WO2005023115A1 - Strahlenschutzmaterial auf silikonbasis - Google Patents
Strahlenschutzmaterial auf silikonbasis Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005023115A1 WO2005023115A1 PCT/EP2004/009854 EP2004009854W WO2005023115A1 WO 2005023115 A1 WO2005023115 A1 WO 2005023115A1 EP 2004009854 W EP2004009854 W EP 2004009854W WO 2005023115 A1 WO2005023115 A1 WO 2005023115A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lead
- weight
- compounds
- replacement material
- lead replacement
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F1/00—Shielding characterised by the composition of the materials
- G21F1/02—Selection of uniform shielding materials
- G21F1/10—Organic substances; Dispersions in organic carriers
- G21F1/103—Dispersions in organic carriers
- G21F1/106—Dispersions in organic carriers metallic dispersions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F1/00—Shielding characterised by the composition of the materials
- G21F1/12—Laminated shielding materials
- G21F1/125—Laminated shielding materials comprising metals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F3/00—Shielding characterised by its physical form, e.g. granules, or shape of the material
- G21F3/02—Clothing
- G21F3/03—Aprons
Definitions
- the invention relates to a light lead replacement material for radiation protection purposes in the energy range of an X-ray tube with a voltage of 60-140 kV.
- Conventional radiation protection clothing for use in X-ray diagnostics usually contains lead or lead oxide as a protective material.
- EP 0 371 699 A1 proposes a material which, in addition to a polymer as a matrix, also has elements of higher atomic numbers. A large number of metals are mentioned.
- DE 102 34 159 AI describes a lead replacement material for radiation protection purposes in the energy range of an X-ray tube with a voltage of 60-125 kV.
- Matrix material means the backing layer for the protective materials, which are made, for example, of rubber, latex, flexible or solid
- Polymers can exist. On the one hand, it is desirable for the end product to be as light, elastic and flexible as possible without it being subsequently processed
- the degree of weakening or the lead equivalent (International Standard IEC 61331-1, Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation) of the respective material shows a sometimes very pronounced dependence on the radiation energy, which is a function of the voltage of the X-ray tube.
- lead-free materials Compared to lead, lead-free materials have a partly very different absorption behavior depending on the X-ray energy. Therefore, an advantageous combination of different elements is required to simulate the absorption behavior of lead while maximizing weight saving.
- the known radiation protection clothing made of lead-free material has a more or less strong decrease in absorption compared to lead below 70 kV and above 110 kV, in particular above 125 kV. This means that in order to achieve the same shielding effect as with lead-containing material, a higher basis weight of the protective clothing is required for this area of the tube tension.
- a radiation protection material is known from US 2002/0179860, which comprises a rubber and a metal, such as tungsten and / or bismuth. Silicone rubber is mentioned as the rubber to be used.
- the radiation protection materials offer protection in an energy range from 1173 kV to 1 332 kV.
- Total lead equivalent in a protective layer-like structure of a lead substitute material means the lead equivalent of the sum of all protective layers.
- Total nominal lead equivalent means the lead equivalent to be specified by the manufacturer for personal protective equipment in accordance with DIN EN 61331-3.
- X-ray voltages of up to 140 kV occur.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a lead substitute material which can be used over a wide energy range of an X-ray tube, that is to say over a large energy range, and at the same time contains a matrix material which is environmentally compatible and free from pollutants, against UV radiation is stable.
- the object of the invention is achieved by a lead substitute material for radiation protection purposes in the energy range of an X-ray tube with a voltage of 60-140 kV, the lead substitute material 12-22% by weight of a silicone-based material as the matrix material, 1-75% by weight. % Tin or tin compounds, 0-73% by weight tungsten or tungsten compounds, 0-80% by weight bismuth or bismuth compounds. The mixture records nominal total lead equivalents of 0.25-2.0 mm.
- the solution to the problem was to find a material selection with regard to the matrix material and the lead substitute metals and their quantity selection, which the X-rays can also be shielded effectively in the high energy range, while at the same time the choice of the silicone-based material provides a lead substitute material which, while maintaining high elasticity, can meet the environmental requirements described above.
- the lead replacement material is characterized in that it contains 12-22% by weight of silicone-based matrix material, 1-39% by weight of Sn or Sn compounds, 0-60% by weight of W or W -Compounds and 0-60 wt .-% Bi or Bi compounds includes.
- the lead replacement material is characterized in that it contains 12-22% by weight of silicone-based matrix material, 1-39% by weight of Sn or Sn compounds, 16-60% by weight of W or W compounds and 16-60 wt .-% Bi or Bi compounds.
- the lead replacement material is characterized in that it contains 12-22% by weight of matrix material based on silicone, 40-60% by weight of Sn or Sn compounds, 7-15% by weight of W or W compounds and 7-15 wt .-% Bi or Bi compounds.
- any silicone-based material is suitable as the matrix material, provided that it ensures a completely homogeneous, fine, uniform distribution of the metals or their compound.
- Preferred silicone rubbers are those which have alkyl groups, vinyl groups and / or phenyl groups on the polymer chain. Has been particularly suitable silicone rubber proved. Examples include dimethyl silicone rubber, phenylmethyl rubber, phenyl silicone rubber and polyvinyl rubber.
- the lead substitute material is characterized in that it additionally contains up to 40% by weight of one or more of the following elements Er, Ho, Dy, Tb, Gd, Eu, Sm and / or their compounds and / or Csl includes.
- the following table 1 shows the mass attenuation coefficients of lead-free protective materials outside the absorption edges at various photon energies.
- the elements to be used advantageously for the respective energy are underlined.
- the lead substitute material which additionally comprises one or more of the elements Er, Ho, Dy, Tb, Gd, Eu, Sm and / or their compounds and / or Csl. In this way, the weight of the protective clothing can be significantly reduced.
- the individual elements can be compiled in accordance with Table 1 in such a way that a certain energy range is covered or that the weakening is as uniform as possible over a larger energy range.
- the lead substitute material is characterized in that it additionally comprises up to 40% by weight of one or more of the following elements Ta, Hf, Lu, Yb, Tm, Th, U and / or their compounds.
- metals Er, Ho, Dy, Tb, Gd, Eu, Sm, Ta, Hf, Lu, Yb, Tm, Th, U which can also be used in the lead replacement material
- metals and / or their compounds and / or Csl can also be used with a relatively low degree of purity are used, as they arise as waste products.
- the lead replacement material according to the invention surprisingly fulfills the conditions of a highly shielding radiation protection material, which is elastic and light, and to a high degree meets all requirements for environmental compatibility, eg by the combination of the silicone-based matrix material and the selection of the lead replacement metals or their compounds.
- the lead substitute material according to the invention may also contain fillers for reinforcement and additives in conventional amounts.
- the fillers include, for example, fibers or fibrous materials made from cotton fibers, synthetic fibers, fiberglass fibers and aramid fibers.
- Possible reinforcing fillers include highly disperse silica, precipitated silica, iron oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum trihydrate and carbon black.
- the lead substitute material according to the invention can also contain processing aids which further improve the properties of the material. These include, for example, typical plasticizers.
- DIN EN 61331-3 does not allow a downward deviation from the nominal lead equivalent. Only the German version of the standard allows an exception, namely a deviation of 10% from the nominal lead equivalent. For these reasons, the aim is to aim for the lead equivalent to be as flat as possible over the energy in the case of a lead replacement material.
- a drop in the lead equivalent value below the nominal lead equivalent value or below the lower tolerance limit means that the radiation protection material cannot be used at the tube voltages in question, since the shielding effect is too low.
- the basis weight of the lead replacement material must alternatively be increased to such an extent that the permissible tolerances of DIN EN 61331-3 are met.
- an increase in the basis weight is considered disadvantageous.
- Another possibility is to limit the area of application with regard to the energy or tube voltage.
- Group A Materials with relatively lower effectiveness with values of N rel ⁇ 1.2 - 1-6 mm PbGW per 0.1 kg / m 2 and a slight or negative increase of 60-80 kV. These elements or their compounds include Sn, Bi and W.
- Group B Materials with relatively high effectiveness with N rel ⁇ 1.3 mm PbGW per 0.1 kg / m 2 and a high increase of 60-80 kV.
- the energy range 60-140 kV is therefore divided into several, partly overlapping areas in accordance with the most common uses of X-radiation:
- X-ray examinations and X-ray interventions such as angiography, computed tomography, cardiac catheter examinations, interventional radiology, thoracic hard beam technology, are in this energy range.
- the lead substitute material for nominal total lead equivalent values of 0.25-0.6 mm is characterized in that it contains 12-22 wt. % of a silicone-based material, 49-65% by weight of Sn or Sn compounds, 0-20% by weight of W or W compounds, 0-20% by weight. Bi or Bi compounds and 5-35 wt .-% of one or more of the elements Gd, Eu, Sm and / or their compounds and / or Csl.
- the energy range is preferably that of an X-ray tube of a dental X-ray device.
- Table 2 showed that Sn is the most effective of Group A elements. From group B, Gd is preferred, but Csl also led to a lead replacement material with very good properties.
- elements with a small and high increase in the lead equivalent can be selected from Table 2 in such a way that the courses of the lead equivalent remain as flat as possible over the entire range. A certain increase at 80 and 100 kV cannot be avoided physically.
- One or more elements or their group A compounds can therefore be optimally combined with one or more elements or their group B compounds, the selection being based on the efficiency of the shielding, on the accessibility of the respective element or its connection, and on the lead equivalent is as constant as possible.
- the proportion of the A elements or their compounds is dependent on that of the B elements or given their connections. If the proportion of a B element is increased, the relative weight proportion of an A element with opposite energy behavior must also be increased significantly in order to keep the course of the lead equivalent over the energy as flat as possible.
- the proportion of Sn or Bi should rise above 40% by weight in order to ensure a low energy dependence.
- High protective effects or low basis weights can be achieved by using the elements or their connections, which develop their highest shielding effect especially in this small energy range.
- a larger proportion of the elements or their compounds of group A should be combined with a smaller proportion of the elements or their compounds of group B, in which case a flat energy course of the lead equivalent is not so important here because of the relatively small energy window is.
- the basis weight of the radiation protection clothing is not the focus of optimization in this area, since the protective clothing is usually only worn here for a short time or stationary radiation protection screens are used.
- composition of protective substances for individual energy areas can be expediently optimized by splitting in accordance with the most frequently occurring X-ray applications.
- the lead substitute material has a structure of at least two separate or interconnected protective layers of different compositions, at least in one layer at least 50% of the total weight consisting of only one element from the group Sn, W and Bi or their Connections exist.
- the lead substitute material is characterized in that it comprises a structure of at least two separate or interconnected protective layers of different compositions, the protective layer (s) more distant from the body predominantly comprising the elements or their compounds with a higher one X-ray fluorescence yield and the body-near protective layer (s) which comprise elements or their combination with lower X-ray fluorescence yield.
- the fluorescence component also referred to as the build-up factor, of commercially available lead-free protective materials (material B) is shown in Table 3 below in comparison to a material (material A) built up in layers according to the principle described here. As can be seen, the build-up factor can reach values of up to 1.42. This means that the skin is 42% more stressed by the fluorescence content in this case.
- the lead substitute material is characterized in that it has a structure of protective layers of different compositions.
- the lead substitute material can comprise a structure of at least two separate or interconnected protective layers of different composition, the protective layer (s) further away from the body predominantly comprising the elements of lower atomic number or their connections and the protective layer (s) close to the body predominantly comprise the elements of higher atomic numbers or their connections.
- the lead substitute material can also be characterized in that a weakly radioactive layer is embedded between two separate or radioactive protective layers which are connected to the radioactive layer. It can act as elements or their compounds of group B to shield radiation from high energy, the actinides thorium or uranium, the latter z. B. as depleted uranium. They have a high shielding effect in the energy range 125-150 kV, but are themselves weakly radioactive.
- the effect of the natural radiation can be weakened by the fact that the radioactive layer is embedded between two inactive layers made of Bi.
- the lead substitute material is characterized in that the metals or metal compounds are grained and their grain sizes are a 50th percentile according to the following formula
- Mean total weight and the 90th percentile of the grain size distribution is D ⁇ 2 • D 5 .
- Materials with a low proportion by weight must therefore also have a small grain size, i.e. be very finely distributed in order to develop an optimal protective effect.
- the material according to the invention can be used, for example, for protective gloves, protective aprons, patient covers, gonadal protection, ovarian protection, dental protection shields, stationary lower body protection, table tops, stationary or portable radiation protection walls or radiation protection curtains can be used advantageously.
- the lead replacement material according to the invention with 20% by weight of tin, 36% by weight of tungsten, 29% by weight of bismuth and 15% by weight of silicone matrix material and
- FIG. 1 shows the lead replacement material according to the invention with 22% by weight of tin, 27% by weight of tungsten, 4% by weight of erbium and 15% by weight of silicone matrix material.
- This lead replacement material is designated by 2 in FIG. 1 denotes a commercially available material with the composition 65% by weight antimony, 20% by weight tungsten and 15% by weight matrix material.
- FIG. 1 shows a weight comparison of lead substitute materials with a nominal lead equivalent of 0.5 mm.
- the basis weight required to achieve a nominal lead equivalent of 0.5 mm is between 100 and 140 kV in the material according to the invention only increases by about 7%, while the increase in the comparison material is considerably greater.
- FIG. 2 shows the lead replacement material according to the invention with 20% by weight of tin, 36% by weight of tungsten, 29% by weight of bismuth and 15% by weight of silicone matrix material.
- This lead replacement material is designated by 2 in FIG. 1 denotes a commercially available material with the composition 70% by weight of tin, 10% by weight of barium and 20% by weight of matrix material.
- Lead-free, light radiation protection apron for the dental area 60-90 kV Pb nominal lead equivalent 0.5 mm.
- a lead-free radiation protection apron was produced from 59% by weight of Sn, 24% by weight of Gd, 1% by weight of W and 16% by weight of silicone matrix material.
- the radiation protection effect corresponded to that of a corresponding lead apron with a basis weight reduced by approximately 35% of only 4.4 kg / m 2 .
- a radiation protection apron was produced from 50% by weight of Sn, 11% by weight of W, 23% by weight of Gd and 16% by weight of silicone matrix material.
- Lead-free, light radiation protection apron for the application range 60-125 kV.
- a radiation protection apron was produced from 40% by weight of Bi, 20% by weight of Sn, 24% by weight of Gd and 16% by weight of silicone matrix material.
- Lead-free commercially available radiation protection aprons have nominal weights of 0.50 mm basis weights of 5.4 to 6.1 kg / m 2 .
- Conventional lead rubber material has a basis weight of 6.75 kg / m 2 .
- the lead equivalent is also approx. 20% above the nominal value of 0.5 mm Pb of a corresponding lead apron. This means additional increased radiation protection.
- a radiation protection apron was produced from 40% by weight of Bi, 10% by weight of W, 34% by weight of Gd and 16% by weight of silicone matrix material.
- a nuclear medical apron was produced from 50% by weight of Bi, 25% by weight of Gd, 9% by weight of Er and 16% by weight of silicone matrix material.
- the basis weight for 4.8 nominal total lead equivalent was 4.8 kg / m 2 .
- FIG. 3 shows the calculated relative weights per unit area of the protective clothing according to the invention with nominal bleaching equivalents of 0.5 mm according to Examples 3, 4 and 6 in comparison to a lead apron with a lead equivalent of 0.5 mm. From the illustration it can be seen that the protective aprons for dental use, general X-ray and computer tomography (CT) each have the lowest basis weight in the intended energy ranges.
- CT computer tomography
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/550,248 US7432519B2 (en) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Radiation protection material based on silicone |
DE502004010578T DE502004010578D1 (de) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | |
JP2006525721A JP2007504467A (ja) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | シリコーンをベースとする放射線防護材料 |
EP04764806A EP1549220B1 (de) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Strahlenschutzmaterial auf silikonbasis |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10340639 | 2003-09-03 | ||
DE10340639.5 | 2003-09-03 | ||
DE102004001328A DE102004001328A1 (de) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-01-08 | Leichtes Strahlenschutzmaterial für einen großen Energieanwendungsbereich |
DE102004001328.4 | 2004-01-08 | ||
DE102004015613A DE102004015613A1 (de) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-03-30 | Strahlenschutzmaterial auf Silikonbasis |
DE102004015613.1 | 2004-03-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005023115A1 true WO2005023115A1 (de) | 2005-03-17 |
Family
ID=34279299
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2004/009854 WO2005023115A1 (de) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Strahlenschutzmaterial auf silikonbasis |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7432519B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1549220B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2007504467A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2005023115A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006028958A1 (de) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Mavig Gmbh | Geschichtetes Bleifrei-Röntgenschutzmaterial |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101089323B1 (ko) | 2009-12-09 | 2011-12-02 | (주)버팔로 | 방사선 차폐용 포의 제조방법, 방사선 차폐용 포 및 이를 구비하는 의류 |
US20110163248A1 (en) * | 2009-12-30 | 2011-07-07 | Beck Thomas J | Multi-layer light-weight garment material with low radiation buildup providing scattered-radiation shielding |
WO2013023167A1 (en) * | 2011-08-10 | 2013-02-14 | Hologenix, Llc | Lightweight x-ray and gamma radiation shielding fibers and compositions |
US20130161564A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | International Scientific Technologies, Inc. | NanoStructured Additives to High-Performance Polymers for Use in Radiation Shielding, Protection Against Atomic Oxygen and in Structural Applications |
FR2985364A1 (fr) * | 2011-12-30 | 2013-07-05 | Areva Nc | Utilisation d'erbium ou d'un compose d'erbium comme agent radio-attenuateur, materiau radio-attenuateur et article de protection contre les rayonnements ionisants comprenant un tel agent |
WO2014071022A1 (en) | 2012-10-31 | 2014-05-08 | Lite-Tech Inc. | Flexible highly filled composition, resulting protective garment, and methods of making the same |
WO2021053367A1 (en) * | 2019-09-16 | 2021-03-25 | Saba Valiallah | High-pass radiation shield and method of radiation protection |
US20240087764A1 (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2024-03-14 | Burlington Medical, Llc | Lead-containing flexible radiation-protective compositions and protective articles |
US20230386690A1 (en) * | 2022-05-24 | 2023-11-30 | Stark Street Materials Company | Silicon enhanced ionizing radiation shielding and its method of manufacture |
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US5360666A (en) * | 1990-04-27 | 1994-11-01 | American Dental Association Health Foundation | Device and method for shielding healthy tissue during radiation therapy |
FR2741472A1 (fr) * | 1995-11-16 | 1997-05-23 | Stmi Soc Tech Milieu Ionisant | Protection biologique a partir d'alliages metalliques |
JP2001083288A (ja) * | 1999-09-14 | 2001-03-30 | Hanshin Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | 医療用x線遮蔽材料 |
WO2004017332A1 (de) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-02-26 | Mavig Gmbh | Blei-ersatzmaterial für strahlenschutzzwecke |
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JPS6071996A (ja) * | 1983-09-29 | 1985-04-23 | チッソ株式会社 | 放射線防禦材用重金属系組成物 |
HU195335B (en) * | 1984-11-05 | 1988-04-28 | Peter Teleki | Method and modifying body for influencing effect on a target sensitive to radiation exerted by x-ray or gamma radiation |
GB8827529D0 (en) | 1988-11-25 | 1988-12-29 | Du Pont Canada | Radiation protection material |
GB8827531D0 (en) * | 1988-11-25 | 1988-12-29 | Du Pont Canada | Highly filled compositions |
US6153666A (en) * | 1998-07-16 | 2000-11-28 | Bar-Ray Products, Inc. | Radiation-attenuating sheet material |
DE19955192C2 (de) * | 1999-11-16 | 2003-04-17 | Arntz Beteiligungs Gmbh & Co | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Strahlenschutzmaterials |
DE20100267U1 (de) | 2001-01-08 | 2001-06-28 | Thiess, Axel, Dipl.-Holzw., 41065 Mönchengladbach | Bleifreies Röntgenschutzmaterial |
US6674087B2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2004-01-06 | Worldwide Innovations & Technologies, Inc. | Radiation attenuation system |
JP2004523759A (ja) | 2001-03-12 | 2004-08-05 | ノースロップ・グルマン・ニューポート・ニューズ | 放射線シールディング |
FR2824950B1 (fr) * | 2001-05-21 | 2004-02-20 | Lemer Pax | Nouveau materiau radio-attenuateur |
JP3914720B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-05 | 2007-05-16 | プロト株式会社 | 放射線遮蔽体、該遮蔽体の製造方法、及び難燃性放射線遮蔽体 |
JP2003227896A (ja) * | 2002-02-01 | 2003-08-15 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 放射線遮蔽体 |
CA2548089C (en) * | 2003-12-05 | 2011-11-15 | Bar-Ray Products, Inc. | A low-weight ultra-thin flexible radiation attenuation composition |
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2004
- 2004-09-03 US US10/550,248 patent/US7432519B2/en active Active
- 2004-09-03 JP JP2006525721A patent/JP2007504467A/ja active Pending
- 2004-09-03 EP EP04764806A patent/EP1549220B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-09-03 WO PCT/EP2004/009854 patent/WO2005023115A1/de active Application Filing
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US5360666A (en) * | 1990-04-27 | 1994-11-01 | American Dental Association Health Foundation | Device and method for shielding healthy tissue during radiation therapy |
FR2741472A1 (fr) * | 1995-11-16 | 1997-05-23 | Stmi Soc Tech Milieu Ionisant | Protection biologique a partir d'alliages metalliques |
JP2001083288A (ja) * | 1999-09-14 | 2001-03-30 | Hanshin Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | 医療用x線遮蔽材料 |
WO2004017332A1 (de) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-02-26 | Mavig Gmbh | Blei-ersatzmaterial für strahlenschutzzwecke |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006028958A1 (de) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Mavig Gmbh | Geschichtetes Bleifrei-Röntgenschutzmaterial |
DE102006028958B4 (de) * | 2006-06-23 | 2008-12-04 | Mavig Gmbh | Geschichtetes Bleifrei-Röntgenschutzmaterial |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20060217477A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
JP2007504467A (ja) | 2007-03-01 |
US7432519B2 (en) | 2008-10-07 |
EP1549220A1 (de) | 2005-07-06 |
EP1549220B1 (de) | 2009-12-30 |
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