WO2004003540A2 - Procede d'ultrasonoscopie a effet doppler permettant de determiner des parametres rheologiques d'un fluide - Google Patents

Procede d'ultrasonoscopie a effet doppler permettant de determiner des parametres rheologiques d'un fluide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004003540A2
WO2004003540A2 PCT/CH2003/000320 CH0300320W WO2004003540A2 WO 2004003540 A2 WO2004003540 A2 WO 2004003540A2 CH 0300320 W CH0300320 W CH 0300320W WO 2004003540 A2 WO2004003540 A2 WO 2004003540A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fluid
flow
model
ultrasound
frequency
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PCT/CH2003/000320
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German (de)
English (en)
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WO2004003540A3 (fr
Inventor
Boris Ouriev
Erich Josef Windhab
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Bühler AG
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Priority to AU2003223822A priority Critical patent/AU2003223822A1/en
Publication of WO2004003540A2 publication Critical patent/WO2004003540A2/fr
Publication of WO2004003540A3 publication Critical patent/WO2004003540A3/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/32—Arrangements for suppressing undesired influences, e.g. temperature or pressure variations, compensating for signal noise
    • G01N29/323—Arrangements for suppressing undesired influences, e.g. temperature or pressure variations, compensating for signal noise compensating for pressure or tension variations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
    • G01N11/02—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G01N29/024—Analysing fluids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/222—Constructional or flow details for analysing fluids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/01—Indexing codes associated with the measuring variable
    • G01N2291/014—Resonance or resonant frequency
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/01—Indexing codes associated with the measuring variable
    • G01N2291/017—Doppler techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/024—Mixtures
    • G01N2291/02408—Solids in gases, e.g. particle suspensions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/024—Mixtures
    • G01N2291/02416—Solids in liquids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02818—Density, viscosity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/042—Wave modes
    • G01N2291/0422—Shear waves, transverse waves, horizontally polarised waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/056—Angular incidence, angular propagation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for determining rheological parameters of a flowing fluid, in particular a suspension or an emulsion, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the ultrasonic Doppler method is used to determine a local velocity profile transverse to the line for the fluid carrying and suspended or emulsified particles flowing in a line or a flow channel.
  • a measurement of the static pressure upstream and downstream of the region of the determined local velocity profile determines a pressure difference along the direction of flow in the region of the local velocity profile. From the speed profile and the pressure difference assigned to it, certain rheological parameters of the examined flowing fluid, such as the viscosity function (shear viscosity), the yield point etc. are determined.
  • UVP Ultrasound Velocity Profiling
  • PD Pressure Difference
  • UVP-PD method described here provides good results for various types of velocity profiles and for the rheological parameters of the fluids to be determined, both in laminar and in turbulent flows.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method that enables a routine determination of the rheological parameters of a fluid even for a non-specialist with little experience in the field of rheology.
  • the following steps are carried out to determine the rheological parameters of the flowing fluid, in particular a suspension or emulsion which is conveyed through a flow channel, in particular a line or a pipe: a) irradiation of an ultrasound signal sent from an ultrasound transmitter with at least a predetermined first frequency f1 at an angle ⁇ different from 90 ° to the direction of flow into the fluid flow; b) receiving and measuring the frequency of an ultrasonic signal which is reflected / scattered by particles carried in the fluid in the respective fluid areas, with at least one second frequency f2 which is characteristic of the respective fluid area and which is shifted by a respective frequency shift ⁇ f with respect to the frequency f1, in an ultrasound receiver; c) measuring the static pressure along the flow direction of the fluid flow in the region of the fluid flow irradiated by the ultrasonic waves at N locations; and d) evaluating the information predetermined and measured in steps a), b) and c) for determining rheological parameters of the flowing fluid,
  • d1) determining the wall shear stress in the fluid along the direction of flow of the fluid flow in the region of the fluid flow irradiated by the ultrasound waves; d2) determining the fluid velocity profile in the fluid transversely to the direction of flow of the fluid flow in the region of the fluid flow irradiated by the ultrasound waves; d3) selection of a suitable model for the viscosity function (shear viscosity) and suitable boundary conditions for the flowing fluid; and d4) iteratively adapting the parameters and boundary conditions of the appropriate model to the measured information.
  • the emitted ultrasound signal preferably comprises a plurality of discrete first frequencies (f1.
  • the arithmetic mean of the individual differences is preferably formed in order to obtain a reliable value for ⁇ f and thus for the respective fluid velocity of one of the field areas.
  • the emitted ultrasound signal has a first frequency spectrum (FS1) and the received ultrasound signal has at least one second frequency spectrum (FS2), which is shifted in relation to the first frequency spectrum (FS1) by a frequency shift ⁇ f that is characteristic of the respective fluid range.
  • FS1 first frequency spectrum
  • FS2 second frequency spectrum
  • frequency shifts at several points in the two frequency spectra can be used for averaging the value ⁇ f and thus for determining the respective fluid velocity of one of the fluid areas.
  • the emitted and the received ultrasonic signal can also be pulsed signals, each of which in particular has a constant carrier frequency. This facilitates the assignment of the respective frequency shift ⁇ f and a respective fluid range using the respective transit time of the ultrasound signal between the time of leaving the ultrasound transmitter and the time of reception by the ultrasound receiver.
  • the transmitted and the received ultrasonic signal can also be continuous signals. This is particularly advantageous when using the frequency spectra FS1 and FS2 described above.
  • the emission of the ultrasound signal radiated into the fluid and the reception of the reflected ultrasound signal expediently take place at the same location, for example by means of an ultrasound transceiver.
  • the emission of the ultrasound signal radiated into the fluid and the reception of the reflected ultrasound signal take place at different locations.
  • the ultrasonic transmitter and the ultrasonic receiver can e.g. opposite, on both sides of the flowing fluid. This enables working with ultrasonic waves, which are scattered on the particles carried in the fluid, not with a reversal of direction of 180 °, but with a relatively small change in direction. This guarantees an approximately equally long transit time or an approximately equally long path in the flowing medium for all ultrasonic waves received at the opposite ultrasonic sensor. In this way, practically all of the ultrasound waves reflected / scattered between the ultrasound sensor and the ultrasound receiver via particles in different fluid areas lying between them are approximately equally attenuated by the flowing medium that has been crossed.
  • a first ultrasound transceiver is preferably arranged in the first wall area and a second ultrasound transceiver is arranged in the second wall area.
  • a suitable model is expediently adapted by iteratively adapting a model-based theoretical speed profile to a measured speed profile. The various rheological parameters can then be read from the adjusted theoretical speed profile.
  • the measured speed profiles are preferably treated before the adaptation, in particular a temporal averaging of the measured speed profiles. This gives you more reliable speed profiles for the subsequent adjustment of the models.
  • a statistical fluctuation variable in particular the standard deviation, is preferably determined in each case from the determined wall shear stresses and / or from the determined speed profiles and compared with a predetermined limit value for the fluctuation variable. This comparison is preferably used as the basis for the selection of reliable measurement data.
  • a suitable model can be selected by checking the boundary conditions used in the model. For example, assume that the velocity of the fluid on the wall is zero, i.e. that there is wall adhesion. Depending on whether the curve fitting was successful or not, this assumption can be retained or rejected. A similar procedure can be used with the assumption that the velocity of the fluid on the wall is different from zero.
  • the boundary conditions can advantageously also be checked by counting unsuccessful iteration steps when attempting to adapt a model, in particular when a predetermined number of iteration steps is exceeded another model with different parameters and / or other boundary conditions is selected.
  • the models used are preferably selected from the following group of models:
  • boundary conditions used are preferably selected from the following group of boundary conditions:
  • At least some of the determined rheological parameters of the fluid can also be compared with values of these parameters that were determined in a different way. This enables the results for the rheological pa parameters.
  • the rheological parameters are preferably determined differently by measuring the viscosity in a rotary rheometer and / or in a capillary rheometer.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a measuring arrangement known per se, with the aid of which the method according to the invention is carried out;
  • Fig. 1 schematically show the measured values obtained.
  • FIG. 1 shows a pipe section 1, in which a fluid 2 flows.
  • the measuring arrangement in FIG. 1 comprises an ultrasound transceiver 3 and a pressure sensor 4 downstream and a pressure sensor 5 upstream from the ultrasound transceiver 3.
  • an ultrasonic transceiver 3 sends a narrow ultrasonic wave US with a frequency fl (practically flat wave or parallel beam) into the flowing fluid 2 transversely to the fluid flow direction.
  • the ultrasonic wave US is reflected or scattered by moving particles which are carried in the flowing fluid 2.
  • the part of the ultrasonic wave US which is reflected or scattered back into the ultrasonic transmitter-receiver 3 has a shifted frequency f2 due to the movement of the particles (double Shift). This frequency shift provides information about the speed of the particles or the fluid in a certain fluid volume.
  • the assignment of the detected different frequency shifts to the locations in the fluid at which the frequency shifting reflection or scattering takes place takes place via a transit time measurement between the time of transmission and the reception of the ultrasound wave at the ultrasound transmitter-receiver 3.
  • pulsed ultrasound waves are used.
  • the speed profile can be determined in this way.
  • the viscosity function (shear viscosity) of the fluid can then be determined by the combination of the fluid velocity distribution ("reaction of the fluid") transverse to the direction of flow and the fluid wall shear stress ("external influence on the fluid").
  • a suitable model for the viscosity function (shear viscosity) and suitable boundary conditions for the flowing fluid are selected according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows the procedure for evaluating the measured pressure information for determining the wall shear stress in the fluid.
  • the geometry of the flow channel is entered.
  • the first pressure P1 is entered, at 3) the second pressure P2 is entered and at 4) the Nth pressure PN is entered. So up to N different pressures P1 to PN can be entered.
  • the entered pressure values P1 to PN are triggered by means of one at 11) in order to measure the measured pressure values in real time assign, and are filtered in a filter at 10) to achieve signal smoothing.
  • a pressure difference is then calculated in real time, from which the wall shear stress is determined at 6) and the wall shear stress distribution at 7).
  • the real-time pressure difference determined at 5) determines the mean value of the absolute pressure.
  • statistical values eg standard deviation etc.
  • Fig. 3 shows schematically the procedure for handling the unprocessed "raw" speed profiles before curve fitting.
  • measured unprocessed speed profiles are entered.
  • the fluid shelling speed measured for the fluid under investigation and the specified sound frequency is entered.
  • the values of the entered speed profiles are subjected to a temporal averaging via a trigger at 19) in order to obtain averaged speed profiles at 3).
  • the parameters used in the ultrasonic Doppler method are entered at 18), specifically at 11) the Doppler angle, at 12) acoustic information, at 13) the initial depth, at 14) the channel spacing, at 15) that Measurement window, at 16) the pulse repetition frequency and at 17) the beam geometry used.
  • the standard deviation for each speed channel of the speed profile is determined, which is then compared at 5) with a predetermined limit value.
  • the real starting depth, the real penetration depth and the real channel spacing are then determined from this. Based on these three values, reliable speed data are then selected at 9) for the further calculations, which are finally prepared at 10) for curve fitting.
  • the speed data are prepared for curve fitting.
  • the standard deviation SMD determined is compared with a predetermined limit value SMDL of the standard deviation. If SMD is smaller than SMDL, it is decided at 3) that SMD is used for fitting the data (curve fitting). In this case, curve fitting is carried out at 4) using the method of least squares. This is used in 5) to monitor the axial symmetry of the flow profile and in 6) to determine the maximum flow speed. If SMD is larger than SMDL, the solution to the boundary value problem is initiated at 18) and a warning signal is issued at 20). The warning signal indicates that the boundary conditions have not been met.
  • the power law model is loaded as part of the solution approach from 18). If it is determined at 14) that the flow index is greater than a given limit value, the power law model is loaded at 16) with the assumption of a wall sliding effect, and at 17) the model is loaded with the assumption of a flow limit. If, on the other hand, it is determined at 14) that the flow index is less than a given value, the power law model is loaded at 15).
  • an adjustment of the entered data is carried out using the method of least squares.
  • the data for this are entered at 18), 19), 20), 21) and 22), namely at 18) the real starting depth, at 19) the real penetration depth, at 20) the real channel spacing, at 21) that Exceeding the standard deviation limit by the standard deviation and at 22) information about the axial symmetry of the flow profile from the control of the axial symmetry.
  • a data area is selected from the data entered at 18) to 22).
  • the flow index or criteria of the adaptation quality are read from the adjustment made in 6).
  • the arguments e.g. flow index, sliding speed, radius of the plug, etc.
  • the sliding speed on the wall is zero or not. If it is zero, the volumetric flow velocity, the wall shear velocity and the shear velocity distribution are calculated from the adaptation to the velocity profile at 24), 25) and 26). If the sliding speed on the wall is not zero, the volumetric flow rate, the wall shear rate and the shear rate distribution are calculated in an analogous manner at 27), 28) and 29) from the adaptation to the speed profile assuming wall sliding. From the variables calculated at 24) to 26) or at 27) to 29), the wall shear viscosity is calculated at 32) and the shear viscosity function at 33) (e.g. their distribution along a direction transverse to the flow).
  • FIG. 6 schematically shows the procedure for determining the flow state.
  • 1), 2), 3) and 4) one starts from the power law model, from the Herschel-Bulkley model, from the cross model or from other models. From this, the boundary value problem is solved again at 7) and the rheological parameters are output at 9).
  • a decision is made as to whether the shear viscosity calculated from the shear viscosity distribution is less than a predetermined viscosity limit value entered by the user, which is carried out by reference measurements carried out off-line and / or on-line, for example using a rotary rheometer, a capillary rheometer or some other rheometer was used.
  • shear viscosity is less than the limit value, it is decided that there is a turbulent flow state according to 14). If the shear viscosity is greater than or equal to the limit value, it is decided that there is a laminar flow state according to 13).
  • a solution for the turbulent flow state is used. This approach differs from the approach in the laminar flow state only in the adaptation model, which has a similar shape, but in which other values for the parameters, e.g. for the flow index.
  • the "turbulent" flow index is then calculated at 6) and used at 11).
  • the flow index is below a lowest limit or not. If the flow index is below, it is decided that there is a turbulent flow state according to 14) If the flow index is equal to or greater than the lowest limit value and based on an evaluation of the large SMD, viscosity, flow index and maximum speed, it is decided that a laminar flow state according to 13) or a turbulent flow state according to 14), and 6) uses the solution for the turbulent flow.
  • the (smoothed) global flow profile of the turbulent flow transverse to the pipe axis, in which the local speed fluctuations have been filtered out, can be analogous to the highly viscous plug flow e.g. can be described by the Herschel-Bulkley model.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé permettant de déterminer des paramètres rhéologiques d'un fluide en écoulement, en particulier d'une suspension ou d'une émulsion, dans une conduite, en particulier un tuyau. Selon ce procédé, des informations relatives au fluide en écoulement sont obtenues par ultrasonoscopie à effet Doppler et par au moins deux mesures de pression. Ces informations sont évaluées par détermination de la contrainte de cisaillement pariétale dans ce fluide dans le sens d'écoulement du flux fluidique dans la zone du flux fluidique traversée par les ondes ultrasonores, par détermination du profil de vitesse du fluide transversalement au sens d'écoulement du flux fluidique dans la zone du flux fluidique traversée par les ondes ultrasonores puis par sélection et adaptation d'un modèle adapté (adaptable) pour la fonction de viscosité (viscosité de cisaillement) et de conditions aux limites adaptées pour le fluide en écoulement.
PCT/CH2003/000320 2002-06-28 2003-05-19 Procede d'ultrasonoscopie a effet doppler permettant de determiner des parametres rheologiques d'un fluide WO2004003540A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

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AU2003223822A AU2003223822A1 (en) 2002-06-28 2003-05-19 Ultrasound doppler methods for determining rheological parameters of a fluid

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE10229220.5 2002-06-28
DE2002129220 DE10229220A1 (de) 2002-06-28 2002-06-28 Ultraschall-Doppler-Methode zur Bestimmung rheologischer Parameter eines Fluids

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WO2004003540A3 WO2004003540A3 (fr) 2004-09-16

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DE102007027392B3 (de) * 2007-06-11 2009-01-15 Forschungszentrum Dresden - Rossendorf E.V. Verfahren zur Messung von lokalen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten in flüssigen Schmelzen
DE102007027362B3 (de) * 2007-06-11 2008-12-04 Schott Ag Verfahren und Verwendung einer Messanordnung zum Messen der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in einer zur Glas- oder Floatglasherstellung verwendeten Glas- oder Metallschmelze
DE102019133391A1 (de) * 2019-12-06 2021-06-10 Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG Verfahren zur Bestimmung und/oder Überwachung zumindest einer rheologischen Eigenschaft eines Mediums

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JP2000097742A (ja) * 1998-09-25 2000-04-07 Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc:The ドップラ式超音波流量計
US6378357B1 (en) * 2000-03-14 2002-04-30 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Method of fluid rheology characterization and apparatus therefor

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DE10229220A1 (de) 2004-02-26
WO2004003540A3 (fr) 2004-09-16
AU2003223822A8 (en) 2004-01-19
AU2003223822A1 (en) 2004-01-19

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