WO2005001345A1 - Systeme de refroidissement ameliore - Google Patents

Systeme de refroidissement ameliore Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2005001345A1
WO2005001345A1 PCT/GB2004/002654 GB2004002654W WO2005001345A1 WO 2005001345 A1 WO2005001345 A1 WO 2005001345A1 GB 2004002654 W GB2004002654 W GB 2004002654W WO 2005001345 A1 WO2005001345 A1 WO 2005001345A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
primary
refrigeration circuit
refrigerant
volatile
refrigeration
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2004/002654
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Stephen Forbes Pearson
Original Assignee
Star Refrigeration Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Star Refrigeration Limited filed Critical Star Refrigeration Limited
Publication of WO2005001345A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005001345A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/04—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means
    • F25B2400/0401—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means for the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/06—Several compression cycles arranged in parallel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a refrigeration apparatus which comprises a primary refrigeration circuit arranged to cool a secondary refrigeration circuit having a thermal load.
  • the primary refrigeration circuit is able to operate either by conventional mechanical (pumped) vapour compression or by thermosyphon depending upon the ambient temperature conditions. This allows the power requirement for refrigeration and air conditioning systems to be reduced under certain conditions . Refrigeration and air conditioning consumes a significant proportion of the electricity generated worldwide. It is therefore desirable to reduce the power consumptions of these refrigeration systems where possible.
  • Certain refrigeration systems cool to temperatures which could, at certain times of the day or year, be achieved by natural cooling, provided that the ambient temperatures are sufficiently low.
  • the present invention provides a primary refrigeration circuit which is able to operate in mechanical vapour compression mode or in thermosyphon mode depending upon the ambient temperature conditions, in thermal contact with a mechanically pumped secondary circuit employing a volatile secondary refrigerant.
  • the present invention provides a refrigeration apparatus which comprises a primary refrigeration circuit arranged to cool a secondary refrigeration circuit having a thermal load;
  • the primary vapour-compression refrigeration circuit comprising a compressor for compressing a volatile primary refrigerant, a condenser for rejecting heat from the compressed refrigerant, and an expansion device for expanding the refrigerant into an evaporator for providing a cooling effect; and
  • the secondary refrigeration circuit comprising a condenser for rejecting heat from a volatile secondary refrigerant, the condenser being in thermal contact with the primary evaporator and cooled thereby; and means for cooling the thermal load;
  • the primary refrigeration circuit further comprising bypass means selectably operative to bypass the primary compressor and primary expansion device, so as to allow alternative refrigerant circulation through the primary refrigeration circuit by thermosyphon.
  • the present invention consists of an apparatus using both a volatile primary refrigerant (for example, ammonia) and a volatile secondary refrigerant (for example, carbon dioxide) .
  • the primary refrigeration circuit has an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser and an expansion device as in a conventional vapour compression cycle.
  • the compressor stops and the primary circuit defaults to a natural circulation, or thermosyphon mode, by providing that the expansion device and the compressor are bypassed by the bypass means.
  • the compressor is stopped responsive to the temperature of the thermal load, as controlled by a thermostat thereon.
  • the condenser is located above the evaporator, so that when the temperature of the condenser falls below that of the evaporator, natural thermosyphon circulation is established.
  • the condensing temperature in mechanical refrigeration mode is 35a to 59C and in thermosyphon mode is 62 to 12 ⁇ c (and generally 1 to 5ec below the evaporating temperature) .
  • the secondary volatile refrigerant is condensed by being cooled in the evaporator of the primary refrigeration circuit.
  • the condensed secondary liquid refrigerant is collected and pumped to the area requiring to be cooled (i.e. the thermal load) . At this position, the secondary refrigerant absorbs heat and evaporates to provide a cooling effect.
  • a circulating pump may be provided in the secondary circuit.
  • the temperature of the secondary refrigerant, particularly carbon dioxide, may be controlled by varying the pressure of the volatile secondary refrigerant (for example, by throttling the return flow of secondary refrigerant vapour) . This also enables the temperature of the thermal load to be controlled.
  • at least one primary refrigeration circuit is provided which cools a corresponding secondary condenser in the secondary refrigeration circuit. When mechanical refrigeration is required in the primary refrigeration circuit, one of the primary refrigeration circuits (the "lead unit") switches from thermosyphon to mechanical operation.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a refrigeration apparatus according to the present invention comprising a primary refrigeration circuit and a secondary refrigeration circuit.
  • the refrigeration apparatus shown in Figure 1 comprises generally a primary refrigeration circuit 100 employing ammonia as the primary refrigerant and a secondary refrigeration circuit 200 employing carbon dioxide as the secondary refrigerant.
  • the primary vapour-compression refrigeration circuit 100 comprises primary condenser 1. Ammonia gas is compressed in primary compressor 2 and is fed through oil separator 3 to the primary condenser. Ammonia gas is delivered from the primary evaporator 4, which also serves as the condenser of the secondary refrigeration circuit.
  • Primary refrigerant cools by passage through an expansion device 5 (such as an expansion valve, capillary etc.). The expansion device 5 receives cooled liquid ammonia from the primary condenser 1.
  • ammonia primary refrigerant is condensed to liquid in primary condenser 1.
  • the ammonia liquid expands through expansion device 5 and enters the primary evaporator 4, which becomes cooled (thereby cooling the secondary refrigerant in thermal contact therewith) .
  • the gaseous ammonia is compressed by primary compressor 2 where it heats up. Heat is rejected therefrom in the primary condenser 1.
  • thermosyphon operation is established when the compressor is stopped by operation of a thermostat 21 sensing the temperature of the thermal load and thus operating bypass means to bypass the primary compresser 2 and the primary expansion device 5.
  • the primary compresser 2 and oil separator 3 are bypassed by operation of the three-way valve 7 ; which operates in conjunction with the two-way valve 6 which bypasses the expansion device. In this way, thermosyphon circulation is established in the primary refrigeration circuit under the effect of gravity, since the primary condenser is located at a higher level than the primary evaporator.
  • the secondary refrigeration circuit 200 employs carbon dioxide as the volatile secondary refrigerant. Gaseous carbon dioxide returns along the manifold 9 and passes into secondary condensers 14, 14a, 14b and 14c, which are in thermal contact with corresponding primary refrigeration circuits analogous to primary circuit 100 (for clarity only a single primary refrigeration circuit is shown) . These additional primary refrigeration circuits allow some provision for diversity and standby in use.
  • Heat is abstracted from the carbon dioxide gas in the secondary condensers and the carbon dioxide becomes liquefied and passes into a liquid carbon dioxide receiver 10. Liquid carbon dioxide therefrom is then pumped by secondary pumps 11 into a liquid carbon dioxide supply line 12 which provides liquid carbon dioxide to a cooling unit 20 constituting the thermal load requiring to be cooled, where the liquid carbon dioxide is allowed to evaporate.
  • the heat extracted from the thermal load can be controlled by throttling the return flow of carbon dioxide gas to manifold 9, by throttling means 8, thus raising the evaporating temperature of the carbon dioxide.
  • Typical condenser evaporating temperatures and pressures for pumped and thermosyphon mode are as follows:
  • Ammonia condensing temperature 40 ⁇ C (pressure:15.6 Bar A) Evaporating temperature: lO ⁇ C (pressure:6.15 Bar A) C0 2 condensing temperature: 12 2 C (pressure: 47.3 Bar A) CO 2 evaporating temperature: 13 ⁇ C (pressure:48.5 Bar A)
  • a third significant advantage is that the size of the pipework required for the volatile secondary system, particularly employing carbon dioxide as secondary refrigerant, is much smaller than would be required for a non-volatile secondary refrigerant liquid.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil de réfrigération utilisant un circuit primaire de réfrigération par compression de vapeur et un circuit secondaire de réfrigération et pouvant fonctionner sélectivement en mode à compression de vapeur pompée ou en mode de thermosyphon. Cet appareil de réfrigération comprend un circuit primaire de réfrigération (100) conçu pour refroidir un circuit secondaire de réfrigération (200) ayant une charge thermique (20); (i) le circuit primaire à compression de vapeur comprenant un compresseur (2) destiné à la compression d'un réfrigérant primaire volatil, un condenseur (1), un dispositif d'expansion (5) et un évaporateur (4); et (ii) le circuit secondaire de réfrigération comprend un condenseur (14) permettant de rejeter la chaleur d'un réfrigérant secondaire volatil, ce condenseur étant en contact thermique avec l'évaporateur primaire, par lequel il est refroidi; et un moyen (20) destiné au refroidissement de la charge thermique; le circuit primaire de réfrigération comprend également un moyen de dérivation (6, 7) fonctionnant sélectivement pour dériver le compresseur primaire et le dispositif d'expansion primaire de manière à permettre la circulation alternative du réfrigérant par le circuit primaire de réfrigération par thermosyphon.
PCT/GB2004/002654 2003-06-25 2004-06-23 Systeme de refroidissement ameliore WO2005001345A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0314803.8 2003-06-25
GBGB0314803.8A GB0314803D0 (en) 2003-06-25 2003-06-25 Improved cooling system

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005001345A1 true WO2005001345A1 (fr) 2005-01-06

Family

ID=27637315

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2004/002654 WO2005001345A1 (fr) 2003-06-25 2004-06-23 Systeme de refroidissement ameliore

Country Status (2)

Country Link
GB (1) GB0314803D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005001345A1 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007021293A1 (fr) * 2005-08-18 2007-02-22 Ice Energy, Inc. Systeme de stockage d'energie thermique et de refroidissement a isolation secondaire par fluide frigorigene alimente par gravite
US7421846B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2008-09-09 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with gravity fed secondary refrigerant isolation
US7581409B2 (en) 2006-11-22 2009-09-01 Bailey Peter F Cooling system and method
EP1698843A3 (fr) * 2005-02-26 2012-01-25 LG Electronics Inc. Climatiseur avec système de réfrigération secondaire
US8181470B2 (en) 2008-02-15 2012-05-22 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system utilizing multiple refrigerant and cooling loops with a common evaporator coil
US8528345B2 (en) 2003-10-15 2013-09-10 Ice Energy, Inc. Managed virtual power plant utilizing aggregated storage
US9203239B2 (en) 2011-05-26 2015-12-01 Greener-Ice Spv, L.L.C. System and method for improving grid efficiency utilizing statistical distribution control
US9212834B2 (en) 2011-06-17 2015-12-15 Greener-Ice Spv, L.L.C. System and method for liquid-suction heat exchange thermal energy storage

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR912186A (fr) * 1945-02-09 1946-08-01 Accumulateur de froid
JPH02223773A (ja) * 1989-02-23 1990-09-06 Sanki Eng Co Ltd 低温媒体及び高温媒体兼用冷却用冷凍装置
GB2233080A (en) * 1989-03-08 1991-01-02 Star Refrigeration Refrigeration apparatus
JPH06193984A (ja) * 1992-12-21 1994-07-15 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 冷熱搬送装置
EP0641978A1 (fr) 1993-09-04 1995-03-08 Star Refrigeration Ltd. Procédé et appareil de réfrigération
US5400615A (en) 1991-07-31 1995-03-28 Thornliebank Industrial Estate Cooling system incorporating a secondary heat transfer circuit
US5507158A (en) * 1992-07-22 1996-04-16 Elf Aquitaine Device for indirect production of cold for refrigerating machine
DE19509716A1 (de) * 1995-03-10 1996-09-12 Kuehlautomat Berlin Gmbh Kab Kühlanlage mit freier Kühlung
GB2314149A (en) * 1996-06-14 1997-12-17 Star Refrigeration Thermosyphon refrigeration apparatus
FR2755755A1 (fr) * 1996-11-13 1998-05-15 Bernier Jacques Dispositif de production de froid economiseur d'energie integrable dans le circuit des pompes a chaleur et fonctionnant suivant le principe du caloduc a distance
JPH10300265A (ja) * 1997-05-01 1998-11-13 Daikin Ind Ltd 冷凍装置
JPH1123079A (ja) * 1997-06-27 1999-01-26 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 冷凍装置
EP1164338A1 (fr) * 1999-02-24 2001-12-19 Hachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. Systeme de pompe a chaleur combinant un cycle ammoniac avec un cycle dioxyde de carbone
JP2002243310A (ja) * 2001-02-19 2002-08-28 Sanden Corp 熱交換器及びこれを用いた冷凍装置

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR912186A (fr) * 1945-02-09 1946-08-01 Accumulateur de froid
JPH02223773A (ja) * 1989-02-23 1990-09-06 Sanki Eng Co Ltd 低温媒体及び高温媒体兼用冷却用冷凍装置
GB2233080A (en) * 1989-03-08 1991-01-02 Star Refrigeration Refrigeration apparatus
US5400615A (en) 1991-07-31 1995-03-28 Thornliebank Industrial Estate Cooling system incorporating a secondary heat transfer circuit
US5507158A (en) * 1992-07-22 1996-04-16 Elf Aquitaine Device for indirect production of cold for refrigerating machine
JPH06193984A (ja) * 1992-12-21 1994-07-15 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 冷熱搬送装置
EP0641978A1 (fr) 1993-09-04 1995-03-08 Star Refrigeration Ltd. Procédé et appareil de réfrigération
DE19509716A1 (de) * 1995-03-10 1996-09-12 Kuehlautomat Berlin Gmbh Kab Kühlanlage mit freier Kühlung
GB2314149A (en) * 1996-06-14 1997-12-17 Star Refrigeration Thermosyphon refrigeration apparatus
FR2755755A1 (fr) * 1996-11-13 1998-05-15 Bernier Jacques Dispositif de production de froid economiseur d'energie integrable dans le circuit des pompes a chaleur et fonctionnant suivant le principe du caloduc a distance
JPH10300265A (ja) * 1997-05-01 1998-11-13 Daikin Ind Ltd 冷凍装置
JPH1123079A (ja) * 1997-06-27 1999-01-26 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 冷凍装置
EP1164338A1 (fr) * 1999-02-24 2001-12-19 Hachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. Systeme de pompe a chaleur combinant un cycle ammoniac avec un cycle dioxyde de carbone
JP2002243310A (ja) * 2001-02-19 2002-08-28 Sanden Corp 熱交換器及びこれを用いた冷凍装置

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 014, no. 532 (M - 1051) 22 November 1990 (1990-11-22) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 018, no. 550 (M - 1690) 20 October 1994 (1994-10-20) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1999, no. 02 26 February 1999 (1999-02-26) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1999, no. 04 30 April 1999 (1999-04-30) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2002, no. 12 12 December 2002 (2002-12-12) *

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8528345B2 (en) 2003-10-15 2013-09-10 Ice Energy, Inc. Managed virtual power plant utilizing aggregated storage
US7363772B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2008-04-29 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with secondary refrigerant isolation
US7421846B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2008-09-09 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with gravity fed secondary refrigerant isolation
US7793515B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2010-09-14 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with isolated primary refrigerant loop
US8505313B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2013-08-13 Ice Energy Holdings, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system with secondary refrigerant isolation
US8707723B2 (en) 2004-08-18 2014-04-29 Ice Energy Holdings, Inc. Multiple refrigerant thermal energy storage and cooling system with secondary refrigerant isolation
EP1698843A3 (fr) * 2005-02-26 2012-01-25 LG Electronics Inc. Climatiseur avec système de réfrigération secondaire
WO2007021293A1 (fr) * 2005-08-18 2007-02-22 Ice Energy, Inc. Systeme de stockage d'energie thermique et de refroidissement a isolation secondaire par fluide frigorigene alimente par gravite
US7581409B2 (en) 2006-11-22 2009-09-01 Bailey Peter F Cooling system and method
US8181470B2 (en) 2008-02-15 2012-05-22 Ice Energy, Inc. Thermal energy storage and cooling system utilizing multiple refrigerant and cooling loops with a common evaporator coil
US9203239B2 (en) 2011-05-26 2015-12-01 Greener-Ice Spv, L.L.C. System and method for improving grid efficiency utilizing statistical distribution control
US9212834B2 (en) 2011-06-17 2015-12-15 Greener-Ice Spv, L.L.C. System and method for liquid-suction heat exchange thermal energy storage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0314803D0 (en) 2003-07-30

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20120227429A1 (en) Cooling system
USRE39924E1 (en) Refrigeration system with modulated condensing loops
CA2662986C (fr) Unite de refrigeration au dioxyde de carbone
US9291373B2 (en) Fixed and variable refrigerant metering system
US20020033024A1 (en) Utilization of harvest and/or melt water from an ice machine for a refrigerant subcool/precool system and method therefor
US7210303B2 (en) Transcritical heat pump water heating system using auxiliary electric heater
US20140137582A1 (en) Pumped liquid cooling system using a phase change fluid with additional subambient cooling
EP2280234B1 (fr) Système de Réfrigération R-744 sous-critique en cascade et procédé de fonctionnement correspondant
JP4885481B2 (ja) 冷却装置の運転方法
US7401473B2 (en) Dual refrigerant refrigeration system and method
US6170272B1 (en) Refrigeration system with inertial subcooling
JP4317793B2 (ja) 冷却システム
EP0641978B1 (fr) Procédé et appareil de réfrigération
KR100921211B1 (ko) 증기 분사 시스템을 갖춘 압축기
WO2005001345A1 (fr) Systeme de refroidissement ameliore
GB2370874A (en) Accumulators for refrigeration systems
US6311507B1 (en) Refrigeration system with minimum pre-set condensing pressure
JP2006220332A (ja) 複合型空気調和装置
CA3027892C (fr) Systeme de refrigeration r-744 transcritique destine aux supermarches offrant une efficacite et une fiabilite ameliorees
JP2006220335A (ja) 複合型空気調和装置
JP2006003023A (ja) 冷凍装置
JP2001280729A (ja) 冷凍装置
JP4798884B2 (ja) 冷凍システム
JP2004205142A (ja) 冷凍空調装置およびその運転制御方法
JP6572444B2 (ja) 自動販売機

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase