WO2005072613A1 - 断層撮影装置および方法 - Google Patents
断層撮影装置および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005072613A1 WO2005072613A1 PCT/JP2005/000697 JP2005000697W WO2005072613A1 WO 2005072613 A1 WO2005072613 A1 WO 2005072613A1 JP 2005000697 W JP2005000697 W JP 2005000697W WO 2005072613 A1 WO2005072613 A1 WO 2005072613A1
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- data segment
- projection data
- image
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- segment area
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
- G06T11/003—Reconstruction from projections, e.g. tomography
- G06T11/006—Inverse problem, transformation from projection-space into object-space, e.g. transform methods, back-projection, algebraic methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Devices for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computerised tomographs
- A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/40—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment with arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4064—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment with arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis specially adapted for producing a particular type of beam
- A61B6/4085—Cone-beams
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Devices for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/027—Devices for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis characterised by the use of a particular data acquisition trajectory, e.g. helical or spiral
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S378/00—X-ray or gamma ray systems or devices
- Y10S378/901—Computer tomography program or processor
Definitions
- the present invention provides a high-resolution tomographic image of a subject from projection data obtained from a radiation source and a radiation detector which are configured to be relatively movable in a circumferential direction and a body axis direction with respect to the subject.
- the present invention relates to a tomographic apparatus and method for generating the tomographic image.
- MDCT Multi Detector Row Computer Tomography
- SDCT single-row detector X-ray computer tomography
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the basic differences between a single-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus (SDCT) and a multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus (MDCT).
- SDCT single-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus
- MDCT multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus
- the SDCT has a single row of X-ray detectors 11 for one X-ray source 10 as shown in Fig. 1 (A), and the MDCT has one X-ray source as shown in Fig. 1 (B).
- a plurality of rows (eight rows in the figure) of X-ray detectors 12 are provided for 10.
- each X-ray detector row has a different tilt angle in the direction of the orbital axis. Therefore, the dimensions of the projection data also increase to channels, rows, and tilt angles, and the image re-produced.
- the construction method is complicated and diverse. Therefore, more precision is required, such as the weighted spiral correction backprojection method (two-dimensional reconstruction method) for MDCT, which requires high-speed operation, which is an improvement on the weighted spiral correction backprojection method used in SDCT.
- Reconstruction algorithms in cases such as three-dimensional Radon transform and three-dimensional backprojection (three-dimensional reconstruction)
- Various image reconstruction algorithms have been proposed!
- the reconstruction time per slice of an image is as fast as several seconds to several tens of seconds.
- image reconstruction can be performed in about 0.2 to 0.5 seconds per image slice by using dedicated hardware (DSP board or ASIC).
- DSP board or ASIC dedicated hardware
- the amount of memory required to generate one row of projection data from multiple rows of detectors and perform two-dimensional backprojection is about the same as that of SDCT, which is satisfactory in terms of cost. Therefore, this improved two-dimensional reconstruction method is commonly used in MDCT with two or four detector rows.
- the weighted spiral correction backprojection method uses an algorithm that ignores the beam tilt (cone angle) in the circling direction of X-rays, the MDCT with 16 or more rows of detectors In these cases, the image quality is significantly degraded due to the influence of the cone angle, and the diagnostic accuracy of the tomographic apparatus is reduced. This limits the use of weighted spiral-corrected backprojection to MDCTs with about 2 to 8 rows of detectors that are relatively unaffected by cone angle!
- the three-dimensional backprojection method is an approximate image reconstruction method, but is a relatively high-precision image reconstruction method in consideration of a cone angle.
- the power is on the order of tens of minutes, and it is possible to perform calculations at higher speeds by using dedicated hardware, which is relatively fast and practical. Therefore, development is underway to realize MDCT equipped with this three-dimensional backprojection method.
- One of the problems of the image reconstruction method using a high-precision three-dimensional backprojection method that accurately handles the cone angle is that the image reconstruction method compared to the two-dimensional backprojection method used in the conventional SDCT is used. This means that the amount of memory required for the configuration operation increases significantly.
- the backprojection calculator reads data (projection data) necessary for backprojection also from a node disk, stores it in a high-speed memory (for example, cache memory), and executes backprojection processing using the data in the high-speed memory. ing.
- the amount of memory required for one (one view) backprojection process is The number increases in proportion to the number of columns. For example, in the case of an MDCT having a detector of 128 columns, the required memory amount in the weighted spiral correction backprojection method is 128 times, that is, about 256 [Kbyte].
- processing data amount As described above, as the required memory amount (processing data amount) increases, data cannot be stored in the high-speed memory inside the arithmetic unit, and the low-speed memory connected to the outside of the arithmetic unit cannot store data. It is necessary to temporarily store the processing data and perform the processing while replacing the data as needed. In this case, the processing speed depends on the data transmission speed between the high-speed memory and the low-speed memory, and the operation speed cannot be higher than the transmission speed, causing a delay in the operation time. In addition, even when dedicated hardware is created, a similar delay occurs depending on the data transmission speed. As described above, in order to obtain an operation speed higher than the transmission speed, the power required to increase the capacity of expensive high-speed memory has led to a significant increase in cost, and has been a favorable power.
- Another problem of a high-precision image reconstruction method that correctly handles cone angles is that the computation time used in the conventional SDCT is longer than that of the two-dimensional backprojection method. is there.
- backprojection is performed from a single-row virtual circular orbit image data that has been spiral-corrected by weighting the spiral orbit image data. No column address calculation was required.
- the arithmetic expression of addressing applied to the three-dimensional back projection method of the present invention is not limited to the following expressions (1) and (6), and various arithmetic expressions can be applied.
- x, y, and z are the coordinate positions of the bottom cell I in the image reconstruction area
- ⁇ is the orbital position of the parallel beam
- w, t, and v are the coordinate axes of the detector
- w is the parallel beam.
- T represents an axis in a direction perpendicular to the traveling direction (parallel beam channel direction)
- V represents an axis in a direction of the detector orbit.
- w, t, ⁇ is the parallel beam of ⁇ phase coordinate position
- SOD indicates the distance between the radiation source and the center of rotation.
- Z is
- Z represents the position of the radiation source in the Z-axis direction, and Z represents the position of Z when the orbital phase of the radiation source is 0.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the concept of an image reconstruction method of a single-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus (SDCT).
- Figure 3 shows a multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography (M
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the concept of an image reconstruction method of (DCT).
- DCT image reconstruction method
- the addresses in the x and y directions of the reconstructed image 30 change linearly in the channel direction and non-linearly in the column direction.
- the corresponding detector address also changes linearly in the channel direction.
- the addressing is two-dimensional and the addressing is more complicated than the conventional image reconstruction method as shown in FIG. It has the disadvantage that the data processing required for the projection operation involves a large delay.
- the addressing in the column direction in the three-dimensional backprojection method is a very complicated nonlinear function, and the difficulty in simplification by mathematical transformation is also a major cause of data processing delay.
- a backprojection operation for projecting back to a two-dimensional or three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction region virtually set in the region of interest of the subject is performed by dividing the tomographic reconstruction region into divided regions.
- a backprojection operation for projecting back to a two-dimensional or three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction region virtually set in the region of interest of the subject is performed by dividing the tomographic reconstruction region into divided regions.
- By causing the computer to execute each time it is possible to sequentially perform the tomographic reconstruction calculation for each optimal area (divided area) in consideration of the cache size, thereby increasing the data reuse rate in the cache memory.
- a tomography apparatus has been disclosed which reduces data access to memory, shortens the total data transfer time for tomographic reconstruction, and shortens the tomographic reconstruction calculation time.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a tomography apparatus and method capable of suppressing the increase in the capacity of a high-speed memory and generating a high-quality tomographic image at a high speed without increasing the calculation cost.
- One feature of the tomography apparatus is that a transmission line transmitted through a subject is detected by two-dimensionally arranged detecting means, and a region of interest of the subject is detected from the detected projection data.
- the image reconstruction area of the subject is divided into a plurality of image data segment areas, and the image data is selected from the projection data detected by the detection means.
- the tomographic apparatus divides the image reconstruction area into a plurality of small areas (image data segment areas) in order to reduce the amount of high-speed memory required for backprojection processing, and performs projection obtained by imaging.
- the minimum required projection data segment area is extracted by backprojection calculation processing for each divided image data segment area from the data, and the image data of the small area is extracted using the extracted data of the projection data segment area.
- the back projection calculation processing is executed for each segment area.
- the view direction size of the projection data may be determined according to the high-speed memory capacity that can be used in the image reconstruction processing.
- the image reconstruction region In order to reduce the complexity of the image reconstruction process, it is preferable to divide the image reconstruction region into small regions of the same size when dividing the image reconstruction region into image data segments.
- the size of the projection data segment area in the view direction be one view.
- Another feature of the tomography apparatus is the tomography apparatus having the above-mentioned feature, wherein the processing means sets the address of the detection means for the back-projected projection data to the image data.
- the approximate calculation is performed by an interpolation process based on the addresses of the detection means at a plurality of representative points in the segment area. This is because in the backprojection processing for each image data segment, the address of the detection means at a limited number of representative points on the image data segment area is used using the address of the detection means on the extracted projection data segment. This is calculated by interpolation processing. Thereby, the address calculation of the detecting means in the back projection processing can be performed at high speed.
- FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a basic configuration difference between a single-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus (SDCT) and a multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus (MDCT). .
- SDCT single-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus
- MDCT multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the concept of a back projection image reconstruction method in a single-row detector type X-ray computed tomography apparatus (SDCT).
- SDCT single-row detector type X-ray computed tomography apparatus
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the concept of a backprojection image reconstruction method in a multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus (MDCT).
- MDCT multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an overall configuration of a multi-row detector X-ray computer tomography apparatus which is an embodiment of the tomography apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a view for explaining an example of dividing an image reconstruction area in the tomography apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a projection data segment cut out corresponding to an image data segment formed by dividing an image reconstruction area.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a flow of a process of extracting a projection data segment corresponding to an image data segment.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the concept of the interpolation processing in step S86 in FIG. 7.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an overall configuration of a multi-row detector X-ray computed tomography apparatus as an embodiment of the tomography apparatus according to the present invention.
- the scanning method of this multi-row detector type X-ray computed tomography apparatus is a rotation one bite one state one method (3rd generation).
- This multi-row detector type X-ray computed tomography apparatus is roughly divided into a scanner 40, an operation unit 50, and a bed 60 on which the subject is placed and moved.
- the scanner 40 includes a central controller 400, an X-ray controller 401, a high-voltage generator 402, a high-voltage switching unit 403, an X-ray generator 404, an X-ray detector 405, a preamplifier 406, and a scanner controller 407. , A scanner driving device 408, a collimator control device 409, a bed control device 410, a bed movement measuring device 411, and the like.
- the operation unit 50 includes an input / output device 51 including a display device, an input device, a storage device, and the like, and an image reconstruction operation device. And an arithmetic unit 52 including an image processing device and an image processing device.
- the input device is composed of a mouse, a keyboard, and the like, and is used to input information such as bed moving speed information, measurement of an image reconstruction position, and image reconstruction parameters.
- the storage device stores such information.
- the display device displays such information and various data such as reconstructed images.
- the image reconstruction calculation device processes the projection data obtained from the multi-row detector, and the image processing device performs various processes on the reconstructed image and displays the processed image.
- the central controller 400 controls the imaging conditions (such as bed moving speed, tube current, tube voltage, and slice position) and reconstruction parameters (region of interest, reconstructed image size, inverse Based on the instruction input for the projection phase width, reconstruction filter function, etc., control signals necessary for imaging are transmitted to the X-ray controller 401, the bed controller 410, and the scanner controller 407, and the imaging start signal is transmitted. Receiving starts shooting.
- imaging conditions such as bed moving speed, tube current, tube voltage, and slice position
- reconstruction parameters region of interest, reconstructed image size, inverse
- control signals necessary for imaging are transmitted to the X-ray controller 401, the bed controller 410, and the scanner controller 407, and the imaging start signal is transmitted. Receiving starts shooting.
- a control signal is sent from the X-ray control device 401 to the high-voltage generating device 402, and a high voltage is applied to the X-ray generating device 404 via the high-voltage switching unit 403, and the X-ray generating device 404
- the X-rays emitted from are irradiated on the subject, and the transmitted light is incident on the X-ray detector 405.
- a control signal is sent from the scanner control device 407 to the scanner drive device 408, and the X-ray generator 404, the X-ray detector 405, and the preamplifier 406 are controlled to orbit around the subject.
- the irradiation area of the X-ray emitted from the X-ray generator 404 is controlled by a collimator 412 controlled by a collimator controller 409, and is absorbed (attenuated) by each tissue in the subject. And is detected by the X-ray detector 405.
- the X-rays detected by the X-ray detector 405 are converted to current there, amplified by the preamplifier 406, and input to the arithmetic unit 52 of the operation unit 50 as a projection data signal.
- the projection data signal input to the arithmetic unit 52 is subjected to image reconstruction processing by an image reconstruction arithmetic unit in the arithmetic unit 52. This reconstructed image is stored in a storage device in the input / output device 51, and is displayed on the display device of the input / output device 51 as a CT image.
- the detection elements are arranged in a plurality of rows in the circumferential direction in comparison with the single row detector type CT, and as a whole, the single row detector type CT is used. Wider than CT A wide detector is realized.
- the X-ray beam is orthogonal to the orbital axis.
- the X-ray beam moves away from the midplane (center row) of the detector row. Have an inclination angle (cone angle) in the direction of the orbital axis.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of dividing an image reconstruction area in the tomography apparatus according to this embodiment.
- M 2 mm m is an integer greater than or equal to 0
- N 2 n n is an integer greater than or equal to 0
- L 2 '1 is an integer greater than or equal to 0
- the image reconstruction area By making such a determination, it is possible to divide the image reconstruction area into unit sizes of equal integers in the X, y, and z directions, and to divide each area in the image data segment 61-6p.
- the processing complexity for access can be shared by the image data segments 61-6p, and the processing complexity can be reduced.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a projection data segment cut out corresponding to an image data segment.
- the projection data input from the arithmetic unit 52 is converted into an image data segment 61 by a program stored in the image reconstruction arithmetic unit in the arithmetic unit 52.
- — 63 Divide and extract the small projection data segments 71 — 73 required to reconstruct each and read or store them in high-speed memory. Then, it is stored in the high-speed memory by another program stored in the image reconstruction calculation device in the calculation device 52, and is subjected to back projection processing based on the projection data segments 71-73.
- the projection data area is extracted as a rectangle for simplicity, but may be extracted as a polygon such as a rhombus or a parallelogram.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a flow of a process of extracting a projection data segment corresponding to an image data segment.
- step S81 four corner points (p (xl, yl), p (x2, y2), p (x3, y3), ⁇ (x4, y4)) in the two-dimensional image data segment 61 (Rwl, chl), (rw2, ch2), (rw3, ch3), (rw4, ch4) (address on the detector of the X-ray passing through the four corner points) ) Is calculated by a program stored in the image reconstruction calculation device in the calculation device 52.
- corner of 8 points (p (xl, yl, zl ), p (x2, y2, z2), - ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ ( ⁇ 8, ⁇ 8, ⁇ 8)) corresponding to Calculate the detector address (rwl, chl), ' ⁇ ⁇ , ( ⁇ 8, ( ⁇ 8), respectively, for this projection data segment.
- step S82 the maximum value and the minimum value (max rw, max_ch, min rw, min ch) among the four detector addresses calculated in step S81 are calculated.
- the value of the detector address (1 ⁇ 1, (* 1), ( ⁇ 2, (; 112), (1 ⁇ 3 113), (1 ⁇ 4, (; 114). Can be calculated by comparing
- step S83 In calc cut size () in step S83, based on the address of the detector calculated in step S82, the size (rw size, ch_size) of the projection data segment 71 in the column direction and the channel direction as shown in FIG. ) Is calculated. This size is the maximum and maximum / J of the detector address in step S82, and the value (max rw, max ch, min rw, min ch)
- ch size max ch— min ch
- calc-base-address () of step S84 a reference address (rw base, ch base) on the projection data of the projection data segment 71 shown in Fig. 6 is calculated. This address is the maximum and minimum values of the detector address in step S82.
- step S85 cut_data (), the size of the projection data segment 71 (rw_size, ch_size ) And a reference address (rw_base, ch_base) to extract a projection data segment 71 from the projection data.
- a predetermined fixed size that is sufficient to store the force projection data segment calculated in step S83 for the size of the projection data segment may be used.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the concept of the process in step S86. As shown in Fig. 8, four corner points (p (xl, yl), p (x2, y2), p (x3, y3), p (x4, y4) ), The detector address of the reconstructed pixel point P (x5, y5) is calculated by a linear interpolation process using a program stored in the image reconstruction arithmetic unit in the arithmetic unit 52 based on the detector address corresponding to . Specifically, four points in the corner
- rw5 coeiH * rwl + coeil2 * rw2 + coeil3 * rw3 + coeif4 * rw4
- ch5 coeiH * chl + coeff2 * ch2 + coefl3 * ch3 + coeir4 * ch4
- coeffl, coeffi, coeffi3, and coeff4 are interpolation coefficients, and in the case of Lagrange interpolation, they are expressed as follows.
- a tomographic apparatus using X-rays has been described as an example, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the present invention is also applicable to a tomographic apparatus using neutrons, positrons, gamma rays, and light. .
- the scanning method is not limited to any of the first, second, third, and fourth generation methods.
- a multi-tube CT with multiple X-ray sources and a force sword scan It can be used for CT and electron beam CT.
- the detectors are shaped like a detector placed on a cylindrical surface centered on the X-ray source, a flat detector, a detector placed on a spherical surface centered on the X-ray source, and a cylinder centered on the orbit axis. It can be applied to any detector, such as a detector placed on the surface.
- the present invention is not limited to a spiral orbit scan, but can be applied to a circular orbit scan.
- the image reconstruction area is divided into the same number in the X direction and the y direction.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the image reconstruction area can be divided into different numbers in the X direction and the y direction.
- the image reconstruction area was divided into rectangles in the x, y, z space, the image reconstruction area, which can be divided into polygons such as triangles and octagons, is harmed on polar coordinates. You may.
- the projection data input to the arithmetic unit 52 may be displayed on the display device of the input / output device 51 together with the divided image data segment area by means of display. good. More specifically, a projected image of a subject lying down in front and Z or lateral force is displayed as a scanogram by joining the projection data, and a three-dimensional image reconstruction area is displayed on the scanogram. Is displayed, and how the set 3D image reconstruction area is divided into image data segments is displayed by drawing a dividing line in the 3D image reconstruction area represented by a rectangle or a square. You should be able to do it. Further, a means may be provided for enabling selection of an arbitrary image data segment area from the displayed scanogram via an input / output device from the outside.
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US10/587,128 US7366277B2 (en) | 2004-02-02 | 2005-01-20 | Tomographic device and method therefor |
JP2005517423A JP4648836B2 (ja) | 2004-02-02 | 2005-01-20 | 断層撮影装置および方法 |
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JP2009195483A (ja) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-09-03 | Toshiba Corp | X線ct装置 |
JP2010046357A (ja) * | 2008-08-22 | 2010-03-04 | Toshiba Corp | X線ct装置 |
WO2011122613A1 (ja) * | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-06 | 株式会社 日立メディコ | 再構成演算装置、再構成演算方法、及びx線ct装置 |
JPWO2011122613A1 (ja) * | 2010-03-30 | 2013-07-08 | 株式会社日立メディコ | 再構成演算装置、再構成演算方法、及びx線ct装置 |
US9050003B2 (en) | 2010-03-30 | 2015-06-09 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | Reconstruction computing device, reconstruction computing method, and X-ray CT apparatus |
JP5960048B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-30 | 2016-08-02 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 再構成演算装置、再構成演算方法、及びx線ct装置 |
WO2018235370A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-21 | 2018-12-27 | 株式会社日立製作所 | X線ct装置 |
JP2019004980A (ja) * | 2017-06-21 | 2019-01-17 | 株式会社日立製作所 | X線ct装置 |
US11076815B2 (en) | 2017-06-21 | 2021-08-03 | Hitachi, Ltd. | X-ray CT apparatus |
Also Published As
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US20070165769A1 (en) | 2007-07-19 |
CN1913831A (zh) | 2007-02-14 |
JP4648836B2 (ja) | 2011-03-09 |
JPWO2005072613A1 (ja) | 2007-09-06 |
US7366277B2 (en) | 2008-04-29 |
CN100502785C (zh) | 2009-06-24 |
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