Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/84—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving inorganic compounds or pH
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
  • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
  • G01N33/49—Blood
  • G01N33/4925—Blood measuring blood gas content, e.g. O2, CO2, HCO3

Definitions

• This invention is directed to measurement of blood gases and blood treatments and therapies based thereon.
• NO nitric oxide
• NO is a critical component of the human respiratory cycle and is a blood gas which functions to regulate O 2 delivery, i.e., that the NO level adds significantly to the blood gas by providing a measure of tissue oxygenation (detem-ined by blood flow) and that red blood cells and the loading of them with NO contributes significantly to the classical physiological response of hypoxic vasodilation and hyperoxic vasoconstriction. Morever, data has been developed that shows NO binding to he es and thiols of hemoglobin varies as a function of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen to dilate or constrict pulmonary and systemic arteries in vivo.
• red blood cells depends on their NO content; and that by introducing NO or nitrite therein, storage time for red blood cells and whole blood is increased; and that treatment of outdated red blood cells with NO or nitrite normalizes vasodilation response thereto, thereby providing a method for increasing storage times for whole blood and red blood cells and mitigating morbidity and mortality risks of transfusions.
• One embodiment of the invention herein, denoted the first embodiment is directed to a method of determining -from blood, levels of blood gas components corresponding to condition selected from the group consisting of physiological and pathological conditions of a patient, comprising measuring NO level in conjunction with measuring pO 2 and pCO 2 in blood of the patient as a marker of tissue blood flow and oxygenation.
• Another embodiment of the invention herein is directed to a method of treating a disease associated with oxygen deficiency in heart, lung or blood in a patient having such disease, comprising ------fusing into the patient a therapeutically effective amount of an anaerobic solution of nitric oxide at a rate in the range of 1 to 500 nmol nitric oxide/min.
• Another embodiment of the invention herein is directed to a method of treating a disease associated with oxygen deficiency in heart, lung or blood, in a patient having such disease, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of an anaerobic solution of NO at a rate in the range of 1 to 500 nmol nitric oxide/min and nitrite in an amount which facilitates the oxygen delivery improving activity of the NO.
• Another embodiment of the invention herein is directed to a method of treating a disease associated with oxygen deficiency in heart, lung or blood, in a patient having such disease and a physiological (normal) level for that patient of NO in blood, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anaerobic solution of nitrite in an amount which facilitates the oxygen delivery activity (blood flow increasing activity) of the NO.
• Still another embodiment of the invention herein, denoted the fifth embodiment, is directed to increasing the storage time of whole blood or red blood cells comprising admixing outdated or NO depleted whole blood or red blood cells with a solution of NO or nitrite to replete or increase vasodilator response in the whole blood or red blood cells.
• Still another embodiment of the invention herein denoted the sixth embodiment is directed to a method of transfusing a patient in need of a transfusion comprising treating whole blood or red blood cells depleted in NO with a solution of NO and/or nitrite, to increase or replete vasodilator response therein and transfusing the treated whole blood or red blood cells into the patient.
• a disease associated with oxygen deficiency in a patient is used herein to mean a disease where oxygen delivery is deficient as indicated by measurement of an NO level at least 10% below baseline for physiological condition for the patient or by measurement of NO level for the patient which is at least 10% lower than the average for a group, as measured in the first embodiment.
• NO in a normal level for that patient means NO for that patient for physiological condition.
• red blood cells are used herein to mean exceeding the storage periods described hereafter or loss of NO by more than 10% compared to NO level in fresh (normal) blood or inability to recoup SNO on a deoxygenation- oxygenation cycle.
• red blood cells are deoxygenated for long periods (e.g., by letting set for one hour)
• NO in the red blood cells cannot form SNO because the position of NO on hemoglobin moves so it is not in facile contact with cysteine.
• red blood cells lose ability to make SNO.
• whole blood or red blood cells depleted in NO is used herein to mean loss of NO by more than 10% compared to NO level in fresh (normal) blood or inability to recoup SNO on a deoxygenation- oxygenation cycle as described above.
• replete or increase vasodilator response in whole blood or red blood cells is used herein to mean increasing NO level by at least 10%.
• storage time is used herein to mean time -from phlebotomy.
• FIG. 1 compares NO in control with that in outdated samples of red blood cells and shows results of Example V.
• FIG. 2 compares vasodilator response for PBS and nitrite treated outdated red blood cells and shows results of Example V.
• FIG. 3 compares percent relaxation of control outdated red blood cells and nitrite and NO treated outdated red blood cells and shows results of Example V.
• the first embodiment of the invention herein is the method of determining -from blood, levels of blood gas corresponding to condition selected from the group consisting of physiological and pathological conditions of a patient, comprising measuring NO level in conjunction with mea---uring pO 2 and pCO 2 in blood of the patient as a marker of tissue blood flow and oxygenation.
• Measurement of NO level in blood of a patient can be carried out in venous blood of the patient or in arterial (mixed venous) blood of the patient.
• Human venous blood can be drawn, for example, via an antecubital vein.
• Measurement of NO in blood is readily carried out, for example, by photolysis-chem-duminescence, in a DAF-2 assay or by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), for example to determine ratio of SNO or NO to hemoglobin.
• EPR electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
• hemolysate protein (about 99% hemoglobin) from red blood cells was partially purified by gel filtration (5000g, 60 seconds) over a G-25 fine Sephadex chromatography column (25-fold volume excess) equilibrated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH7.40, with 0.5 mM EDTA).
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• An airtight Hamilton glass syringe was used to transfer 90 ⁇ l of sample (final [hemoglobin], 100 ⁇ M) for injection as described in McMahon, T. J. and Stamler, J.S., Methods Enzymol 301, 99-114 (1999).
• DAF-2 assays one half of the homolysate was adjusted to 100 ⁇ M hemoglobin with PBS- containing diaminofluoroscein-2 (DAF-2) (final pH7.4) either with or without HgCl-, and incubated 10 minutes. Centricon 10kDa filters (10, 600g, 20 min) were then used to exclude hemoglobin prior to fluorescence measurement. The filtrates were transferred to microplates and treated with acid (0.4N HC1, final concentration) to generate nitrosating equivalents and then with excess NaOH to max-a-nize fluorescence (excitation and emission: 485 nm and 520 n , respectively). Standard curves were constructed using S-nitrosohemoglobin as described in McMahon, T.J., et al, I Biol. Chem. 275, 16738-45 (2000).
• Mea---uring of pO 2 and pCO 2 can be carried out conventionally.
• Each of the second, third and fourth embodiments is directed to treating a disease associated with oxygen deficiency in heart, lung or blood in a patient having such disease.
• a disease associated with oxygen deficiency in a patient is a disease where oxygen delivery is deficient as indicated by measurement of level of NO at least 10% below that for physiological (non-pathological) condition (for that individual, or if such data is not available, below the average for a group at large, e.g., lower than 1 mol O per 1000 moles hemoglobin) as measured in the first embodiment.
• the anaerobic solution of nitric oxide can, e.g., be a saturated solution of NO (1.5 mM NO) in saline (0.9% NaCl) and can be made anaerobic by bubbling inert gas through the solvent before introduction of NO therein.
• the therapeutically effective amount is a blood flow increasing (oxygen delivery to tissue improving) amount at a rate ranging fiom 1 to 500 nmol NO/min, preferably from 1 to 10 nmol NO/min, for as long as improvement or benefit occurs.
• the amount is an NO repleting amount for red blood cells.
• the concentration of NO should be one that has no acute effect on systemic blood pressure or systemic hemodynamics. Previously, a solution of NO has been infiised at a rate of 0.75 to 36 micromoles/min, with the higher concentration being viewed as effective; this range can have an acute effect on systemic blood pressure or systemic hemodynamics.
• the third embodiment herein is directed at a method of treating a disease associated with oxygen deficiency in heart, lung or blood, in a patient having such disease, comprising admMstering to said patient, e.g., by -------fusing into the patient, a therapeutically effective amount of an anaerobic solution of NO at a rate in the range of 1 to 500 nmol NO/min, preferably from 1 to 10 nmol NO/min, and nitrite in an amount which facilitates the oxygen delivery improving activity of NO (as manifested by increased blood flow).
• the administration of the NO and therapeutically effective amount thereof is the same as for the second embodiment.
• the nitrite is any that is soluble in and compatible with blood and can be, for example, inorganic mtrite such as sodium-nitrite or potassium nitrite or calcium nitrite and is preferably present in the anaerobic solution of NO, e.g, in saline, which is infused and is present in an amount which improves the oxygen delivery activity identified with the NO infusion by facilitating the formation of S- nitrosohemoglobin.
• the benefit of nitrite is indicated by data developed by the inventors which shows that in the presence of nitrite, the biological activity identified with NO is facilitated.
• the nitrite is administered at a rate of 1 nmol to 10 ⁇ M mtrite/minute which improves the oxygen delivery improving effect of the NO, e.g., in an amount of 20 to 150 fold the NO concentration.
• the nitrite is preferably administered by infusing an anaerobic solution thereof into the patient, e.g., in saline made anaerobic by bubbling inert gas therethrough before admixture of mtrite.
• the nitrite is any that is soluble in and compatible with blood and can be, for example, inorganic nitrite such as sodium nitrite or potassium nitrite or calcium nitrite and is infiised in a therapeutically effective amount which improves the oxygen delivery improving activity of NO by facilitating formation of S- nitrosohemoglobin, e.g., at a rate in the range of 1 nmol to 10 ⁇ M nitrite/minute.
• the NO is preferably administered from a stock solution of 1.5 mM NO (saturated solution) at a concentration of 1.5mM or lower in saline (0.9% NaCl).
• Nitrite can be given also from a stock solution as needed to achieve nanomolar to micromolar concentrations.
• the fifth embodiment of the invention herein is a method for increasing the storage time of whole blood or red blood cells comprising admixing outdated or NO depleted whole blood or red blood cehs with a solution of NO and/or nitrite, to replete or increase vasodilator response in the whole blood or red blood cells.
• whole blood or red blood cells preserved with citrate-phosphate- dextrose-adenine may be stored for 35 days.
• Red blood cells preserved with adenine- saline preservative may be stored for 42 days. After storage for these periods, the whole blood and red blood cells are considered outdated and may not be used for transfusion purposes because of concerns of increased morbidity and mortality risks.
• the present method can be used on whole blood or red blood cells that are outdated or depleted in NO until such time as NO bioactivity is no longer increased, e.g., when the red cells are no longer intact as may be determined under a microscope or by measuring free hemoglobin in a hemolysate. In other words, consecutive treatments are useful on intact red blood cells per se or in whole blood so long as NO bioactivity including vasodilator function is increased.
• the NO bioactivity can include activity from SNO, NO, NO x , NO + and NO " .
• the NO and/or nitrite is admixed by admixing a solution of NO or nitrite in saline or phosphate buffered saline e.g., as lnM to 1.5 mM NO and/or nitrite, to load the blood product with NO or nitrite to a molar ratio of NO and/or nitrite to hemoglobin ranging from 1:10 to 1: 1,000.
• Suitable nitrites are those discussed in conjunction with the fourth embodiment herein.
• the solution of NO or nitrite is anaerobic as this makes the administration more efficient.
• Anaerobicity can be effected by admixing anaerobic solvent with the NO or nitrite under anaerobic conditions.
• the solvent can be made anaerobic by bubbling inert gas, e.g., argon, through the solvent before introduction of NO or nitrite therein.
• Whole blood and red blood cells which have been deoxygenated by exposure to the atmosphere and vortexing (mixing), or can be used in deoxygenated state whereupon oxygenation occurs in the body or in vitro.
• the NO and/or nitrite treatment is carried out to restore or increase vasodilator response as may be measured by blood flow increase or clinical outcome.
• a patient is in need of a transfusion is a patient who has lost or is losing blood or one in need of removal of waste products of the body in case of failure of renal functioning or needs removal of toxic substance -from blood in the case of poisoning or is in need of red blood cells or hemoglobin to treat any disease associated with impairment of nitric oxide or oxygen, e.g., angina or stroke.
• whole blood or red blood depleted in NO is used herein to mean at least 10% less relaxation in the test described in McMahon, T. J., et al, Nature Medicine 8, 711-717 (2002) compared to when the whole blood or red blood cells are first donated.
• the solution of NO and/or nitrite can be formed by admixing NO or mtrite with saline or phosphate buffered saline, e.g., as InM to 1.5 mM NO and/or nitrite, to load the blood product with NO and/or nitrite to a ratio of NO and/or nitrite to hemoglobin ranging from 1 : 10 to 1 : 1,000.
• Suitable nitrites are those discussed in conjunction with the fourth embodiment herein.
• the solution of NO and/or nitrite is made anaerobic as discussed in the description of the fifth embodiment, and admixing of anaerobic solution of NO and/or nitrite with blood product is carried out under anaerobic conditions.
• Whole blood and red blood cells which have been deoxygenated can be oxygenated by exposure to air (the atmosphere) and vortexing (mixing) or can be used in deoxygenated state whereupon oxygenation occurs in the body.
• the transfusing can be carried out by conventional means.
• Measurements of NO were made in samples of blood of subjects of normal health, i.e., no pathological condition. Measurement was carried out by DAF-2 and photolysis che ⁇ -i- ⁇ minescene as described above. The results show inter-individual variability in NO levels and thus the importance of comparing NO level to both the group at large and the individual over time.
• EPR assay was carried out with Fe( ⁇ ) NO spiked hemoglobin samples prepared in PBS pH7.4, 300 ⁇ M mtrite, with a heme concentration of ImM, and an Fe(II) NO concentration of 50 ⁇ M. Comparison was to SNO-oxyhemoglobin samples (0.5 mM protein) prepared as described in Jia, L., et al, Nature 380, 221- 226 (1996). Results as shown in FIGS, lc and Id of McMahon, T ., et al, Nature Medicine, 711-717 (2002), indicate that in presence of nitrite, oxygen delivery improving activity identified with NO, is facilitated.
• Example II A 65-year old male is admitted to a hospital with unstable angina. The patient is given IV. nitroglycerin, heparin and a beta blocker. However, the patient continues to experience chest pain at rest.
• the patient's normal NO level is known from past testing. Measurement of the patient's NO level shows it is below normal. Alternatively, the patient's normal NO level is not known from past testing but measurement of the patient's NO level shows it is lower than average. Infusion at a rate of 5 ----mo-l/min of NO in 0.9% NaCl is effected. The chest pain resolves.
• Example -m A 27-year old female with primary pulmonary hypertension class II presents complaining with shortness of breath.
• the patient's normal NO level is know from prior testing. Measurement of the patient's NO level shows it is below normal. Infusion of NO in 0.9% NaCl at a rate of 5 -nmol/min of NO is effected. The shortness of breath symptom resolves. After three days of therapy, pulmonary artery pressure has dropped 5mm of mercury.
• Example IN A patient presents with sickle cell disease presents with hypoxemia. NO level is measured and found to be the same as in previous testing. An anaerobic saturated solution of sodium nitrite in saline in infused at a rate of 100 nmol/min. Improved oxygen delivery occurs.
• Example VI Red cells are incubated at a molar ratio of 1:250 NO to hemoglobin for 10 minutes at weekly intervals. At 8 weeks, NO levels and vasodilator response are preserved.
• Example N ⁇ A 59-year old with severe coronary artery disease receives a transfusion with blood 5 weeks old. Blood pressure rises by 5 mm Hg. The patient experiences chest pain. A second unit doped with NO (1:250 molar ratio of NO to hemoglobin) is given and chest pain is not experienced.

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