WO2003037402A2 - Extrakorporale einrichtung zur behandlung von humanblut - Google Patents
Extrakorporale einrichtung zur behandlung von humanblut Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003037402A2 WO2003037402A2 PCT/AT2002/000305 AT0200305W WO03037402A2 WO 2003037402 A2 WO2003037402 A2 WO 2003037402A2 AT 0200305 W AT0200305 W AT 0200305W WO 03037402 A2 WO03037402 A2 WO 03037402A2
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- blood
- volume
- extracorporeal
- circulatory
- patient
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3627—Degassing devices; Buffer reservoirs; Drip chambers; Blood filters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3639—Blood pressure control, pressure transducers specially adapted therefor
Definitions
- Extracorporeal device for the treatment of human blood
- Amounts of fluid that need to be removed from the body by ultrafiltration of blood include the instability of the circulatory system, especially a sudden one
- Treatment e.g. by reducing the ultrafiltration rate (UFR) or giving volume replacement.
- UFR ultrafiltration rate
- the incident usually leads to a delay or even complete interruption of treatment.
- the incident represents an acute one
- Target values are reached or certain limit values are not to be undercut.
- Volume loading is based on a rapid blood volume shift in the patient's circulatory system, e.g. when changing the position by means of a tilting table [7], with the targeted
- Cardiac output with a compensatory response for example with an increase in Heart rate and peripheral resistance.
- the known methods are in those areas where knowledge of blood pressure regulation and the autonomous ability to compensate is acutely decisive, e.g. can only be used to a limited extent in the treatment with extracorporeal systems during hemodialysis, in extracorporeal liver replacement therapy or in the heart-lung machine.
- the extracorporeal circuit is a peripheral blood compartment with a capacity of approximately 300 ml of blood. This volume is usually subject to only slight fluctuations. The greatest volume shift occurs when filling at the beginning of treatment and when emptying at the end of treatment. The volume changes are kept as small as possible during the treatment itself. Small fluctuations are caused by the effect of the pulsatile extracorporeal pump, the elasticity of the lines and the compression of process-related air cushions in drip chambers and bubble traps due to pressure fluctuations in the extracorporeal system. Lowering or increasing the fluid level in drip chambers and bladder traps causes a hemodynamically insignificant change in blood volume of the order of a few percent of the total extracorporeal filling volume [11, 12, 13, 14].
- the so-called “single-needle” dialysis which requires successive filling and emptying cycles of the extracorporeal system, the changes in blood volume in the extracorporeal system are considerable.
- blood volume is temporarily stored in extracorporeal storage containers and after the treatment returned to the patient in the filter or dialyzer during the emptying cycle [12, 14]
- the extracorporeal blood volume therefore varies by approximately 100 ml
- the efficiency of the treatment is also only half as great as in double-needle dialysis with 400 mL / min blood flow.
- Blood pressure and fluid shifts characteristic of the pulse rate within the body [15, 16, 17].
- the fluid shifts take place both between vessels of different elasticity within the blood circulation, as well as between the tissue and the blood circulation in the microcirculation.
- Withdrawal of blood volume from the patient's circulatory system similar to blood loss (hemorrhage), causes a more or less severe thinning of the blood components (hemodilution), which can be measured by a decrease in the concentration of red blood cells or plasma proteins using one of the known methods [18 , 19, 20].
- the size and time course of the concentration changes depend on the extent of the blood loss as well as on the volume and circulatory status of the patient.
- the present invention sees its most important object in providing a device for an extracorporeal blood treatment that takes place outside the body of a person, which makes it possible during a blood treatment in progress to determine in time before the occurrence of a circulatory crisis the blood volume-dependent compensation ability of the person's circulatory system and to ensure that the circulatory system remains stable during treatment of the blood by means of a coordinated control system. It has been found that the ability of the circulatory system to compensate can be influenced by a targeted and reversible shift in part of the blood volume between the patient's circulatory system and the extracorporeal circuit, and that this factor can be used to measure this compensatory capacity, which can serve as the basis for the new facility and its Function is available.
- the invention thus relates to a new extracorporeal device for the treatment of human blood, the essential features of which are that - in particular in order to avoid a possible circulatory crisis of the patient during the blood treatment - at least one blood volume in hydraulic connection with the extracorporeal circulatory line system Expansion tank with at least one, preferably independent of the function of the blood treatment Apparatus by means of a drive which can be filled or emptied and regulated by a control unit, for the withdrawal of a measured blood volume from the patient circuit into the extracorporeal blood circuit line system and / or for the entry of a measured blood volume from the extracorporeal line system into the patient circuit.
- Compensation chamber and furthermore has at least one sensor that can be arranged on the patient and / or at least one sensor arranged on or in the extracorporeal conduit system for measuring the circulatory reaction of the patient and / or for determining or measuring physico-chemical properties of the blood flowing through the extracorporeal device, from which the sensor measurement data can be output to a sensor measurement data evaluation and control unit that converts the same into control signals for driving the compensation chamber of the compensation container and has a data flow connection with the aforementioned sensor.
- Segment of the extracorporeal line system is arranged, that is, where the blood comes directly from the patient circuit and has not been treated before.
- Claim 6 shows the measuring principles most commonly used to record blood properties and their changes in general. In general, it should be noted that sensors and measuring methods, where there are too there is no material direct contact between the blood and the sensor, are particularly preferred in the context of the invention.
- the arrangement of at least one further sensor for determining the blood and / or circulatory properties can be achieved be advantageous in the venous segment of the extracorporeal line system between the patient and the venous expansion tank - as provided for in claim 7.
- the apparatus 8 and 9 each name apparatus in which the invention brings significant improvements, in particular with regard to safety.
- Another essential subject of the invention is a device for determining the individual circulatory reaction of a patient, working in principle in the same way as previously described, according to claim 10, in which the autonomous compensation capability of the blood flow between the two aforementioned circuits is achieved through a specifically brought about and defined displacement of the blood volume Patient circulation stimulated and the work area (characteristic curve) of a stable circulation regulation is determined. The further treatment is then continued in the stable circulatory regulation work area.
- the subject-matter of claim 10 is thus a device for blood treatment as described so far, which is characterized in that it - for measuring a patient's circulatory response to, in particular, rapid changes in the blood volume in the patient's blood circulation and its use for controlling the drive of the patient Compensation chamber of the expansion tank - for targeted stimulation a) the blood volume-dependent circulation variables of the patient, such as in particular blood pressure, heart rate, contractility and stroke volume of the heart, pulse wave velocity, peripheral resistance, central venous pressure and / or the local blood flow velocity or the local blood vessel diameter as Measure of the local blood flow, and / or b) the blood volume-dependent properties of the patient's blood and their changes, such as in particular its optical or mechanical density, refractive index, wavelength dependence of the optical scatter, Conductivity in Dependence on the AC frequency, speed of sound, compressibility,
- the control unit for the drive for a setting which can be selected and exactly specified for the function parameters just mentioned and control of the volume change in the compensation chamber of the compensation container intended for the blood volume-dependent stimulation of the patient circuit - which is equipped with at least one control unit connected to the data flow and having an input unit for the input of these parameters.
- an embodiment of the new device with a volume or level control in the expansion tank, as provided by the valve 11, is advantageous.
- the A n s p r u c h 12 relates to an advantageous training variant of the new one
- Device in kidney replacement therapy in which the various operating parameters thereof, in particular the fluid withdrawal by ultrafiltration, can be controlled by means of a device for determining the stability of the circulation as described above.
- the invention also relates to a new method for controlling the new extracorporeal blood treatment device, which makes it possible to operate it optimally while continuously monitoring and monitoring the circulatory situation with individually tailored to the patient.
- this method is characterized in that - periodically or at predetermined times of the treatment mentioned, a targeted shift of blood volume between the blood volume expansion tank and the extracorporeal circulatory line system is carried out and that by the induced thereby or caused patient-circulatory reaction metrologically the detectable changes in the a) blood volume-dependent circulation variables of the patient, such as in particular blood pressure, heart rate, contractility and stroke volume of the heart, pulse wave speed, peripheral resistance, central venous pressure and / or the local blood flow velocity or the local blood vessel diameter as a measure of the local blood flow, and / or the b) blood volume-dependent properties of the patient's blood, such as in particular its optical and mechanical density, refractive index, wavelength dependence of the optical scattering, conductivity as a function of the AC frequency, sound speed, compressibility, viscosity as a function of the shear rate,
- blood volume-dependent circulation variables of the patient such as in particular blood pressure, heart rate, contractility and stroke volume of the heart, pulse wave speed, peripheral resistance, central ve
- the temperature and / or concentration of individual blood components are detected by sensors provided for the measurement of the properties mentioned in a) and / or b) and are output as circulatory reaction measurement data, that these are determined by at least one of the sensors and sent to the or the same data flow-connected central evaluation and control unit output circulatory reaction measurement data in the unit just mentioned in control signals for driving the blood volume compensation chamber for a change in the blood volume in the blood volume that can be selected and exactly specified in its extent and / or its speed - Expansion tank and preferably additionally for a setting, control and regulation of the functional parameters of the blood treatment apparatus which is functionally dependent on this change in blood volume, such as in particular for controlling and regulating the dialysis speed, duration of dialysis, dialysate temperature and / or dialysate composition setting in a dialysis apparatus and also converting the ultrafiltration rate of an ultrafiltration pump possibly associated with the blood treatment apparatus and / or the infusion rate of an infusion pump possibly associated therewith,
- the A n s p r u c h 14 relates to a preferred detail of the measurement method according to the A n s p r u c h 13.
- the A n s p r u c h 15 shows a preferred embodiment of the new method based on the patient's blood pressure.
- a preferred type of automatic self-regulation of the new human blood treatment which takes place by means of appropriate function parameter adaptation loops.
- the device is described in claim 16.
- Blood treatment device for a new type of determination of the critical or uncritical blood volume according to an "autologous blood dilution" corresponding to the previously known indicator dilution method without the introduction of indicator media from the outside into the circulation.
- the essential shift within the scope of the invention of blood volume between the intra- and extracorporeal circulation for the assessment of the circulatory status and the circulatory regulation can be used sensibly if at the same time a measurement of blood and / or circulatory properties is carried out by means of the sensors of the new blood treatment device ,
- the shift of blood made possible by the new device serves to stimulate a circulatory response and a corresponding change in the blood properties
- the shift of blood from the extracorporeal circulation takes place for the purpose of stabilizing blood pressure or changing treatment parameters, depending on the actual and practical always measured circulatory status.
- the extracorporeal system itself serves as a measuring sensor and actuator for the circulatory state, which ensures that problems in the circulatory system do not occur while the device is operating.
- the extracorporeal system therefore contains at least one sensor either for measuring a hemodynamic variable, such as the pulse rate, and / or for measuring a blood characteristic, such as e.g. the concentration of red blood cells.
- the present invention essentially solves the problem of maintaining and improving circulatory stability during an ongoing treatment of human blood using an extracorporeal system in general. Special applications are preferred for kidney replacement therapy, liver replacement therapy or for bridging and / or supporting heart function in the heart-lung machine.
- the invention thus provides a device and a procedure by means of which the intracorporeal blood volume can be changed briefly in order to influence the reactivity of the patient's circulation.
- the change in the blood volume in the patient is carried out using the new blood volume compensation container by shifting a predeterminable and measurable volume between the intra- and extracorporeal circulation under sterile conditions.
- the intracorporeal Blood volume changes without withdrawing blood from the closed circulatory system and without infusion of a foreign fluid.
- characteristic changes occur in the patient's hemodynamics and in the blood properties, which are measurable in the extracorporeal circulation of the device according to the invention and can be used to control it.
- hemodynamic variables such as heart rate or blood pressure
- blood properties can be used to characterize the circulatory system and its change behavior during the blood volume shift in question.
- An important basis for the functioning of the device according to the invention and for its function is the measurement or determination of optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical or acoustic blood property parameters, which is carried out within the extracorporeal system, such as in particular the optical and mechanical density, the refractive index, the optical scattering properties at different wavelengths, the conductivity at different frequencies, the speed of sound at different frequencies, the compressibility, the viscosity, the temperature and the concentration of individual blood components using appropriate sensors, before, during and after the shift of blood volumes between intra - and extracorporeal circulation using the new blood volume expansion tank.
- Another alternative or additional basis is the precise measurement of hemodynamic variables using suitable sensors, such as arterial blood pressure, blood pressure amplitude, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, peripheral resistance, contractility of the heart, pulse wave velocity in the arterial system , the central venous pressure, the O 2 saturation of the blood or the local blood flow, before, during and after a deliberate shift in blood volumes between the intra- and extracorporeal circulation.
- suitable sensors such as arterial blood pressure, blood pressure amplitude, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, peripheral resistance, contractility of the heart, pulse wave velocity in the arterial system , the central venous pressure, the O 2 saturation of the blood or the local blood flow, before, during and after a deliberate shift in blood volumes between the intra- and extracorporeal circulation.
- the invention enables the assessment of the patient's circulatory status with the aid of the measurement or characteristic data which can be derived from the targeted shift of blood volume between the intra- and extracorporeal circulation and from the circulatory and / or blood property data determined at the same time.
- Another advantage is the possibility to control the course of the extracorporeal blood treatment, such as in particular the withdrawal of fluid from the blood in the case of ultrafiltration, the thermal energy balance via the dialysate temperature, the electrolyte balance via the dialysate composition, the administration of infusion solutions and the warning or alarming of Operating personnel, depending on the currently determined circulatory status of the patient.
- a major advantage of the invention is the possibility of determining the Compensable, i.e. tolerable decrease in blood volume or the compensated blood volume.
- the compensable blood volume decrease or the critical blood volume is not known for a given treatment. If the total blood volume is known, the compensable blood volume decrease or the critical blood volume can be determined from the circulatory or blood reaction depending on the precisely set volume shift, and the control of the ultrafiltration can be tailored to this treatment goal as a reference variable according to one of the methods known per se.
- a procedure may also be preferred which consists in creating a blood volume supply in the extracorporeal circulatory system at the beginning of the treatment, which can be quickly and effectively returned to the patient at a later point in time in the event of a drop in blood pressure, so that no crisis situation occurs. Furthermore, a temporary one can be used, especially with kidney replacement therapy
- Blood volume can be withdrawn from the intracorporeal circuit by at least an order of magnitude faster (up to about 500 ml / min) than with the aid of a known ultrafiltration process (approx. 50 ml / min) [22].
- a known ultrafiltration process which primarily affects the plasma colloid osmotic pressure
- the shift of blood from the patient circuit into the extracorporeal circuit initially affects the hydrostatic pressure and thus another component of the so-called Starling forces, which are responsible for the liquid distribution between patient blood and patient tissue are crucial.
- a combination of the known ultrafiltration method with the new device for shifting the blood volume thus also enables an improved analysis of the fluid movements between the patient circuit and the patient tissue, since the decisive forces can be influenced independently of one another.
- test volume The shift in blood volume, hereinafter referred to as "test volume” (Vt), from the patient circuit into the expansion tank leads to an immediate drop in central venous pressure and an increase in heart rate as well as a delayed decrease in blood pressure amplitude and arterial mean pressure.
- the test volume is typically withdrawn over a period of one to two minutes at a rate of approximately 200-400 mUmin.
- data are acquired from at least one of the sensors arranged in the extracorporeal circuit or on the patient, for example by means of a blood pressure sensor.
- Signs of an unstable circulatory situation include, for example, a decrease in the arterial mean pressure by more than 30 mm Hg or below 90 mm Hg, a reduction in the blood pressure amplitude by more than 20 mm Hg or below 20 mm Hg, an increase in Heart rate by more than 30 beats / min or a frequency of more than 110 beats / min.
- Signs of an exhausted blood volume capacity also include changes in blood composition, such as a change in the mixed venous O 2 saturation to values below 50% or a decrease in the concentration of red blood cells by more than 5%, associated with a corresponding change the physico-chemical blood properties, such as viscosity, which can be measured in the extracorporeal circuit using appropriate measuring methods using appropriate sensors and evaluation units.
- a adaptation phase, A If after the end of the volume withdrawal (disturbance phase), preferably about five minutes later, a stable state of the relevant measured variables is reached, then extensive compensation of the disturbance can be assumed.
- a continuous change of the measured variables over the duration that is to say a change that lasts substantially longer than 5 minutes volume deprivation, on the other hand, is to be understood as an expression of an unstable circulatory situation.
- Test volume returned to the patient cycle.
- the entire test volume is preferably returned to the patient circuit, with simultaneous recording and analysis of the data from at least one of the sensors.
- test is repeated at intervals of a few minutes with a test volume that is approx. 100 ml lower until circulatory stability is given.
- test volume is repeated at intervals of preferably 30 minutes, the test volume advantageously being adapted to a change in blood volume that has occurred in the meantime, for example as a result of fluid withdrawal by the blood treatment apparatus.
- the blood volume 3 remaining in the patient represents an important target variable for the treatment of the blood by ultrafiltration.
- circulatory stability can be assumed up to this blood volume (uncritical blood volume). It can therefore be seen in advance up to which blood volume liquid can be withdrawn from the blood circulation.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically the basic structure of the blood treatment device according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a first advantageous embodiment of the same
- FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of the new device preferred within the scope of the invention
- 4 schematically shows a diagram of a typical circulatory or blood characteristic
- FIGS. 5 and 6 each show a diagram which illustrates the change behavior of a circulatory variable in the case of blood volume withdrawal with stable and with unstable circulation
- FIG. 7 shows a diagram for the control the new blood treatment device
- FIG. 8 shows a further advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the intra- and extracorporeal circuit 2 and 6 with the extracorporeal container 16 with volume-changing blood volume compensation chamber 161 for receiving the blood volume 8 shifted from the patient 1 into the extracorporeal circuit 5, it also shows the extracorporeal treatment device 13, the measuring sensors or sensors 4, 9 for measuring or determining measurement data - which reflect the acute circulatory reaction explicitly or explicitly - as well as the central input, evaluation and control unit 10 for controlling and monitoring the extracorporeal system 5 via a - with broken line indicated - control line. There is also a measurement data flow network between compensation chamber 161, e.g. provided with blood level control sensor, and control unit 10.
- the patient 1 with the intracorporeal circuit 2 and the intracorporeal blood volume 3 are monitored by the sensor or sensor 4.
- the extracorporeal system 5, consisting of the extracorporeal circuit 6, with the pump 7 and the extracorporeal blood volume 8 is monitored by the sensor 9.
- the information or measurement data from at least one of the two sensors or sensors 4 on the patient and 9 in the extracorporeal circuit 6 and from the respectively measured extracorporeal blood volume 8 is or are processed in the central control unit 10 and serves or serve to control the extracorporeal Device 5, see the corresponding data flow or control signal line shown with a broken line.
- FIG. 2 shows the arrangement of the blood volume compensation container 16, 161 for receiving the blood volume 8 to be shifted or shifted in relation to the other components of an extracorporeal device 5 according to the invention for carrying out kidney replacement therapy:
- the extracorporeal circulatory line system 6 consists of an arterial segment 11, a venous segment 12 and the actual blood treatment apparatus, in the case shown an artificial kidney 13 in which the mass transfer and the blood washing takes place with the help of the dialysate 14.
- Blood is withdrawn from the circuit 2 of patient 1 via arterial segment 11 via a vascular access, pumped to dialyzer 13 by means of blood pump 7 and returned to other vascular access of patient 1 via venous segment 12.
- a flow control or blocking element here a hose clamp 15, in order to throttle or close the fluid connection between the extra 6 and intracorporeal 2 circuit interrupt.
- the blood volume expansion tank 16 is an essential part of the invention extracorporeal circuit 6 and is in hydraulic connection with the blood in the extracorporeal circuit 6 via a liquid (branch) line 17, via which it can be filled and emptied.
- a liquid (branch) line 17 via which it can be filled and emptied.
- all positions for this container 16 are possible within the entire extracorporeal device 5 or the line system 6 thereof, but it has proven particularly favorable for the filling and emptying of the same positions between the pump 7 and the blocking element or the safety clamp 15.
- the expansion tank 16 is formed by a rigid hollow cylinder with a piston 18 movable therein, roughly comparable to a large injection syringe.
- the blood volume 8, which is displaceable between the intra- and extracorporeal circulation 2, 6, can be sterile in the expansion tank 16 and stored there.
- the blood volume 8 can be set to a desired value regardless of the function of the dialysis 13 and regardless of the state of the extracorporeal circuit 5 and can be kept at this value.
- the container 16 or its compensation chamber 161 has a device for precise measurement, which is explained in more detail below and setting of the blood volume 19, 20, 21 currently located therein.
- a known, relatively simple embodiment variant is used, for example two sensors for determining an upper and a lower liquid level [14].
- the container 16 if it is designed as a cylinder closed with a movable piston 18, takes place in a preferred embodiment with the aid of the device 19, 20, 21.
- the same consists of a drive motor 20 for the displacement of the piston 18, from a device , e.g. Level sensor, 19 for determining the piston position, a local control and measuring unit 21 and from the higher-level control unit 10.
- the blood volume filling quantity 8 in the container 16 is known at all times by the position of the piston 18 measured by sensor (s) 19.
- the filling of the container 16 to a certain volume 8 is started by corresponding control signals from the control unit 10, whereupon the motor 20 moves the piston 18 in one direction until a desired filling volume is reached.
- the blood flow changes in downstream sections of the extracorporeal circuit 6, which leads to a lowering of the blood level in the drip chamber 22 or to an excessive increase in pressure in the venous blood line section 12 can.
- the drop in the blood level is shown here the drip chamber 22 registered by a sensor 23 when filling the expansion tank 16.
- a further control device 24 connected to this measuring sensor 23 - which can also be integrated in the control unit 10 - then closes the safety clamp 15 until the predetermined blood level in the expansion tank 16 is reached again by the blood flow promoted by the activity of the pump 7.
- the pressure rise in the venous segment 12 is damped by a throttling of the pump 7 controlled by the control unit 10 - see the control line shown in an interrupted manner.
- the blood volume expansion tank 16 can also be activated without activating the piston drive motor 20 by increasing the pressure in the extracorporeal circulatory line system 6, e.g. by closing the safety clamp 15 in the venous section 12.
- the drive device 20 for changing the blood volume 8 in the compensation chamber 161 comprises an air pump for extracting or injecting air into the expansion tank 16, comparable to the known solution for raising or lowering the liquid level in venous drip chambers. The fill level and fill quantity can then be determined via a sensor 19 for level determination.
- the circulation reaction is then measured as follows:
- the controlled filling and emptying of the container 16 in the extracorporeal device 5 serves to shift a known amount of blood between the intra- and extracorporeal circulation 2 and 6 under sterile conditions.
- the resulting decrease or increase in the intracorporeal blood volume 3 activates the physiological control mechanisms, which lead to changes in the hemodynamic variables and the blood composition.
- the response of the patient circulatory system 2 is determined by known sensors 4, 9 for measuring one or more circulatory variables, e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure and pulse wave velocity.
- the heart rate is measured e.g. on the basis of an electrocardiogram, by pulse recordings or by analyzing the pressure fluctuations measured in the extracorporeal line system 6 [23].
- the blood pressure is advantageously measured intermittently or continuously using the cuff method, either non-invasively using plethysmographic or tonometric methods known per se, or invasively using sensors which are introduced into the patient's circulatory system 2 via the extracorporeal arterial supply line 11 [ 24].
- Blood properties that can be determined or measured in the arterial segment 11 of the arterial section of the extracorporeal conduit system 6 with various sensors 9 for optical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical and acoustic properties.
- the measurement of a particular blood characteristic is carried out either discontinuously and bloodily by taking a sample from the circulatory system 2 or by inserting the sensor 4 into the patient circuit 2, e.g. using a catheter.
- a bloodless measurement of the blood properties by means of a sensor 9 or 25 through the wall of one of the lines of the extracorporeal circuit 6 [18, 19, 20] is particularly favorable.
- At least one sensor 9 is attached to a segment of the extracorporeal circuit 6, which segment may be specially adapted for the measurement.
- the exact measurement of the speed of sound or the optical density currently requires e.g. another cuvette with correspondingly favorable optical or acoustic material properties.
- a preferred location for an "arterial" sensor 9 is in the upstream section of the extracorporeal circulatory system 6, i.e. e.g. in the arterial segment 11 of the same, where contactless concentration measurements can be carried out.
- the measuring point for any “venous” sensor 25 is advantageously located in the venous segment 12 of the extracorporeal circulatory system 6.
- the content of the container 16 flows through the section 12 of the extracorporeal circuit 6 located downstream of it, in which, in the embodiment according to FIG. 3, a further sensor 25 for determining the material properties of the material temporarily stored in the container 16 and then again amount of blood applied there is 8.
- the blood volume 8 located in the expansion tank 16 is only one within limits macroscopically homogeneous and stable liquid.
- the sedimentation of the blood components with a higher density than the blood plasma, ie essentially the red blood cells, is or are responsible for their instability.
- the sedimentation is reversible in itself and does not represent any significant impairment of the quality of the blood. This more or less extensive separation of the blood into its components with different physico-chemical properties, e.g.
- the different physico-chemical properties of the returned blood that occur in this way within the device according to the invention therefore represent, compared to the blood currently circulating in the circulation, an endogenous endogenous indicator that has not been supplied from outside, as was previously necessary for indicator dilution was.
- These different properties of the blood subject to sedimentation during its delivery from the expansion tank can thus be used to measure or determine transport properties and distribution volumes in the patient's cardiovascular system according to the principles of indicator dilution, which are known per se, without accepting their disadvantages need, such as the injection of a foreign substance or the administration of additional volume from the outside.
- the measurement can be carried out in a new manner in such a way that blood from the blood volume expansion tank 16 is returned to the patient circuit 2 with the gradient described as a result of sedimentation, the inhomogeneity being, for example, a variable concentration of the red blood cells at a measuring point, for example by means of Sensor 25, between the container 16 and the patient circuit 2 is measured.
- the returned blood is distributed in the patient circuit 2 according to the known principles of indicator dilution.
- the transient of the inhomogeneity measured arterially on the measuring sensor 9, the volume 8 of the amount of blood displaced, and the blood flow rate defined by the pump 7 can be used to determine the cardiac output, using the central evaluation and control unit 10 according to the known indicator dilution theory.
- the mean transit time of inhomogeneity through the circulatory system and various distribution volumes, such as the central blood volume or the absolute blood volume in the entire circulatory system 2 of the patient 1, are calculated.
- the Circulation reaction is detected by at least one of the sensors 4, 9 and compared and analyzed by the evaluation unit 10 with data from a previous reference phase R. Thereafter, blood volume is shifted from the expansion tank 16 back into the circuit at a selectable time interval (cycle 2).
- the circulatory response determined in each case serves to immediately estimate the current patient circulatory stability, which in turn is used to control the functional parameters of the extracorporeal device 5, such as to control the ultrafiltration rate by means of appropriate setting of the ultrafiltration pump 26, to control the infusion rate by means of setting the infusion pump 27, the dialysate composition and the dialysate temperature 14, see FIG. 8. If circulatory stability is given, cycle 1 is repeated and there is again one
- FIG. 4 shows schematically and by way of example the changes in a blood property measured in the extracorporeal system 6, in the present case the water content or the practically analogue, which can ultimately be used to control the new blood treatment device Change course of a hemodynamic property, namely the heart rate, each time the container 16 is filled or emptied, that is to say an approximately logarithmic increase in the values or a similar decrease in the same.
- FIG. 5 shows schematically the change in the hemodynamic properties measured on the sensor 4 on the patient 1, namely the arterial blood pressure or the blood pressure amplitude when the compensating container 16 is filled F or emptied E with 500 ml blood with a blood flow of 250 ml / min in case of a stable circulatory situation.
- FIG. 6 shows the changes in the arterial blood pressure and the blood pressure amplitude when the container 16 is filled or emptied, similarly to FIG. 5, but when the container is filled with only 300 ml of blood with a blood flow of 150 ml / min in the case of one unstable circulatory situation.
- Arterial blood pressure and blood pressure amplitude decrease continuously during the filling phase F and also during the subsequent adaptation phase A. If the specified limit values or a limit value band are undershot, in FIG. 6 indicated by hatching between two spaced-apart, interrupted straight-line parallel lines at approximately 92 and at approximately 102 mm Hg, practically falling below the entire adaptation phase A, this is previously the case
- Circulated blood volume withdrawn and placed in the expansion tank 16 is returned from the tank 16 to the patient circuit 2.
- the blood / circulatory measurement is continued with the test volume withdrawn during the adaptation phase, as shown in FIG. 5 using an example.
- existing Vt is returned and the ultrafunction rate UFR remains unchanged at the originally set value.
- the next test takes place after a break of 15 minutes.
- withdrawn blood volume Vt is returned, but the ultrafunction rate UFR is increased.
- the next test is done 15 minutes later.
- a test cycle including a break takes about 30 minutes.
- the actual volume withdrawal does not have to match the planned volume withdrawal. If circulatory stability is maintained during blood treatment, the actual total fluid volume withdrawal at the end of treatment is greater than the planned total fluid volume withdrawal. In the event of circulatory instability, the actual volume withdrawal that occurred during blood treatment is smaller than the planned volume withdrawal.
- FIG. 8 finally shows the control signal flow connections or links of the input and control unit 10 of the extracorporeal device with an ultrafiltration pump 26 assigned to the actual blood treatment apparatus 13 and an infusion pump 27 of the same type.
- the corresponding signal flow signals are indicated in FIG. Lines between
- Control unit 10 can use the corresponding evaluation and signal conversion program from the control unit 10 to activate the expansion tank in a mutually coordinated manner 16 for receiving blood volume from the extracorporeal circulatory system 6 or for dispensing blood volume into the same, and / or the ultrafiltration pump 26 and / or the infusion pump 27 in the extracorporeal blood treatment device 5.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2002340619A AU2002340619A1 (en) | 2001-10-31 | 2002-10-30 | Extracorporeal device for treating human blood |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ATA1724/2001 | 2001-10-31 | ||
AT0172401A AT411221B (de) | 2001-10-31 | 2001-10-31 | Extrakorporale einrichtung zur behandlung von humanblut |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003037402A2 true WO2003037402A2 (de) | 2003-05-08 |
WO2003037402A3 WO2003037402A3 (de) | 2003-09-12 |
Family
ID=3688744
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AT2002/000305 WO2003037402A2 (de) | 2001-10-31 | 2002-10-30 | Extrakorporale einrichtung zur behandlung von humanblut |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AT (1) | AT411221B (de) |
AU (1) | AU2002340619A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003037402A2 (de) |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3908653A (en) | 1974-01-23 | 1975-09-30 | Vital Assists | Blood chamber |
US3964479A (en) | 1974-11-20 | 1976-06-22 | Cobe Laboratories, Inc. | Extracorporeal blood circulation system and drip chamber with adjustable blood level |
EP0062913A1 (de) | 1981-04-15 | 1982-10-20 | Fresenius AG | Tropfkammer |
EP0311709A1 (de) | 1984-05-01 | 1989-04-19 | Henry Ford Hospital | Auf Blutdruck und Pulsrate basierende automatische Hämodialysekontrolleinrichtung |
EP0358873A1 (de) | 1988-08-13 | 1990-03-21 | Fresenius AG | Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Änderung des intravasalen Blutvolumens während der Blutfiltration in einer Blutreinigungseinrichtung |
EP0498324A1 (de) | 1991-02-04 | 1992-08-12 | Nissho Corporation | Vorrichtung zur Blutreinigung |
US5382227A (en) | 1991-02-06 | 1995-01-17 | Hospal Industrie | Apparatus and method for setting the level of a liquid in a chamber of an extracorporeal blood circuit |
EP0960625A2 (de) | 1998-05-28 | 1999-12-01 | Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH | Sicherheitsvorrichtung für eine Blutbehandlungsvorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit einer Blutbehandlungsvorrichtung |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4647378A (en) * | 1983-03-23 | 1987-03-03 | Nihon Medical Engineering Co., Ltd. | Blood dialyzing method and apparatus |
DE19528907C1 (de) * | 1995-08-05 | 1996-11-07 | Fresenius Ag | Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung hämodynamischer Parameter während einer extrakorporalen Blutbehandlung |
EP0766974B1 (de) * | 1995-10-03 | 2006-09-06 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Blutbehälter, sowie Instrument und Gerät zur Abgabe von Blut |
DE19728071C2 (de) * | 1997-07-01 | 2001-09-27 | Fresenius Medical Care De Gmbh | Filtervorrichtung |
-
2001
- 2001-10-31 AT AT0172401A patent/AT411221B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-10-30 WO PCT/AT2002/000305 patent/WO2003037402A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-10-30 AU AU2002340619A patent/AU2002340619A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3908653A (en) | 1974-01-23 | 1975-09-30 | Vital Assists | Blood chamber |
US3964479A (en) | 1974-11-20 | 1976-06-22 | Cobe Laboratories, Inc. | Extracorporeal blood circulation system and drip chamber with adjustable blood level |
EP0062913A1 (de) | 1981-04-15 | 1982-10-20 | Fresenius AG | Tropfkammer |
EP0311709A1 (de) | 1984-05-01 | 1989-04-19 | Henry Ford Hospital | Auf Blutdruck und Pulsrate basierende automatische Hämodialysekontrolleinrichtung |
EP0358873A1 (de) | 1988-08-13 | 1990-03-21 | Fresenius AG | Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Änderung des intravasalen Blutvolumens während der Blutfiltration in einer Blutreinigungseinrichtung |
EP0498324A1 (de) | 1991-02-04 | 1992-08-12 | Nissho Corporation | Vorrichtung zur Blutreinigung |
US5382227A (en) | 1991-02-06 | 1995-01-17 | Hospal Industrie | Apparatus and method for setting the level of a liquid in a chamber of an extracorporeal blood circuit |
EP0960625A2 (de) | 1998-05-28 | 1999-12-01 | Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH | Sicherheitsvorrichtung für eine Blutbehandlungsvorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit einer Blutbehandlungsvorrichtung |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AT411221B (de) | 2003-11-25 |
ATA17242001A (de) | 2003-04-15 |
WO2003037402A3 (de) | 2003-09-12 |
AU2002340619A1 (en) | 2003-05-12 |
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