WO2003052397A1 - Fantome - Google Patents

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Publication number
WO2003052397A1
WO2003052397A1 PCT/NZ2002/000282 NZ0200282W WO03052397A1 WO 2003052397 A1 WO2003052397 A1 WO 2003052397A1 NZ 0200282 W NZ0200282 W NZ 0200282W WO 03052397 A1 WO03052397 A1 WO 03052397A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
phantom
profile
interest
region
target material
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PCT/NZ2002/000282
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English (en)
Inventor
Geordie Robert Burling-Claridge
Philip Edward Petch
Serguei Timofeevich Zavtrak
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Agresearch Limited
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Publication date
Application filed by Agresearch Limited filed Critical Agresearch Limited
Priority to AU2002366300A priority Critical patent/AU2002366300A1/en
Publication of WO2003052397A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003052397A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/58—Testing, adjusting or calibrating thereof
    • A61B6/582—Calibration
    • A61B6/583—Calibration using calibration phantoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
    • A61B6/482—Diagnostic techniques involving multiple energy imaging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the selecting of materials used to produce a phantom that is used to calibrate a machine.
  • this present invention relates to the selecting of materials used to produce X-ray phantoms for use in conjunction with Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) machines.
  • DXA Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry
  • Devices that estimate a target material's composition by measuring that material's characteristic profile require calibration and corrections for measurement drift over time.
  • These devices have an important role, and can include machines such as X-ray machines, Dual Analysis X-Ray machines (DXA), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machines (NMR), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound devices.
  • DXA Dual Analysis X-Ray machines
  • NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machines
  • MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Ultrasound devices such as X-ray machines, Dual Analysis X-Ray machines (DXA), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machines (NMR), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound devices.
  • DXA is often used to determine the relative proportions of bone to soft tissue, or soft tissue to fat in meat, be it human or otherwise. Study of the human body using DXA can provide information, for example, about percentage body fat for study of wasting disease and drug administration thereof, or information relating to osteoporosis or Paget's disease, both bone density diseases.
  • DXA is also used in airports around the world to examine the contents of luggage for restricted substances such as certain foods, metals and explosive materials or the like.
  • PCT/DKOO/00588 describes a method and apparatus for determination of properties of food for feed and focuses on the use of DXA to undertake that analysis.
  • the application discusses the use of a calibration model to define relations between the plurality of values and properties of a medium, being in this case, raw material of food or feed.
  • a limitation of the method described in this application is that the samples that are used for calibration consist of known amounts of raw material.
  • the calibration samples contain minced pork meat of varying fat content. It is a disadvantage of this application that the method of calibration involves raw material. While the content is known, the material is open to decay or inhomogeniety of the sample.
  • Phantoms and reference tiles are often used in place of raw material to provide a means for calibration and drift compensation of such devices.
  • US Patent No. 6,315,447 describes the use of a variable composition phantom for simulating varying degrees of human body fat for dual energy X-ray machine calibration. Instead of using raw material of known composition to calibrate the machine being utilized for analysis, phantoms have been developed. These phantoms are made of a limited number of calibrated plates of materials simulating different body fat percentages. By combining the plates, a range of simulated body fat compositions may be obtained. However, there is no indication of a means of asserting the appropriate constituents for phantoms simulating materials other than body fat. It is also a disadvantage of the patent that the phantom only mimics distinct values, or ratios of meat and fat for two points, corresponding to the high energy and low energy x-ray attenuation values of the detector.
  • US Patent No. 6,315,447 provides for a modular phantom made from acrylic, polyvinylchloride and white vinyl. It does not however, justify the selection of these materials, or provide a method of selection of materials that could be combined to produce a phantom.
  • phantoms or reference tiles that simulates or mimics specific properties of a target material.
  • This target material can include any material of interest, such as meat, cheese, bouillon, explosives, composites, coal or the like.
  • a phantom for use with a composition analysis device designed to estimate the composition of a target material by creating a profile corresponding to a measured characteristic of the target material.
  • the phantom mimics substantially the profile of the target material across a region of interest.
  • the term 'composition analysis device' in accordance with the present invention is a machine that estimates a target material's composition by measuring the said characteristics of the target material, as defined herein.
  • These machines could, for example, include a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine, a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machine, an X-Ray Analyse machine, a Dual X-ray Analysis (DXA) machine or an Ultrasonic device.
  • MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
  • DXA Dual X-ray Analysis
  • composition' in accordance with the present invention should be understood to include the ratio of one measured component of a target material to another, and to a measurement of the absolute quantity of the constituents of the target material.
  • a DXA machine can be used to examine the ratio of muscle tissue to fat in meat, or bone to muscle tissue or the like.
  • the composition of such a material can play a vital role in determining the market value of an end product, such as Chemical Lean (CL) of manufacturing meat or the like, for supply to fast food chains.
  • CL Chemical Lean
  • target material' in accordance with the present invention should be understood to mean any material whose composition is desired to be determined by a device as described previously.
  • the target material can include meat of any kind, cheese, coal, explosives, luggage or the like. However, these are listed by way of example only, and should not be seen to be limiting.
  • the term 'profile' in accordance with the present invention should be understood to mean the characteristic response generated by a material when it is examined by a composition analysis device, as described above.
  • the profile is an information data set which may be compiled by iterative, periodic, or sequential measurements, which are capable of representation in any convenient graphical form. However these are listed by way of example only and are not meant to be limiting.
  • the composition analysis device for measuring a profile is a DXA machine, and as such, the generated profile is an absorption coefficient profile.
  • the term 'characteristic' is intended to refer to any physical feature of the target material that is desired to be measured.
  • the characteristic may be the response of the target to electromagnetic radiation, such as the absorption, transmission or reflection of X-rays, optical light, gamma rays, infrared, ultraviolet, radio and the like.
  • the characteristic may be a response to ultrasound, thermal radiation and so forth.
  • the measured characteristic is the absorption of X-rays.
  • phantom profile substantially corresponds (either directly or via a transformation, scaling, multiplying factor or equivalent) to the shape of the measured characteristic of the target profile over the region of interest but optionally having a different amplitude or order of magnitude.
  • phantoms are produced to mimic the response of a target material at individual points on the corresponding target profile, and not to the whole of the significant parts thereof.
  • the individual points that are selected correspond with both a high energy and low energy region at points of maximum detector sensitivity.
  • region of interest' in accordance with the present invention should be understood to mean the portion of the profile, be it an absorption profile or otherwise, that the user is interested in with respect to the target, or that is definable by a measurable occurrence or criteria related to the analysis of material composition.
  • the region of interest is defined by the maximum bandwidth of detectors in said material analysis device used to quantify said measured characteristic.
  • the region of interest may be a specific energy range corresponding to the maximum sensitivity of the said detectors for example.
  • the region of interest for this type of device can be defined by mathematically combining the x- ray generators spectral production with the detector response curve, to allow appropriate x-ray beam energy cutoffs to be selected. It should be appreciated however that a precise definition of the upper and lower boundaries of the region of interest is not critical to the process described, and the region of interest need not be defined particularly accurately with respect to the x-ray generator/detector pairing.
  • the upper and lower boundaries of the region of interest should be relatively wide. This will ensure that the final fitted curves (target material and phantom material) cover at least the region of the spectrum that corresponds to the detector/generator x-ray production and detection.
  • region of interest can also encompass a much narrower portion of the region of the spectrum, provided that the calibration that is achieved is adequate to satisfy the requirements of the user.
  • a phantom can be generated by selecting at least a first material, which has a lower x-ray absorption profile that the target material profile and combining it with at least a second material which has a higher x-ray absorption profile that the target material profile.
  • the combination of these profiles can therefore provide an absorption profile that mimics the absorption profile of the target material across the absorption region of interest.
  • the term 'first material' and 'second material' in accordance with the present invention should be understood to mean materials that are capable of being manufactured into a phantom and each exhibit a profile distinct from the other.
  • the phantom can be made up of more than just the first and second material; phantoms made up of three or more materials could work equally as well.
  • the final structural makeup of the phantom can vary.
  • the components selected to make up the phantom can be combined as distinct portions, layered in a sandwich structure or the like.
  • the combination of components can also be mixed or blended together in such a way to provide a substantially homogenous phantom.
  • This combining of materials can be undertaken by any convenient means such as pulverising the components and recombining them into a desired final form, or even the melting and reconstituting of constituents and casting into a preferred shape.
  • the target material that is being measured is meat.
  • This meat can include manufacturing meat, which is commonly included in non-specific meat products such as hamburger patties, sausages, etc. Manufacturing meat comprises a large portion of the meat sold nationally and internationally. Currently around 70% of beef sold out of New Zealand is sold as manufacturing meat. Such meat is shipped in plastic bags within cardboard boxes of various dimensions, containing approximately 27kg of product.
  • Manufacturing meat is often a target material due to the importance of Chemical Lean (CL), or the ratio of fat to muscle, as the monetary value of manufacturing meat is calculated using the CL ratio. If there is too much or too little fat in the target material, penalties can be incurred, or the meat rejected for sale.
  • the target material could be human tissue, for example, analysis of human bones and tissue for hip replacement X-rays or the like. The study of the ratio of muscle to fat can provide information on blocked arteries and the like also.
  • the target material that is being measured can include explosive materials.
  • DXA machines are employed in airports to scan luggage for weapons, explosives or undesirable or illegal materials. The ability to increase the accuracy of a machine for target materials, such as explosives, would be a distinct advantage in the current climate.
  • the method selects combinations of materials whose graphical representation of x-ray absorption coefficient closely resembles that of the target material, although in absolute terms the absorbance values of one absorption curve may be a multiple of those of the other by a constant value.
  • the method can be used to select a family of composites to produce a phantom whose x-ray absorption curves match those of variations of the target material. For example, for boxed meat, the method would select a range of composite materials that are phantoms for 100% CL to 30% CL.
  • the target material may, for example:
  • the x-ray absorption curves for both the target material and components of the candidate phantom materials should be defined at all points as continuous curves within the region of interest. However, in practice such curves consist of discrete points that can be at some distance from each other.
  • the absorption curves for either the target material or components of the phantom material can be defined by direct measurement (using an x-ray spectrophotometer for example) or from published data.
  • an interpolation and/or extrapolation procedure such as regression fitting, cubic spline, or bezier curve fitting, may be used as is convenient for the available data and processing capabilities.
  • X-ray beams are attenuated, i.e, the photon flux is reduced, as they pass through a material. This attenuation is described by de Beers Law.
  • I 0 mono-energetic x-ray beam of intensity
  • ⁇ 1 the intensity, / , after exiting material with attenuation coefficient, ⁇ 1 relative to material thickness, and thickness, t x , is
  • x-ray detectors integrate over a number of beam energies. Since any material has different attenuation for different x-ray frequency, the total effect of several layers of material is not merely an amalgamation of individual layers. Each layer sees an effective x-ray beam with different frequency distribution, due to the differential absorption within the preceding material. This effect is termed "beam hardening" and for thick material, this effect can be quite large.
  • the phantom It is essential for the phantom to mimic the target material as closely as possible.
  • a well-selected phantom will not only mimic the absorption profile of the target material, but also the secondary beam hardening effects as well.
  • I 0 is the intensity of a mono-energetic (i.e. single frequency) x-ray beam with no material in the beam path.
  • I is the intensity of a mono-energetic (i.e. single frequency) x-ray beam with some mass
  • ⁇ 1 ,ju 2 are the attenuation coefficients relative to mass of the composite material (1,2, ...) comprising the material.
  • m 1 ,m 2 are the masses in the beam path of the composite material (1, 2, ...) comprising the material.
  • Equation 1 can be re-expressed in the form:
  • Equation 2 can be simplified to A i / ⁇
  • the systematic method described is based on the matching of a target absorption curve to a phantom composite effective x-ray absorption curve.
  • An x-ray absorption curve is simply a collection of all the individual absorption coefficients for a range of mono-energetic x-ray beams.
  • an x-ray device consists of an x-ray beam supply, which emits a range of x-ray frequencies, and one or more x-ray detectors. No detector can respond perfectly to all x-ray frequencies. Therefore, to model the x-ray environment, one must mathematically combine the x- ray generator's spectral production with the detector response curve over the region of interest.
  • potential phantom material combinations are matched with the target material by measuring one or more discrete absorption coefficients on the actual x-ray device in question.
  • Changes in the x-ray environment may change the actual region of interest, or, more usually, may result in changes in relative spectral levels within the region of interest.
  • phantom material can take such changes into account, allowing absorption effects due to these changes to be corrected from the phantom absorption data, but only if the absorption curve of the phantom material resembles that of the target material.
  • both the minima and maxima values are covered. These two materials are then combined in a certain ratio, such that the resultant combination provides the X-ray absorption response profile that matches most closely the target material response.
  • Any variation of the expected response of the target material can then be attributed to a change in the ratio of the materials of interest, for example, fat to muscle tissue, and a value obtained.
  • the advantages conferred by mimicking as closely as possible, the absorption response profile of the target material are substantial.
  • the size of any error associated with each reading is reduced. Error reduction occurs because the traditional method of producing a phantom is to combine materials that provide an absolute maximum and absolute minimum value.
  • the result of such a minimum/maximum approach provides for points on a line that are the greatest distance apart. A line can then be interpolated between those two points and an intermediate value obtained.
  • the errors associated with such a method are greater than providing a phantom that mimics as closely as possible, the target material.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the absorption curves of PNC, Plexiglas and meat
  • Figure 2 illustrates absorption curves of PNC-Plexiglas phantom and meat
  • Figure 3 illustrates the absorption curves of carbon, glass and meat
  • Fi ure 4 illustrates absorption curves of Carbon-Glass phantom and meat.
  • the following description illustrates the process of selecting appropriate materials to produce a phantom that mimics substantially the profile of a target material.
  • the phantom may be used in a variety of applications, the embodiment illustrated relates to the use of a phantom with a Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) device for the analysis of meat to establish the Chemical Lean (CL) of manufactured meat.
  • DXA Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
  • Target and phantom properties e.g. thickness, handling issues, operator safety, etc.
  • Curve distance can be calculated in any convenient manner suited to the data. Normally, a simple root-mean-square (RMS) method is sufficient, but any valid curve distance or multivariate distance method can be used (e.g. Mahalanobis distance, Linear Regression fit, or the like)
  • RMS root-mean-square
  • the criteria that indicate an acceptable fit between the target material and phantom material curves depend somewhat on the measurement circumstances and materials used. The degree of match needs to be closer for systems with fine tolerance on measurement results. The limits to define acceptability of fit may need to be broader in extreme cases; for example, if target absorption curves are difficult to match, or if there are other constraints (e.g., the maximum physical size of the phantom is restricted, or a harsh environment limits the choice of phantom material).
  • Region of interest 40 keV to 120 keN
  • the aim is to develop a phantom composite material set to mimic meat, which is itself a composite of muscle (lean) and fat. If the target material is meat containing 30% fat (and is therefore 70% lean), the meat composite absorption curve for this case is shown in Figure (1).
  • a suitable choice of mass ratio for a PNC and Plexiglass phantom composite material might be approximately 40/60 in mass.
  • the absorption curve for this composite material is shown in Figure 2 and is compared with that for meat (70% CL) after ratio correction.
  • the degree of fit between these curves (R 2 ) is 99.28%.
  • a suitable choice of mass ratio for carbon and glass might be 50/50 in mass.
  • the absorption curve for this composite material is shown in Figure 4 and is compared with that for meat (70% CL) after ratio correction.
  • the degree of fit between these curves is (R 2 ) 96.96%. Note that these curves coincide at only two points, but their shape is very similar.
  • the fit criteria suggest that the x-ray absorption curve of a composite based on these materials would react similarly to that of 70% CL meat should there be changes in the x-ray environment.
  • the current method relies on matching the whole attenuation curve for phantoms and meat in some energy band of X-ray quanta.
  • the outcome of matching the whole attenuation curve is that there is less dependence on sensitivities of the detectors.
  • the attenuation coefficient is ( ⁇ L I p L )• p L - h L .
  • the attenuation coefficient is [ ⁇ g I p g p g - h g + ( ⁇ c I p c )• p c ⁇ h c , where h s (h c ) is the thickness of glass (carbon).
  • Calibration of the detectors may be achieved by using combinations of phantoms (see Table 1): 3 A, 3B, 2A+B, 2B+A, 2A, 2B, A and B to cover all the spectrum of chemical lean and meat mass, as shown in Table 1.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
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  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
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  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
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  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
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Abstract

Cette invention concerne un fantôme s'utilisant avec un dispositif d'analyse de composition conçu pour estimer la composition d'un matériau cible en créant un profil correspondant à une caractéristique mesurée du matériau cible. Le fantôme imite sensiblement le profil du matériau cible au niveau d'une région d'intérêt. Pour produire ce fantôme, on évalue les profiles d'au moins deux matériaux de composants, on détermine si la combinaison de ces matériaux selon des quantités données imite sensiblement le profil du matériau cible dans une région d'intérêt et l'on forme un fantôme à partir des matériaux de composant qui satisfont à ces conditions.
PCT/NZ2002/000282 2001-12-19 2002-12-19 Fantome WO2003052397A1 (fr)

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AU2002366300A AU2002366300A1 (en) 2001-12-19 2002-12-19 A phantom

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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NZ51628301 2001-12-19
NZ516282 2001-12-19
NZ516283 2001-12-19

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1925337A1 (fr) * 2006-11-27 2008-05-28 BIOTRONIK CRM Patent AG Stimulateur cardiaque
EP2678668A1 (fr) * 2011-02-22 2014-01-01 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. Système et procédé d'inspection par rayons x
US10901112B2 (en) 2003-04-25 2021-01-26 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. X-ray scanning system with stationary x-ray sources
US10976271B2 (en) 2005-12-16 2021-04-13 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. Stationary tomographic X-ray imaging systems for automatically sorting objects based on generated tomographic images

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US4277367A (en) * 1978-10-23 1981-07-07 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Phantom material and method
GB2167860A (en) * 1984-11-30 1986-06-04 Mtu Muenchen Gmbh Test piece for ultrasonic inspection
WO1990010859A1 (fr) * 1989-03-07 1990-09-20 Hologic, Inc. Appareil et procede d'analyse utilisant des rayons x
US5565678A (en) * 1995-06-06 1996-10-15 Lumisys, Inc. Radiographic image quality assessment utilizing a stepped calibration target
US5841835A (en) * 1997-03-31 1998-11-24 General Electric Company Apparatus and method for automatic monitoring and assessment of image quality in x-ray systems
US5844965A (en) * 1989-11-24 1998-12-01 Thomas Jefferson University Method and apparatus for using film density measurements of a radiograph to monitor the reproducibility of X-ray exposure parameters of a mammography unit
US5886245A (en) * 1994-08-16 1999-03-23 Flextech Systems, Inc. Ultrasonic system evaluation phantoms
US6148057A (en) * 1998-11-02 2000-11-14 Analogic Corporation Apparatus and method for calibrating detectors in a computed tomography scanner
US6315447B1 (en) * 1998-12-22 2001-11-13 Bio-Imaging Technologies, Inc. Variable composition phantom simulating varying degrees of body fat for dual energy x-ray machine calibration

Patent Citations (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4277367A (en) * 1978-10-23 1981-07-07 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Phantom material and method
GB2167860A (en) * 1984-11-30 1986-06-04 Mtu Muenchen Gmbh Test piece for ultrasonic inspection
WO1990010859A1 (fr) * 1989-03-07 1990-09-20 Hologic, Inc. Appareil et procede d'analyse utilisant des rayons x
US5844965A (en) * 1989-11-24 1998-12-01 Thomas Jefferson University Method and apparatus for using film density measurements of a radiograph to monitor the reproducibility of X-ray exposure parameters of a mammography unit
US5886245A (en) * 1994-08-16 1999-03-23 Flextech Systems, Inc. Ultrasonic system evaluation phantoms
US5565678A (en) * 1995-06-06 1996-10-15 Lumisys, Inc. Radiographic image quality assessment utilizing a stepped calibration target
US5841835A (en) * 1997-03-31 1998-11-24 General Electric Company Apparatus and method for automatic monitoring and assessment of image quality in x-ray systems
US6148057A (en) * 1998-11-02 2000-11-14 Analogic Corporation Apparatus and method for calibrating detectors in a computed tomography scanner
US6315447B1 (en) * 1998-12-22 2001-11-13 Bio-Imaging Technologies, Inc. Variable composition phantom simulating varying degrees of body fat for dual energy x-ray machine calibration

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10901112B2 (en) 2003-04-25 2021-01-26 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. X-ray scanning system with stationary x-ray sources
US11796711B2 (en) 2003-04-25 2023-10-24 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. Modular CT scanning system
US10976271B2 (en) 2005-12-16 2021-04-13 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. Stationary tomographic X-ray imaging systems for automatically sorting objects based on generated tomographic images
EP1925337A1 (fr) * 2006-11-27 2008-05-28 BIOTRONIK CRM Patent AG Stimulateur cardiaque
US7616993B2 (en) 2006-11-27 2009-11-10 Biotronik Crm Patent Ag Heart stimulator using a Bezier function to define AV-delay values
EP2678668A1 (fr) * 2011-02-22 2014-01-01 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. Système et procédé d'inspection par rayons x
EP2678668A4 (fr) * 2011-02-22 2017-04-05 Rapiscan Systems, Inc. Système et procédé d'inspection par rayons x

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