WO2003073772A1 - Error masking method using moving picture electronic watermark of video - Google Patents
Error masking method using moving picture electronic watermark of video Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003073772A1 WO2003073772A1 PCT/JP2002/007542 JP0207542W WO03073772A1 WO 2003073772 A1 WO2003073772 A1 WO 2003073772A1 JP 0207542 W JP0207542 W JP 0207542W WO 03073772 A1 WO03073772 A1 WO 03073772A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- block
- motion vector
- chamber
- sterilization
- picture
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
- H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
- H04N19/124—Quantisation
- H04N19/126—Details of normalisation or weighting functions, e.g. normalisation matrices or variable uniform quantisers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
- H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
- H04N19/136—Incoming video signal characteristics or properties
- H04N19/137—Motion inside a coding unit, e.g. average field, frame or block difference
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
- H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
- H04N19/157—Assigned coding mode, i.e. the coding mode being predefined or preselected to be further used for selection of another element or parameter
- H04N19/159—Prediction type, e.g. intra-frame, inter-frame or bidirectional frame prediction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
- H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
- H04N19/17—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object
- H04N19/176—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object the region being a block, e.g. a macroblock
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
- H04N19/467—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process characterised by the embedded information being invisible, e.g. watermarking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
- H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
- H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
- H04N19/513—Processing of motion vectors
- H04N19/517—Processing of motion vectors by encoding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
- H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/85—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression
- H04N19/89—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression involving methods or arrangements for detection of transmission errors at the decoder
- H04N19/895—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression involving methods or arrangements for detection of transmission errors at the decoder in combination with error concealment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sterilizer and a sterilization container.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-200-206 discloses a sterilization apparatus in which a mechanism is provided for automatically opening and closing the door of the apparatus when the apparatus is half-open, and sterilization is performed through the half-open door during the drying process. It discloses that steam is emitted.
- Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 7-141424 discloses a power cylinder in which a door is movable up and down and rotatable by a support arm provided on the pressure vessel main body, and the door is provided on a side surface of the pressure vessel main body. Opening and closing can be performed automatically by the expansion and contraction of the cylinder.
- the endoscope In an autoclave device, the endoscope is usually sterilized with high-pressure steam at about 130 ° C, then dried, and adhered to the endoscope. It is. MP EG 1 (1 to 1.5 Mb ps, Video-CD) s MP EG 2 (3 to 16 Mb ps, DVD, digital broadcast), MP EG 1 (1 to 1.5 Mb ps, Video-CD) 4 (16 k to 1 Mb ps, next-generation mopile communication).
- a low communication speed value means that the amount of data is small, which means that data can be transmitted at a low communication speed. Also, if the communication speed is low, the image quality will generally be poor, but if it is stored on a hard disk, it will mean a small file.
- MP EG 1 and 2 require very high speed communication lines. Therefore, the only compression technology that can be used with a moderately slow infrastructure is MPEG4.
- Methods that do not use the motion vector when concealing errors include copying 8x8 blocks corresponding to the part that conceals the error, and using the correct surroundings that cannot be decoded due to filtering. There are two ways to interpolate using pixels.
- Figure 7 shows a conceptual diagram of how to copy a block.
- the moving image is considered in frame units, and the current frame and the reference frame are focused on.
- the solid portion of the frame indicates a block that cannot be decoded due to a communication path error.
- a block located at the same position as a block that cannot be decoded in a reference frame is copied in the current frame to perform error concealment.
- this method does not need to calculate a new motion vector, it has a small amount of computation and is effective when error concealment is performed on a part with no motion.However, in a part with motion, the performance of concealment is low. to degrade.
- a method of interpolating the part that cannot be decoded by the filter processing using the correct pixels in the surrounding area is effective when it is similar to the surrounding block. If there is a significant change, the concealment performance will be degraded.
- Fig. 8 shows a conceptual diagram of a block copy using a motion vector.
- the solid portion in the current frame indicates a block that cannot be decoded due to a communication path error.
- This method uses the motion vector of the block in the reference frame corresponding to the block that cannot be decoded, and replaces the block in the reference frame indicated by the motion vector with the current frame. This is a method of copying to a block that cannot be decoded. In this method, it is necessary to calculate a new motion vector, and since the accuracy of error concealment depends on the accuracy of the motion vector, it is necessary to accurately estimate the motion vector. .
- Conventional methods for estimating a motion vector include a method of estimating from the motion vector of a surrounding block and a method of estimating from a pixel of a surrounding block.
- the method of estimating from the motion vectors of the surrounding blocks is to estimate the motion vector of the error block using the motion vectors of the surrounding blocks.
- Figure 9 shows the concept of this method.
- the thin arrow in the current frame in the figure is held by the surrounding block
- the motion vector is shown, and the bold arrow shows the motion vector of the error block estimated from the surrounding motion vector.
- the method of estimating the motion vector from the pixels of the surrounding blocks uses the motion vector estimated by using the pixels around the error block. This method can cope with sudden movements, etc., and the accuracy of error concealment is improved compared to other methods.However, it is necessary to estimate a new motion vector. The amount of calculation is larger than that of.
- the conventional technique of estimating the motion vector at the time of decoding has two problems.
- One is the accuracy of the estimated motion vector. That is, in the conventional method, estimation is performed using only pixels that do not include an error. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain high estimation accuracy when the error rate is high or when a burst error occurs.
- Another problem is that when decoding, a computationally intensive process called motion estimation is required. This hinders low power consumption and cost reduction of the receiver.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a problem in the conventional error concealment method, and can reduce the amount of calculation for estimating a motion vector, and can perform accurate motion estimation even at a high error rate.
- An error concealment method using digital watermarking of moving images which makes it possible to obtain vectors and minimizes the accuracy of the conventional technology to the lower limit, and is designed to have upward compatibility with general-purpose decoders.
- the task is to provide Disclosure of the invention
- An error concealment method using a digital watermark of a moving image according to the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problem is as follows: a digital moving image signal is divided into a plurality of blocks or macroblocks composed of pixels at NXN points; When obtaining a difference signal from one of the future and past images by performing motion compensation on the block or macroblock and not obtaining the difference signal, each block or macroblock is converted by a discrete cosine transform. To obtain a discrete cosine transform output, quantize the discrete cosine transform output, obtain a quantized output, and obtain a bit stream by performing variable length coding on the quantized output, while obtaining a motion vector.
- the digital watermark information is embedded in each block or macro block as digital watermark information, and the digital watermark information can be used for error concealment during decoding. The one in which the features.
- the data relating to the motion vector embedded in each block or macro block includes data for distinguishing an I picture, a P picture, and a B picture, and data relating to the size of the motion vector.
- the search window size is ⁇ X
- the data amount for distinguishing the I picture, P picture, and B picture is 2 bits
- the data amount related to the size of the motion vector is horizontal, combined vertically 2 n one 1 (2 11 - 1 ⁇ IXI ) a bit.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the input / output relationship of the system at the time of encoding according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an input / output relationship of the system at the time of decoding according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining information embedding in an AC coefficient according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining an example of a replacement quantization table according to the present invention.
- Fig. 5 is a graph showing the experimental results of the effect of embedding a motion vector on an image.
- Fig. 6 is a graph showing the experimental results of the effect on the image due to the quantization table change.
- FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram showing a block copy method in a conventional error concealment method.
- FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram showing a conventional copy method using a motion vector.
- FIG. 9 is a conceptual diagram showing a conventional motion vector estimation method.
- a calculated motion vector is embedded as digital watermark information in each block or macroblock at the time of encoding, and the digital watermark information is error concealed at the time of decoding.
- the amount of data related to the motion vector embedded in each block or macroblock distinguishes between I-pictures, P-pictures, and B-pictures. And a motion vector.
- the required data amount is 10 bits, which is 2 bits for the above identifier, 5 bits for the motion vector and 5 bits for the vertical direction.
- the required data amount is 10 bits, which is 2 bits for the above identifier, 5 bits for the motion vector and 5 bits for the vertical direction.
- There is a total of 12 bits for each macroblock. Since one macro block is composed of four luminance signal blocks and two equation difference signals, each luminance signal block needs to be embedded with 12 ⁇ 4 .3 bits per block.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a procedure of a method of embedding a motion vector at the time of encoding according to the present invention.
- the quantizer outputs one-to-one as well as the input, this configuration always outputs the difference between the previous data and the current data.
- the portion indicated by the dotted block in the figure is a process that is significantly different from the conventional MPEG encoding.
- the data must be embedded in the quantized DCT coefficients.
- a modified quantization table used for quantization is used for decoding.
- These last three areas are high-frequency areas, and are areas that are least affected by image quality degradation.
- Figure 4 shows an example of a modified quantization table for embedding 3 bits in each block.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a decoding procedure according to the present invention, in which a dotted arrow indicates a case in which a general MPEG decoder is used, error concealment is not performed, or error concealment is performed. This shows the flow of the motion vector when it is not necessary.
- a comparative test was performed to confirm the effectiveness of the present invention.
- the motion vector was embedded in the image, the pixels when decoded by a general-purpose MPEG decoder were examined, and the effectiveness when error concealment was performed using the embedded motion vector was examined.
- the compressed image is 16 black and white images (704 x 240 pixels) with a bit rate of 1 (Mbps).
- the structure of the GOP is an I picture, a P picture, and a B picture whose cycle is 9 and the distance between the IZPs is 3.
- PS NR a decompressed image (P eak S ignalto N oise R atio) (d B), i.e., Equation 1] imagesize X255 2 gamma " ⁇
- p (i, j) is the pixel value of the frame before compression
- f (i, j) is the pixel value of the decompressed frame.
- Rows and coIs are the horizontal and vertical sizes of the image, respectively.
- the motion vector was embedded in the image, encoded by MP EG, and compared with the image decoded by a general MP EG decoder. .
- the data to be embedded was 3 bits for each DCT block.
- Fig. 5 shows the results of this experiment.
- the horizontal axis represents the frame number, and the vertical axis represents the PSNR (dB) value at that time.
- “No embedding” indicates the case of the original image of MPEG
- “Proposed method (Ib it)” indicates the case where one bit is embedded in three DCT coefficients by the present invention
- the proposed method (3 bits) j indicates the case where three bits are embedded in one coefficient.
- The“ conventional method ” indicates the LSB of DCT coefficients of AC (8), AC (9), and AC (10) (Least Significant Bit) Replacement data is introduced by the conventional method. From these results, it was confirmed that the image according to the conventional method was greatly deteriorated, but the image according to the present invention had a PSNR close to the original image even when embedding was performed.
- the motion compensation prediction error is an error obtained by a difference between the reference frame and the current frame.
- Fig. 6 shows the results when the quantization table was changed and when it was not changed. From this, it can be confirmed that in the method in which the quantization table is changed, the image deterioration is small, and in the method in which the quantization table is not changed, the deterioration is more intense than in the method in which the quantization table is changed.
- the present invention is as described above.
- the amount of calculation for estimating a motion vector can be reduced, and even when the error rate is high, , which makes it possible to obtain a more accurate motion vector, and can also be used in combination with conventional technology, making the accuracy of conventional technology almost the lower limit, and is upward compatible with general-purpose decoders
- This has the effect of providing an error concealment method using digital watermarks for moving images that has been considered to have flexibility, and can be used effectively even in infrastructures that are somewhat slow.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP20020751678 EP1480464A1 (en) | 2002-02-28 | 2002-07-25 | Error masking method using moving picture electronic watermark of video |
US10/506,114 US20050152458A1 (en) | 2002-02-28 | 2002-07-25 | Error masking method using moving picture electronic watermark of video |
IL16378602A IL163786A0 (en) | 2002-02-28 | 2002-07-25 | Error masking method using moving picture electronic watermark of video |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002-54647 | 2002-02-28 | ||
JP2002054647A JP2003259369A (ja) | 2002-02-28 | 2002-02-28 | 動画像の電子透かしを用いたエラー隠蔽方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2003073772A1 true WO2003073772A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
WO2003073772A9 WO2003073772A9 (en) | 2005-01-06 |
Family
ID=27764407
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2002/007542 WO2003073772A1 (en) | 2002-02-28 | 2002-07-25 | Error masking method using moving picture electronic watermark of video |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050152458A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1480464A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2003259369A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100348053C (ja) |
IL (1) | IL163786A0 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003073772A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007025476A1 (en) * | 2005-09-02 | 2007-03-08 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Multimedia communication transport protection method |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2005292129A1 (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2006-04-13 | Aol Llc | Correction of blotches in component images |
WO2007034385A2 (en) * | 2005-09-26 | 2007-03-29 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Coding/decoding method and apparatus for improving video error concealment |
KR100815246B1 (ko) | 2006-06-13 | 2008-03-19 | 한국과학기술원 | 디지털 워터마킹을 이용한 이미지 전송의 손실 은닉 방법 |
JP2008124530A (ja) * | 2006-11-08 | 2008-05-29 | Tokyo Institute Of Technology | Rawデータ圧縮方法 |
US8243805B2 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2012-08-14 | Microsoft Corporation | Video completion by motion field transfer |
US8320455B2 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2012-11-27 | Qualcomm Incorporated | System and method to process motion vectors of video data |
CN101583033B (zh) * | 2009-06-05 | 2011-01-26 | 中山大学 | 一种利用鲁棒水印保护h.264视频数据的方法 |
CN101582158B (zh) * | 2009-06-26 | 2011-12-07 | 中山大学 | 一种数字图像的水印嵌入及认证方法 |
KR102273741B1 (ko) | 2012-01-19 | 2021-07-05 | 브이아이디 스케일, 인크. | 비디오 코딩 기준 화상 목록들을 시그널링하고 구성하는 방법 및 장치 |
US9465954B1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-10-11 | Dataguise Inc. | Method and system for tracking masking of data |
CN103997652B (zh) * | 2014-06-12 | 2017-06-20 | 北京奇艺世纪科技有限公司 | 一种视频水印嵌入方法及装置 |
CA3090523C (en) | 2019-08-20 | 2022-03-22 | Citrix Systems, Inc. | Masked watermarks and related systems and techniques |
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JPH0346481A (ja) * | 1989-07-14 | 1991-02-27 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd <Kdd> | 動き補償誤り補正方式 |
JPH0698175A (ja) * | 1992-09-11 | 1994-04-08 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 画像・データ多重化回路 |
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JPH10322703A (ja) * | 1997-05-19 | 1998-12-04 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | 画像伝送方式並びに符号化装置及び復号化装置 |
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JP3696723B2 (ja) * | 1997-09-02 | 2005-09-21 | ソニー株式会社 | 画像データ処理装置及び方法 |
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CN1134174C (zh) * | 2001-06-08 | 2004-01-07 | 清华大学 | 地面数字电视广播中的视频差错隐藏方法 |
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2002
- 2002-02-28 JP JP2002054647A patent/JP2003259369A/ja active Pending
- 2002-07-25 CN CNB028287878A patent/CN100348053C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-25 IL IL16378602A patent/IL163786A0/xx unknown
- 2002-07-25 EP EP20020751678 patent/EP1480464A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-07-25 WO PCT/JP2002/007542 patent/WO2003073772A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2002-07-25 US US10/506,114 patent/US20050152458A1/en not_active Abandoned
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JPH0346481A (ja) * | 1989-07-14 | 1991-02-27 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd <Kdd> | 動き補償誤り補正方式 |
JPH0698175A (ja) * | 1992-09-11 | 1994-04-08 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 画像・データ多重化回路 |
JPH06253288A (ja) * | 1992-09-18 | 1994-09-09 | Sgs Thomson Microelectron Sa | 伝送システムにおける誤りマスキング方法 |
JPH06268992A (ja) * | 1993-03-15 | 1994-09-22 | Sony Corp | 画像符号化方法、画像復号化方法、画像符号化装置、画像復号化装置及び記録媒体 |
JPH0774968A (ja) * | 1993-06-21 | 1995-03-17 | Nec Corp | 画像データの圧縮/伸長方法 |
JPH08256333A (ja) * | 1995-03-16 | 1996-10-01 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 画像符号化復号方法及び装置 |
JPH10322703A (ja) * | 1997-05-19 | 1998-12-04 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | 画像伝送方式並びに符号化装置及び復号化装置 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007025476A1 (en) * | 2005-09-02 | 2007-03-08 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Multimedia communication transport protection method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN100348053C (zh) | 2007-11-07 |
US20050152458A1 (en) | 2005-07-14 |
IL163786A0 (en) | 2005-12-18 |
WO2003073772A9 (en) | 2005-01-06 |
EP1480464A1 (en) | 2004-11-24 |
JP2003259369A (ja) | 2003-09-12 |
CN1672427A (zh) | 2005-09-21 |
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