WO2004059857A1 - Suppression d'harmoniques pour un emetteur multibande - Google Patents

Suppression d'harmoniques pour un emetteur multibande Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004059857A1
WO2004059857A1 PCT/US2003/040706 US0340706W WO2004059857A1 WO 2004059857 A1 WO2004059857 A1 WO 2004059857A1 US 0340706 W US0340706 W US 0340706W WO 2004059857 A1 WO2004059857 A1 WO 2004059857A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
transmit
frequency
ghz
amplifier path
amplifier
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2003/040706
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard L. Abrahams
R. Douglas Schultz
Adam K. Harriman
W. Joseph Vitek, Iv
Original Assignee
Globespanvirata Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/735,012 external-priority patent/US20040127185A1/en
Application filed by Globespanvirata Inc. filed Critical Globespanvirata Inc.
Priority to AU2003301164A priority Critical patent/AU2003301164A1/en
Publication of WO2004059857A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004059857A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/005—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges
    • H04B1/0053—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges with common antenna for more than one band
    • H04B1/006—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges with common antenna for more than one band using switches for selecting the desired band
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/005—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission adapting radio receivers, transmitters andtransceivers for operation on two or more bands, i.e. frequency ranges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • H04B1/40—Circuits
    • H04B1/403—Circuits using the same oscillator for generating both the transmitter frequency and the receiver local oscillator frequency
    • H04B1/406—Circuits using the same oscillator for generating both the transmitter frequency and the receiver local oscillator frequency with more than one transmission mode, e.g. analog and digital modes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to suppression of harmonic energy, and more particularly to suppressing harmonic energy from a power amplifier of one transmission path to prevent coupling into another transmission path and to enable compliance with harmonic specifications.
  • the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 802.11 standard is a family of standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 Gigahertz (GHz) bands.
  • the current IEEE 802.11b standard (also known as "Wi-Fi") defines various data rates in the. 2.45 GHz band, including data rates of 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Megabits per second (Mbps) .
  • the 802.11b standard defines single-carrier packets using a serial modulation technique and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) with a chip rate of 11 Megahertz (MHz) .
  • DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum
  • the IEEE 802.11a standard defines multi-carrier packets with data rates of 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz band using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • the 802.11b standard has been relatively popular for many WLAN configurations and has been widely disseminated. It was thought that WLANs employing 802.11a, providing significantly higher throughput data rates, would replace those based on the 802.11b standard. For various reasons, including cost and performance factors, the 802.11a standard has not been adopted as quickly as thought. It is noted that systems implemented strictly according to either the 802.11a standard or the 802.11b standard are incompatible and not designed to work together.
  • 802. llg (the "802. llg draft standard")
  • 802. llg draft standard is a high data rate extension of the 802.11b standard at 2.4 GHz. It is desired that devices implemented according to the 802. llg draft standard be backwards compatible with 802.11b devices and operate in the 2.45 GHz band. In accordance with a current draft of 802. llg, in fact, 802. llg devices should be configured to fully support communications according to 802.11b and be able to communicate at any of the standard 802.11b rates. It is also desired, however, that the 802. llg devices be able to communicate at higher data rates, such as the same data rates supported by the 802.11a standard.
  • the higher data rates are achieved by borrowing encoding and modulation techniques of 802.11a and applying them in the 2.4 GHz band.
  • the current 802. llg standard includes several higher data rate modes, including a mandatory mode and two optional modes.
  • the mandatory mode employs 802.11a-type packets using OFDM in the 2.45 GHz band.
  • 802.11b and 802. llg standards at 2.45 GHz For various reasons, including radio cost and size constraints, it is desired that both bands utilize the same antenna.
  • To achieve the desired levels of output power separate output power amplifiers and transmission paths are needed to amplify and convey transmit data for each frequency band to separate inputs of a diplexer having an output coupled to a common dual band antenna.
  • the output power amplifiers tend to generate non-linear distortion so that significant levels of harmonic energy is radiated at their outputs. This harmonic energy is particularly problematic given that the second harmonic of the 2.45 GHz band (e.g., approximately 4.9 GHz) is within an interfering frequency range of the second 5 GHz band.
  • any harmonic energy from the 2.45 GHz transmission path coupled into the 5 GHz transmission path is passed with very low loss.
  • any second harmonic energy of the 2.45 GHz signal coupled into the 5 GHz path will also pass through the diplexer to the antenna causing the radio to fail necessary compliance harmonic specifications promulgated in the U.S. by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and internationally by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) .
  • FCC Federal Communications Commission
  • ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
  • a multiple band transmitter includes first and second transmit amplifier paths, where the first transmit amplifier path conducts a first transmit signal at a first frequency band and the second transmit amplifier path conducts a second transmit signal at a second frequency band.
  • the second transmit amplifier path includes an amplifier that generates the second transmit signal along with a harmonic frequency within a passband of the first transmit amplifier path.
  • the second transmit amplifier path further includes a trap circuit that shunts the harmonic frequency away from the first transmit amplifier path.
  • the trap circuit is a series LC circuit.
  • the series LC circuit is tuned to a second harmonic frequency of the second frequency band.
  • the series LC circuit may present a load that cooperates with remaining portions of the second transmit amplifier path to optimize power throughput of the second transmit signal along the second transmit amplifier path.
  • the trap circuit is a transmission line.
  • the transmission line is tuned to a second harmonic frequency of the second frequency band.
  • the transmission line may be configured to have a length which is approximately one-half the wavelength of a second harmonic frequency of the second frequency band.
  • a multiple band transmitter includes a plurality of amplifier paths, each amplifying a corresponding transmit signal at a corresponding frequency band.
  • the amplifier paths include a first amplifier path that generates a harmonic frequency within a passband of at least one other amplifier path.
  • the first amplifier path includes a trap circuit that shunts the harmonic frequency to ground.
  • the trap circuit is a series LC circuit or a transmission line or the like.
  • the first amplifier path may include a power amplifier having an output that generates the harmonic frequency.
  • the trap circuit may be coupled at an output of the power amplifier.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of a dual band wireless transmitter implemented according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention using an LC trap circuit;
  • FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of a dual band wireless transmitter implemented according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention using a transmission line trap circuit.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of a dual band wireless transmitter 100 implemented according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • the transmitter 100 is part of a wireless transceiver used to enable wireless communications according to selected one or more of the 802.11 standards.
  • the transceiver may be implemented on any desired platform, such as a plug-in peripheral or expansion card that plugs into an appropriate slot or interface of a computer system, such as a Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card or PC Card or the like, or may be implemented according to any type of expansion or peripheral standard, such as according to the peripheral component interconnect (PCI) , the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA), etc., implementing a radio network interface card (NIC) .
  • PCI peripheral component interconnect
  • ISA Industry Standard Architecture
  • NIC radio network interface card
  • Mini PCI cards with an antenna embedded in a display is also contemplated.
  • Self- contained or standalone packaging with appropriate communication interface (s) is also contemplated, which is particularly advantageous for Access Points (APs) or the like.
  • the transceiver may be implemented as a separate unit with serial or parallel connections, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection or an Ethernet interface (twisted-pair, coaxial cable, etc.), or any other suitable interface to the device.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • Ethernet interface twisted-pair, coaxial cable, etc.
  • Other types of wireless devices are contemplated, such as any type of wireless telephony device including cellular phones.
  • the transceiver communicates via the wireless medium using at least one antenna (not shown) coupled via a common 50 ohm output 140.
  • the transceiver includes a radio which converts between radio frequency (RF) signals and Baseband signals.
  • RF radio frequency
  • Baseband baseband signals
  • the radio is coupled to a baseband processor (not shown) , which is further coupled to a medium access control (MAC) device
  • the MAC device communicates with the associated or underlying communication device or system. Digital data sent from or received by the transceiver is processed through the MAC. The receiver portion of the transceiver is not applicable and not further described. For transmission, the MAC asserts digital data signals to baseband processor, which formulates data into packets for transmission. The digital packet information is converted to analog signals using a digital to analog converter (DAC)
  • the illustrated portion of the transmitter 100 represents the final stage of a dual-band transceiver, in which the RF signals are amplified for transmission in the wireless medium via the antenna.
  • the present invention is illustrated in the field of WLAN dual-band communications, it is understood that the present invention applies to any multi-band frequency communication system that amplifies and transmits information in multiple frequency bands .
  • the production and radiation of harmonic energy is particularly problematic in higher frequency applications (e.g., ⁇ 1 GHz or more), in which the frequency and speed limitations of the power amplifiers tend to cause greater levels of harmonic energy.
  • ⁇ 1 GHz or more the frequency and speed limitations of the power amplifiers tend to cause greater levels of harmonic energy.
  • the specific 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz bands are exemplary only and that any frequency bands are contemplated in which a harmonic of a first band is within an interfering frequency range of a second band or within the pass band (or, as used herein, "passband" of a transmit path of the second band.
  • the present invention is illustrated for the case in which a second frequency band is approximately twice the first so that the second harmonic of the first band is within interfering frequency range of the second. It is understood, however, that the suppression of other harmonic energy (e.g., 3rd harmonic, 4 th harmonic, etc.) is contemplated based on the relative frequency levels of the relevant bands. For example, suppression of a third harmonic of a first band is contemplated where the transmitter includes a second band or third band at three times the frequency level of the first band.
  • other harmonic energy e.g., 3rd harmonic, 4 th harmonic, etc.
  • the transmitter 100 includes two transmitter amplifier paths, including a 5 GHz band transmit amplifier path 110 and a 2.45 GHz band transmit amplifier path 120.
  • the radio provides 5 GHz transmit (TX) data to the input of a 5 GHz power amplifier (PA) 101, having its output coupled to one end of a stripline 102 having an impedance value Z2.
  • the other end of the stripline 102 is coupled to one end of an inductor L3 and to one end of a coupling or "feed through" capacitor C5.
  • the other end of the inductor L3 is coupled to a DC power supply signal VCC .
  • a bypass capacitor C4 is coupled between VCC and ground.
  • the other end of the capacitor C5 is coupled to the input of a 5GHz low pass filter (LPF) 105 via 50 ohm stripline 106.
  • the output of the LPF 105 is coupled to one input of a diplexer 109.
  • the output of the diplexer 109 is the common 50 ohm output 140, which is coupled to the antenna .
  • the radio provides 2.45 GHz transmit (TX) data to the input of a 2.45 GHz PA 103, having its output coupled to one end of a stripline 104 and to one end of a capacitor Cl .
  • the other end of the capacitor Cl is coupled to one end of an inductor Ll, having its other end coupled to ground.
  • the capacitor Cl and the inductor Ll form a trap circuit 130, described further below.
  • the stripline 104 having an impedance value Zl, has its other coupled to one end of an inductor L2 and to one end of a coupling or feed through capacitor C2.
  • the other end of the inductor L2 is coupled to VCC.
  • a bypass capacitor C3 is coupled between VCC and ground.
  • the other end of the capacitor C2 is coupled to the input of a 2.45 GHz LPF 107 via 50 ohm stripline 108.
  • the output of the LPF 107 is coupled to another input of the diplexer 109.
  • the 5 GHz- transmit amplifier path 110 and the 2.45 GHz transmit amplifier path 120 share the common 50 ohm output 140 and the same antenna via the diplexer 109.
  • the signal to be transmitted is output from the 5 GHz PA 101 onto stripline 102.
  • the stripline 102 is a circuit trace configuration including a signal trace and a pair of ground traces on either side to shield and conduct the signal.
  • This stripline 102 acts as a transmission line with associated complex impedances, as can be understood by one skilled in the art.
  • the length, width, size and spacing of associated signal and ground shield traces combine to create the complex impedance Z2.
  • the values of the complex impedance Z2 of the stripline 102, the inductance of the inductor L3 , and the capacitance of the capacitor C4 combine to provide desired impedance loading for the output of the 5 GHz PA 101 to achieve optimal power transfer or throughput of the 5 GHz transmit signal via the 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110.
  • the capacitor C4 also acts as a bypass capacitor and prevents RF energy from coupling through the DC VCC power feed to the 5GHz PA 101.
  • the capacitor C5 provides DC blocking along with coupling to the 50 ohm stripline 106.
  • the LPF 105 further attenuates frequencies above the 5 GHz corner frequency including harmonic distortion energy.
  • the diplexer 109 provides a low impedance coupling to the common 50 ohm output 140 for transmission of the 5 GHz transmit signal.
  • the output of the 2.45 GHz PA 103 is connected to both the stripline 104 and the trap circuit 130.
  • the stripline 104 is similar design and function to the stripline 102 and has an impedance Zl .
  • the impedances Zl and Z2 may be the same or similar, or may each be tuned or otherwise configured for the respective frequency level of the transmit signal .
  • the 2.45 GHz transmit amplifier path 120 also has the inductor L2 and the capacitor C3 adding load to the 2.45 GHz PA 103, similar to the inductor L3 and the capacitor C4 of the 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110.
  • the capacitor C3 also acts as a bypass capacitor in a similar manner as the capacitor C4.
  • the values of the complex impedance Zl of the stripline 102, the inductance of the inductor L2 , and the capacitance of the capacitor C3 would otherwise be selected to provide desired impedance loading for the output of the 2.45 GHz PA 103 to achieve optimal power transfer or throughput of the 2.45 GHz transmit signal for the 2.45 GHz transmit amplifier path 120 in a similar manner as described above for the 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110.
  • the load of the capacitance of capacitor Cl and the inductance of the inductor Ll of the trap circuit 130 is considered along with the values of Zl, L2 and C3 to achieve the desired impedance loading.
  • the values of L2 and C3 are adjusted to compensate for the additional loading of the trap circuit 130 to achieve the desired loading for the 2.45 GHz PA 103.
  • the PA 103 is not ideal and performs nonlinear amplification resulting in a significant level of harmonic energy at its output when amplifying the 2.45 GHz input signal.
  • the 2.45 and 5 GHz power amplifiers 101 and 103 are located in close proximity.
  • the 2.45 GHz PA 103 and 5 GHz PA 101 are provided within a single integrated circuit package 160 and may even be monolithically implemented on a single semiconductor die. Any harmonic energy generated by the 2.45 GHz PA 103 is otherwise radiated to the 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110, such as- via an exemplary harmonic coupling path 150.
  • the second harmonic frequency of the amplified 2.45 GHz transmit signal is approximately 4.9 GHz, which is within an interfering frequency range of the 5 GHz transmit signal or otherwise within the passband frequency range of the ' 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110. Consequently, since the 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110 is designed so that it provides low loss for energy in the 5 GHz passband frequency range, the second harmonic frequency of the amplified 2.45 GHz transmit signal (-4.9 GHz) would otherwise be conducted with very little loss through the 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110 and transmitted via the antenna. Such interference is undesirable and would otherwise cause the transmitter to fail necessary compliance harmonic specifications (e.g., those promulgated by FCC and/or ETSI) .
  • compliance harmonic specifications e.g., those promulgated by FCC and/or ETSI
  • the trap circuit 130 is configured to be resonant at approximately 4.9 GHz, thereby effectively shunting the second harmonic energy of the 2.45 transmit signal to ground. In this manner, the second harmonic energy generated by the 2.45 GHz PA 103 is shunted away and prevented from coupling to the 5 GHz transmit amplifier path 110. It may be desired to place the trap circuit 130 as close as possible to the physical output of the 2.45 GHz PA 103 to achieve maximum suppression of harmonic energy.
  • the trap circuit 130 is a tuned series LC circuit resonant at the second harmonic of 2.45 GHz signal. At 2.45 GHz, the tuned series LC circuit has a residual impedance that is primarily capacitive.
  • the values of L2 and C3 are selected to combine with Zl and the values of Cl and Ll to properly load the 2.45 GHz PA 103 to achieve optimum power output at 2.45 GHz.
  • the trap circuit 130 is shown as an inductor and capacitor coupled in series, although other LC circuits are contemplated. In alternative embodiments, any filter circuit is contemplated that is configured to filter the harmonic energy of one transmission path that is within the passband of another transmission path. Also, the series coupling of Ll and Cl may be reversed such that the capacitor Cl is coupled to ground instead. Operation is substantially the same in the reversed configuration, although the inductor/capacitor component values might need to be adjusted to optimize functionality depending upon the particular configuration.
  • FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of a dual band wireless transmitter 200 similar to the dual band wireless transmitter 100 in which the trap circuit 130 is replaced with an ⁇ alternative trap circuit 230. Similar components assume identical reference numerals.
  • the trap circuit 230 is a transmission line TL having one end coupled to the output of the 2.45 GHz PA 103 and another end coupled or otherwise short-circuited to ground.
  • the transmission line TL has a length which is approximately one-half (V2) wavelength of the 2 nd harmonic frequency of the 2.45 GHz signal. At the fundamental frequency of the 2.45 GHz signal, the transmission line TL is one-quarter (1/4) wavelength long and therefore appears as an open circuit.
  • the values of the inductor L2 and the capacitor C3 are chosen to achieve the desired impedance loading for the 2.45 GHz transmit amplifier path 120.
  • the load of the series inductor Ll and capacitor is removed and replaced with the loading of the transmission line TL, which is considered in combination with the values of the inductor L2 and the capacitor C3.
  • the transmission line TL is a 50 ohm line, such as a 50 ohm strip line or the like.
  • the loading of the transmission line TL may be relatively small as compared to the loading of the series tuned LC circuit of the trap circuit 130.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un émetteur multibande (100) comprenant une première et une seconde voie d'amplification d'émission (110, 120), la première voie d'amplification d'émission (110) servant à acheminer un premier signal d'émission à une première bande de fréquence et la seconde voie d'amplification d'émission (120) servant à acheminer un second signal d'émission à une seconde bande de fréquence. La seconde voie d'amplification d'émission (120) comprend un amplificateur (103) qui produit le second signal d'émission avec une fréquence harmonique comprise dans une bande passante de la première voie d'amplification d'émission (110). La seconde voie d'amplification d'émission (120) comprend également un circuit de détention (130, 230) qui shunte la fréquence harmonique de la première voie d'amplification d'émission (110).
PCT/US2003/040706 2002-12-20 2003-12-19 Suppression d'harmoniques pour un emetteur multibande WO2004059857A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003301164A AU2003301164A1 (en) 2002-12-20 2003-12-19 Harmonic suppression for a multi-band transmitter

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US43601602P 2002-12-20 2002-12-20
US60/436,016 2002-12-20
US43882903P 2003-01-09 2003-01-09
US60/438,829 2003-01-09
US10/735,012 2003-12-12
US10/735,012 US20040127185A1 (en) 2002-12-23 2003-12-12 Harmonic suppression for a multi-band transmitter

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2004059857A1 true WO2004059857A1 (fr) 2004-07-15

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PCT/US2003/040706 WO2004059857A1 (fr) 2002-12-20 2003-12-19 Suppression d'harmoniques pour un emetteur multibande

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AU (1) AU2003301164A1 (fr)
TW (1) TW200501613A (fr)
WO (1) WO2004059857A1 (fr)

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5095285A (en) * 1990-08-31 1992-03-10 Texas Instruments Incorporated Monolithically realizable harmonic trapping circuit
EP0547871A1 (fr) * 1991-12-16 1993-06-23 Texas Instruments Incorporated Perfectionnements relatifs aux amplificateurs
EP0683562A1 (fr) * 1994-05-19 1995-11-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Amplificateur de puissance à fréquence radio
US5969582A (en) * 1997-07-03 1999-10-19 Ericsson Inc. Impedance matching circuit for power amplifier
US5973568A (en) * 1998-06-01 1999-10-26 Motorola Inc. Power amplifier output module for dual-mode digital systems
US6236274B1 (en) * 2000-01-04 2001-05-22 Industrial Technology Research Institute Second harmonic terminations for high efficiency radio frequency dual-band power amplifier
US6298244B1 (en) * 1997-07-03 2001-10-02 Ericsson Inc. Dual-band, dual-mode power amplifier
US20020089380A1 (en) * 1998-07-08 2002-07-11 Hitachi, Ltd. High-frequency power amplifier module

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5095285A (en) * 1990-08-31 1992-03-10 Texas Instruments Incorporated Monolithically realizable harmonic trapping circuit
EP0547871A1 (fr) * 1991-12-16 1993-06-23 Texas Instruments Incorporated Perfectionnements relatifs aux amplificateurs
EP0683562A1 (fr) * 1994-05-19 1995-11-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Amplificateur de puissance à fréquence radio
US5969582A (en) * 1997-07-03 1999-10-19 Ericsson Inc. Impedance matching circuit for power amplifier
US6298244B1 (en) * 1997-07-03 2001-10-02 Ericsson Inc. Dual-band, dual-mode power amplifier
US5973568A (en) * 1998-06-01 1999-10-26 Motorola Inc. Power amplifier output module for dual-mode digital systems
US20020089380A1 (en) * 1998-07-08 2002-07-11 Hitachi, Ltd. High-frequency power amplifier module
US6236274B1 (en) * 2000-01-04 2001-05-22 Industrial Technology Research Institute Second harmonic terminations for high efficiency radio frequency dual-band power amplifier

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Publication number Publication date
AU2003301164A1 (en) 2004-07-22
TW200501613A (en) 2005-01-01

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