WO2004104034A1 - コンドロイチンacリアーゼ結晶 - Google Patents
コンドロイチンacリアーゼ結晶 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004104034A1 WO2004104034A1 PCT/JP2004/007432 JP2004007432W WO2004104034A1 WO 2004104034 A1 WO2004104034 A1 WO 2004104034A1 JP 2004007432 W JP2004007432 W JP 2004007432W WO 2004104034 A1 WO2004104034 A1 WO 2004104034A1
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- xaa
- chondroitin
- lyase
- arthroac
- substrate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2299/00—Coordinates from 3D structures of peptides, e.g. proteins or enzymes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to chondroitin AC lyase (chondroitin AC lyase II, chondroitinase AC II) crystals having specific crystallographic characteristics.
- the present invention also relates to a protein having chondroitin AC lyase activity and having a specific amino acid sequence.
- Glycosaminodalican is the carbohydrate component of proteoglycin.
- Glycosaminoglycan is a highly negatively charged polysaccharide consisting of a repeating disaccharide in which substituted dalcosamine or galactosamine is linked to peronic acid by 1,4 bonds. These disaccharide units are linked by 1,3 or 1,4 bonds to form a polysaccharide chain (Reference 1). These dalcosamines and galactosamines are heavily sulfated, and their syntheses require the coordinated action of many enzymes (References 2 and 3). GAG is a major component of extracellular matritas (Reference 4).
- GAG is degraded by two types of enzymes: hydrolases (calo hydrolases) or lyases (Ref. 5).
- hydrolases calo hydrolases
- lyases calo hydrolases
- the enzymatic mechanism of hydrolase enzymes is well understood and occurs through a retaining mechanism or an inverting mechanism (Reference 6).
- the molecular details of the enzymatic mechanism of the GAG lyase group are not well understood.
- Reference 7 Although a chemically plausible mechanism of the elimination reaction has been reported (Reference 7), the structure of the active site and the role of individual amino acids are still unclear.
- Many bacterial species synthesize GAG lyase and use these enzymes to degrade GAG in the natural environment of bacteria and use it as a carbon source (References 5, 8).
- Polysaccharide lyases with known three-dimensional structures can be classified into two structures.
- One is a dextrorotatory parallel—helix (eg, pectate Z pectin lyase, chondroitinase B, rhamnognolecuronan lyase) and the other is ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) 5 toroids (flavonata terridium heparinum chondroitin AC lyase, chondroitin ABC lyase, bacterial hyaluronate lyase, etc.) or ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) 6 toroids (alginate lyase).
- GAG-degrading enzymes with distinct specificity are widely used as structural analysis tools for GAGs and other polysaccharides (Ref. 13), and the chondrointin AC lyases are frequently used for this purpose. . These enzymes cleave the glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of peronic acid and use chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-16-sulfate as substrates, but not dermatan sulfate. These enzymes also show varying degrees of degrading activity against hyaluronan.
- chondroitin AC lyase one of GAG-degrading enzymes, it will be useful in the production of low-molecular-weight chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate as various analytical reagents and pharmaceuticals. Or, it is extremely useful as a medicine itself.
- a protein having chondroitin AC lyase activity can be provided, it has the same utility as described above, and is extremely advantageous in its production.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a chondroitin AC lyase (chondroitinase ACII) crystal having specific crystallographic characteristics, which is useful as a biochemical analysis tool or a means for producing low molecular weight GAG or the like.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a protein having chondroitin AC lyase activity having the above-mentioned utility.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies in order to solve the above problems, and as a result, succeeded in obtaining a unique crystal of chondroitin AC lyase (ArthroAC) of a bacterium of the genus Arslobata (Arsulopactor auuressens), Features were identified. Furthermore, the primary structure of chondroitin AC lyase was elucidated by structural analysis of the crystals by X-ray diffraction, and the flavobateridium hepatae, whose 17 fire structure had already been elucidated, was identified.
- a crystal of chondroitin AC lyase derived from a bacterium belonging to the genus Arthrobacter having one molecule per unit is provided.
- the crystal of the chondroitin AC lyase of the present invention it is preferable that the crystal is the above-mentioned bacterium of the genus Arthrobacter.
- the present invention has an activity of chondroitin AC lyase, and has an amino acid sequence Asn-Trp-Trp- (Xaa 7 —Arg— (Xaa) 34 —Gin— (Xaa) 4 -Arg— (Xaa) 8 —Asn— ( Xaa 49 one His- (Xaa) 8 -Tyr- (Xaa ) 53 _ Arg- (Xaa) 3 - Arg- (Xaa) is 2 _ (Asn or 7 this Asp - (Xaa) 106 _Asn- ( Xaa) 54 -
- the present invention provides a protein containing Trp (Xaa represents an arbitrary amino acid residue, and the number represents the number of residues) The amino acid sequence of this protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 in the sequence listing.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph showing a microscopic image of a chondroitin AC lyase II crystal.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph showing a microscope image of chondroitin AC lyase II crystal.
- FIG. 3 shows a representative portion of a 3Fo-2Fc electron density map outlined at 3 ⁇ (green) and 6 ⁇ (crimson) levels. This map makes it possible to distinguish C, N and 0 atoms.
- FIG. 4 shows a structure-based sequence alignment for ArthroAC, FlavoAC and some hyaluronate lyases. Inserts in the ArthroAC sequence that close the substrate binding site are shown in gray. Bold italics indicate residues that form an ⁇ -helix. Bold letters indicate residues that form; 3-strands. Residues conserved in all four proteins are boxed. The arrow indicates the putative active site residues Asnl 8 0, His230, Tyr239, Arg293 and Glu404 (However, Glu404 Without an arrow). This figure was created with the programs MOLSCRIPT (Reference 44) and Raster3d (Reference 45).
- G is glycine
- A is arayun
- V is valin
- L leucine
- I is isoleucine
- S is serine
- T threonine
- D is aspartic acid
- E is glutamic acid
- N is asparagine
- Q is glutamine
- K is lysine
- R arginine
- C cysteine
- M methionine
- F is Cyprusalanin
- Y thicin
- W is tryptophan
- H histidine
- P proline.
- Figure 5 is as follows. a) Ribbon diagram of ArthroAC. The individual ⁇ -helical hairpins of the N-terminal ( ⁇ / ⁇ ;) 5 toll are shown in different colors. Individual ⁇ -sheets of the C-terminal domain are also shown in different colors. Inserts in ArthroAC that block the grooves are shown as gray. b) A three-dimensional view showing the superimposed C traces of the N-terminal domains of ArthroAC and FlavoAC. Inserts in ArthroAC that block the grooves are shown in gray. c) Stereogram of C trace of the C-terminal domain of ArthroAC and FlavoAC.
- FIG. 6 is a stereogram of the open and closed conformations of 457-466 norepe from the C-terminal domain.
- the ball indicates the location of the thimerosal mercury atom near Cys405 in the open conformation. His230, Arg293, particularly showing Glu404 and side chain of Trp 462. The +2 and +1 sugars are also shown.
- FIG. 7 is a three-dimensional view of the substrate binding site. a) The electron density in the omit map calculated at the 1.2 ⁇ level excluding the existing substrate corresponding to the tetrasaccharide of chondroitin- 14_sulfuric acid to be bound. Port conformation is clearly shown. b) Contact of the tetrasaccharide to nearby side chains. Hydrogen bonds are indicated by broken lines.
- Figure 8 shows the complex of Arthrobactor chondroitinase AC with chondroitin-4 monosulfate tetrasaccharide (blue) and the complex of Flavobacteriwn chondroitinase AC Y234F mutant with chondroitin-14 monosulfate tetrasaccharide (red). It is the three-dimensional figure which shows what combined.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the proposed catalyst mechanism. Opening and closing of the 457-466 loop is likely to be related to the movement of the tips of the two nearby loops. And release. Substrate binding recognizes the active site and leads to deprotonation of Tyr239, which is affected by protonated His230 hydrogen bonded to positively charged Arg293 and Tyr239.
- the 0H— of the phenyl ring first acts as a general base that abstracts protons from the C5 of glucuronic acid at the +1 site. And this proton is given to the 04 leaving group of the _ 1 sugar.
- the blocked end of the substrate binding valley limits the binding of the non-reducing end of the glycosaminoglycan chain to the sugar, resulting in the exo-type mechanism of ArthroAC.
- FIG. 10 is as follows. a) Stereogram of the surface of the molecule within the extended substrate binding site of ArthroAC. Inserts in the sequence that cap the substrate binding site are shown in green. b) Three-dimensional diagram showing the tetrasaccharide bound to the molecular surface in the extended substrate binding site of FlavoAC. This figure was created by the program GRASP (Reference 46). BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- Chondroitin lyases (EC 4.2.2.4 and EC 4.2.2.5) are glycosaminodalicanases that act as lyases. Chondroitin lyase AC (ArthroAC) obtained from alsulpactor. Auresens (Arthrobactor tor aurescens) is known to act on chondroitin-14-monosulfate and chondroitin-16-sulfate, but not on del or matanesulfate. . Other chondroitin AC lyases can also cleave hyaluronan.
- Chondroitin lyases (EC 4.2.2.4 and EC 4.2.2.5) are glycosaminodalicanases that act as lyases. Chondroitin lyase AC (ArthroAC) obtained from alsulpactor. Auresens (Arthrobactor tor aurescens) is known to act on chondroitin-14-monosulfate and
- the chondroitin AC lyase used for the crystal of the chondroitin AC lyase of the present invention is a known enzyme and has already been purified.
- the chondroitin AC lyase used in the crystals of the chondroitin AC lyase of the present invention is derived from a bacterium belonging to the genus Arthrobacter.
- the genus Arthrobacter for obtaining the chondroitin AC lyase used in the crystal of the chondroitin AC lyase of the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is preferably Arsulopactor auresens.
- the method for obtaining chondroitin AC lyase from a bacterium belonging to the genus Arsulopactor is not particularly limited, and it can be obtained using a method generally used for obtaining an enzyme from a bacterium.
- the bacteria of the genus Arthrobacter are cultured, and the cultured cells are cultured.
- An enzyme may be extracted from the cells of the bacterium and the enzyme may be purified.
- Cultivation of bacteria belonging to the genus Arthrobacter is carried out, for example, as described in J. Biol. Chem., 243 (7), 1523-1535 (1968), JP-A-62-122588, JP-A-2-57180, and the like.
- the culture conditions are not particularly limited.
- the culture is carried out in a medium containing meat or fish extract and polypeptone at a temperature of about 30 to 35 ° C. for about half a day to about 5 days.
- chondroitin sulfate or its hydrolyzate is preferably added to the culture solution in an amount of 0.01% or more, and preferably about 0.05 to 1%.
- the cells of the cultured bacteria are collected from the culture solution, suspended in a buffer having a pH near neutral, and the enzyme is extracted from the suspension.
- a buffer having a pH around neutrality a 1 to 100 raM phosphate buffer, a Tris-hydrochloric acid buffer, an acetate buffer, or the like, usually having a pH of 6.0 to 8.0, can be used.
- the cells are disrupted by sonication or a cell disrupter (Dino Mill, etc.) in such a buffer to extract cells containing chondroitin AC lyase, protease, other enzymes, nucleic acids, proteins, etc. Extract as a liquid.
- the extraction efficiency of chondroitin AC lyase from bacterial cells can be increased by using a surfactant solution, for example, a buffer solution containing a surfactant.
- purification After removing the low-molecular-weight substances by, for example, dialyzing the obtained bacterial cell extract against a buffer solution, purification can be performed by using salting out, ammonium sulfate precipitation, various types of chromatography, or the like.
- An example of chromatography that can be used for purifying chondroitin AC lyase includes a chromatography treatment using a combination of a weak cation exchange resin and a strong thione exchange resin.
- the weak cation exchange resin used here include a cation exchange resin in which the exchange group is a carboxyalkyl group such as a carboxymethyl group.
- Specific examples include polysaccharide derivatives having a carboxymethyl group as an exchange group (agarose derivatives, cross-linked dextran derivatives, etc.).
- Commercial products include CM Sepharose and CM Sephadex (both are trade names, Pharmacia).
- the strong thione exchange resin examples include a cation exchange resin in which the exchange group is a sulfoalkyl group. Concrete Examples thereof include polysaccharide derivatives having a sulfoethyl group, a sulfopropyl group, etc. as exchange groups (agarose derivatives, cross-linked dextran derivatives, etc.). Commercial products include S-Sepharose or SP Sepharose (trade name, Pharmacia), SP Sephadec Tas (trade name, Pharmacia), SP Toyopearl (trade name, Tosoh Corporation) and the like. The following method can be given as an example of the chromatographic treatment using a combination of the above two types of cation exchange resins.
- a buffer similar to that used for the extraction of cells using a weak cation exchange resin for example, a buffer having a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 (for example, a 1 to 50 mM phosphate buffer).
- Acid buffer, Tris-HCl buffer, acetate buffer, etc. contact the supernatant of the bacterial cell extract described above, adsorb the enzyme, and remove the cation-exchange resin if necessary. Wash using a solution (for example, 20 to 25 solution or 7 or the above-mentioned surfactant solution (for example, 0.5% P0ELE solution).
- An eluate is prepared and the fraction having enzyme activity is eluted by contacting with the resin, and the elution method may be a concentration gradient method (gradient method) or a stepwise method.
- the treatment may be a column method or a batch method.
- the obtained fraction is brought into contact with a strong thione exchange resin equilibrated with the same buffer to adsorb chondroitin AC lyase. If necessary, the cation exchange resin is converted into a salt solution (for example, a 20 to 50 mM NaCl solution).
- chondroitin is subjected to chondroitin by a concentration gradient method using the same buffer containing 0 to about 0.5 M sodium chloride (for example, phosphate buffer, Tris-monohydrochloride buffer, acetate buffer, etc.).
- the purified enzyme solution is obtained by eluting and isolating the AC lyase.
- a chromatographic treatment is carried out by a column method. It is also possible to do in the reverse order.
- the chondroitin AC lyase obtained in this way is free of impurities such as endotoxin, nucleic acids, proteases, and other proteins, and shows a single band on electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Cation exchange) also shows a single peak.
- chondroitin AC 'lyase is crystallized from the above purified enzyme solution.
- the method for crystallizing the purified chondroitin AC lyase is not particularly limited, either.
- the method used for crystallization of protein can be applied.
- the chondroitin AC lyase can be crystallized by bringing the chondroitin AC lyase into contact with a polyether having a structure in which both terminals are hydroxyl groups (eg, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, etc.).
- chondroitin AC lyase solution For example, add polyethylene glycol (molecular weight: 4,000, 6,000, 8,000, etc.) to the chondroitin AC lyase solution and leave it at room temperature to about 4 ° C until crystals form.
- the crystallization of chondroitin AC lyase is carried out by suspending a solution containing chondroitin AC lyase and polyethylene glycol / re in a solution containing polyethylene dalicol, followed by crystallization.
- the diffusion method is preferred. In particular, it is extremely preferable to crystallize by the method described in Examples described later.
- the crystal of the chondroitin AC lyase of the present invention obtained as described above is a monoclinic columnar crystal. Its crystallographic properties can be analyzed by X-ray diffraction and the like, and the present inventors have obtained crystals capable of determining a three-dimensional structure with a resolution of 1.25 angstroms. Based on this high resolution and the very high quality electron density maps of the native enzymes and their complexes, 97% of the amino acids of chondroitin AC lyase can be clearly identified, demonstrating the catalytic mechanism common to FlavoAC and hyaluronan lyase. The molecular details could be clarified.
- the enzyme-substrate complex was obtained by immersing the substrate in crystals for various times and flash freezing the crystals.
- the electron density map of the crystals immersed in the substrate for a short period of time ( ⁇ 2 minutes) clearly showed the substrate, indicating that the glucuronic acid ring at position +1 (see below) twisted into the Port II conformation.
- tyrosine (Tyr) 239 power S C5 It acts as a general base that abstracts protons from the position, and strongly supports the degradation mechanism that asparagine (Asn) 180 and His230 neutralize the acid radical of dalucoponic acid.
- chondroitin AC lyase from Flavobacterium heparinum FavoAC
- Arthrobacter at resce ⁇ s was cultured under the following conditions. 0.4% peptone (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo), 0.4% Ehritsuhi fish extract (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo) and 0.75% chondroitin sulfate C (Seikagaku Corporation) Were cultured in a medium containing (32.5 liters, initial pH 6.2) for 24 hours at an aeration rate of 1 vvm and a stirring speed of 220 rpm.
- the enzyme was purified from the cultured cells by the method described previously (Reference 20) with some modifications. That is, the culture was centrifuged at 15,000 g for 15 minutes to remove the cells, and then solid ammonium sulfate was added to the supernatant so as to be 75% (w / v) saturated. At 4 ° C, 75 g of protein precipitate (50,000 units) was dialyzed continuously against distilled water containing 0.02 M acetate buffer (pH 5.2), and the column was pre-equilibrated with the same buffer. (Araersham Bioscience Corp, Piscataway, NJ, diameter X length: 2.6 x 70 cm).
- Chondroitin-14-monosulfate tetrasaccharide (CS tetra ), dermatan sulfate hexasaccharide (DS hexa ) and hyaluronan tetrasaccharide were prepared and characterized as previously described (Reference 10). That is, chondroitin-14-monosulfate from bovine trachea and dermatan sulfate from porcine intestinal mucosa are depolymerized using chondroitin ABC lyase and stopped by boiling for 5 minutes before the reaction is completed. I let it.
- oligosaccharide mixture was separated on a Bio-Gel P6 column, and the tetrasaccharide fraction and the hexasaccharide fraction were collected. These mixtures were further fractionated by strong aeon exchange high performance liquid chromatography to obtain a single oligosaccharide. Their purity was confirmed by capillary electrophoresis, and their structure was confirmed by MS and NMR analysis. These structures show that CS tetra is ⁇ UAp (1 ⁇ 3)- ⁇ -D-GalpNAc4S (1 ⁇ 4)- ⁇ -D-GlcAp (1 ⁇ 3)- ⁇ , ⁇
- DS hexa is ⁇ ⁇ (1 ⁇ [3]-; 3-D-GalpNAc4S (l ⁇ 4)--L-IdoAp (l ⁇ ) 2 3)- ⁇ , ⁇ -D- GalpNAc4S ( ⁇ UAp indicates unsaturated sugar residue 4-deoxy-a_L-sleo-hex-4-enoenopyranosyl dihydrogenate, IdoAp indicates idopyranosyl dihydrogenate, and GlcAp indicates darcopyranosyl dihydrogenate GalpN indicates 2-deoxy-2-aminoamino ratatopyranose, S indicates sulfate, and Ac indicates acetate.
- Needle-like crystals of the above proteins have been reported long before (Ref. 20), but have not been characterized.
- the enzyme was crystallized by hanging drop vapor phase diffusion. That is, the protein (lOrag / ml) and 2 ⁇ l of Lisapar solution (23% (w / v) PEG8000, 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.4) suspended in 1 ml of Reservoir solution , 0.4 M ammonium acetate, containing 10% (v / v) glycerol). Small crystals appeared within a few days. To obtain large crystals suitable for obtaining data, The cross-seeding method was used.
- the crystals were purified from 22.5 (w / v) PEG8000, 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.4), 0.4 M ammonium acetate and 20% (v / v).
- v) Soaked in antifreeze solution containing glycerol for 10 seconds, placed on a nipple pump, and cooled instantaneously to 100 ° C absolute temperature (100 ° C) in a cooling flow of nitrogen gas. These crystals showed a diffraction of 1.3 A in the synchrotron. Data were obtained at the Brookhaven National Laboratory on the X8C beamline.
- the structure of ArthroAC was determined from a mercury-containing thimerosal derivative of ArthroAC. Data were collected at three wavelengths in the Multiwavelength Anomalous Diffraction (MAD) experiment. Analysis of the data using the program SOLVE (Ref. 23) revealed that there were three mercury sites in the asymmetric unit. These sites were used to calculate each experimental step at 1.3 angstrom resolution, yielding an overall figure of merit (FOM) of 0.33 to 1.3 angstrom. Using the program RESOLVE (Ref. 24), the electron density modification with a solvent content of 0.4 significantly increased F0M (0.45 at 1.3 ⁇ ) and substantially improved the electron density map. Was. About 80% of the protein backbone was automatically constructed using the program RESOLVE.
- the mercury-binding ArthroAC model was used as a starting point for refinement of native protein crystals. Refinement of all models was performed using the program REFMAC5 version 5.1.08. The 1% reflection was ignored for the monitoring of the Rfree factor ⁇ (factor) during the refinement process. The electron density map showed that one loop had a substantially different conformation, which was reconstructed using program 0. The model was refined at a resolution of 1.35 ⁇ , resulting in a final R-factor of 0.130 and an Rft: ee of 0.175. This model contains 2 to 754 residues, 1029 molecules of water and one Na ion. Major features near the catalytic site residues were modeled as phosphate ions.
- the immersion time was changed (30 seconds, 2 minutes, 10 minutes, 35 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 10 hours), and the obtained chondrointin AC lyase and chondrointin-1
- the structures of all the complexes with the tetrasaccharide sulfate (CS tetra ) and the structures of the HA tetra complex (immersion time: 2 minutes) were determined.
- the different electron densities revealed that the occupancy of sugars at sites 1-2, _1, +1 and +2 was regularly different for each structure. All data were obtained at high resolution, and the electron density images corresponded well to the predicted sugar types, so the temperature factor was similar between different crystals, but the occupancy was different. Was thought to be.
- ArthroAC Hs Its mercury derivative (ArthroAC Hs ), complex with hyaluronan soaked for 2 minutes (ArthroAC, complex with CS tete soaked for 30 seconds, 10 minutes or 10 hours)
- ArthroAC cstetra The coordination of (ArthroAC cstetra ) is registered in Protein Data Bank, RCSB. Amino acid sequence of ArthroAC
- ArthroAC was purified from its natural host, but the gene encoding this protein has not been cloned. Although the enzyme was widely used commercially, the amino acid sequence had not been determined. Fortunately, the quality of the electron density maps calculated at 1.3 Angstroms resolution and the availability of several refined models for independently collected data sets have led to the protein The full-length amino acid sequence of was fully determined. Approximately 80% of the protein backbone atoms were automatically constructed by the program RESOLVE, and up to 95% of the total protein by manual fitting to experimentally obtained electron density maps. The strongest electron density image in the map obtained experimentally was considered to be a sulfur atom, and the type of the residue was cysteine or methionine based on the shape of the electron density.
- the improved information at each stage of the refinement process could improve sequencing.
- an independent electron density map for each refined complex was analyzed for peak heights in 2Fo-2Fc, 3Fo-2Fc, and Fo-Fc, comparison of individual atomic temperature factors, The analysis results of the possibility of hydrogen bonding between adjacent atoms were used. These analyzes distinguished carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms, and determined the primary sequence of ArthroAC with very high confidence.
- another partially occupied core The formation was identified.
- the ArthroAC molecule has an overall ⁇ +] 3 structure and consists of two domains.
- the N-terminal ⁇ - helical domain consists of 13 ⁇ -heritus, 10 of which, as classified in the SCOP database, represent incomplete double-layer ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) 5 toroids. (See Reference 30).
- On one side of the toroid are long, deep grooves, which define the location of the active and substrate binding sites.
- ⁇ The three single helices at the end are in front of the ( ⁇ / h) 5 toroid, shrinking the groove on one side. Residues conserved in sequences homologous to ArthroAC are concentrated in this groove region.
- the C-terminal domain consists almost entirely of four single-sheeted] 3-strands.
- the second domain can be divided into two subdomains, the first contains two large / 3—sheets and one short single helix, and the second subdomain is the third and fourth / 3—Consists of a sheet.
- Hyaluronan tetrasaccharide was also used as a substrate with an immersion time of 2 minutes, and diffraction data was collected at a resolution of 1.9 Angstrom.
- the structures were independently refined.
- the ArthroAC molecule was first refined, and then the differential electron density map was observed and interpreted appropriately, and the modeled substrate / product was considered to include the refinement.
- Several sugar units were clearly identified in each of the refined models. Even after immersion for 30 seconds, the electron density of the entire tetrasaccharide substrate was clearly observed ( Figure 7 and Table 4).
- the tetrasaccharide substrate is the most evident in the series of data for this 30 second soak, with the sugar ring occupancy being 0.7 at the 11 and -2 subsites and +1 and +2.
- Oligosaccharides bind into the narrow end of the groove of the N-terminal domain and make contact with residues Asnl 2 l, Trpl22, Trpl23, Argl31, Glnl66, Argl71, Asnl80, His230, Tyr239, Arg293, Arg297, Asp300, Asn407 and Trp462 (Figure 7).
- Tr P 123 and Trp462 show overlapping interactions with the saccharide unit occupying positions +1 and 1-2, while Tr P 122 aligns towards the edge and + It forms a hydrogen bond with oxygen that priddings between 2 and +1 units.
- the 410 sulfo group of the substrate shows various interactions with the protein.
- the 4-0-sulfo group of the sugar linked at the +2 site is hydrogen-bonded to Glnl66 and is linked to Asp219 and Gln229 via a bridging water molecule.
- the 4-0-sulfo group of the sugar linked to the 11 site is located just above the guanidinium group of Arg297, and is hydrogen-bonded to Glu409 and Asn595 via the priding water molecule. Both 4_0-sulfo groups contribute to substrate binding, but not significantly to the specificity of substrate recognition.
- the chondrointin sulfate tetrasaccharide used in this series of studies was obtained by the action of GAG lyase, and the non-saturation between the carbon atoms at positions 4 and 5 (C 4 -C 5) It has an unsaturated ring that retains a double bond (Reference 10).
- the electron density of one or two sugars corresponds to this unsaturated ring very well at the carbon atom at position 5 (C 5), which has sp 2 hybridization.
- Table 5 A detailed list of all hydrogen bonds between this tetrasaccharide and the protein side chain is shown in Table 5.
- the short distance between 06B and 0D1 indicates that there is a low-parity hydrogen bond between them (Reference 31), which indicates that the carboxyl group of dalc oxalate is protonated, Sexual state.
- 06A forms a long second hydrogen bond of 2.90 angstroms with the protonated His230 NE2.
- the geometry of the hydrogen bond involved in the carboxyl group is very close to ideal. Potential nucleophilicity
- the distance from His230 NE 2 to C 5 of +1 glucuronic acid is somewhat longer, at 4.04 ⁇ .
- the OH groups (hydroxyl groups) in C 2 and C 3 are also firmly held by some hydrogen bonds.
- Oxygen atom 2 (02) and oxygen atom 3 (03) are hydrogen-bonded to 0D1 and ND2 of Asnl21, respectively, and 02 is hydrogen-bonded to D2 of Asn407 (Fig. 7b).
- the other two residues also make very important contacts with the substrate.
- the hydroxyl group of Tyr239 is within the 04 oxygen that bridges between the +1 and 11 sugars, and the 05 hydrogen bond distance of the +1 sugar ring.
- This Tyr239 hydroxyl group is only 3.0 angstroms away from C5 in darcylic acid.
- the side chain of Arg293 forms a hydrogen bond with prudging 04 and is 2.9 angstroms from the hydroxyl group of Tyr239.
- the electron density corresponding to the dextrin group of dalc baltic acid shows three bulges instead of two, and the third one has a slightly lower electron density. This morphology is common to the densities found in all data sets. Since the solution used for crystallization contained 0.1 M phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid was modeled by partial occupation in the same place (Table 5). The anomalous Fourier map calculated at the model stage excluding tetrasaccharide and phosphoric acid showed a small peak at the position of phosphoric acid, confirming that the model was correct.
- FlavoAC bound to dermatan and the position of the +1 sugar carboxyl group in ArthroAC bound to chondrointin are almost the same, which is the latter in the latter, which has a pseudo-vertical acidic group. This is due to the twisted 'port-type structure of the acid sugar.
- the hydrogen bonds of ArthroAC to Asnl80 and His230 have nearly perfect geometries, the corresponding hydrogen bonds in the FlavoAC complex are not ideal.
- the enzymatic reaction carried out by GAG lyase involves the abstraction of the C5 proton by a common base, followed by the donation of a proton to the priming 04 by a common acid or water molecule, and the simultaneous elimination of the leaving group; It is thought to progress (Reference 7).
- a recent kinetic analysis of FlavoAC using well-defined synthetic substrates is This is consistent with the expected stepwise mechanism (Ref. 32).
- a proposal for the mechanism of the polysaccharide lyase systemized by Gacesa (Reference 7) involves that the positively charged groups neutralize the acidic groups and shift the equilibrium toward the enolate tautomer.
- This asparagine is assisted by His230, but also forms a hydrogen bond with the carboxylate group of peronic acid, judging from the hydrogen bonding network ( Figure 7), and is protonated in the complex.
- the electron density for the substrate is in their paper
- a differential map (excluding substrate) based on their deposited structural factors and coordinates, since they were not shown. Relatively weak scattered densities were observed, but did not allow for reliable oligosaccharide placement. We concluded that this density corresponds to a mixture of products with a very low occupancy and cannot be reliably modeled. However, even following their model, the distance between histidines NE1 and C5 exceeds 6 ⁇ . We therefore concluded that there was no structural evidence in support of the proposed role of histidine in their work. Furthermore, the His399Ala mutant of S. pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase has a significant activity of 6% of the wild-type enzyme activity (Reference 11).
- ArthroAC exhibits significant activity on hyaluronan, and the structure of the complex between this enzyme and HA teta shows that the two sugar units at subsites 1 and 1 2 after a short soak of 2 minutes. Only, probably a reaction product. This is in contrast to the substantial occupancy of subsites +1 and +2 after similar soak times for chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide, where ArthroAC is more active on hyaluronan than on chondroitin sulfate Suggest that. This result correlates well with ArthroAC having a higher sequence similarity to hyaluronate lyase than to FlavoAC ( Figure 4).
- Arg293 and Glu404 move toward Tyr239, which participates in a second salt bridge with Glu409 and forms a hydrogen bond with the Tyr239 at the 04 atom, which prids between the 11 and +1 sites.
- the sugar ring at the +1 site must adopt a higher energy boat conformation, which consists of the newly protonated gonoleconic acid acid group and Asnl80 and the protonated His230. Strong hydrogen bond is formed between Will be compensated for.
- the proximity of Tyr239 to the positively charged Arg293 and His230 substantially reduces the pKa of this tyrosine.
- the present inventors speculate that Arg293 and His230 play a role in activating this tyrosine and initiate its role as a common base.
- the Tyr239 force then extracts protons from glucuronic acid C5, which is less than 3 angstroms apart.
- the present inventors propose assumed the protons are transported to subsequent Purijjingu 04 (general role of acid), which is associated therewith and C4 one 04 bond cleavage C4- C 5 double bond occurs.
- the products at the +1 and +2 sites are the first to leave with the opening of the 457-466 loop. Substrate binding and release would be aided by the movement of two separate loops with Asnl21 and Asn407 at the tip, which would facilitate access to the 12 and 11 sites.
- ArthroAC has two inserts in the N-terminal domain, approximately 15 residues (Arg20-Ser35) and 25 residues (Thr340-Gly363). These two parts form a loop containing an ⁇ -helix near the N- and C-termini of the domain, which together form a groove along the side of the (h / ⁇ ) 5 toroidal N-terminal domain. Most are closed.
- the chondroitin AC lyase crystal provided by the present invention is a crystal of chondroitin AC lyase of extremely high purity having a unique crystallographic characteristic which has not been known so far. Therefore, it is extremely useful as a means for producing chondroitin as various analytical reagents, pharmaceuticals and the like.
- the primary structure of chondroitin AC lyase derived from A. thaliana auressens was determined, and it was found that the chondroitinase was an exo-type chondroitinase.
- the crystals of the chondroitin AC lyase of the present invention are useful for the production of chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin having a specific molecular weight. There is expected.
- amino acid residues constituting the substrate binding site of chondroitin AC lyase are elucidated, and a protein having them is provided. This is expected to be useful in the production of chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin having a specific molecular weight of the protein and useful as a drug itself.
- Hg-Peak Info Hg-Remote Native Wavelength 1.005133 1.009078 0.997068 0.950000 Resolution 40-1.3 40-1.3 50-1.4 50-1.3
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA002526582A CA2526582A1 (en) | 2003-05-22 | 2004-05-24 | Chondroitin ac lyase crystal |
EP04734616A EP1634891A4 (en) | 2003-05-22 | 2004-05-24 | CRYSTAL OF CHONDROITINE AC LYASE |
JP2005506436A JPWO2004104034A1 (ja) | 2003-05-22 | 2004-05-24 | コンドロイチンacリアーゼ結晶 |
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US47268903P | 2003-05-22 | 2003-05-22 | |
US60/472,689 | 2003-05-22 |
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JP (1) | JPWO2004104034A1 (ja) |
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CN114480182A (zh) * | 2022-01-10 | 2022-05-13 | 中国农业大学 | 一种假节杆菌pl-410及其在产软骨素裂解酶中的应用 |
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BRPI0621470A2 (pt) | 2006-12-05 | 2011-12-13 | Glycoscience Lab Inc | agente terapêutico para artrite degenerativa |
CN103602711B (zh) * | 2013-11-08 | 2016-05-18 | 青岛贝尔特生物科技有限公司 | 一种治疗心肌炎的低分子硫酸软骨素的制备方法 |
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- 2004-05-24 JP JP2005506436A patent/JPWO2004104034A1/ja active Pending
- 2004-05-24 EP EP04734616A patent/EP1634891A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-05-24 WO PCT/JP2004/007432 patent/WO2004104034A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2004-05-24 CA CA002526582A patent/CA2526582A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
HIYAMA, K. ET AL.: "Crystallization and some properties of chondroitinase from Arthrobacter aurescens", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 250, no. 5, 1975, pages 1824 - 1828, XP002982969 * |
POJASEK, K. ET AL.: "Biochemical characterzation of the chondroitinase B active site", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 277, no. 34, 2002, pages 31179 - 31186, XP002978617 * |
See also references of EP1634891A4 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN114480182A (zh) * | 2022-01-10 | 2022-05-13 | 中国农业大学 | 一种假节杆菌pl-410及其在产软骨素裂解酶中的应用 |
CN114480182B (zh) * | 2022-01-10 | 2023-10-31 | 中国农业大学 | 一种假节杆菌pl-410及其在产软骨素裂解酶中的应用 |
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EP1634891A4 (en) | 2006-09-20 |
CA2526582A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
EP1634891A1 (en) | 2006-03-15 |
JPWO2004104034A1 (ja) | 2006-10-19 |
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