index is used as a prognostic estimate, but the prognosis is not easy.
- FIG. Figure 29 shows HE-stained images (al, bl, cl, dl) and ATBF1-stained images (a2, b2, c2, d2) for each case. All tissues in fibrotic meningiomas (low grade g rade I, Fig. 29al, a2) and meningiocutaneous meningiomas (low grade grade I, Fig. 29bl, b2) with no clinical recurrence In the part, ATBF1 staining was observed in the nuclei and no cytoplasmic staining was observed.
- atypical meningioma (intermediate grade grade II, Fig. 29cl, c 2) that repeats recurrent bleeding, and histologically the tumor growth rate is considered to be fast, and the possibility of recurrence in the future is high.
- Clear cell meningioma (intermediate grade grade II, Fig. 29dl, d2) contained cells that showed nuclear ATBF1 staining, nuclear and cytoplasmic ATBF1 staining, and cytoplasmic ATBF1 staining only.
- ATBF1 in the nucleus means cell cycle arrest, ease of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, while the presence in the cytoplasm has strong cell proliferation and the effectiveness of various treatments. It means difficulty. ATBF1 expression sites in Grade I and Grade II tumors The difference was obvious. In the future, it is possible to predict the grade of meningiomas regardless of the histological type by performing ATBF1 staining on surgically removed meningiomas (for example, finding cytoplasmic staining may at least suspect an intermediate variant) In addition, the possibility of recurrence is considered, suggesting the possibility of predicting the need for additional treatments.
- prostate cancer In addition to aging, prostate cancer is increasing year by year due to lifestyle habits and westernization of diets.
- PSA prostate-specific antigen
- the progression of prostate cancer is generally slow, and prostate cancer in the elderly is not treated and only a follow-up policy may be adopted, but the mortality rate after long-term follow-up may be adopted.
- the usefulness of local therapies such as surgery, endocrine therapy, and radiation therapy to prevent elevation has also been demonstrated.
- Recent diagnoses are usually screened by an increase in serum PSA levels and systematic biopsy (eg, 14 power stations) under transrectal ultrasound.
- Prostate cancer is generally adenocarcinoma, Gleason grade system is widely used. This system is not well-organized and accurate in relation to treatment policy decisions and prognosis, and there is still debate among pathologists on the ideal grade sy stem.
- ATBF1 tends to be localized in the nucleus, while Gleason grade is poorly differentiated and prostate cancer with obvious invasion tendency (Gleason grade) In 5B), the presence of ATBF1 tended to be localized in the cytoplasm.
- Gleason grade 3B-4B where Gleason grade is intermediate and histologically determined to be moderately divided, ATBF1 is localized in cases and regions with mixed staining in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- the localization of Gleason grade and ATBF1 is not completely consistent, it was judged as a large tendency that the difference in the localization of ATBF1 is highly likely to be parallel with the level of the Gleason grade.
- ATBF1 is present in the nucleus in cell cycle arrest, chemotherapy, and radiation. It means the effectiveness of therapy, while the presence in the cytoplasm means that the proliferation of cells is strong and the effectiveness of various treatments is difficult.
- the result of this study is that, when searching for biopsy prostate cancer tissue, in addition to determining Gleason grade, combining the search for subcellular localization of ATBF1 makes it possible to determine the prognosis of the patient and determine the treatment policy. It shows the possibility of providing accurate indicators.
- B-cell neoplasm Mantle cell lymphoma
- ATBFl showed a tendency to be lost in most tumor cells with a site present in the cytoplasm.
- ATBFl was either localized in the cytoplasm or missing.
- ATBFl 62-year-old male moderately to poorly differentiated hepa to cellular carcinoma; ATBFl tended to be present in the cytoplasm at the site of the tumor bordering the surrounding capsule. However, there was a tendency for ATBF1 to be lost as it reached the center of the tumor.
- B-cell neoplasma Follicular lymphoma, Grade I
- ATBFl was localized in the cytoplasm in most tumor cells.
- ATBFl was localized in the cytoplasm.
- ATBFl was localized in the cytoplasm in almost all cells.
- ATBF1 is localized in the nucleus in most tumor cells.
- Endocrine tumor ATBFl was confined to the nucleus in almost all tumor cells.
- ATBFl palmar fibromatosis
- each antigen was prepared by the following procedure.
- An antibody (polyclonal or monoclonal) was prepared using each prepared antigen and purified.
- Polyclonal antibodies were prepared and purified in the same manner as described in the D1-120 antibody section, and monoclonal antibodies were prepared and purified in the same manner as in various literatures and documents (for example, ⁇ Enzyme antibody method , Revised 3rd edition ", edited by Keiichi Watanabe and Kazuho Nakane, interdisciplinary planning)
- ATBF1 expression (NT440, 1-12, Dl-120, AT6) in lymphocytes of normal lymphoid tissues around a bronchial lung of a 71-year-old male.
- Lymphoid tissue contains lymphoid follicles, the place where B lymphocytes mature. There is a germinal center in the center of the lymphoid follicle, and B lymphoblasts are present and are dividing and proliferating.
- Be ⁇ 2 expression is absent (see Figure 32A), and the cells undergo proliferative cell proliferation. At the same time, cells undergo apoptotic cells that are frequently transferred to apoptosis.
- Macrophages that phagocytose foreign substances
- the surrounding marginal area In the place where mature B lymphocytes that have completed sorting are stored, these B lymphocytes show high levels of Be 2 expression (see Figure 32A).
- Be 2 protein functions to inhibit apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial force and releasing cytochrome c into the cytoplasm.
- normal B cells stored in the marginal region have acquired a function to suppress apoptosis.
- the staining of ATBF1 obtained with NT440, 1-12, and D1-120 is not particularly different between the germinal center and the marginal region B lymphocytes. NT440, 1-12 is the nucleus, and D1-120 has very high staining.
- ATBF1 is known to bind the oncogene protein c-myb with protein-protein and suppress its function (see Non-Patent Document 8).
- the Myb protein family 1 introduces Be 2 and is considered to be O because it has a function to suppress cell apoptosis ( ⁇ jrassilli, E. et al. Resistance to Apoptosis in CTLL— 2 Cells Overexpressing B-Myb Is Associated with B—Myb— dependent bcl-2 Induction, CAN CER
- This ATBF1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of ATBF1 assumes that ATBF1 is processed and functions at an intermediate position between Dl-120 and AT6, and also expresses the Be 2 protein and escapes apoptosis. If an AT6 site is present in the nucleus, the Be-2 expression is suppressed, and it can be determined that the tumor has low malignancy, and the AT6 site is transferred to the cytoplasm. If this is the case, the suppression of Be ⁇ 2 expression is released, indicating that the malignancy can be judged to be higher (see Fig. 33). [0104] 10-3. Expression of ATBF1 protein in cultured tumor cells (examination of protein fragments by Western blotting using Dl-120)
- ATBF1 assumed in 10-2 is cleaved at several sites and functions in each fraction of cells, a cultured cell line derived from human neuroblastoma, NB1, GOTO; Mouse undifferentiated embryonic cancer cell line P19, SDS-PAGE using anti-ATBF1 antibody (D1 -120) using the above three types of cultured cells,
- P19 cells have neurites-induced to differentiate into eurons.
- the culture dish was peeled off and suspended in PBS (pH 7.4). Suspended cells were collected in a pellet by centrifugation at 200 g for 10 minutes, and the proteinase inhibitor was chilled in ice-cold 1 ysis buffer (10
- SDS-PAGE sample buffer (0.0625 M Tris-HC1, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 5% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol) was mixed and boiled for 2 minutes. After centrifugation at 21,880 g and 4 ° C for 30 minutes, the supernatant was separated and electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel. Since the molecular weight of the ATBF1-A full length is 404 kDa, 4% of the gel for SDS-PAGE was selected. 20 g of protein was mounted on each gel lane.
- PVDF polyvinyldifluoride
- Blocking was performed at Ace (Snow Brand Milk Products, Japan) for 1 hour at room temperature.
- GOTO did not respond to retinoic acid treatment, and there was no change in the protein expression level before and after treatment. From the beginning, protein expression of 230 kDa and 210 kDa was already predominant (see Figure 34 lanes 6 and 7).
- the small size-based ATBF1 expression in GOTO and the fact that 404-kDa ATBF1 cannot be detected are likely to result in the protein being cytoplasmic and simultaneously being fragmented by processing.
- mRNA encoding a small protein may be produced, and a 404-kDa protein cannot be expressed! /, And there is a possibility that a mechanism exists.
- ATBF1 NT440, 1-12, Dl-120, AT6
- GIST Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- Be ⁇ 2 protein Be ⁇ 2 protein.
- c-kit positive, CD34 positive Fig. 35A
- this is a more detailed judgment than the search results of the grade of malignancy with the addition of AT6, and searching for the number of sites in which AT6 is cytoplasmic or missing is the relapse and metastasis of this type of tumor. This suggests the possibility of being an index for predicting the likelihood of occurrence.
- a 56-year-old woman a lymphoma with an enlargement of 3 cm in diameter in the upper right clavicle and right axillary lymph node.
- Pathologically diffuse large cell proliferation see Figure 37A
- B lymphocytes LCA
- CD20 see Figure 37B
- CD79a was positive, almost all tumor cells showed Be 2 protein expression (see Fig. 37E), and were judged to be malignant lymphoma (large cell diffuse B cell).
- ATBF1 NT440, 1-12, Dl-120, AT6
- ATBF1 NT440, 1-12, Dl-120, AT6
- GFAP GFAP
- Bcl-2 GFAP
- BexL GFAP
- MIB1 MIB1
- Glioblastoma is a malignant glioma that occurs frequently in middle-aged and elderly and is a common brain tumor. It is called glioblastoma multiforme because it shows various images both macroscopically and histologically.
- the tissue has large and small necrotic lesions within the tumor, and is characterized by pseudopalisading necrosis.
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP
- the brain tumor treatment code states that “GFAP is expressed in some cells by immunohistochemistry. The frequency and morphology of positive cells are extremely diverse.” The fact that the frequency and form in this text are diverse means that the relationship between GFA P expression and tumor site has not yet been clarified.
- ATBF1 nuclear and cytoplasmic transfer was Yeast two This was a proof of protein-protein binding between ATBF1 and GFAP by the -hybrid method. The binding site is almost the center of AT BF1-A and the C-terminal of GFAP protein. Furthermore, luciferase analysis reveals that ATBF1 increases GFAP promoter activity. By using the four antibodies, the theoretically predicted molecular mechanism could be demonstrated by an actual clinical specimen of glioblastoma multiforme.
- the inventors first compared GFAP expression at the tumor site that forms a solid alveoli and at the necrotic lesion and its surrounding sites.
- the solid growth site shown in Figure 39A1 almost all cells showed strong GFAP expression (see Figure 39A2).
- This tumor is known to have a high frequency of bleeding and necrosis.
- the part surrounded by the arrow in Fig. 39B1 is the part considered to be necrotic tissue, and it is interpreted as the result of necrosis and dropout because the blood flow for nutrition with strong growth is not obscure (ischemic).
- D1-120 is mainly nuclear ( Figure 40bl)
- AT6 is also mainly nuclear ( Figure 40cl)
- MIB1 labeling index is low ( Figure 41al).
- Bc 2 Fig. 41bl
- Bd-XL Fig. 41cl expression
- D1-120 is mainly cytoplasmic ( Figure 40b2)
- AT6 is also mainly cytoplasmic ( Figure 40c2).
- the labeling index was high (Fig. 41a2), and the expression of Bc ⁇ 2 (Fig. 41b2) and Be ⁇ xL (Fig. 41c2) tended to be high.
- NT440 and 1-12 which can detect the N-terminus in ATBF1 expression, are related to the presence or absence of GFAP production.
- the expression was mainly nuclear (see Figs. 42A and B).
- the actual glioblastoma is still a highly malignant tumor, and 80% of the force died within one year when it was discovered. It ’s not possible, the situation continues. Even if the tumor shrinks temporarily with chemotherapy, the gap can be understood by ATBF1 staining that the remaining treatment-resistant cancer cells re-grow, reappear, and progress to death.
- the inventors consider the relationship between ATBF1 localization and GFAP, considering the hypothesis of growth progression from the occurrence of tumor as follows.
- Tumor growth begins early in glioblastoma development. Naturally, tumor blood vessels also grow, but ATBF1 appears in the nucleus when ischemia occurs and DNA damage is applied to the tumor cells (any part of NT440, 1-12, D1-120, AT6 is the nucleus). This stops the cell cycle and promotes the transition to apoptosis. At the same time, ATBF1 expression in the nucleus causes activation of the GFAP promoter. At this stage, there are many cells that are induced to apoptosis before GFAP is expressed (scatter of necrotic areas. Reasons for few GFAP positive cells in the vicinity of necrotic areas).
- Glioblastoma is a tumor with a particularly high malignancy and a poor prognosis. Although the molecular biological mechanism was unknown from the conventional pathological diagnosis, empirically, the ability to produce GFAP has become one of the targets for one evil degree!
- ATBF1 In glioblastoma multiforme, GFAP production is activated due to the expression of ATBF1 in the nucleus. Since ATBF1 and C-terminal half are stabilized in the cytoplasm by protein binding of ATBF1-GFAP, nuclear translocation of ATBF1 is blocked and malignancy is expected to increase.
- the tumor was a 4.0 x 2.8 x 1.7 cm large, superficially elevated tumor present approximately 30 cm from the incisor row (see Figure 43A).
- the tumor cells were diagnosed as neuroendocrine cancer because NSE, S-100 protein were mostly positive, chromograninA, CD56 (NCAM) (see Fig. 43 B) and Synaptophisin were also positive. Invasion to lymphatic vessels was also observed (see Figure 43C).
- the tumor was judged to be a tumor with various divergence directions with a mixture of AE1 / AE3, CAM5.2 positive and clearly epithelial characters, and Vimentin positive and sarcoma-like sites.
- NT440, 1-12 was the nucleus
- Dl-120 and AT6 were cytoplasmic stains at sites showing nest-like and poorly differentiated sequences (see Figure 44A2-E2, G).
- the grade of malignancy is determined by ATBF1
- the well-differentiated sites are both Dl-120 and AT6, and the low-grade malignant sites of both Dl-120 and AT6 can be judged to be both cytoplasmic and high in malignancy. It was.
- tumor pathology suggests that morphologically highly sensitive sites within a tumor are considered to develop slowly, and the tumor grows faster and becomes less differentiated as the malignancy of the tumor increases. It is thought that the shape of the tumor changes mainly in dense sites and eventually shows high progress and distant metastasis. In this case, the grade of malignancy using ATBF1 was judged to be a tumor in which highly differentiated sites had low malignancy but low-grade sites were mixed with those sites with high malignancy. This is interpreted as demonstrating traditional pathological observations using ATBF1. I can do it.
- the first example is a 56-year-old male with a site of lymph node metastasis in unhealthy vaginal cancer of the sinuses.
- MIB1 is a high-grade tumor with most tumor cells labeled (see Figure 45A) and very high expression of Be 2 protein.
- the second example is a 47-year-old female with a site of large-cell diffuse B-cell lymphoma in the brain. It shows diffuse growth around the cerebral blood vessels (see Fig. 46A), CD20 and CD79a are positive (see Fig. 46B and C), can be judged as B cell malignant lymphoma, and Bel-2 protein expression is strong ( (See Figure 46D) High-grade tumor. In these two cases, A TBF1 (NT440, 1-12,
- ATBF1 is used to determine the malignancy of cancer, D1-120 is missing, AT6 is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, and it can be determined that the malignancy is very high.
- ATBF1 ATBF1
- the sites around the tumor are NT440, 1-12 localized in the nucleus (see Bl, B2 and Fig. 49B in Fig. 48), Dl-120 and AT6 are localized mainly in the cytoplasm (B3, B4, Fig. 48 in Fig. 48) 49B).
- the presence of D120 in the cytoplasm means that the tumor is highly malignant, and AT6 is the cytoplasmic main body and there is no contradiction in the expression of Be 2.
- D1-120 are missing (see Figure 48A1, A2, A3, Figure 49A), and AT6 is localized in the nucleus (See Figure 48A4 and Figure 49A).
- the lack of D1-120 means that this tumor is highly malignant, and there is no contradiction that AT6 is mainly cytoplasmic and Be-2 expression is suppressed.
- the staining property that the site corresponding to exon 3 and 10 is missing and only the site corresponding to exon 11 is localized in the nucleus is a new pattern that the inventors have never experienced.
- the search results in this example may increase the degree of malignancy while the processing status of ATBF1 and the localization of expression change depending on the site, even within the same tumor that appears to be completely histologically similar. Means.
- the various large cell diffuse type B lymphomas presented here have different localization sites of ATBF1, and ATBF1 may contribute to a new grade of malignancy within the established tumor concept. It seems to have shown.
- ATBF1 functions by binding protein to the tumor suppressor gene P53. It was assumed that this ATBF1 and p53 complex activated the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene P21, leading to increased expression of p21, stopping the cell cycle, and causing cancer cells to fall into apoptosis. It has also been clarified that when the DNA modification signal is activated by actually acting an alkylating agent (anticancer agent), the expression of ATBF1 can be induced.
- ATBF1 is known to bind to the oncogene protein c-myb and to suppress its function (see Non-Patent Document 8).
- the Myb protein family is also considered to have a function of introducing Bd-2 and suppressing cell apoptosis (Grassilli,
- Anti-ATBF1 antibody recognizes exon 11 of ATBF1, which binds protein-protein to oncogene c-myb (see Non-Patent Document 8). O The result of this histological search is ATBF1 When the protein moves to the nucleus, it can interact with the Myb cancer gene protein, suggesting that it may be involved in the suppression of the be ⁇ 2 gene.
- the cell cycle arrest and transition to apoptosis in cancer cells is not only the total amount of ATBF1 expression but also the intracellular localization of its functional fragments. The fact that it depends heavily on the existence became clear. This is the theoretical basis for the use of multiple antibodies against ATBF1 (including NT440, 1-12, and AT6, which are only D1-120).
- Non-Patent Document 9 clarified that various mutations exist in the gene encoding ATBF1 in prostate cancer, and reported that dysfunction of ATBF1 is one of the causes of prostate cancer. Numerous chromosomal aberrations of number 16 have been reported in various cancer cells other than prostate cancer, but the responsible gene involved in each canceration has not been identified. Non-Patent Document 9 clarifies that ATBF1, which exists in the long arm of No. 16, plays an important role in determining the malignancy of tumors as one of tumor suppressor genes (tumor suppressor genes). .
- Reagent A Anti-ATBF1 antibody stock solution (D1-120)
- B reagent ATBF1 antigen solution
- the reagent A is obtained by adjusting the anti-ATBF1 antibody prepared in Example 2 to 250 / z g / ml.
- the B reagent can be obtained by adjusting the recombinant peptide in which 41 amino acid residues (2114 to 2154: L QTLPAQLPPQLGPVEPLPADLAQLYQHQLNPTLLQQNKR: SEQ ID NO: 1) of mouse ATBF1 prepared at the time of D1-120 antibody preparation are fused to 2 mg / ml.
- the C reagent can be obtained by adjusting GST (for example, Sigma) to 2 mg / ml.
- test tissue excised at the time of surgery or necropsy is fixed with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin in the same procedure as the usual pathological examination.
- Paraformaldehyde fixation may be used instead of formalin for specimens of animal experiments using rats, mice, etc.
- ATBF1 staining and formalin and paraformaldehyde fixation There is no particular difference between ATBF1 staining and formalin and paraformaldehyde fixation.
- the basic method is to use surgical pathological tissue fixed in formalin immediately after collection.
- citrate buffer put 2 liters of citrate buffer in a pressure cooker (which can be used for general cooking) and boil on high heat.
- a commercially available citrate buffer for example, an instant citrate buffer [20-fold concentrated solution RM-102C], pH 6.0, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd.
- RM-102C instant citrate buffer
- pH 6.0 pH 6.0
- anti-ATBF1 antibody (A reagent) may have mixed reactivity with GST! To confirm that DAB color development is not a result of the reactivity of anti-ATBF1 antibody to GST, perform the following procedure.
- the present invention can be used to predict characteristics (including malignancy, prognosis, responsiveness to various treatments) of various cancers (including sarcomas). If the present invention is used, although it is highly likely to cause metastasis or recurrence, it may be pointed out, for example, as intermediate malignancy, even if it is generally regarded as a benign tumor depending on the judgment method used so far. It will be possible. On the other hand, the patient's ability to predict the malignancy of the tumor and the therapeutic effect has resulted in more patient ADL (Activit) in cases where it is necessary to select unnecessary and excessive treatment. It seems to enable treatment that focuses on the improvement of quality of life (y of daily living) and quality of life (QOL).
- the value of the present invention for judging the malignancy of neuroblastoma may be particularly important. Life prognosis and treatment policy of infant patients It is anticipated that the present invention could become a global standard pathological diagnostic criterion as a means of providing an important indicator for making rapid decisions.
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US11/658,784 US7871788B2 (en) | 2004-07-30 | 2005-07-29 | Method of judging grade of malignancy of carcinoma cell using ATBF-1 |
JP2006527867A JP4868152B2 (ja) | 2004-07-30 | 2005-07-29 | 癌細胞の悪性度判定法 |
EP05767060A EP1783231A4 (en) | 2004-07-30 | 2005-07-29 | METHOD OF DEGREE OF DECISION OF MALIGNY OF CARCINOMA CELL |
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JP2009180539A (ja) * | 2008-01-29 | 2009-08-13 | Nec Corp | 病理診断支援装置、病理診断支援方法、およびプログラム |
WO2015190225A1 (ja) * | 2014-06-12 | 2015-12-17 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 診断支援情報生成方法、画像処理装置、診断支援情報生成システム及び画像処理プログラム |
JP2016154521A (ja) * | 2015-02-26 | 2016-09-01 | 学校法人順天堂 | Gistの予後又は治療抵抗性の診断 |
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EP2133694A1 (en) * | 2008-06-11 | 2009-12-16 | Bayer Schering Pharma AG | Method for detection of stromal epitopes |
EP3616213A2 (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2020-03-04 | 4D Path Inc. | Apparatus, systems, and methods for rapid cancer detection |
EP3701852B1 (en) * | 2017-10-26 | 2023-05-10 | FUJIFILM Corporation | Medical image processing device |
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Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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KATAOKA H. ET AL: "Alpha-fetoprotein producing gastric cancer lacks transcription factor ATBF1", ONCOGENE, vol. 20, no. 7, 2001, pages 869 - 873, XP002991709 * |
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JP2009180539A (ja) * | 2008-01-29 | 2009-08-13 | Nec Corp | 病理診断支援装置、病理診断支援方法、およびプログラム |
US8787650B2 (en) | 2008-01-29 | 2014-07-22 | Nec Corporation | Pathological diagnosis support |
WO2015190225A1 (ja) * | 2014-06-12 | 2015-12-17 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 診断支援情報生成方法、画像処理装置、診断支援情報生成システム及び画像処理プログラム |
JPWO2015190225A1 (ja) * | 2014-06-12 | 2017-04-20 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 診断支援情報生成方法、画像処理装置、診断支援情報生成システム及び画像処理プログラム |
JP2016154521A (ja) * | 2015-02-26 | 2016-09-01 | 学校法人順天堂 | Gistの予後又は治療抵抗性の診断 |
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