WO2005009140A1 - Utilisation d'anthocyanines dans un aliment pour poissons - Google Patents

Utilisation d'anthocyanines dans un aliment pour poissons Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005009140A1
WO2005009140A1 PCT/GB2004/003120 GB2004003120W WO2005009140A1 WO 2005009140 A1 WO2005009140 A1 WO 2005009140A1 GB 2004003120 W GB2004003120 W GB 2004003120W WO 2005009140 A1 WO2005009140 A1 WO 2005009140A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
feed
fish
glucoside
anthocyanins
cyanidin
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2004/003120
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Rune Blomhoff
George Alexander
Original Assignee
Biochem Laboratories As
Beacham, Annabel, Rose
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Biochem Laboratories As, Beacham, Annabel, Rose filed Critical Biochem Laboratories As
Publication of WO2005009140A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005009140A1/fr
Priority to NO20060388A priority Critical patent/NO20060388L/no

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/25—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/179—Colouring agents, e.g. pigmenting or dyeing agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures

Definitions

  • Anthocyanins are a group of flavonoid glycosides. Each anthocyanin comprises three component parts: a hydroxylated core (the aglycone) ; the saccharide unit(s); and a counterion. Anthocyanins occur naturally as pigments in many fruit, flowers and vegetables and individual anthocyanins are available commercially, generally as chloride salts, e.g. from Polyphenols Laboratories AS, Sandnes, Norway. Contemporary aquacultural practices necessitate the rearing of fish in conditions of relative confinement.
  • anthocyanins may have a positive effect on the cataract development seen recently in Scandinavian and North Sea fish farms.
  • the invention provides the use of one or more extracted or synthetic anthocyanins, preferably one or more essentially lipid- free anthocyanins, in the manufacture of a solid fish feed or fish feed supplement.
  • the invention provides a method of aquaculture comprising administering a solid fish feed or feed supplement to fish, characterized in that said feed or supplement contains one or more extracted or synthetic anthocyanins or in that one or more anthocyanins is also administered to said fish as a feed supplement .
  • the invention also provides a solid fish feed or feed supplement, characterized in that said feed or feed supplement contains one or more extracted or synthetic anthocyanins, preferably one or more anthocyanins which are not lipid bound.
  • solid meant herein that the feed or supplement is in a shape-retaining form, i.e. it is not in liquid form.
  • the feed or supplement may be rigid or deformable (e.g. gel-like) .
  • extracted or synthetic is meant herein that the anthocyanin is either chemically synthesized, i.e. ex vivo synthesized, or that it has been synthesized in vivo in an organism (e.g. a plant) and then extracted from the cells of the organism.
  • the feed or feed supplement thus does not include materials which are simply plants, parts of plants or the juice of plants or parts of plants.
  • the fish feed according to the invention preferably comprises, as well as the anthocyanin, protein, lipid and optionally also vitamins, carbohydrates, and minerals.
  • the protein is preferably fish, animal (e.g. mammal), plant or microorganism protein, e.g. fish meal or single cell protein of yeast or bacterial origin.
  • the lipid is preferably a fish, animal (e.g. mammal), or plant oil, e.g. a triglyceride, especially preferably one containing omega-6 and/or omega-3 fatty acid residues (e.g.
  • the carbohydrate, if present, is preferably a plant starch, e.g. flour of the seeds of a grass-like plant, for example wheat, oats or barley.
  • the nutrient, i.e. non- anthocyanin, fraction of the fish feed according to the invention may thus be any conventional fish feed.
  • the fish feed according to the invention is especially preferably an extruded and pelletized feed.
  • the anthocyanin may be incorporated into the fish feed as a pure anthocyanin or anthocyanin mixture, as an anthocyanin/spray drying adjuvant mixture or, less preferably, as an anthocyanin-containing plant extract (e.g. one prepared by contacting plant material with a solvent, especially preferably an alkanol solvent, or by crushing plant material) .
  • an anthocyanin-containing plant extract e.g. one prepared by contacting plant material with a solvent, especially preferably an alkanol solvent, or by crushing plant material.
  • the anthocyanin is preferably essentially free of lipid from the plant from which the anthocyanin derives, i.e. in its isolation, the anthocyanin is preferably freed from plant lipids and preferably also from other non-anthocyanin plant compounds, in particular sugars.
  • anthocyanins are generally extremely water- soluble, in the feeds and feed supplements of the invention the anthocyanin is preferably formulated to prevent its rapid dispersal into the surrounding water when the feed or supplement is administered. This may be achieved for example by encapsulation of the anthocyanin, e.g. with a physiologically tolerable coating agent, within liposomes or other fragmented liquid crystalline structures (e.g. cubic or hexagonal phase structures) , or by molecular admixture with an adjuvant which is poorly soluble in the ambient water (but which is more soluble in the gastrointestinal fluid of the recipient fish) .
  • the anthocyanin is dissolved or dispersed within the lipid component of the fish feed, e.g. a fish or plant oil .
  • the anthocyanin used according to the invention may be a single anthocyanin or a mixture of at least two anthocyanins. In general it is preferred to use a mixture of at least two, e.g. up to 30, more preferably 3 to 16, anthocyanins. Where a mixture of anthocyanins is used, it is preferred to use anthocyanins having at least two different aglycone units and having at least two different saccharide units.
  • the anthocyanins used preferably include ones in which the aglycone units are two or more of cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, malvidin and pelargonidin, especially three or more and more especially four or more.
  • the anthocyanins used preferably include at least one monosaccharide anthocyanin, and more preferably in addition at least one disaccharide anthocyanin.
  • At least one of the anthocyanins used is a monosaccharide in which the saccharide is arabinose and especially preferably at least one of the anthocyanins used is a disaccharide in which the disaccharide is rutinose (i.e. 6-rhamnosyl- glucose) .
  • rutinose i.e. 6-rhamnosyl- glucose
  • Example of anthocyanins suitable for use in the invention include: cyanidin-3-0- ⁇ -glucoside; cyanidin-3- O- ⁇ -galactoside; cyanidin-3 -O- ⁇ -arabinoside,- cyanidin-3- O- ⁇ -xyloside,- cyanidin-3-0- (6" -O- ⁇ -rhamnosyl- ⁇ - glucoside) ; cyanidin-3-0- (2"-0- ⁇ -glucosyl- ⁇ - galactoside) ; cyanidin-3-0- (2"-0- ⁇ -glucosyl- ⁇ - glucoside); cyanidin-3-0- (2" -O- ⁇ -xylosyl- ⁇ -glucoside) ; cyanidin-3-0- (2"-0- ⁇ -xylosyl- ⁇ -galactoside) ; cyanidin- 3 , 5-di-O- ⁇ -glucoside,- cyanidin-3-0- ⁇ -galactoside-5-0- ⁇ -
  • one or more hydroxy groups, especially on the saccharide unit, in the anthocyanins may be acylated, e.g. carrying a C 1 _ 12 , more especially a C 3 . 9 saturated or unsaturated acyl group, for example a mono- or dicarboxylic acid residue, e.g. a malonyl, p-coumaryl or feruloylyl group .
  • acylated compounds include cyanidin-3-0- (6" -0- (E-p-coumaryl) -2"- O- ⁇ -xylosyl- ⁇ -glucoside); cyanidin-3-0- (6" -0- (E-p- coumaryl) -2" -O- ⁇ -xylosyl- ⁇ -glucoside) -5-0- ⁇ -glucoside; cyanidin-3-0- (2"-0- ⁇ -xylosyl-6"-0- (E-feruloyl- ⁇ - glucosyl) - ⁇ -galactoside) ; cyanidin-3-0- (2" -O- ⁇ -xylosyl- 6"-0- [E-coumaryl- ⁇ -glucosyl] - ⁇ -galactoside) ; and petunidin-3-0- (6"-0- (4" ' -O-E-coumaryl) - ⁇ -rhamnosyl- ⁇ - glucoside) -5-0- ⁇ -glucoside
  • the counterion in the anthocyanins in the product of the invention may be any physiologically tolerable counteranions, e.g. chloride, succinate, fumarate, malate, maleate, citrate, etc.
  • the counterion is a fruit acid anion, in particular citrate, as this results in the products having a particularly pleasant taste.
  • Particularly suitable sources for the anthocyanins are fruits such as cherries, bilberries, blueberries, blackcurrants, redcurrants, grapes, cranberries, pomegranate, strawberries, and apples, rosehips and vegetables such as red cabbage.
  • Bilberries, in particular Vaccinium myrtillus, and blackcurrants, in particular Ribes nigrum are especially suitable.
  • the berries of V. myrtillus contain fifteen monosaccharide anthocyanins, namely the aglycone : saccharide combinations of cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin and glucose, galactose and arabinose.
  • the currants of R. nigrum contain four anthocyanins, namely the 3-glucosides and 3-rutinosides of cyanidin and delphinidin.
  • the disaccharide anthocyanins are more water- soluble than the monosaccharides; moreover cyanidin and delphinidin anthocyanins are amongst the most water- soluble anthocyanins.
  • the feeds and feed supplements of the invention may desirably contain further beneficial or inactive ingredients, e.g. vitamins (in particular vitamin C) , flavones, isoflavones, anticoagulants (e.g. maltodextrin, silica, etc.), desiccants, etc.
  • the anthocyanins constitute 0.1 to 95% wt, preferably 1 to 50% wt, especially 5 to 30% wt of the product compositions, excluding any coating material.
  • the anthocyanins used according to the invention may conveniently be extracted from their plant source (s) using a process as described in WO 03/039569 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • spray dried anthocyanin is produced.
  • This may contain a single anthocyanin or a mixture of anthocyanins.
  • the use of a mixture of anthocyanins is preferred as noted above but single anthocyanins may be used if desired.
  • a single anthocyanin is to be used and its plant source contains a plurality of anthocyanins, these may be separated during the process after lipid removal and before spray-drying, e.g. using chromatographic techniques.
  • Spray-drying is preferably effected by spraying into an inert atmosphere, e.g. a nitrogen atmosphere, with inlet temperatures of 130 to 160°C and flow rates of 5 to 12 L/hour.
  • the optimum temperature, flow-rate, etc. can be determined in this way for each separate anthocyanin source .
  • the anthocyanin solution to be spray-dried desirably is an aqueous solution containing anthocyanins at 5 to 15% wt, more preferably 8 to 12% wt, dry solids basis.
  • anthocyanins from more than one plant source are to be included in the products, they are preferably mixed after spray-drying.
  • the product compositions preferably contain anthocyanins from V. myrtillus and R.
  • the products will generally also contain an anticoagulant, e.g. maltodextrin, lactose or silica, added to the anthocyanin solution to be spray dried to prevent coagulation in the spray drying process.
  • an anticoagulant e.g. maltodextrin, lactose or silica
  • the anticoagulant will be present at 0.3 to 0.8g, especially about 0.5g, per gram anthocyanin.
  • the feed according to the invention is preferably produced by mixing the feed components to form a moist mass that is extruded and pelletized. Generally most or all of the lipid component of the feed, e.g.
  • the feed components including lipid may be processed to form an emulsion which is then extruded and heat treated, e.g. microwaved, to form a solid product.
  • the anthocyanins e.g. in solution for example as a berry juice or juice concentrate, may simply be impregnated into a preformed feed.
  • the feed will comprise 10 to 80% wt protein, especially 20 to 60% wt; 10 to 60% wt lipid, especially 20 to 50% wt; and 1 to 20% wt carbohydrate, especially 2 to 10% wt .
  • the feed may be produced with a density lower, higher or more preferably similar to that of the water into which it is to be introduced, e.g. seawater for marine fish aquaculture. Low density feed is useful for example in rearing catfish as the taste of the fish is improved.
  • the feed will normally be administered to the fish in an amount corresponding to the nutritional needs of the fish being fed, e.g. in conventional quantities.
  • the precise amount used and the frequency of feed or feed supplement administration will, as is conventional, depend on the age and species of the fish, and the total fish mass in the volume (e.g. cage) to which the feed or feed supplement is administered.
  • a feed consumption of 5% of bodyweight per day is not unusual.
  • the daily anthocyanin dosage may be 1 to 100 mg/kg bodyweight .
  • the feed or feed supplement according to the invention may be administered to fish at any growth stage or to adult fish. However particularly preferably the anthocyanins are administered during metamorphosis stages, e.g. eye migration or gill transformation stages, at high temperature periods (e.g.
  • the fish receiving the fish feed or food supplement according to the invention may be any form of fish or shellfish; preferably however they are marine or fresh water vertebrate fish (e.g. salmon, trout, cod, haddock, hake, halibut, whiting, turbot, flounder, etc) or shrimp, prawn, lobster, langoustine, crab, mussel, or clam. Especially preferably the fish is a marine vertebrate.
  • marine or fresh water vertebrate fish e.g. salmon, trout, cod, haddock, hake, halibut, whiting, turbot, flounder, etc
  • shrimp prawn, lobster, langoustine, crab, mussel, or clam.
  • the fish is a marine vertebrate.
  • Figure 1 is a graph showing normalized FRAP activity (determined according to the assay referred to in Example 2) of liver of fish according to Example 2.
  • Figure 2 is a graph showing normalized FRAP activity (determined according to the assay referred to in Example 2) of gill of fish according to Example 2.
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing normalized FRAP activity (determined according to the assay referred to in
  • Example 2 of muscle of fish according to Example 2.
  • the resulting warm solution was sprayed (atomised) over 3kg of fish food (available from Skretting Fiskfor, Norway as Atlantic HP50-65A in 3.0 mm pellets) spread out over a lm 2 surface.
  • the treated feed was placed in a freezer at -20°C for storage before use.
  • Juvenile Atlantic salmon (mean bodyweight 36 ⁇ 4 g) from AquaNiva, Sollergstrand, Norway were placed 10 per tank into separate 150 L glass aquarium tanks with a through flow of dechlorinated municipal water, either at 9+l°C or 12+1°C. The tanks were illuminated on a 12 hours on, 12 hours off basis. After 3 weeks acclimatization, each group was then fed ad lib. twice per day with the formulation of Example 1 or the equivalent untreated commercial feed. After 20 days, all fish were anaesthetized with 80 mg/L MS222 with one blueberry treated feed group and one normal feed group also being injected i.p.
  • the eyes were removed and rinsed in ice- cold phosphate buffered saline.
  • the right eye was dissected along the orra serrata and the lens was removed and placed in ice-cold artificial aqueous humor for digital imaging.
  • the left eye was left intact and placed in an 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen.
  • Gill, liver and muscle tissue was removed, rinsed in ice-cold phosphate buffered saline placed in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes and snap frozen.
  • the eyes were imaged under darkroom conditions at 25X with a microscope equipped with a 2.5 megapixel digital camera. Pinhole illumination was provided by a 2 cm diameter tube with a pinhole perforation administered to aluminium foil placed at both ends of the tube.
  • Tissue and plasma antioxidant potential was determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (see Benzie et al . Anal .Biochem. 239 -.10 - 16 (1996) and Methods Enzymol. 299:15-27 (1999)). Briefly, thawed tissue was place wet-weighed and placed in lysis buffer and homogenized. The homogenate was extracted with methanol and FRAP was measured spectrophotometrically with a Technicon RA-1000 analyzer.
  • FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant power

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un aliment solide pour poissons ou un supplément pour poissons contenant au moins une anthocyanine extraite ou synthétique. Au moins une anthocyanine extraite ou synthétique est utilisée dans la production d'un aliment solide pour poissons ou d'un supplément pour poissons. Un procédé d'aquaculture comporte l'administration d'un tel aliment ou supplément à des poissons, ou l'administration d'anthocyanines à des poissons.
PCT/GB2004/003120 2003-07-17 2004-07-16 Utilisation d'anthocyanines dans un aliment pour poissons WO2005009140A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO20060388A NO20060388L (no) 2003-07-17 2006-01-24 Anvendelse av antocyaniner i fiskefor

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0316757.4 2003-07-17
GBGB0316757.4A GB0316757D0 (en) 2003-07-17 2003-07-17 Use

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005009140A1 true WO2005009140A1 (fr) 2005-02-03

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PCT/GB2004/003120 WO2005009140A1 (fr) 2003-07-17 2004-07-16 Utilisation d'anthocyanines dans un aliment pour poissons

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GB (1) GB0316757D0 (fr)
NO (1) NO20060388L (fr)
WO (1) WO2005009140A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012102626A1 (fr) * 2011-01-28 2012-08-02 Gibb Holdings (Nelson) Limited Complément

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS59113839A (ja) * 1982-12-20 1984-06-30 川嶋　清治 釣餌セツト
WO2000033667A2 (fr) * 1998-12-11 2000-06-15 Michigan State University Mode d'utilisation d'isolats de cerise aux proprietes phytoceutiques ou nutraceutiques antioxydantes
WO2003039569A1 (fr) * 2001-11-09 2003-05-15 Medpalett Pharmaceuticals As Procede de preparation de produits renfermant une anthocyanine
EP1419701A1 (fr) * 2002-11-13 2004-05-19 Nor-Feed A/S Additif naturel et intestinalement actif pour la nourriture ou pour l'eau potable pour animaux

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS59113839A (ja) * 1982-12-20 1984-06-30 川嶋　清治 釣餌セツト
WO2000033667A2 (fr) * 1998-12-11 2000-06-15 Michigan State University Mode d'utilisation d'isolats de cerise aux proprietes phytoceutiques ou nutraceutiques antioxydantes
WO2003039569A1 (fr) * 2001-11-09 2003-05-15 Medpalett Pharmaceuticals As Procede de preparation de produits renfermant une anthocyanine
EP1419701A1 (fr) * 2002-11-13 2004-05-19 Nor-Feed A/S Additif naturel et intestinalement actif pour la nourriture ou pour l'eau potable pour animaux

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 198502, Derwent World Patents Index; Class C03, AN 1985-008507, XP002299539 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012102626A1 (fr) * 2011-01-28 2012-08-02 Gibb Holdings (Nelson) Limited Complément

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0316757D0 (en) 2003-08-20
NO20060388L (no) 2006-03-23

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