Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
  • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
  • C23C28/028—Including graded layers in composition or in physical properties, e.g. density, porosity, grain size
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
  • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
  • C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
  • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
  • C23C28/023—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
  • C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
  • C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
  • C25D7/10—Bearings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
  • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
  • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
  • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
  • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
  • F16C33/121—Use of special materials
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
  • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
  • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
  • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
  • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
  • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
  • F16C33/124—Details of overlays
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
  • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
  • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
  • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
  • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
  • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
  • F16C33/127—Details of intermediate layers, e.g. nickel dams
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C9/00—Bearings for crankshafts or connecting-rods; Attachment of connecting-rods
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
  • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
  • C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
  • C25D3/60—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of tin
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
  • F16C2204/10—Alloys based on copper
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
  • F16C2204/30—Alloys based on one of tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, indium, e.g. materials for providing sliding surfaces
  • F16C2204/34—Alloys based on tin
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
  • F16C2204/52—Alloys based on nickel, e.g. Inconel
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
  • F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
  • F16C2240/60—Thickness, e.g. thickness of coatings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
  • F16C2360/22—Internal combustion engines
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S384/00—Bearings
  • Y10S384/90—Cooling or heating
  • Y10S384/912—Metallic
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
  • Y10T428/12708—Sn-base component
  • Y10T428/12722—Next to Group VIII metal-base component
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
  • Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
  • Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
  • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
  • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
  • Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component
  • Y10T428/1291—Next to Co-, Cu-, or Ni-base component
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
  • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
  • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
  • Y10T428/12944—Ni-base component

Definitions

• the invention relates to a non-visible composite material, in particular for plain bearings or bushings, with a carrier layer, a bearing metal layer of a copper alloy or an aluminum alloy, a nickel intermediate layer and a sliding layer. Furthermore, the invention relates to uses of the layered composite material.
• the bearing metal layer has sufficient emergency running properties in the event that the sliding layer is at least partially completely removed.
• the classic layered composites have a lead-based slip layer.
• a common alloy is eg PbSn10Cu2.
• Such sliding layers have low hardnesses of 12-15 HV (Vicker's hardness). Therefore, they have good embedding ability and are insensitive to seizure. For occupational safety and environmental reasons, however, it is desirable to replace the heavy metal lead with other suitable materials.
• PVD processes physical vapor deposition
• Such bearings are very resistant to wear. But they have little embedding ability and are therefore usually combined with soft lead-containing layers as a counter-shell. However, it is desirable to replace lead in other shells with other materials.
• DE 197 28 777 A1 describes a layer composite material for sliding elements whose sliding layer consists of a lead-free alloy comprising tin and copper, the copper content being 3 to 20% by weight and the tin content being 70 to 97% by weight.
• the addition of copper increases the hardness of the sliding layer compared to pure tin.
• This overlay is electrodeposited by means of a methylsulfonsauren electrolyte with Komfeinungszu accountsn.
• the sliding layer thus produced has the characteristic of lead-based lead-based sliding layers.
• DE 197 28 777 A 1 it is further proposed to provide for the further improvement of the wear resistance in the electrolyte bath dispersed hard material particles which are incorporated into the layer. But this is with additional effort and Costs connected.
• a 1-3 ⁇ m thick nickel layer may be provided together with a 2-10 ⁇ m thick nickel-tin layer as a diffusion barrier layer.
• DE 197 54 221 A1 discloses a layered composite material with a sliding layer comprising 3-30% by weight of copper, 60-97% by weight of tin and 0.5-10% by weight of cobalt. This achieves a further increase in the mechanical strength and prevents embrittlement of the bonding layer between the sliding layer and the nickel diffusion barrier layer.
• the cobalt reduces the diffusion tendency of the tin to nickel.
• the addition of cobalt makes the electrodeposition process more complex, which reduces process reliability.
• the 1-3 ⁇ m thick nickel layer can be combined with a 2-10 ⁇ m thick nickel-tin layer as a diffusion barrier.
• the sliding layer has a tin matrix, are embedded in the tin-copper particles, which consist of 39 - 55 wt .-% copper and the remainder tin.
• it is characteristic of the layered composite material that not only an intermediate layer of nickel of a thickness of 1 to 4 mm is provided, but a second intermediate layer of thickness 2 to 7 ⁇ m made of tin and nickel is arranged between the nickel intermediate layer and the sliding layer.
• the first intermediate layer of nickel is deposited on the bearing metal layer of a Watt's nickel electrolyte. On this first intermediate layer, a second intermediate layer consisting of nickel and tin is galvanized.
• a modified chloride / fluoride electrolyte is used.
• a system adapting to the load itself is produced, in which, depending on the thermal conditions, the load capacity is increased by growth of the tin-nickel layer.
• the object of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art.
• the invention is achieved by a layered composite material according to claim 1. Further, the object is achieved by uses according to claims 9 and 10th
• the nickel layer according to the invention forms a nickel source for the formation of the initially non-existent tin-nickel layer.
• the nickel layer must be thicker than 4 microns, otherwise the nickel layer can be completely consumed by the diffusion of the nickel into the tin layer. This would lead to detachment of the now consisting of tin-nickel and the tin-overlay alloy cover layers. So far thicker nickel layers were avoided as possible because they do not have good sliding properties and if necessary should allow rapid wear in the underlying bearing metal.
• the metals copper and silver may be present singly or in combination in the tin matrix. Their total content should be between about 0.5 and 20 wt .-%.
• the total content of copper and / or silver should be between about 2 and 8 wt .-%.
• the sliding layer should advantageously have a layer thickness of about 5 - 25 microns. Preference is given to layer thicknesses of about 4 to 8 ⁇ m for the nickel intermediate layer and of about 6 to 14 ⁇ m for the sliding layer. With layer thicknesses of these orders of magnitude, it is ensured that neither the nickel layer nor the tin-based lubricant layer is completely converted by diffusion. This would lead to adhesion problems or unwanted interactions such as brittle phase formation between the tin contained in the sliding layer and the bearing metal.
• the bearing metals are copper aluminum, copper tin, copper tin lead, copper zinc, copper zinc, silicon, copper zinc aluminum, copper aluminum iron or copper-zinc alloys. Preference is given to bearing metals based on copper or aluminum, i. whose copper or aluminum content is between 50 and 95 wt .-%.
• the intermediate layer of nickel is applied chemically or electrochemically to a composite of steel and bearing metal in a first step. Thereafter, the overlay is deposited from a binary or ternary alkyl sulfonic acid plating bath with the addition of nonionic wetting agents and free alkyl sulfonic acid.
• the bearings are first prefabricated from the composite of steel and bearing metal and applied in further steps, the intermediate layer of nickel and the sliding layer.
• the layer composite material according to the invention has the great advantage that, at the inlet of bearings and bushings produced therefrom, an interdiffusion layer of tin and nickel forms by itself under the operating conditions, which increases the wear resistance.
• the layered composite according to the invention is particularly suitable for the production of crankshaft main bearings and connecting rod bearings, in particular for the large connecting rod eye.
• FIG. 1 shows a section through the bearing metal layer, nickel interlayer and sliding layer of a layer composite material according to the invention
• FIG. 2 shows a section through a bearing consisting of the layered composite according to the invention after the running-in phase
• FIG. 3 shows the element distribution determined on the bearing according to FIG. 2 in the range III-III by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.
• a nickel diffusion barrier layer of a Watt's nickel electrolyte is applied after appropriate pretreatment.
• the tin-based sliding layer is electrodeposited.
• the following aqueous-based electrolyte system is used for this:
• Tin is used as the anode material.
• the bath temperature for depositing the sliding layer is 20 - 40 ° C.
• the current density used is 1.5-3.0 ⁇ 10 -2 A / m 2.
• the anode-to-cathode distance is between about 300-400 mm, and the anode / cathode surface ratio should be essentially 1: 1 (+/-). 10%)
• the electrolyte must be circulated through a filtration unit.
• FIG. 1 shows the layer structure of a layer composite material obtained as described above with a copper-tin sliding layer as a sectional image.
• 1 denotes the sliding layer made of copper-tin having a thickness of 13.1 ⁇ m, with 2 the nickel intermediate layer having a thickness of 4.9 ⁇ m and with 3 the bearing metal made of CuPb22Sn. The boundary between both layers 1 and 2 is illustrated by a bright line.
• the bearing was heat treated at 150 ° C for 500 hours.
• the designated 4-tin-nickel layer has a thickness of 4.1 microns, resulting in a more resilient and wear-resistant sliding surface.
• the fact that it is a tin-nickel layer is confirmed by the results of energy-dispersive X-ray analysis shown in FIG. The distances on the X-axis coincide with the corresponding layer thicknesses in the range III-III of FIG.
• the sliding layer 1 'and the nickel layer 2 now have lower thicknesses of 10.2 microns and 3.3 microns, respectively.
• the bearings of the composite material according to the invention are clearly superior to the conventional bearings with a lead-based sliding layer with respect to sliding layer fatigue, wear and maximum load up to total wear.
• Even the bearing with a pure tin-slip layer (Example 5) is comparable to a thick nickel layer almost the bearings with lead-containing sliding layer and is suitable for lighter loads.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Priority Applications (7)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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Cited By (4)

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• 2003
  • 2003-08-12 DE DE10337030A patent/DE10337030B4/de not_active Revoked
• 2004
  • 2004-08-05 PL PL04762610T patent/PL1654470T3/pl unknown
  • 2004-08-05 US US10/568,110 patent/US7575814B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2004-08-05 RU RU2006107256/11A patent/RU2354865C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2004-08-05 AT AT04762610T patent/ATE443816T1/de active
  • 2004-08-05 WO PCT/DE2004/001765 patent/WO2005015036A1/de not_active Ceased
  • 2004-08-05 BR BRPI0413483-4A patent/BRPI0413483B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2004-08-05 CN CNB2004800256008A patent/CN100443753C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2004-08-05 DE DE502004010121T patent/DE502004010121D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2004-08-05 ES ES04762610T patent/ES2334918T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2004-08-05 EP EP04762610.6A patent/EP1654470B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2004-08-05 JP JP2006522885A patent/JP5203606B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related

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