WO2004015503A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zum steuern eines reaktors - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zum steuern eines reaktors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004015503A1 WO2004015503A1 PCT/DE2003/002538 DE0302538W WO2004015503A1 WO 2004015503 A1 WO2004015503 A1 WO 2004015503A1 DE 0302538 W DE0302538 W DE 0302538W WO 2004015503 A1 WO2004015503 A1 WO 2004015503A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- component
- frequency
- control device
- sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B5/00—Anti-hunting arrangements
- G05B5/01—Anti-hunting arrangements electric
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for controlling a reactor which is supplied with at least one medium in order to bring about a chemical reaction on the medium.
- reactors are fuel cells in which the media supplied are generally hydrogen or a hydrogen-containing gas mixture on the one hand, oxygen or air on the other hand as a reaction partner and, if appropriate, water vapor for setting a degree of moisture in a membrane on which the reaction takes place.
- Other examples are reformers, in particular for processing a fuel into a form that can be implemented by a fuel cell, catalytic converters, etc.
- the object of the present invention is to specify a control device or a control method which enables optimized process control in a reactor in a simple manner.
- the object is achieved by a control device with the features of claim 1 and a method with the features of claim 15. Since changes in the process effectiveness, which do not have the frequency of the oscillating component, are not taken into account in the measurement signal, random or not with the Periodic changes in the control signal effectively filter out related changes in effectiveness and reliably detect a relationship between the process parameter controlled with the control signal and the effectiveness.
- a lock-in amplifier is preferably used.
- the controlled process parameter is preferably a flow rate.
- a valve or a pump is particularly suitable as an actuator for controlling it.
- the control signal is preferably modulated. More specifically, when using a valve as a motor, a pulse width modulated signal is preferred. This enables easy control of the flow rate of a medium through the valve by merely switching the valve between a closed and an open state, the ratio of the duration of the two states determining the flow rate.
- the switching period of the valve should be short compared to a time constant with which the parameters of the reaction adapt to a changed flow rate, so that the pulsation of the flow rate does not cause the parameters to oscillate with the switching period.
- modulating the frequency of the control signal is advisable in order to control the speed and thus the throughput of the pump.
- the frequency of the oscillating component of the control signal should be so low that there is a phase difference between this component and a change in it caused by the sensor detected size is significantly smaller than a quarter period of the oscillating component.
- the frequency of the oscillating component is so low that the value of the measurement signal detected at a given point in time can be regarded with good approximation as corresponding to the mean value of the control signal present at the same time.
- the senor detects an internal electrical resistance between two connection clamp the reactor, wherein the reactor here is preferably a fuel cell.
- a lock-in method can also advantageously be used for measuring the internal resistance.
- a load current that is periodic with a second frequency is impressed on the connection terminals, and the resulting voltage change at the terminals is detected by the sensor.
- the frequencies of the two differ greatly.
- the frequency of the periodic load current should be significantly higher than that of the oscillating component of the control signal, since a change in the internal state of the fuel cell in response to the change in the load current over time is neither necessary nor desirable.
- the senor is a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature inside the reactor.
- a sensor is particularly suitable if the control device is to be used to control a reformer.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a reactor with a control device according to the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a more detailed block diagram showing the application of the invention to a fuel cell as a reactor; and 3 shows a block diagram of an internal resistance measuring device of the control device from FIG. 2.
- Fig. 1 shows a reactor system with a reactor 1 and a control device 3 for controlling the course of a chemical reaction in the reactor 1.
- the reactor 1 can be a fuel cell or e.g. a reformer that converts a liquid fuel such as methanol into a gas mixture consisting essentially of water, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which can be used as fuel in a fuel cell.
- the series connection of both can also be seen as a reactor.
- a control valve 2 regulates the inflow of fuel into the reactor.
- the flow rate of the fuel through the control valve 2 is controlled by the control device 3.
- the control device 3 comprises a sensor 4 for detecting a temperature prevailing in the reactor 1.
- the sensor 4 can be, for example, a thermocouple arranged in the interior of the reactor 1 or on the wall thereof, or also an optical temperature sensor which detects the infrared radiation of a reaction surface in the reactor 1 through an infrared-transparent window of the reactor 1.
- the sensor 4 delivers a voltage signal a representative of the temperature in the reactor to a low-pass filter 5 and, via this, to a multiplication element 6, where it is multiplied by a periodic signal b supplied by an oscillator 7 by a frequency f x .
- the resulting output signal c of the multiplication element 6 has a DC component which is proportional to the component in phase with the oscillator signal b at the frequency fi of the output signal of the low-pass filter 5.
- the oscillator 7 is also connected to a modulation element 8, which impresses a spectral component at the frequency f x of the oscillator 7 on an output signal d supplied by a signal generator 9.
- the modulated control ersignal e controls the control valve 2 so that its throughput is modulated with the frequency f x .
- the temperature is independent of small fluctuations in the fuel supply, such as are generated by the control signal e at the control valve 2, so that the direct component f separated by the filter 10 goes to 0 and thus also the output signal d of the signal generator 9 converges to a constant value.
- Multiplication element 6 and low-pass filter 10 can be regarded as a synchronous demodulator or lock-in amplifier.
- a sensor for any other variable representative of the effectiveness of the process running in the reactor 1 could also be used. It is of course also conceivable not to measure the quantity representative of the effectiveness directly, but rather to calculate it from a plurality of quantities detected by sensors on the reactor.
- a pump can also be used to meter the fuel flow, the throughput of which is controlled by the control signal e. This is particularly expedient if the fuel is not a gas under excess pressure, but rather a liquid stored at atmospheric pressure.
- control device is not limited to the control device of a single flow rate.
- control device 3 can be connected alternately to control valves for each media stream to be optimized in order to iteratively optimize the process. It is also conceivable to assign a control device 3 to each of a plurality of control valves, each of these control devices using a different frequency fi.
- Fig. 2 shows the application of the invention to the control of the internal resistance of a fuel cell.
- the internal resistance of a fuel cell depends, among other things, on the inflow of fuel or on oxidizing agent and, if appropriate, on water or water vapor, which serve to keep the membrane moist, on which the reaction of fuel and oxidizing agent takes place.
- Fig. 2 which shows a stack of fuel cells 11, only one control valve 2 for an inflowing medium, e.g. Oxygen, shown; however, it goes without saying that corresponding control valves can also be provided for other operating resources of the fuel cells of the stack.
- Each individual control valve 2 can be assigned its own control device 3, or one or more control devices 3 are operated alternately on different control valves 2. 2 shows only one such control device 3.
- the senor 4 is a sensor for detecting the internal resistance of one of the fuel cells 11; it is connected to two electrical connection terminals of the fuel cell, on the one hand to tap the voltage present thereon and on the other hand to apply a current modulated with a frequency f 2 , the frequency f 2 being substantially greater than fi.
- the operation of the sensor 4 will be described later with reference to FIG. 3.
- the processing of the internal resistance supplied by the sensor 4 does not differ significantly from that described with reference to FIG. 1.
- the measurement signal a supplied by the sensor 4 passes through a low-pass filter 5 and a multiplication element 6, where it is multiplied by the output signal b of an oscillator 7.
- a direct component f which is representative of the strength of a component with the frequency f x in the output signal of the sensor 4 is then filtered off from the product c obtained using a low-pass filter 10.
- This DC component signal f is subjected to a correction or plausibility check in a logic circuit 13 depending on various external factors.
- the logic circuit 13 can thus serve, in particular, to output the output signal f of the low-pass filter 10 for a fixed time. span to set to 0 and thus to interrupt the readjustment by the signal generator 9 if an abrupt change in the power drawn from a load from the fuel cell 11 has been observed, which would otherwise lead to a falsification of the measurement signal and thus to incorrect control.
- Signal generator 9 and modulation element 8 operate as described above with reference to FIG. 1.
- the modulation element 8 is a PWM circuit which, as the control signal e, supplies a square-wave signal with a frequency f 3 £ £ _, the pulse duty factor of this signal e being obtained by an additive superimposition of the output signal b of the oscillator 7 and the output signal d of the signal generator 9 is given.
- a PWM circuit makes it possible to use a simple switching valve as the control valve 2, which switches with the frequency f 3 between an open and a closed state, the proportion of the time in which the valve 2 is open to a period of Control signal e corresponds to the duty cycle of the control signal e. This enables the throughput through the valve 2 to be regulated in a simple manner, in which the throughput is on average exactly proportional to the output signal of the signal generator 9.
- FIG. 3 shows a detailed block diagram of the internal resistance sensor 4 from FIG. 2.
- An oscillator 20 supplies an output signal g oscillating at the frequency f 2 to a controllable load 21 and to a multiplication element 22, which functionally corresponds to the multiplication element 6 from FIG. 1 or 2 corresponds.
- the shape of the output signal g of the oscillator 20 is largely arbitrary, for example it can be a square wave signal with a duty cycle of 50% or a sine signal.
- a sinusoidal signal is preferred because it contains no harmonics that could cause interference if they propagate through the load 21 onto the test leads.
- Switching the load 21 between the permeable and the impermeable state with the frequency f 2 causes a fluctuation in the voltage at the connection terminals of the fuel cell 11, which is passed to an amplifier 25 via a high-pass filter for separating the DC component or a bandpass 24 centered on the frequency f 2 is fed.
- the output signal of the amplifier 25 could be fed directly to the multiplication element 22 in order to be multiplied there by the fundamental oscillation of the oscillator 20.
- an analog-digital converter 26 is arranged between the amplifier 25 and the digital multiplication element 22 here, and the analog-digital converter 26, the multiplication element 22 and the likewise digital low pass 23 and some further components are jointly implemented in a digital microcontroller 27.
- these further components include a low-pass filter 28, a logic circuit 29, a signal generator 30 and a PWM modulation element 31, which in their mode of operation correspond to components 12, 13, 9, 8 from FIG. 2 and therefore do not have to be explained again in detail here ,
- the mode of operation of the internal resistance sensor 4 is based on the lock-in principle, just like that of the control circuit 3 in FIG. 2, which contains the sensor 4. Only the lock-in frequencies f 1 # f 2 , at which the control circuit 3 and the sensor 4 operate, are different.
- the switchable load 21 could also be replaced by a switchable current source.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10393550T DE10393550D2 (de) | 2002-08-02 | 2003-07-29 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Steuern eines Reaktors |
| AU2003258474A AU2003258474A1 (en) | 2002-08-02 | 2003-07-29 | Device and method for controlling a reactor |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10235418.9 | 2002-08-02 | ||
| DE10235418A DE10235418A1 (de) | 2002-08-02 | 2002-08-02 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Steuern eines Reaktors |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004015503A1 true WO2004015503A1 (de) | 2004-02-19 |
Family
ID=30469371
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2003/002538 Ceased WO2004015503A1 (de) | 2002-08-02 | 2003-07-29 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum steuern eines reaktors |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2003258474A1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE10235418A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004015503A1 (de) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4203395A (en) * | 1977-09-16 | 1980-05-20 | The Bendix Corporation | Closed-loop idle speed control system for fuel-injected engines using pulse width modulation |
| US4813339A (en) * | 1984-11-09 | 1989-03-21 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Pulse-width-modulation control of parallel three-way valves to supply single-acting quick-response actuator |
| US4960365A (en) * | 1988-12-01 | 1990-10-02 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Hydraulic control apparatus |
| EP0692835A2 (de) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-01-17 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Brennstoffzellengenerator und dessen Betriebsverfahren |
| DE10024997A1 (de) * | 2000-05-22 | 2001-11-29 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh | Verfahren zur Erfassung der Ankerposition an einem elektromagnetischen Aktuator mittels Meßbrücke zur Regelung der Bewegung eines Gaswechselventils an einerKolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
-
2002
- 2002-08-02 DE DE10235418A patent/DE10235418A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-07-29 DE DE10393550T patent/DE10393550D2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-07-29 WO PCT/DE2003/002538 patent/WO2004015503A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2003-07-29 AU AU2003258474A patent/AU2003258474A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4203395A (en) * | 1977-09-16 | 1980-05-20 | The Bendix Corporation | Closed-loop idle speed control system for fuel-injected engines using pulse width modulation |
| US4813339A (en) * | 1984-11-09 | 1989-03-21 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Pulse-width-modulation control of parallel three-way valves to supply single-acting quick-response actuator |
| US4960365A (en) * | 1988-12-01 | 1990-10-02 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Hydraulic control apparatus |
| EP0692835A2 (de) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-01-17 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Brennstoffzellengenerator und dessen Betriebsverfahren |
| DE10024997A1 (de) * | 2000-05-22 | 2001-11-29 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh | Verfahren zur Erfassung der Ankerposition an einem elektromagnetischen Aktuator mittels Meßbrücke zur Regelung der Bewegung eines Gaswechselventils an einerKolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10393550D2 (de) | 2005-06-30 |
| AU2003258474A1 (en) | 2004-02-25 |
| DE10235418A1 (de) | 2004-02-19 |
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