WO2004076829A1 - Exhaust-gas purification system for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engines and method of exhaust-gas purification - Google Patents
Exhaust-gas purification system for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engines and method of exhaust-gas purification Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004076829A1 WO2004076829A1 PCT/EP2004/001945 EP2004001945W WO2004076829A1 WO 2004076829 A1 WO2004076829 A1 WO 2004076829A1 EP 2004001945 W EP2004001945 W EP 2004001945W WO 2004076829 A1 WO2004076829 A1 WO 2004076829A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust
- catalyst
- gas purification
- nox storage
- purification system
- Prior art date
Links
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 209
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000019391 nitrogen oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 36
- 229960003753 nitric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 7
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 3
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 239000012041 precatalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007775 late Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000010718 Oxidation Activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Pr+3].[Pr+3] MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 platinum-activated cerium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003447 praseodymium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9481—Catalyst preceded by an adsorption device without catalytic function for temporary storage of contaminants, e.g. during cold start
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0821—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with particulate filters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
- B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20707—Titanium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20723—Vanadium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
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- B01D2255/20738—Iron
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20761—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20769—Molybdenum
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20776—Tungsten
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/50—Zeolites
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/40—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a hydrolysis catalyst
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- Exhaust-gas purification system for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engines and method of exhaust-gas purification
- the present invention relates to an exhaust-gas purification system for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides in the lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engines .
- an exhaust gas which contains unburned hydrocarbons (HC) , carbon monoxide (CO) , nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particles (soot) as pollutants.
- HC unburned hydrocarbons
- CO carbon monoxide
- NOx nitrogen oxides
- particles silicates
- non- poisonous precursor compounds especially aqueous urea solutions
- aqueous urea solutions are preferably employed in mobile applications for motor traffic.
- the urea solution is hydrolyzed to ammonia and carbon dioxide by means of hydrolysis catalysts or directly on the SCR catalyst.
- the urea solution is injected into the exhaust-gas flow.
- a disadvantage of this type of exhaust-gas aftertreat-ment is that both the hydrolysis of urea and the SCR reaction using the common SCR catalysts start only at temperatures above 160 to 200 °C, that is, the light-off temperatures of SCR catalysts for the low-temperature range is between 160 and 200 °C.
- the light-off temperature of a catalyst refers to the temperature upstream of the catalyst at which the catalyst converts the pollutant in question (here the nitrogen oxides) just at a 50% rate.
- German patent application DE 10054877 Al already described an exhaust-gas purification system which includes a catalyst having catalytically active components for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR components) and an additional storage component for nitrogen oxides .
- this additional NOx storage component is to temporarily store the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas at low temperatures below 160 to 200 °C on the SCR catalyst and to release them at higher temperatures so that they can afterwards be reduced on the SCR catalyst using surplus ammonia. This solution, however, has been only partly successful .
- the object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust-gas purification system which has improved activity for the conversion of nitrogen oxides at low exhaust-gas temperatures compared to the prior art.
- Another subject matter of this invention is the simultaneous reduction of the particu- late emission from the lean-burn internal combustion engines.
- the invention is to provide a method of exhaust-gas purification with an improved conversion rate of the nitrogen oxides at low exhaust-gas temperatures.
- an exhaust-gas purification system for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides which includes at least one catalyst having catalytically active components for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR components) and through which the lean exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine flows.
- the exhaust-gas purification system is characterized in that a NOx storage catalyst is arranged upstream of the SCR catalyst and metering means for supplying a precursor compound of ammonia to the exhaust gas is located between the NOx storage catalyst and the SCR catalyst.
- the NOx catalyst arranged according to the invention upstream of the SCR catalyst in the exhaust gas system fulfills two functions .
- the NOx storage catalyst increases the ratio of nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen monoxide in the exhaust gas, thereby improving the efficiency of the SCR catalyst. That is, the activity of the SCR catalyst for converting the nitrogen oxides is highest when nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide have an approximate volume ratio of 1:1 in the exhaust gas.
- the raw exhaust gas of a lean-mix engine contains 65 to 95 vol . % nitrogen monoxide and, accordingly, differs from the optimum composition.
- the NOx storage catalyst is applied in the form of a coating on an inert carrier.
- Suitable carriers are the so-called honeycomb carriers made of ceramic or metal which are commonly used in the catalysis of automotive exhaust gases.
- the NOx storage catalyst is applied as a coating on a diesel particulate fil- ter.
- this unit fulfills a third function, i.e. the removal of soot particles from the exhaust gas.
- the diesel particulate filter may be designed as a wall flow filter, foamed ceramic filter, ceramic fiber filter or wire-mesh filter.
- the NOx storage catalyst includes at least one alkaline compound of elements from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or rare earths which are coated or activated with at least one of the platinum group metals platinum, palladium, rhodium or iridium.
- the oxidation activity of the catalyst for nitrogen monoxide may be increased further if the NOx storage catalyst additionally includes catalytically active components on the basis of support oxides from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or mixed oxides thereof which are coated with at least one of the platinum group metals platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium.
- the NOx storage catalyst additionally includes catalytically active components on the basis of support oxides from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or mixed oxides thereof which are coated with at least one of the platinum group metals platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium.
- the NOx storage catalyst includes storage components on the basis of cerium oxide, which are coated with platinum, and additionally platinum as an oxidizing catalyst on a support based on aluminum oxide.
- the storage components on the basis of cerium oxide exhibit the lowest light-off temperatures for the storage of nitrogen oxides and are therefore particularly suitable for the exhaust-gas purification system according to the invention. They are capable of storing nitrogen oxides to a high degree at temperatures as low as about 120 °C and of gradually releasing them at higher temperatures, so that they can be converted subsequently at the downstream SCR catalyst.
- cerium oxide may be employed as a pure material or as a mixed oxide, preferably with zirconium oxide.
- Preferred are cerium/zirconium mixed oxides having a content of zirconium oxide between 5 and 30 wt . % referred to the mixed oxide's total weight.
- the above-mentioned mixed oxides are particularly resistant to high temperature stresses which may occur during full-load operation of the diesel engine or a filter regeneration, for example.
- a further increase of temperature resistance may be obtained by doping the mixed oxide, for example with praseodymium oxide.
- the aluminum oxide used as a support for platinum is an aluminum oxide of the so-called transition series, which has a high specific surface area between 10 and 400 m 2 /g. Doping this material with 2 to 10 wt . % lanthanum oxide may also stabilize it against thermal stresses.
- An aluminum silicate having a silicon dioxide content between 1 and 40 wt.% referred to the total weight of the aluminum silicate is also particularly suitable.
- NOx storage materials are sensitive to sulfur poisoning. This is due to the chemical similarity of N0 2 and S0 3 .
- a material which is able to adsorb nitrogen oxides by forming nitrates will do the same with sulfur oxides by forming sulfates. In principle the affinity to the latter reaction is higher. This means that formed nitrates may be substituted by sulfates but this reaction is not reversible.
- standard NOx storage catalysts have to be desulfated from time to time. Such a desulfation can be performed at high temperatures under rich exhaust gas conditions. But specially designed NOx storage materials e.g.
- cerium oxide or mixed oxides of cerium and zirconium oxide can be desulfated also under lean exhaust gas condition at elevated temperatures of about 600 °C. This is called thermal desulfation in the following. Normally a diesel particulate trap has to be heated-up periodically to combust the accumulated soot. For this combustion a temperature of about 600 - 650 °C is needed. If the NOx storage catalyst described above on the basis of cerium oxide or mixed oxides of cerium and zirconium oxide is coated on a filter, a periodical thermal desulfation in parallel to the filter regeneration can be achieved.
- the temperature increase for a filter regeneration can be used as well to desulfate the NOx storage catalyst.
- the SCR components of the SCR catalyst preferably include a solid acid system of titanium dioxide and vanadium oxide.
- this material may include at least one component from the group consisting of tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, silicon dioxide, sulfate and zeolites, wherein the zeolites may be present in the acid H-form or be exchanged with metal ions.
- the SCR catalyst may entirely consist of zeolites, wherein the zeolites are present in the acid H-form or are exchanged with metal ions, in particular with iron and copper, within their exchange capacity.
- a diesel particulate filter is employed as a carrier for the NOx storage catalyst, it is preferred to add components to the catalyst which lower the ignition temperature of the diesel soot in order to facilitate the regeneration of the filter by burning off the soot from time to time.
- Suitable materials are known from the German patent applications DE 3141713 Al and DE 3232729 Al, for example. These are materials such as lithium oxide, copper chloride, vanadium oxide/alkali oxide combinations, lithium, sodium, potassium or cerium vanadate or mixtures thereof, for example.
- cerium oxide which is already to be used as a storage component, is well suited, too.
- a so-called wall flow filter is used as a diesel particulate filter, the inlet side of which is provided with a coating made of pure cerium oxide to lower the ignition temperature of the diesel exhaust particu- lates and the outlet side of which comprises a coating made of a mixture of platinum on cerium/zirconium mixed oxide and platinum on ⁇ -aluminum oxide stabilized with 4 wt.% lanthanum oxide .
- ammonia guard catalyst i.e. an oxidation catalyst for oxidizing the surplus ammonia, may be arranged downstream of the SCR catalyst .
- the ammonia required for the selective catalytic reduction is preferably added to the exhaust gas in the form of a urea solution, but other precursor compounds that are easily decomposable into ammonia are possible.
- a so-called hydrolysis catalyst may be provided upstream of the SCR catalyst.
- Figure 1 shows the basic construction of the exhaust-gas purification system
- FIG. 1 shows the exhaust-gas purification system with an additional hydrolysis catalyst and ammonia guard catalyst
- Figure 3 shows a test result of the nitrogen oxide emissions at an exhaust-gas purification system including an SCR catalyst and an upstream oxidation catalyst
- Figure 4 shows the nitrogen oxide emissions at an exhaust-gas purification system including an SCR catalyst and an upstream diesel particulate filter, the latter being coated with an oxidation catalyst and a NOx storage catalyst.
- Fig. 1 is a view showing the basic construction of the exhaust-gas purification system 1 according to the invention.
- the system includes an SCR catalyst 3 in a converter housing 2. Upstream of the SCR catalyst, a catalyst 5 in a converter housing 4 is provided.
- Metering means 8 for the supply of ammonia or a compound decomposable into ammonia to the exhaust gas is located between both converter housings.
- the metering means in Fig. 1 is shown only as a simple supply tube to exemplify the metering means known to the person skilled in the art.
- the catalyst 5 includes both an oxidation catalyst and a NOx storage catalyst as active components . These active components may be applied in the form of a coating on a usual honeycomb carrier as well as on a diesel particulate filter.
- Fig. 2 shows another embodiment of the exhaust-gas purification system according to the invention.
- the SCR catalyst 3 is provided with a downstream ammonia guard catalyst 7.
- the latter is a common oxidation catalyst, the active components of which may be formed by platinum/aluminum oxide (aluminum oxide coated, i.e. activated, with platinum).
- a hydrolysis catalyst 6 for the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia is arranged upstream of the SCR catalyst. All three catalysts 6, 3 and 7 are preferably accommodated in a single converter housing 2.
- the lean exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine is first routed over the NOx storage catalyst and subsequently over the SCR catalyst for selective catalytic reduction and wherein a compound decomposable into ammonia is supplied to the exhaust gas between the NOx storage catalyst and the SCR catalyst .
- the internal combustion engine can be operated continuously with a lean air/fuel mixture.
- the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas will be stored by the NOx storage catalyst at low exhaust gas temperatures and will gradually release them with rising exhaust gas temperature. At temperatures above approximately 300 °C nearly all stored nitrogen oxides will have been released. The released nitrogen oxides will then be converted at the downstream SCR catalyst to nitrogen and water. No periodic changing of the air/fuel mixture fed to the internal combustion engine to rich air/fuel mixtures is necessary.
- the nitrogen oxides storage capacity of the catalyst will gradually decrease due to sulfur poisoning as already explained above.
- the original storage capacity can be re-established from time to time under lean exhaust gas conditions by increasing the exhaust gas temperature up to approximately 600 °C.
- the measures for increasing the exhaust gas temperature of the internal combustion are well known to the expert. This can be done in such a way that the exhaust gas composition remains net oxidizing.
- the particulate filter has to be regenerated from time to time by combusting the diesel soot collected on the filter. This is done by increasing the exhaust gas temperature to the ignition temperature of the diesel soot while maintaining net oxidizing conditions. The ignition temperature is sufficient to also desulfate the NOx storage catalyst. Thus, filter regeneration and desulfation of the NOx storage catalyst take place in parallel. The NOx storage catalyst is automatically desulfated whenever the particulate filter is regenerated.
- a most preferred process results if the NOx storage catalyst is coated onto the particulate filter itself.
- An exhaust-gas purification system according to the prior art for a 4.2-liter diesel engine was assembled using a pre-catalyst and an SCR catalyst.
- the pre-catalyst was a diesel oxidizing catalyst as shown in Example 1 of EP 0920913 Al (Pt on aluminum silicate mixed with DAY-zeolite) , which was applied in the form of a coating on a metallic flow-through type honeycomb carrier having a volume of 2 liters and a cell density of 62 cm "2 .
- the coating concentration was 200 g/1 of honeycomb volume, and the platinum concentration was 3,2 g/1 (90 g/ft 3 ) of honeycomb volume.
- the SCR catalyst was an iron-exchanged ZSM5-zeolite catalyst which was applied in the form of a coating on a metallic honeycomb carrier having a volume of 4.6 liters and a cell density of 62 cm "2 .
- Figure 3 shows the emission of this system from the diesel engine and exhaust-gas purification system during the so- called ESC (European Stationary Cycle) test cycle.
- This test cycle has been specifically developed for the emission certification of heavy-duty diesel engines and includes a total of 13 different load states with an overall duration of 1680 seconds .
- Curve (a) in Figure 3 represents the nitrogen-oxide raw emission of the diesel engine.
- Curve (b) is the resulting NOx emission downstream of the SCR catalyst. Over the duration of 77.6 %.
- the coating of the pre-catalyst of the exhaust-gas purification system as described in the comparative example was replaced by a coating made of platinum-activated cerium/zirconium mixed oxide ⁇ 80 wt . % cerium oxide, 20 wt . % zirconium oxide) .
- the coating concentration was 200 g/1 and the platinum concentration was 2.65 g/1 (75 g/ft 3 ) of honeycomb volume.
- the cerium/zirconium mixed oxide constituted the NOx storage component of the storage catalyst.
- Figure 4 shows the emissions measured on this system during the ESC test cycle run. As an average over the entire cycle, the nitrogen-oxide conversion rate was about 86 %, being clearly higher than in the exhaust-gas purification system according to the prior art.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE602004032120T DE602004032120D1 (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2004-02-26 | EXHAUST GAS CLEANING SYSTEM FOR THE SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN LEAN EXHAUST GASES AND OXYGEN CLEANING PROCESSES |
JP2006501965A JP2006519332A (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2004-02-26 | Exhaust gas purification device and exhaust gas purification method for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engine |
EP04714777.2A EP1608854B2 (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2004-02-26 | Method of purification of nitrogen oxides by the selective catalytic reduction in the lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engines |
US10/547,216 US20070089403A1 (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2004-02-26 | Exhaust-gas purification system for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engines and method of exhaust-gas purification |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10308287A DE10308287B4 (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2003-02-26 | Process for exhaust gas purification |
DE10308287.5 | 2003-02-26 |
Publications (1)
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WO2004076829A1 true WO2004076829A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2004/001945 WO2004076829A1 (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2004-02-26 | Exhaust-gas purification system for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the lean exhaust gas of internal combustion engines and method of exhaust-gas purification |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20070089403A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1608854B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006519332A (en) |
DE (2) | DE10308287B4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004076829A1 (en) |
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EP1608854B1 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
DE10308287A1 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
US20070089403A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 |
EP1608854A1 (en) | 2005-12-28 |
JP2006519332A (en) | 2006-08-24 |
EP1608854B2 (en) | 2021-08-18 |
DE602004032120D1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
DE10308287B4 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
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