WO2004112659A1 - Prothese de la hanche - Google Patents

Prothese de la hanche Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004112659A1
WO2004112659A1 PCT/IB2003/003607 IB0303607W WO2004112659A1 WO 2004112659 A1 WO2004112659 A1 WO 2004112659A1 IB 0303607 W IB0303607 W IB 0303607W WO 2004112659 A1 WO2004112659 A1 WO 2004112659A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
truncated cones
half truncated
cavity
neck
planes
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2003/003607
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Sheila Ragbir
Original Assignee
Mariasal Investment N.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mariasal Investment N.V. filed Critical Mariasal Investment N.V.
Priority to AU2003253172A priority Critical patent/AU2003253172A1/en
Priority to JP2005500877A priority patent/JP2007515968A/ja
Priority to CA2515362A priority patent/CA2515362C/fr
Priority to DE60325278T priority patent/DE60325278D1/de
Priority to EP03817192A priority patent/EP1635742B1/fr
Priority to US10/547,126 priority patent/US7588602B2/en
Publication of WO2004112659A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004112659A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
    • A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
    • A61F2/3609—Femoral heads or necks; Connections of endoprosthetic heads or necks to endoprosthetic femoral shafts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
    • A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
    • A61F2/3662—Femoral shafts
    • A61F2/367—Proximal or metaphyseal parts of shafts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
    • A61F2002/30108—Shapes
    • A61F2002/3011—Cross-sections or two-dimensional shapes
    • A61F2002/30112—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners
    • A61F2002/3013—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners figure-"8"- or hourglass-shaped
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
    • A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • A61F2002/30331—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
    • A61F2002/30332—Conically- or frustoconically-shaped protrusion and recess
    • A61F2002/30334—Cone of elliptical or oval basis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
    • A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • A61F2002/30331—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
    • A61F2002/30362—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit with possibility of relative movement between the protrusion and the recess
    • A61F2002/30364—Rotation about the common longitudinal axis
    • A61F2002/30367—Rotation about the common longitudinal axis with additional means for preventing said rotation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
    • A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
    • A61F2/3609—Femoral heads or necks; Connections of endoprosthetic heads or necks to endoprosthetic femoral shafts
    • A61F2002/3625—Necks
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
    • A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
    • A61F2/3609—Femoral heads or necks; Connections of endoprosthetic heads or necks to endoprosthetic femoral shafts
    • A61F2002/365—Connections of heads to necks
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
    • A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
    • A61F2/3609—Femoral heads or necks; Connections of endoprosthetic heads or necks to endoprosthetic femoral shafts
    • A61F2002/3652—Connections of necks to shafts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • A61F2220/0033—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementary-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2230/0002—Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
    • A61F2230/0004—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners
    • A61F2230/001—Figure-8-shaped, e.g. hourglass-shaped

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of prostheses used in orthopaedic surgery. More specifically, the invention relates to a hip prosthesis structure.
  • this structure essentially comprises a stem which is to be inserted into the upper portion of the femur and which has a cavity in its top for the stable housing of the free end of a shaped bar, called the "neck", on the other end of which is fitted a spherical head which is joined to the acetabulum of the hip of the patient on whom the operation is performed.
  • the stability of the joint between the neck of the prosthesis and the said cavity of the stem in which it is inserted is of fundamental importance to the success of the operation: this is because relative movements between the two parts after the fitting of the prosthesis can generate debris which may lead to inflammation, degeneration and fracture of the tissues of the various parts of the hip region, with unforeseeable consequences which may seriously compromise the success of the operation.
  • the free end of the said neck and the said cavity are at present constructed with complementary profiles and, in order to improve the reliability of the joint, they are made in the form of a solid consisting of two bases, essentially parallel to each other, linked by surfaces inclined with respect to the said bases and converging towards the stem.
  • the inventor of the hip prosthesis structure described herein considers that the risks of post-operative complications can be reduced considerably by making the said neck and the said cavity in such a way as to provide certainty of the absolute correctness of their joining in the direction described previously in which the maximum stresses occur, while deliberately forgoing any attempt to achieve a simultaneous forced joint between the parts in the direction perpendicular to the said direction, in which negligible risks are incurred.
  • the inventor has devised a hip prosthesis structure in which the said free end of the neck is shaped in the form of two half truncated cones positioned so that they are mirror images of each other and delimited transversely by two bases which are essentially flat and parallel, the two half truncated cones being linked to each other by two surfaces which form two slight recesses which are inside the two planes tangent to the half truncated cones on opposite sides of the plane containing their axes.
  • the shape of the said cavity is complementary to the solid formed by the two half truncated cones and by the two planes tangent to them.
  • the object of the present invention is a hip prosthesis structure as described in the attached Claim 1.
  • FIG. 1 shows an exploded and partially transparent view of the free end of a neck (the other end 4d to which a spherical head is fitted is not illustrated, but simply- indicated in broken lines) and of a stem with a cavity- made according to the invention.
  • the figure shows how, in a hip prosthesis structure 1 according to the invention, the terminal part of the said neck 4 has, as stated above, the shape of two half truncated cones 5 and 6, positioned so that they are mirror images of each other and delimited transversely by two bases 7 and 7' which are essentially flat and parallel.
  • the said two half truncated cones 5 and 6 are linked to each other by two surfaces 8 and 9 which form two slight recesses 10 and 11 (emphasized for clarity in the drawing) which are inside the planes a and a ' tangent to the half truncated cones 5 and 6 on opposite sides of the plane a containing their axes L-L and M-M.
  • the shape of the said cavity 3 of the stem 2 is complementary to the solid 12 formed by the two half truncated cones 5 and 6 and by the said two planes a and a' tangent to them.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)

Abstract

Structure de prothèse de la hanche (1) comportant une tige (2) devant être introduite dans la partie supérieure du fémur, cette tige (2) présentant dans sa partie supérieure une cavité (3) apte à accueillir de façon stable l'extrémité libre (4e) d'une pièce conformée (4) dont l'autre extrémité (4d) porte une tête sphérique devant être fixée au cotyle de la hanche, ladite extrémité libre (4e) de ladite pièce (4) étant en forme de deux moitiés de tronc de cône (5, 6) orientées de telle manière qu'elles soient symétriques l'une par rapport à l'autre et délimitées transversalement par deux faces de base (7, 7') essentiellement plates et parallèles, lesdites moitiés de tronc de cône étant reliées entre elles par deux surfaces (8, 9) qui délimitent deux évidements (10, 11) traversé par les plans (â et â') s'étendant dans le sens tangentiel par rapport aux deux moitiés de tronc de cône (5, 6) de part et d'autre du plan (ã) passant par leurs axes (L-L, M-M), et la forme de ladite cavité (3) épousant celle du solide (12) délimité par les deux moitiés de tronc de cône (5, 6) et par les deux plans (â et â') s'étendant dans le sens tangentiel par rapport à ces dernières.
PCT/IB2003/003607 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 Prothese de la hanche WO2004112659A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003253172A AU2003253172A1 (en) 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 Hip prosthesis
JP2005500877A JP2007515968A (ja) 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 人工股関節
CA2515362A CA2515362C (fr) 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 Prothese de la hanche
DE60325278T DE60325278D1 (en) 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 Hüftprothese
EP03817192A EP1635742B1 (fr) 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 Prothese de la hanche
US10/547,126 US7588602B2 (en) 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 Hip prosthesis

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1089/03 2003-06-20
CH01089/03A CH696418A5 (it) 2003-06-20 2003-06-20 Protesi d'anca.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2004112659A1 true WO2004112659A1 (fr) 2004-12-29

Family

ID=33520344

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/IB2003/003607 WO2004112659A1 (fr) 2003-06-20 2003-08-08 Prothese de la hanche

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US7588602B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1635742B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2007515968A (fr)
AT (1) ATE416727T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2003253172A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2515362C (fr)
CH (1) CH696418A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE60325278D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2318205T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004112659A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100413480C (zh) * 2004-05-28 2008-08-27 科润泰克株式会社 人工髋关节的股骨干以及加工其颈部的方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8444699B2 (en) 2010-02-18 2013-05-21 Biomet Manufacturing Corp. Method and apparatus for augmenting bone defects
JP5951607B2 (ja) * 2010-07-29 2016-07-13 メイヨ ファンデーション フォア メディカル エディケイション アンド リサーチ 寛骨臼カップ人工装具

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3918441A (en) * 1974-09-17 1975-11-11 Philip E Getscher Intramedullary hip pin
EP0000549A1 (fr) * 1977-07-29 1979-02-07 Bayer Ag Endoprothèse
EP0677281A2 (fr) * 1994-03-17 1995-10-18 G. Cremascoli S.R.L. Prothèse fémorale pour la restauration d'une implantation prothétique ayant conduit à des résultats négatifs
US5902340A (en) * 1996-10-29 1999-05-11 Hayes Medical, Inc. Method of assembling a modular prosthesis used for bone replacement

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2223871A (en) * 1938-12-21 1940-12-03 Russell W Johnson Taper pin
GB2262562B (en) * 1991-12-20 1994-10-19 Sgb Holdings Ltd Improvements in or relating to a shoring system
US5935172A (en) * 1996-06-28 1999-08-10 Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc. Prosthesis with variable fit and strain distribution
GB9707371D0 (en) * 1997-04-11 1997-05-28 Minnesota Mining & Mfg A modular humeral prosthesis
US7189261B2 (en) * 1998-04-03 2007-03-13 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Modular humeral prosthesis and method

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3918441A (en) * 1974-09-17 1975-11-11 Philip E Getscher Intramedullary hip pin
EP0000549A1 (fr) * 1977-07-29 1979-02-07 Bayer Ag Endoprothèse
EP0677281A2 (fr) * 1994-03-17 1995-10-18 G. Cremascoli S.R.L. Prothèse fémorale pour la restauration d'une implantation prothétique ayant conduit à des résultats négatifs
US5902340A (en) * 1996-10-29 1999-05-11 Hayes Medical, Inc. Method of assembling a modular prosthesis used for bone replacement

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100413480C (zh) * 2004-05-28 2008-08-27 科润泰克株式会社 人工髋关节的股骨干以及加工其颈部的方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2515362C (fr) 2011-09-20
CH696418A5 (it) 2007-06-15
US20060173550A1 (en) 2006-08-03
JP2007515968A (ja) 2007-06-21
US7588602B2 (en) 2009-09-15
ES2318205T3 (es) 2009-05-01
ATE416727T1 (de) 2008-12-15
DE60325278D1 (en) 2009-01-22
AU2003253172A1 (en) 2005-01-04
EP1635742A1 (fr) 2006-03-22
EP1635742B1 (fr) 2008-12-10
CA2515362A1 (fr) 2004-12-29

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