WO2005069473A1 - Composants mems electrostatiques permettant un deplacement vertical important - Google Patents
Composants mems electrostatiques permettant un deplacement vertical important Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005069473A1 WO2005069473A1 PCT/FR2004/050759 FR2004050759W WO2005069473A1 WO 2005069473 A1 WO2005069473 A1 WO 2005069473A1 FR 2004050759 W FR2004050759 W FR 2004050759W WO 2005069473 A1 WO2005069473 A1 WO 2005069473A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- mobile
- fixed
- potential difference
- substrate
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
- H02N1/002—Electrostatic motors
- H02N1/006—Electrostatic motors of the gap-closing type
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrostatic actuation device with improved mechanical performance.
- zipping or “progressive closing or slide” type actuation
- a particular electrostatic actuation for which a movable electrode comes into contact or is pressed along an insulator separating it from a fixed electrode, this movement taking place gradually and almost linearly with the applied voltage.
- Known devices operating on this principle are described in the article by J. Gravensen et al. " “ A New Electrostatic Actuator providing improved Stro e length and Force ", MEMS '92 or in document WO 92/22763.
- none of the existing devices allows a vertical stroke greater than the thickness of the structures which compose it.
- the invention firstly relates to a device or a microdevice for electrostatic actuation, comprising: - at least one flexible electrode, or electrode movable relative to a substrate, - at least one electrode, fixed relative to the substrate, - means forming at least one pivot of the flexible electrode, or at least a portion or a point of this flexible electrode.
- the invention uses a flexible electrode, which will pivot around pivot means when a voltage is applied between the mobile electrode and the fixed electrode or the fixed electrodes.
- the mobile part of the mobile electrode can act as a lever arm in order to transmit a movement to, for example, a load located in a mobile part of this electrode or at its mobile end.
- the pivot means make it possible to obtain a pivot effect without a hinge (difficult to achieve), and without torsion arms (subject to parasitic translations).
- the invention also does not need return arms that are found in most other electrostatic actuators, since the flexible electrode provides its free part with the necessary mechanical return force.
- the invention allows a displacement of a free part or of a free end of the electrode, perpendicular to the substrate, displacement which can have any amplitude, typically from a few microns to a few tens of microns (for example 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m or 100 ⁇ m), and in particular greater than the average thickness of the layers encountered in the microelectronics field, average thickness which may for example be of the order of a few ⁇ m, for example between 1 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m.
- This is advantageous since the production, in this area, of thick structural or sacrificial layers, which can ensure displacement beyond a few ⁇ m, is difficult.
- a load can be placed on the flexible electrode, on the side of a mobile end or on a mobile part, for example between two pivots.
- This load can be a mechanical load, and / or an electrical contact, and / or an electrical or optical component or even a membrane, in particular forming a mirror.
- Each fixed electrode is preferably located between means forming a pivot and one end of the flexible electrode adjacent to these means.
- An insulating layer makes it possible to separate each fixed electrode and the mobile electrode, this insulating layer being on the substrate or on the mobile electrode.
- the pivot means may include one or more pads, fixed relative to the substrate, each pad may advantageously have a rounded end.
- the means forming a pivot comprise at least one arm disposed laterally with respect to the flexible electrode, or two arms arranged on either side of this electrode.
- the invention also relates to an electro-static actuation device, comprising: - a flexible electrode, having first and second ends, at least a part of this electrode being movable relative to a substrate, - two electrodes, fixed by relation to the substrate, - des. means, forming two pivots of the flexible electrode, located between the two ends of the flexible electrode.
- each of the two fixed electrodes, or at least a part of each of these fixed electrodes is located opposite a portion of the mobile electrode located between one of the pivot means and the end of the electrode which is the closest to these means.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing an electrostatic actuation device, comprising: - the formation of a first part comprising a flexible electrode, having a first and a second end, - the formation of a second part comprising a substrate, two electrodes, fixed relative to the substrate, and means, intended to form two pivots of the flexible electrode, -
- the assembly of the first and second parts, at least part of the flexible electrode being, after assembly, movable relative to a substrate, the means forming two pivots of the flexible electrode being located between the two ends of the flexible electrode.
- the assembly can be carried out by gluing, or sealing, or by simple contact, by depositing one part on the other.
- Such a method can also include a step of forming a dielectric layer on the mobile electrode and / or on at least the two fixed electrodes and optionally on the stud (s).
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a deformable membrane, comprising: - the production of an electro-static actuation device according to the invention, - the formation of a membrane, and means for fixing this membrane with flexible electrode.
- the membrane, and the means for fixing this membrane to the flexible electrode can be produced on or with the flexible electrode.
- the membrane may serve as, or be the membrane of, a mirror or a wavefront corrector.
- a device according to the invention can be produced in at least two parts, which are then simply stacked one on the other and assembled or simply placed one on the other.
- the invention also relates to a method of operating a device according to the invention, in which: - a potential difference is applied between the mobile electrode and each fixed electrode, called first and second fixed electrode respectively, this potential difference generating an electrostatic force in attraction between the two electrodes of each pair of electrodes (mobile electrode, fixed electrode), so that: - the means forming pivots constitute support points for the mobile structure, when the latter is attracted by one and / or the other of the fixed electrodes, the central part of the flexible electrode, or the part of this flexible electrode situated between the means forming pivots, moving, or rising and falling, under the effect of mechanical forces, while the side parts are subjected to electrostatic forces.
- the invention also relates to a method of operating a device according to the invention, in which: - a potential difference is applied between the mobile electrode and each fixed electrode, called first and second fixed electrode respectively, this potential difference generating an electrostatic force in attraction between the two electrodes of each pair of electrodes (mobile electrode, fixed electrode), so that: - if the potential difference between the first fixed electrode and the mobile electrode is reduced, and if the potential difference between the second fixed electrode is increased and the mobile electrode, the mobile structure gradually switches to the side of the first fixed electrode, - if the potential difference between the first fixed electrode and the mobile electrode is increased, and if the potential difference between the second electrode is decreased fixed and the mobile electrode, the mobile structure gradually switches to the side of the second fixed electrode, - if the potential difference between the first fixed electrode and the mobile electrode is reduced, and if the potential difference between the potential is simultaneously reduced second fixed electrode and the movable electrode, the movable structure descends towards the substrate, along an axis called the axis ZZ ', - if the difference
- FIG. 1 represents a first embodiment of the invention
- - Figure 2 shows another embodiment of the invention, with a symmetrized structure
- - Figures 3A and 3B show stages in the production of a 'device according to
- FIG. 1 An example of a device according to the invention is shown in FIG. 1.
- a fixed electrode 12 is located opposite a mobile or flexible electrode 10.
- a point, or a zone, of this flexible electrode rests on a stop or a stud or pivot 18, positioned in lateral offset, in the direction XX ', relative to the free end 16 of the flexible electrode which may be the location of a load.
- the latter is for example a mechanical load or a mechanical or electrical contact or an electrical or optical component.
- the load is therefore on the free side 17 of the electrode 10, or near the end 16, called the free end, that is to say on the side of the electrode 10 not located opposite the electrode fixed 12 or located between the area or the portion of the flexible electrode which rests on the pivot and the free end of the flexible electrode.
- the load can be placed on either side of the electrode 10.
- the pivot 18 is located between the free end 16 and the end 11 of the electrode 10 which, in operation, is fixed or immobile relative to the substrate. Subsequently, this end 11 will also be called a fixed end, which does not mean that it is necessarily fixed to the substrate (although it may be).
- the pivot 18 is for example substantially located towards the middle of the electrode 10 in the direction XX '.
- the fixed electrode is located at the height, or opposite a portion of the flexible electrode between the end 11 and the pivot 18, or cooperates with such a portion to attract it by electrostatic effect.
- This assembly is also called actuator.
- the mobile structure 10 is isolated from the fixed electrode 12 by one or more insulating layers 20.
- the assembly rests on a substrate 22.
- the insulating layer is located on the fixed structure, as illustrated in FIG. 1, but it can also be on the mobile structure, this comprising for example a bilayer comprising an insulating layer and an electrode layer. It is the same for the pivot 18.
- the assembly rests on a substrate 22.
- the pivot 18 makes it possible to maintain a point of the movable electrode at a minimum height, possibly at a fixed height, relative to the substrate 22.
- the pivot has a height for example of between 1 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m or 20 ⁇ m.
- the flexible electrode 10, for its part, has a length L which can be of the order of a few hundred ⁇ m or even between, for example, 50 ⁇ m and 1 mm.
- the clearance or the amplitude of movement of the free end 16 can, under these conditions, be of the order of a few microns to a few tens of microns, it is for example between 5 ⁇ m or 10 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m or 150 .mu.m.
- the width of the electrode 10, measured in a direction perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1, is of the order of a few tens of ⁇ m or a few hundred ⁇ m, for example between
- a potential difference is applied between the flexible or mobile electrode 10 and the fixed electrode 12. This potential difference generates between these two electrodes, and in a contact zone 15 located between the end 11 and the pivot or the stud 18, an electrostatic force in attraction. This force is easily controllable with the difference in potential. Means of controlling this potential difference can be provided, but are not shown on the figure.
- the electrode 10 and the pad can be made of a conductive or semiconductor material, which makes it possible to apply a voltage to the electrode 10 via the pad 18.
- the flexible electrode 10 exerts an elastic force, and tends to resume its original rectilinear shape, hence a tendency to reduce the contact area 15. If the potential difference (ddp) between the fixed electrode 12 and the electrode 10 is reduced, the intrinsic stiffness of the electrode 10 recalls the load downwards, and therefore the lever arm 17 moves downward along the axis ZZ ', towards the substrate 22. If the ddp between the fixed electrode 12 and the electrode 10 is increased, the arm lever 17 moves upward along the axis ZZ ', and therefore moves the load 16 away from the substrate 22. This part 17 of the electrode 10 located on the other side of the pivot 18 relative to the fixed electrode undergoes a mechanical restoring force. The pivot 18 constitutes a fulcrum for the mobile structure.
- this pivot is a stud.
- the top of this pad, or the contact zone between the pad and the electrode 10 can be rounded to facilitate the pivoting of the membrane, limit the parasitic horizontal movements, along the axis XX ', and also limit the wear of the mobile electrode in its zone of contact with the stud.
- Other means can be used to make the pivot: for example a mechanical arm on one side of the electrode 10, two mechanical arms on either side of the electrode 10, which has the advantage of limiting the lateral movement (perpendicular to the plane of Figure 1) of this point.
- the pivot 18 can be built in the mobile part, or in the fixed parts. It can be placed below, or in the plane of the mobile part 10.
- a device according to the invention therefore comprises: - a flexible electrode, at least one end of which is, in operation, fixed relative to a substrate, and of which another end is movable relative to this substrate, a part of the electrode situated between these two ends being thus movable relative to the substrate, - at least one electrode, fixed relative to the substrate, - means forming a pivot of the 'flexible electrode, and located between its fixed end and its movable end.
- a fixed electrode 32, 34 is located opposite each end of a mobile or flexible electrode 30, two points of which each rest on a stop or a stud or a pivot 18, 28, or in front of a portion of this flexible electrode situated between the end in contact with the insulating layer and the pivot closest to this end.
- These two studs or pivots can be positioned on either side of the location 36 of a load, for example a mechanical load or a mechanical or electrical contact or an electrical or optical component.
- the mobile structure 30 is, again, isolated from the fixed electrodes 32, 34 by one or more insulating layers 20, located on the fixed structure, as illustrated in FIG. 2, but which can also be on the mobile structure, as already described above.
- the dimensions of the movable membrane, and the height of the pivots 18, 28 can be identical or similar to those already indicated above in connection with FIG. 1.
- the pivots can have the form of studs, possibly with a rounded top for the reasons already explained, or may have the form of one or two lateral arms.
- a potential difference is applied between the movable electrode 30 and each fixed electrode 32, 34. This potential difference generates a force electrostatic attraction between the two electrodes of each pair of electrodes (mobile electrode, fixed electrode). This force is easily controllable with the difference in potential.
- the membrane as well as the studs can be of conductive or semiconductor material, or comprise elements of such materials, which makes it possible to apply a tension to the membrane via the studs 18, 28. It is also possible to make holes for connection, then to deposit a polycrystalline Si, before etching the mobile membrane and releasing it (this step being explained later in relation to a production process). If the potential difference (ddp) between the fixed electrode 32 and the mobile electrode 30 is reduced, and if the ddp between the fixed electrode 34 and the mobile electrode 30 is increased, the mobile structure gradually switches to the side of the fixed electrode 32.
- the mobile structure gradually switches to the side of the fixed electrode 34. If the potential difference (ddp) between the fixed electrode 32 and the mobile electrode 30 is reduced, and if the ddp between the fixed electrode 34 and the mobile electrode 30 is simultaneously reduced, the mobile structure, and therefore the load 16, descends towards the substrate, along the axis ZZ '.
- the pivots 18, 28 thus constitute support points for the mobile structure, when the latter is attracted by one and / or the other of the fixed electrodes 32, 34: in fact the central part 31 of the membrane, or the part located between the pivots 18, 28, moves, or moves up and down, under the effect of mechanical forces, while the lateral surfaces are subjected to electrostatic forces.
- the invention therefore also relates to an electro-static actuation device, comprising: - a flexible electrode 10, which has two ends, this electrode being movable relative to a substrate; - two electrodes 32, 34, which are fixed relative to the substrate, - means 18, 28, forming two pivots of the flexible electrode, and which are located between the two ends of the flexible electrode.
- the ends of the flexible electrode are, in operation, fixed relative to a substrate, a part of the electrode, situated between these two ends, being movable relative to the substrate.
- This double actuator can be used to vertically or laterally deform a membrane 40, for example serving as a mirror or corrector of a wave front.
- Such a membrane is fixed on the side opposite to the substrate at a point or an area of the movable membrane 10 for example by a stud 38. It is also fixed laterally, at its ends 42, 44, for example on the substrate 22 or on a insulating layer 20 which covers it. This fixing can be carried out using studs 43, 45 advantageously made during the same technological step as studs 18, 28. It is possible to produce a plurality of flexible electrodes, and a membrane 40. The assembly constituted membrane and flexible electrodes can then be placed on a substrate comprising a matrix of pairs of rigid electrodes 32, 34 and corresponding pairs of studs 18, 28 (FIG. 2) for each flexible electrode. The movement of the membrane 40 is then controlled by the movement of all of the flexible electrodes.
- a membrane control device 40 is thus produced, which can for example have the function of a deformable mirror.
- a method for producing a device according to the invention implements photolithography techniques, etching of substrates.
- a flexible electrode can be formed in a layer on a first substrate, by etching. It is also possible to make connection holes, then to deposit a material capable of making connections, such as for example If polycrystalline, before etching the mobile membrane and releasing it.
- the pivot means and the fixed electrodes can be formed on a second substrate, by deposition and etching. They are for example made of polysilicon, and can be covered with a dielectric layer which makes it possible to isolate them from the mobile electrode.
- a method for producing an electrostatic actuation device can therefore comprise: - a step of forming a flexible electrode on a first substrate, - a step of forming, in a second substrate, means forming at at least one pivot, and at least one electrode fixed relative to this second substrate.
- a step of assembling or bringing the flexible electrode and the second substrate is carried out.
- the number and the position of the pads and of the fixed electrodes are adapted.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B represent two stages in the preparation of a device according to FIG.
- the assembly of the two elements thus formed leads to the device of FIG. 2.
- the invention can be implemented in the form of an electrostatic MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) component making it possible to obtain a significant vertical displacement, substantially linear as a function of tension, while enjoying significant strength.
- the invention therefore allows the realization of a device according to the invention from two separate parts assembled.
- the first part comprises the substrate 22, the fixed electrode 12 or the fixed electrodes 32, 34, the stud (s) 18, 28, and possibly the studs 43,
- the second part comprises the flexible electrode 16,
- FIG. 4A an SOI substrate 49 is covered with a layer 52 of oxide, and with a layer 54 of polysilicon, all on the surface layer 51 of the SOI substrate.
- FIG. 4B openings 56, 58 are made in the layer 54 of polysilicon, by photolithography and etching.
- the wide openings 56 define the pattern of the polysilicon structures.
- the smaller openings 58 are in fact etching holes which will free the polysilicon structures.
- FIG. 4C the membrane is released by photolithography and etching from the rear face 57.
- FIG. 4D a deoxidation step, therefore releasing the membrane 54, is carried out by attacking the layer.
- a dielectric layer 72 (for example made of an insulating oxide) will be produced, fixed electrodes 76, pads 78, as well as connection means making it possible to address each actuator. individually.
- the fixed electrodes 76 and the pads 78 are produced in the polysilicon layer, which itself rests on the layer 72.
- An etching, done in two stages, makes it possible to create two different thicknesses, one for the pads 78, l 'other for the electrodes 76.
- the 4 pads 78 shown in Figure 4E will allow to form the 4 pads 18, 28, 43, 45 of 5 of Figure 2 and are therefore arranged correspondingly.
- any other dielectric layer 80 makes it possible to isolate the two electrodes.
- the first substrate 49, as obtained and as illustrated in FIG. 4D can then be turned over, placed on the second substrate 70, as obtained at the end of step 4F, to connect the mobile electrode by “bonding” (or molecular assembly).
- bonding or molecular assembly
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/583,718 US20070103843A1 (en) | 2003-12-26 | 2004-12-23 | Electrostatic mems components permitting a large vertical displacement |
JP2006546293A JP2007517489A (ja) | 2003-12-26 | 2004-12-23 | 大きな鉛直方向移動を可能とする静電式mems素子 |
EP04816606A EP1698043A1 (fr) | 2003-12-26 | 2004-12-23 | Composants mems electrostatiques permettant un deplacement vertical important |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0351211A FR2864527B1 (fr) | 2003-12-26 | 2003-12-26 | Composants mems electrostatiques permettant un deplacement vertical important |
FR0351211 | 2003-12-26 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2005069473A1 true WO2005069473A1 (fr) | 2005-07-28 |
Family
ID=34639764
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/FR2004/050759 WO2005069473A1 (fr) | 2003-12-26 | 2004-12-23 | Composants mems electrostatiques permettant un deplacement vertical important |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070103843A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1698043A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2007517489A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2864527B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005069473A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2864526B1 (fr) * | 2003-12-26 | 2006-10-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Dispositif d'actionnement electrostatique |
FR2887537B1 (fr) * | 2005-06-23 | 2007-09-07 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Actionneur electrostatique, dispositif comportant de tels actionneurs, microsysteme comportant un tel dispositif et procede de realisation d'un tel actionneur |
WO2009079460A1 (fr) * | 2007-12-14 | 2009-06-25 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Microactionneur électrothermique pour déplacement vertical important sans inclinaison ou glissement latéral |
JP7315827B2 (ja) * | 2019-07-01 | 2023-07-27 | ミツミ電機株式会社 | 光走査装置及びその制御方法 |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020171327A1 (en) * | 2000-04-11 | 2002-11-21 | Miller Samuel Lee | Microelectromechanical apparatus for elevating and tilting a platform |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5805375A (en) * | 1994-08-01 | 1998-09-08 | International Business Machines Corporation | Wobble motor microactuator for fine positioning and disk drive incorporating the microactuator |
US6384952B1 (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 2002-05-07 | Mems Optical Inc. | Vertical comb drive actuated deformable mirror device and method |
US6366414B1 (en) * | 1999-09-03 | 2002-04-02 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Micro-electro-mechanical optical device |
SE0101182D0 (sv) * | 2001-04-02 | 2001-04-02 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | Micro electromechanical switches |
US6900915B2 (en) * | 2001-11-14 | 2005-05-31 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Light deflecting method and apparatus efficiently using a floating mirror |
US6608268B1 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2003-08-19 | Memtronics, A Division Of Cogent Solutions, Inc. | Proximity micro-electro-mechanical system |
FR2864526B1 (fr) * | 2003-12-26 | 2006-10-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Dispositif d'actionnement electrostatique |
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2003
- 2003-12-26 FR FR0351211A patent/FR2864527B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-12-23 JP JP2006546293A patent/JP2007517489A/ja active Pending
- 2004-12-23 US US10/583,718 patent/US20070103843A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-12-23 WO PCT/FR2004/050759 patent/WO2005069473A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-12-23 EP EP04816606A patent/EP1698043A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020171327A1 (en) * | 2000-04-11 | 2002-11-21 | Miller Samuel Lee | Microelectromechanical apparatus for elevating and tilting a platform |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
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AKSYUK V A ET AL: "Optically-powered optical power limiter for use in lightwave networks", MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, 1999. MEMS '99. TWELFTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ORLANDO, FL, USA 17-21 JAN. 1999, PISCATAWAY, NJ, USA,IEEE, US, 17 January 1999 (1999-01-17), pages 344 - 348, XP010321679, ISBN: 0-7803-5194-0 * |
BIFANO T G ET AL: "CONTINUOUS-MEMBRANE SURFACE-MICROMACHINED SILICON DEFORMABLE MIRROR", OPTICAL ENGINEERING, SOC. OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS. BELLINGHAM, US, vol. 36, no. 5, 1 May 1997 (1997-05-01), pages 1354 - 1359, XP000692365, ISSN: 0091-3286 * |
KRISHNAMOORTHY MALI R ET AL: "DEVELOPMENT OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL DEFORMABELE MIRRORS FOR PHASEMODULATION OF LIGHT", OPTICAL ENGINEERING, SOC. OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS. BELLINGHAM, US, vol. 36, no. 2, 1 February 1997 (1997-02-01), pages 542 - 548, XP000686879, ISSN: 0091-3286 * |
VAN DER WIJNGAART W ET AL: "A high-stroke, high-pressure electrostatic actuator for valve applications", SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A, ELSEVIER SEQUOIA S.A., LAUSANNE, CH, vol. 100, no. 2-3, 1 September 2002 (2002-09-01), pages 264 - 271, XP004374984, ISSN: 0924-4247 * |
ZHOU T ET AL: "MEMS-based 14 GHz resolution dynamic optical filter", ELECTRONICS LETTERS, IEE STEVENAGE, GB, vol. 39, no. 24, 27 November 2003 (2003-11-27), pages 1744 - 1746, XP006024469, ISSN: 0013-5194 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2864527B1 (fr) | 2008-04-18 |
EP1698043A1 (fr) | 2006-09-06 |
US20070103843A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 |
JP2007517489A (ja) | 2007-06-28 |
FR2864527A1 (fr) | 2005-07-01 |
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