WO2003050534A1 - Etalonnage d'un instrument de controle - Google Patents

Etalonnage d'un instrument de controle Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003050534A1
WO2003050534A1 PCT/GB2002/004347 GB0204347W WO03050534A1 WO 2003050534 A1 WO2003050534 A1 WO 2003050534A1 GB 0204347 W GB0204347 W GB 0204347W WO 03050534 A1 WO03050534 A1 WO 03050534A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
test
calibration
electrodes
test meter
cartridge
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2002/004347
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Murdo M. Black
Original Assignee
Hypoguard Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hypoguard Limited filed Critical Hypoguard Limited
Priority to AU2002329422A priority Critical patent/AU2002329422A1/en
Publication of WO2003050534A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003050534A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/4875—Details of handling test elements, e.g. dispensing or storage, not specific to a particular test method
    • G01N33/48757—Test elements dispensed from a stack

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a test meter and method of calibrating same, particularly a test meter for testing blood glucose levels using a sample of whole blood.
  • BGM blood glucose meter
  • test strip will usually include an enzyme specific for ⁇ -D-glucose so that when a whole blood sample is added to the strip a reaction will occur.
  • the reaction progress may be monitored using a chromogen included on the test strip to change colour as the reaction proceeds.
  • the colour change can then be measured by the BGM using the reflectance of the strip.
  • the reaction may also be followed by measuring the changing electrical properties of the strip as the reaction proceeds. Since the test strip includes a biological element it is very difficult to manufacture test strips with identical sensitivities. Manufacturers attempt to remedy this problem by calibrating batches of strips and assigning a code value to them that the BGM can interpret to calibrate itself.
  • the code value for a batch must be entered into the test meter for each batch of strips. This could be manually entered by a user, but errors may occur in the entry process, particularly for users with poor eyesight.
  • Calibration information has been included on a conductive strip on a colour-change test strip (US 4,714,874).
  • a signal is generated from the conductive strip by measuring the resistance ratio of the strip using three or more electrodes or probes.
  • US 5,160,278 describes a connector for connecting a reagent strip with encoded data to an analysing device.
  • the connector has a plurality of generally U-shaped tungsten wires disposed about a generally cylindrical member fabricated from an elastomer to provide electrical contact with conductive areas on the reagent strip.
  • the present invention seeks to provide an improved test meter and method of calibrating the meter.
  • the invention provides a test meter that may be calibrated using a calibration member, the calibration member having at least one conductive region. of predetermined electrical resistance, the test meter comprising at least two calibration electrodes, an electrical power source, processor and dispensing mechanism, the dispensing mechanism being operable to dispense a calibration member from the test meter, the or each conductive region of the calibration member making contact with the electrodes as it is dispensed, the electrodes and processor receiving power from the electrical power source, the processor receiving a signal from the electrodes, the signal being indicative of the current passing between them as the calibration member is dispensed, the processor processing said signal and generating a calibration signal to calibrate the test meter.
  • the invention thus provides a test meter that may be automatically calibrated using a calibration member.
  • the calibration member may be supplied separately with test members from a particular batch.
  • the test meter includes a removable cartridge which contains at least one calibration member and a plurality of test members.
  • the dispensing mechanism is operable to dispense test members in sequence from the cartridge such that each test member makes contact with two test electrodes of the test meter as the test member is dispensed.
  • the dispensing mechanism may take any suitable form, for instance electrical, mechanical or a combination thereof.
  • a suitable dispensing mechanism is disclosed in the patent document WO 94/10558. Other suitable dispensing mechanisms will be known to persons skilled in the art.
  • the electrical power source is preferably a battery, but may be any other suitable source.
  • the user could generate some of the electrical power, for instance by the action of actuating the dispensing mechanism.
  • the power could be generated by the use of a generator converting the mechanical action of the user into electrical energy.
  • the electrical power source could comprise a plurality of separate power sources or supplies, for example a first battery for powering the processor and a second battery for energizing the electrodes. However, it is preferred that a single power source provides all the electrical power for the components of the meter.
  • a calibration member is dispensed from the cartridge prior to a test member being dispensed after a cartridge has first been inserted into the test meter.
  • a cartridge will contain test members from a single batch and a single calibration member can calibrate the test meter for the batch of test members before one is used. This helps to reduce the likelihood that that a new cartridge or batch of test members will be used without the meter being correctly calibrated.
  • test member will be in the form of a strip of substrate upon which there will be a test region including a reagent and a contact region for contacting the electrodes.
  • the test member and calibration member could be any shape, but it is preferred that they are both strips of a similar size and shape such that they may be- included in the same cartridge and dispensed using thei. same dispensing mechanism.
  • the calibration member is not a test member, ie that it does not carry reagent means. This enables the test member to be manufactured more easily and therefore more cheaply.
  • a test member could also function as a calibration member by including conductive regions of predetermined resistance on the test member.
  • the calibration electrodes used to read the calibration data are preferably also the test electrodes used to measure an electrical characteristic of a test member during a test. This reduces the number of electrodes required in the test meter and hence reduces the complexity of manufacture.
  • the test meter may include a memory device connected to the processor. The memory device may receive power from the electrical power source and may be used to store calibration data relating to the operation of the test meter and test members. Preferably the calibration data is stored in a lookup table. This calibration data may be altered by a calibration signal from the processor.
  • the calibration data in a lookup table may be in the form of data points relating current passing between the electrodes to known concentrations of glucose in the blood sample.
  • the processor can then process the signal from the electrodes and interpolate between the data points to determine the concentration of glucose in the sample.
  • the processor may comprise a plurality of elements that co-operate to process a signal from the electrodes, but will preferably comprise a single element.
  • the predetermined electrical resistance of the conductive regions of the calibration member may be indicative of the expected resistance of a test member including a sample having a predetermined characteristic corresponding to a data point in the lookup table.
  • a glucose concentration in whole blood of 2 mM may produce a current in the region of 1 - 2 ⁇ A and this would correspond to a conductive region resistance of between 100 to 1100 ohms.
  • An electrical resistance of a conductive region within this range could represent the result of a test member from a given batch with a sample of whole blood with a 2 mM glucose concentration. The data point for this concentration could be adjusted accordingly by the calibration signal.
  • the electrical resistance of other conductive regions could represent other data points in the lookup table.
  • the calibration signal from the processor may include information indicative of a date, for instance a date of manufacture of the batch, an expiry or use-by date for the batch or other date sensitive information.
  • the calibration signal could also include information indicative of temperature correction data.
  • the test meter could then include a thermometer or similar device to measure temperature and automatically adjust the calibration data. This may be useful if a specific test to be performed by the meter is particularly temperature sensitive.
  • the test meter may count the number of regions to ensure that it has received the correct signal from the electrodes. If too few or too many conductive regions are measured, the test meter may require that the calibration member is reinserted and dispensed again until a satisfactory reading is obtained.
  • the calibration member may also include a conductive region of predetermined electrical resistance that is indicative of a signal to a test meter that the member being dispensed is a calibration member.
  • This conductive region is preferably the first region to contact the electrodes and preferably has a resistance lower than that that could be reasonably be expected to result from a blood test with a test strip.
  • This low resistance conductive region could also be used to 'wake up' the meter from a power saving state. The low resistance of this conductive region is to avoid the possibility of an incorrect reading by the test meter that the member is a calibration member.
  • a further low resistance conductive region could be the last region to contact the electrodes and signal to the meter that the calibration is over.
  • the invention also provides a method of producing a calibration signal in a test meter, the test meter comprising at least two calibration electrodes, an electrical power source, processor, dispensing mechanism and a calibration member, the electrical power source supplying power to the electrodes and processor, the calibration member having at least one conductive region of predetermined electrical resistance, the method including the steps of: a) using the dispensing mechanism to dispense said calibration member from the test meter, the or each conductive region of the calibration member making contact with the electrodes as the calibration member is dispensed; b) using the electrodes to generate a signal indicative of the current passing between them as the calibration member is dispensed; c) using the processor to receive the signal from the electrodes; and d) using the processor to generate a calibration signal to calibrate the meter.
  • the method may include the step of using the calibration signal to alter the calibration data in the memory device.
  • alteration of the calibration data only occurs after the calibration data stored in the memory device has been compared with the signal received from the electrodes. This means that if no change to the stored calibration data is required the calibration signal does not alter the stored data and this may help to prolong the life of any power supply within the test meter.
  • the invention also provides a cartridge for a test meter, the cartridge containing a plurality of test members for measuring analyte concentration in a fluid and at least one calibration member which is not a test member, the calibration member having at least one conductive region of predetermined electrical resistance, the calibration member being suitable for calibrating the test meter hereinbefore described.
  • test members are arranged in a stack within the cartridge to be dispensed in sequence and a calibration member is at a position in the stack to be dispensed first.
  • the predetermined electrical resistance of a conductive region of the calibration member may be indicative of an expected response of a test member including a sample having a predetermined characteristic.
  • the cartridge may contain a plurality of calibration members so as to maintain a check on the test meter performance over time and ensure that the meter is correctly calibrated. It is also be possible that test members from several batches are included within the same cartridge and a calibration member may be included to recalibrate the meter as test members from a different batch are to be used.
  • the calibration member preferably includes a plurality of conductive regions. Each conductive region may have a predetermined electrical resistance indicative of calibration data for a test meter.
  • the calibration member is preferably axially elongate in the form of a strip and it is preferred that the dimensions of the calibration member are substantially the same as a test member.
  • Preferably a plurality of conductive regions pass transverse to the axis of the strip to form conductive bands across the strip.
  • the calibration member is not a test member, it is preferred that the calibration member has a distinctive appearance so that it does not look similar to a test member. This will prevent a user from trying to perform a test using a calibration member.
  • the distinctive appearance may be provided by the conductive regions, but may be provided by graphics, writing or colours on the calibration member or test member.
  • the resistance of the conductive regions is preferably within the range of 20 ohms to 1M ohm and the predetermined resistance preferably has one of at least 10 possible values.
  • the invention further provides a method of calibrating a test meter using a calibration strip, the test meter being suitable for measuring a characteristic of a sample placed on a test strip dispensed from the meter, the test meter comprising at least two electrodes, an electrical power source, test strip dispensing mechanism, processor, a memory unit, the memory unit including data in a lookup table, the electrical power source supplying power to the electrodes, processor and memory device, the test strip dispensing mechanism being actuable to dispense a test strip from within the test meter, said test strip making contact with the electrodes as it is dispensed, the processor being electrically connected to the at least two electrodes to receive a signal from the electrodes indicative of the current passing between the electrodes, the processor comparing said signal with the lookup table to produce a signal indicative of a characteristic of
  • Figure 1 shows a test meter in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, suitable for receiving a cartridge containing test members;
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a cross section of the components within a test meter that may be used to calibrate the test meter using a calibration member according to an embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 3 shows a calibration member suitable for use with embodiments of the present invention
  • Figure 4 shows a calibration member being dispensed from a test meter in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, making contact with the electrodes;
  • Figure 5 shows an exploded diagram of an embodiment of an electrode assembly suitable for use with the present invention.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a calibration member formed in accordance with a preferred method of manufacture.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show a test meter 1 for use in testing the glucose concentration in a whole blood sample (not shown) using a test member 2.
  • the test meter 1 includes a flap 4 in one side 6 to allow access to the interior of the test meter 1. Access to the interior of the test meter is required to insert a test member 2, calibration member 16 or a cartridge 18 containing test members 2.
  • a button 8 is included on an upper surface 10 of the test meter 1 to allow actuation of dispensing mechanism 22 to dispense a test member 2 from within the test meter 1 through a dispensing aperture 12.
  • Actuation of the dispensing mechanism 22 by the button 8 may be electrical or mechanical. Electrical actuation of the dispensing mechanism 22 may be through the use of a motor, and mechanical actuation may be through the use of gears and racks .
  • the test member 2 has a test portion including an enzyme specific to ⁇ -D-glucose and a connecting portion.
  • the connecting portion includes two electrodes connected to the test portion such that the electrodes 24 within the test meter 1 can measure the electrical conductivity of the test portion by making contact with the electrodes in the connecting portion.
  • a dispensed test member 2 remains partially within the dispensing aperture 12 so that the connecting portion of the test member 2 is in contact with electrodes 24 within the test meter 1.
  • Placing a sample of whole blood on the test portion of the test member 2 begins a test.
  • the electrodes 24 send a signal indicative of the current passing between them to a processor as the reaction between the enzyme and the glucose in the blood sample proceeds.
  • the signal is indicative of an electrical characteristic of the test portion of the test member 2.
  • the processor 34 processes the signal from the electrodes 24 and calculates a glucose concentration based on current calibration data held in a memory device 36 of the test meter 1.
  • the glucose concentration is then displayed on a display means 14.
  • the used test member 2 may then be manually removed from the dispensing aperture 12 and disposed of.
  • Figure 2 shows schematically the components within the test meter 1 that may be used to generate a calibration signal and hence calibrate the test meter 1.
  • a calibration member 16 is in the test meter 1 contained within a cartridge 18 containing a plurality of test members 2 arranged in a stack 20.
  • the calibration member 16 includes conductive regions 38 of predetermined electrical resistance.
  • the predetermined electrical resistance of the conductive regions 28 is indicative of calibration information for test members 2 within the cartridge 18.
  • Dispensing mechanism 22 may be actuated to push a calibration member 16 or test member 2 from a top 32 of the cartridge 18 and out of the dispensing aperture 12.
  • the cartridge 18 includes spring means 26,28 and a pushing member 30 to force the stack 20 of test members 2 to the top 32 of the cartridge 18.
  • the processor 34 receives a signal from the electrodes 24 indicative of the current passing between them through the test member 2 or calibration member 16.
  • the processor 34 is connected to a memory device 36.
  • the memory device 36 contains calibration data in a lookup table.
  • a cartridge 18 containing a calibration member 16 is inserted into the meter 1.
  • the dispensing mechanism 22 is actuated to push the calibration member 16 out of the dispensing aperture 12.
  • the electrodes 24 make contact with the conductive regions 38 of the calibration member 16 and send a signal to the processor 34 indicative of the predetermined resistance of the conductive regions 38.
  • the processor 34 processes this signal and compares the calibration data from the calibration member 16 with the calibration data stored in the memory device 36. If the calibration data are different, the processor 34 generates a calibration signal to calibrate the test meter 1 for the test members in the cartridge 16. The calibration signal alters the calibration data stored in the memory device 36.
  • Figure 3 shows a plan view of a calibration member 16.
  • the calibration member 16 comprises a substantially rectangular axially elongate substrate 44 having a long edge 40 and a short edge 42 and includes a plurality of conductive regions 38 in the form of bands distributed along the substrate 44, the bands being transverse to the long edge 40 and substantially parallel with the short edge 42.
  • At least some of the conductive regions 38 have a predetermined electrical resistance indicative of calibration data for a test meter 1.
  • the conductive regions 38 are created from a material of known resistance such as resistive tape adhered to the substrate 44.
  • the conductive regions 38 could additionally or alternatively be screen-printed onto the substrate 44.
  • Some of the conductive regions may have a predetermined resistance indicative of a signal to the test meter to 'wake up' from a power saving state, or a signal to the meter that a calibration member has started or finished passing through the electrodes 24.
  • Figure 4 shows a cross section view of a calibration strip 16 passing under electrodes 24 as it is pushed out of the test meter 1 in the direction of the arrow 46.
  • the electrodes 24 are resiliently movable, in this case they are sprung, such that they may accommodate variations in the thickness of substrate 44 and conductive regions 38 whilst maintaining contact with the member as it is dispensed.
  • FIG. 5 shows an exploded diagram of an electrode assembly 50 suitable for use with the present invention.
  • a test member 2 or calibration member 16 As a test member 2 or calibration member 16 is dispensed it passes along a channel 66 and out of the dispensing aperture 12. As it is dispensed, the member 2,16 makes contact with electrodes 24.
  • the electrodes 24 are spring mounted within a two part housing comprising an upper member 56 and lower member 58 that together define the channel 66.
  • the upper member 56 and lower member 58 include projections 54 that fit within holes 52 in a front panel 60 of the test meter when the electrode assembly 50 is assembled.
  • connectors 62 When assembled, connectors 62 make contact with a flexible electrical connector 64 to provide signals to the processor 34.
  • Conductive pads 68 are printed on a suitable substrate 44, for example of a structural plastics material such as polyester, or other suitable material such as VeroboardTM or a ceramic material.
  • Tracks 70 of a conductive material, for example silver or carbon, are printed down on the substrate so as to make electrical contact between opposed pads 68.
  • a preferred printing technique is screen printing, but other suitable printing methods may also be employed.
  • the resistance between connected pads 68 (measured across all of the tracks connecting the two pads) can be adjusted by etching away parts of one or more of the conductive tracks 70.
  • Laser etching is preferably used, and the etching may be controlled automatically by a controller linked to resistance-measuring apparatus which stops etching of a particular set of tracks when a desired resistance is measured.
  • a plurality of tracks may be laid down on top of each other. This method permits regions of different and precisely controlled resistance to be formed from a starting blank with identical regions of the same resistance.
  • the calibration member illustrated has four identical conductive regions, but any number of such regions may of course be provided within the space constraints of the substrate 44.
  • each track in a group is around 100 ⁇ m wide, and the tracks are spaced 100 to 150 ⁇ m apart.
  • test meter Since a test meter according to the invention is calibrated using the same action that the user would perform to dispense a test member, calibration of the meter is less likely to be incorrectly performed.
  • a calibration member can be included in a cartridge of test members and thus the test meter is calibrated without the user having to remember to perform any special actions.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un instrument de contrôle (1) qui peut être étalonné à l'aide d'un élément d'étalonnage (16). Cet élément d'étalonnage (16) comporte au moins une région conductrice (38) d'une résistance électrique prédéterminée. L'instrument de contrôle (1) comporte au moins deux électrodes d'étalonnage (24), un processeur (34) et un mécanisme d'amenée en position (22). Ce mécanisme d'amenée en position (22) peut être utilisé pour amener un élément d'étalonnage (16) en position à partir de l'instrument de contrôle. Les régions conductrices (38) de l'élément d'étalonnage entrent en contact avec les électrodes (24) lorsque ledit élément est amené en position. Le processeur (34) reçoit un signal des électrodes (24) lorsque l'élément d'étalonnage (16) est amené en position. Le processeur (34) traite ensuite ledit signal et génère un signal d'étalonnage pour étalonner l'instrument de contrôle (1). L'invention concerne également un procédé d'étalonnage d'un instrument de contrôle, une cartouche (18) destinée à un tel instrument de contrôle et un élément d'étalonnage (16).
PCT/GB2002/004347 2001-12-13 2002-09-25 Etalonnage d'un instrument de controle WO2003050534A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2002329422A AU2002329422A1 (en) 2001-12-13 2002-09-25 Test meter calibration

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0129883A GB0129883D0 (en) 2001-12-13 2001-12-13 Test meter calibration
GB0129883.5 2001-12-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003050534A1 true WO2003050534A1 (fr) 2003-06-19

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AU (1) AU2002329422A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB0129883D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003050534A1 (fr)

Cited By (26)

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WO2006072089A1 (fr) * 2004-12-29 2006-07-06 Abbott Laboratories Capteur de substance a analyser et procede de fabrication associe
EP2694399A2 (fr) * 2011-04-08 2014-02-12 CSP Technologies, Inc. Distributeur de bandes et bandes destinées à être utilisées avec celui-ci
US8690796B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2014-04-08 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US8845550B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2014-09-30 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
US8845549B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2014-09-30 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method for penetrating tissue
US8905945B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2014-12-09 Dominique M. Freeman Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US8945910B2 (en) 2003-09-29 2015-02-03 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for an improved sample capture device
US8965476B2 (en) 2010-04-16 2015-02-24 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
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US9089294B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2015-07-28 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Analyte measurement device with a single shot actuator
US9089678B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2015-07-28 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
US9144401B2 (en) 2003-06-11 2015-09-29 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Low pain penetrating member
US9226699B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2016-01-05 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Body fluid sampling module with a continuous compression tissue interface surface
US9248267B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2016-02-02 Sanofi-Aventis Deustchland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
US9261476B2 (en) 2004-05-20 2016-02-16 Sanofi Sa Printable hydrogel for biosensors
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US9351680B2 (en) 2003-10-14 2016-05-31 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for a variable user interface
US9375169B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2016-06-28 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Cam drive for managing disposable penetrating member actions with a single motor and motor and control system
US9386944B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2016-07-12 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for analyte detecting device
US9427532B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2016-08-30 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
US9561000B2 (en) 2003-12-31 2017-02-07 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for improving fluidic flow and sample capture
US9560993B2 (en) 2001-11-21 2017-02-07 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Blood testing apparatus having a rotatable cartridge with multiple lancing elements and testing means
US9775553B2 (en) 2004-06-03 2017-10-03 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for a fluid sampling device
US9795747B2 (en) 2010-06-02 2017-10-24 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Methods and apparatus for lancet actuation
US9820684B2 (en) 2004-06-03 2017-11-21 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for a fluid sampling device
US9839386B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2017-12-12 Sanofi-Aventis Deustschland Gmbh Body fluid sampling device with capacitive sensor

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US9427532B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2016-08-30 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
US9937298B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2018-04-10 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
US9802007B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2017-10-31 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Methods and apparatus for lancet actuation
US9694144B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2017-07-04 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Sampling module device and method
US8845550B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2014-09-30 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
US9560993B2 (en) 2001-11-21 2017-02-07 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Blood testing apparatus having a rotatable cartridge with multiple lancing elements and testing means
US9314194B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2016-04-19 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Tissue penetration device
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US9839386B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2017-12-12 Sanofi-Aventis Deustschland Gmbh Body fluid sampling device with capacitive sensor
US9795334B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2017-10-24 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh Method and apparatus for penetrating tissue
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