WO2003035678A2 - Sperm factor sequences - Google Patents

Sperm factor sequences Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003035678A2
WO2003035678A2 PCT/GB2002/004739 GB0204739W WO03035678A2 WO 2003035678 A2 WO2003035678 A2 WO 2003035678A2 GB 0204739 W GB0204739 W GB 0204739W WO 03035678 A2 WO03035678 A2 WO 03035678A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
human
zeta
plcζ
sequence
mouse
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PCT/GB2002/004739
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2003035678A3 (en
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Tony Lai
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University Of Wales College Of Medicine
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Priority claimed from GB0125498A external-priority patent/GB0125498D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0214945A external-priority patent/GB0214945D0/en
Priority to DE60235027T priority Critical patent/DE60235027D1/de
Priority to CA2461543A priority patent/CA2461543C/en
Priority to JP2003538191A priority patent/JP4324473B2/ja
Priority to AT02801948T priority patent/ATE454398T1/de
Application filed by University Of Wales College Of Medicine filed Critical University Of Wales College Of Medicine
Priority to US10/493,927 priority patent/US20050112575A1/en
Priority to EP02801948A priority patent/EP1440084B1/en
Publication of WO2003035678A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003035678A2/en
Publication of WO2003035678A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003035678A3/en
Priority to US12/122,056 priority patent/US8709774B2/en
Priority to US14/251,942 priority patent/US20140377840A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4702—Regulators; Modulating activity
    • C07K14/4705—Regulators; Modulating activity stimulating, promoting or activating activity

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the regulation and control of intracellular free calcium ion concentrations and more particularly to the control of cytoplasmic calcium oscillations (CCOs) in mammalian oocytes (eggs).
  • CCOs cytoplasmic calcium oscillations
  • eggs mammalian oocytes
  • phospho- inositide-specific phospholipase C proteins that trigger CCOs that are indistinguishable from those occurring at oocyte fertilization and nucleic acid sequences encoding such proteins, and the use thereof in biotechnology, diagnosis or medicine.
  • Transient changes in the intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) concentration are known to be responsible for activating numerous physiological processes, including memory formation, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, fertilization, gene transcription and apoptosis.
  • One striking phenomenon observed in numerous cell types, including cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells and eggs, is the generation of a series of regular calcium transients or oscillations in response to cellular stimuli.
  • the best-studied example of this phenomenon is during mammalian fertilization, where calcium levels in the egg begin to oscillate in a regular fashion following fusion with the sperm.
  • These calcium oscillations occurring at fertilisation sometimes referred to as the "calcium waves" are believed to be the trigger for egg activation and consequent embryo development.
  • Studies carried out over many years have attempted to discover and isolate the causative agent of this phenomenon with a- view to using it for research and for a variety of practical applications, including diagnosis.
  • mammalian sperm extracts trigger Ca + release via stimulating IP3 production, indicating involvement of a phospho-inositide-specific phospholipase C (ie PI-PLC, usually referred to in short as PLC) in the signal transduction mechanism.
  • PLC phospho-inositide-specific phospholipase C
  • the high level of PLC enzyme activity measured biochemically in sperm extracts has led some researchers to suggest that the sperm factor may itself be a PLC.
  • the PLC-beta, gamma and delta ( ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ ) isoforms that exist in sperm are not detected in the chromatographic fractions of sperm extract that specifically cause Ca ⁇ + oscillations.
  • WO 96/25945 assigned the cause ofthe above-mentioned calcium oscillations to a substance (a sperm factor) present in the equatorial segment of sperm, which was believed to diffuse into the egg after fusion therewith.
  • This substance was identified as a 33kD (approx.) protein of specified amino acid sequence. The nucleic acid coding for this protein was also specified.
  • this sperm factor candidate was unable to reconstitute calcium oscillations.
  • a truncated form ofthe c-kit receptor has also previously been a sperm factor candidate. However, neither these two, nor any other sperm proteins, have been shown to generate Ca ⁇ + oscillations in eggs, the single-most distinctive feature of mammalian fertilization.
  • the present invention relates to the presence of a new PLC isoform specifically expressed in mammalian sperm (hereinafter called PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ ), which uniquely possesses all the essential properties ofthe sperm factor.
  • PLC-zeta mammalian sperm
  • amino acid sequences of both the human and mouse proteins are given hereinafter as SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2, respectively, and their nucleic acid coding sequences as SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4, respectively.
  • the rat protein is also given as SEQ ID NO: 11, and its nucleic acid coding sequence SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • Genbank database disclosed various nucleic acid sequences of human and mouse testes, without attributing any function thereto and predicting an open reading frame (ORF; protein or polypeptide sequence) having a start position corresponding to a position being at least 100 amino acids from the start position of the SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4.
  • Genbank Accession No AK006672 (deposited 05-JUL-2001) comprises 2227 base pairs of mouse testis sequence but predicts an ORF encoding 537 amino acids with a start position corresponding to position aa 111 (MEIDH) ofthe mouse sequence [SEQ ID NO: 4] (ie missing the first 1 lOaa (amino acids).);
  • Genbank Accession No XM029802 (deposited 16-OCT-2001) comprises 2113 base pairs of human testis sequence, not identical to and predictive of an ORF encoding 504 amino acids with a start position corresponding to position aa 105 (MSKAI) ofthe human sequence [SEQ ID NO: 3] (ie missing the first 104aa);
  • Genbank Accession No NM033123 (deposited 21-AUG-2001) comprises 2132 base pairs of human testis sequence in database, but predicts an ORF encoding 504 amino acids with a start -position corresponding to position aa 105 (MSKAI) ofthe human sequence [SEQ ID NO: 3] (ie missing the first 104aa); and
  • Genbank Accession No AY035866 (deposited 22-JUN-2001) comprises 2132 base pairs of human testis sequence in database, but predicts an ORF encoding 504 amino acids with a start position corresponding to position aa 105 (MSKAI) ofthe human sequence [SEQ ID NO: 3] (ie missing the first 104aa).
  • Genbank Accession No. AB070108 (deposited 16-AUG-2001) comprises 2219 base pairs of monkey testis sequence with an ORF of 1923 base pairs (nucleotides 220- 2142) encoding 641 amino acids, without attributing any function thereto or connection with a putative sperm factor. [SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7, respectively].
  • Genbank Accession No. AB070109 (deposited 16-AUG-2001) comprises 2218 base pairs of monkey testis sequence with an ORF of 1920 base pairs (nucleotides 220-2139) encoding 640 amino acids, without attributing any function thereto or connection with a putative sperm factor. [SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 9, respectively].
  • AB070108 (aa334-343): AB070109 (aa334-342):
  • the present invention provides a PLC-zeta protein, characterised by exhibiting one or more ofthe following properties:
  • Table 1 showing a comparison between lengths of various PLCs (criterion (a)); Figure 3 shows the domain comparison between the various PLCs (criterion (b)); and [SEQ ID NO: 12] illustrates the conserved regions of PLC-zeta cross-species, compared to other PLCs (criterion (c)). Comparison between the PLC sequence types was made using the Clustal W analysis program, available at http://www.clustalw.genome.ad.jp, using the default settings.
  • the present invention provides an isolated, purified or recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising: a nucleic acid molecule encoding a PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ , polypeptide, capable of triggering calcium oscillations in oocytes.
  • nucleic acid molecule of the invention is identified by the virtue ofthe sequences disclosed herein and further includes sequences substantially homologous thereto or sequences that hybridize thereto under stringent conditions.
  • oligonucleotide specific for a part ofthe aforementioned sequences.
  • said oligonucleotide includes the primers described herein and more specifically the following:
  • Reverse TriplEx primer 5' CTC GGG AAG CGC GCC ATT GTG TTG GT 3' (26mer).
  • Reverse T7 primer 5' GTA ATA CGA CTC ACT ATA GGG C 3' (22mer)
  • Forward human primer 5' CAG CGA GCT CTT ATC TGA CGT ACC AAA C 3' (28mer)
  • substantially homologous herein is meant that the nucleic acid sequence has at least 70% identity of its nucleotide bases with those of sequence (a), in matching positions in the sequence. A further 10% of its nucleotide bases may comprise conservative substitutions (with similar bases), and therefore the sequence has at least 80% overall homology. More preferred are sequences having at least 80% identity with the sequence (a) and about 90% overall homology. Such homologous sequences encode a protein having substantially the same biological activity as the proteins of the invention.
  • Oligonucleotides "specific for" any of these nucleic acid sequences (a) to (c) above are useful for identifying and isolating the biologically active peptides of this invention, and comprise a unique sequence encoding a unique fragment ofthe amino acid sequence ofthe peptide.
  • the present invention provides a nucleic acid sequence as defined above, wherein the sequence is a DNA or RNA sequence, such as cDNA, cRNA or mRNA. More particularly, the present invention provides: a DNA sequence identified herein by [SEQ ID NO: 3], which sequence (being the human PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ nucleotide sequence, 1827 nucleotides) corresponds with the polypeptide identified herein as [SEQ ID NO: 1];
  • mouse sequence has been deposited under Genbank Accession No AF 435950, which comprises 1941 nucleotides ofthe protein-coding region plus the stop codon (3 nucleotides) (these, together, consist ofthe [SEQ ID NO: 4]) plus the untranslated region (totalling 2187 nucleotides) identified herein as [SEQ ID NO: 5].
  • the present invention further provides a polypeptide of:
  • the invention provides for the use of certain known sequences to which a function has not previously been assigned as a PLC-zeta, PLC ⁇ or sperm factor.
  • the invention provides for such use ofthe monkey proteins [SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 9].
  • the deduced human and mouse proteins of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 differ by 39 amino acids in length and their cDNA sequences differ correspondingly. It will be appreciated that similarly active proteins and corresponding nucleic acid sequences encoding them will be present in the sperm of other mammalian species, including species of farm animals eg sheep and pigs, and other animal species eg fish.
  • the molecular weight ofthe proteins will be in the range of from 65 to 80 kD, preferably in the range of from 70 to 75 kD, especially about 70kD, as determined by mass spectrometry.
  • Derivatives ofthe proteins disclosed herein ie of [SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 11], and homologous sequences
  • derivatives may comprise post- translational modifications, such as glycosylation at asparagine, serine or threonine; and/or sulphato- or phospho- groups on tyrosine, such as are commonly found in polypeptides; polymorphisms, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); and those further comprising a leader/signal sequence.
  • the invention further provides a tagged derivative of a PLC-zeta, such as a tagged derivative of any polypeptide sequence specifically identified herein, including [SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 7, 9 and 11], for use in identifying the PLC-zeta in diagnostic tests, other assays or otherwise as a research or clinical tool.
  • a tagged derivative of a PLC-zeta such as a tagged derivative of any polypeptide sequence specifically identified herein, including [SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 7, 9 and 11], for use in identifying the PLC-zeta in diagnostic tests, other assays or otherwise as a research or clinical tool.
  • the PLC-zeta is tagged with c-Myc as described in Example 6 hereinbelow, antibodies to which are commercially available (eg from Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
  • a polypeptide encompassed by this invention can also be prepared by providing or culturing a host, transformed with an expression vector comprising a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide under such conditions that the polypeptide is expressed therein, and optionally isolating the polypeptide thus obtained.
  • This approach is typically based on obtaining a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide it is wished to express, and expressing the polypeptide in a recombinant organism.
  • the cultivation ofthe genetically modified organism leads to the production ofthe desired product displaying full biological activity.
  • the present invention therefore also comprises a polypeptide produced by a recombinant DNA technique, which polypeptide is one encompassed above.
  • the mvention further comprises a synthetic, or protein-engineered, polypeptide encompassed above.
  • the present invention therefore further provides: a recombinant construct comprising any nucleic acid sequence according to the mvention; a vector comprising such a construct; and a host transformed or transfected by such a vector.
  • the present invention therefore still further provides a cultured or non-human cell, plasmid, virus, live organism or other vehicle that has been genetically- or protein- engineered to produce a polypeptide according to the present invention, said cell, plasmid, virus, live organism or other vehicle having incorporated expressibly therein a sequence as disclosed herein.
  • Such cells may include animal, such as mammal, for example human or humanised cells, for use in gene therapy to treat or prevent conditions such as those mentioned herein.
  • Such cells particularly include stem cells derived by cell nuclear transfer in accordance with the present mvention.
  • the present invention therefore also further provides animal clones derived from nuclear transfer techniques enhanced by using the PLC-zeta of this invention.
  • the present invention further provides a method for the preparation of a polypeptide according to the present invention, which method comprises:
  • the present invention therefore comprises inter alia the human, mouse, rat or other mammalian protein PLC-zeta, or non-mammalian (eg fish) PLC-zeta, the nucleic acid sequence coding therefor, cells transfected with the nucleic acid sequence, and a process for producing PLC-zeta by cultivation ofthe transfected cells and recovery of the expressed product.
  • the recombinant proteins especially the mouse (including the c-Myc-tagged mouse), monkey (both AB 070108 and AB070109) and human PLC-zeta, have been shown to generate cytoplasmic calcium oscillations (CCOs) when introduced into mammalian cells. Furthermore, the injection of complementary RNA (cRNA) encoding PLC-zeta into mouse eggs also generates identical CCOs to those observed when they are fertilized by sperm. It has also been found that PLC-zeta is capable of producing embryo development to the blastocyst stage (ie the stage at which stem cells are found).
  • cRNA complementary RNA
  • the invention also provides a variety of applications and/or uses ofthe proteins and nucleic acid sequences of this invention, including the following:
  • the human PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ protein we have identified may be used in treating human male infertility.
  • This PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ protein triggers calcium changes upon sperm fusion with egg, the physiological process which results in egg activation and consequent embryo development. Absence or significant reduction ofthe level of active PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ in sperm would be expected to result in infertile males. That the PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ protein is highly expressed in mammalian testis is supported by the following: (a) the cDNA has been isolated from testis cDNA libraries (human testis and mouse spermatid); and
  • Assay ofthe PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ protein in human sperm samples may therefore be used to identify males who have less than normal levels ofthe active protein (ie protein having the ability to cause cell calcium oscillations) and are infertile for this reason.
  • This assay may be achieved by the use of antibodies to the protein prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • active PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ to sperm lacking an active PLC-zeta; PLC ⁇ can be carried out in conjunction with the clinical INF (in vitro fertilization) technique of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI (Intra- Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection, comprising introduction of a single sperm directly into the egg).
  • INF in vitro fertilization
  • ICSI Intra- Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
  • Stem cells derived from nuclear transfer techniques enhanced by using PLC-zeta have potential application to a variety of human diseases and conditions, including Parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure and diabetes, to which stem cell therapy could be applied.
  • Animal cloning An extension ofthe application 2., above, is to implant the successfully developing blastocyst into a pregnant female host to produce full development to term and live birth of clones derived from a single adult animal cell. This process is currently being developed for the production of biomedicines in transgenic animals, e.g. sheep and pigs, as well as for the potential use of animal cells and organs for transplantation into humans but the current success rate for this procedure, as mentioned above is very low, ⁇ 1%, due to the difficulties in achieving viable hybrid cells upon fusion.
  • the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of a condition or disorder mentioned herein, wherein the polypeptide is administered by means of being expressed in the cells ofthe patient, which cells have incorporated expressibly therein a nucleic acid sequence coding for the polypeptide.
  • the polypeptides ofthe invention may be administered as a pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the present invention provides the use of a polypeptide described herein or a nucleic acid sequence coding for the polypeptide in medicine, including gene therapy; and also the use of such a polypeptide in the manufacture of a medicament.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a polypeptide according to the invention (as described above) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier should be taken to mean any inert, non-toxic, solid or liquid filler, diluent or encapsulating material, or other excipient, which does not react adversely with the active ingredient(s) or with a patient.
  • Such formulations and carriers are well known in the art and include pharmaceutical formulations that may be, for example, administered to a patient systemically, such as parenterally, or orally or topically.
  • parenteral' as used here includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial and intra-tracheal injection, and infusion techniques.
  • Parenteral formulations are preferably administered intravenously, either in bolus form or as a continuous infusion, or subcutaneously, according to known procedures.
  • Preferred liquid carriers which are well known for parenteral use, include sterile water, saline, aqueous dextrose, sugar solutions, ethanol, glycols and oils.
  • Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, wetting agents, and the like.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs or the like, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle for use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives, such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles and preservatives.
  • Formulations suitable for topical application may be in the form of aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, gels or, preferably, emulsion-based ointments.
  • Unit doses of the. pharmaceutical formulations according to the invention may contain daily-required amounts ofthe polypeptides, or sub-multiples thereof to make a desired dose.
  • the optimum therapeutically-acceptable dosage and dose rate for a given patient (which may be a mammal, such as a human) depend on a variety of factors, such as the potency ofthe active ingredient(s); the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet ofthe patient; the time and route of administration; rate of clearance; the object ofthe treatment (for example, treatment or prophylaxis); and the nature ofthe disease to be treated.
  • systemic doses in the range of from 0.005 to 50 mg/kg body weight, preferably of from 0.005 to 10 mg/kg and more preferably 0.01 to 1 mg/kg, will be effective.
  • one single dose may comprise in the range of from 0.005 to 10 mg/kg body weight active ingredient, whether applied systemically or topically.
  • the present invention therefore further provides: (a) the use of a polypeptide of this invention in therapy;
  • a method of treating male infertility in a mammal which method comprises adding the polypeptide of this invention to the sperm ofthe mammal; and (f) a method of improving oocyte-somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency in cell cloning, which method comprises adding a polypeptide according to this invention, or nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, to an oocyte before or after fusion with the contents of a somatic cell.
  • the protein or nucleic acid sequence coding therefor may be used in a diagnostic method to determine the state of fertility (eg whether fertile or infertile) of a respective mammal, such as a human.
  • the present invention further provides a diagnostic method for determining the fertility status of a mammal, which method comprises determining the amount of a protein according to this invention, or nucleic acid sequence coding therefore, present or absent in a test sample obtained from the mammal, which amount is indicative ofthe level of fertility ofthe mammal.
  • a further diagnostic or screening method comprises: (a) obtaining a test sample comprising a nucleotide sequence ofthe mammalian PLC ⁇ gene from the individual; and
  • the test sample comprises genomic DNA.
  • a particularly preferred screening method is one for screening an individual suspected of a fertility problem, which screening method comprises the steps of: (a) obtaining a test sample comprising a nucleotide sequence ofthe human PLC ⁇ gene or an amino acid sequence encoded thereby from the individual; and (b) analysing the test sample for the presence of a variant ofthe human PLC ⁇ gene or an amino acid sequence encoded thereby or for the presence of one or more surrogate markers that are indicative of or correlated to the presence of a variant ofthe human PLC ⁇ gene or an amino acid sequence encoded thereby, wherein the variant ofthe human PLC ⁇ gene or an amino acid sequence encoded thereby exhibits at least one variation when compared to the wild type PLC ⁇ sequence.
  • the analysis step (b) may be selected from one or more of: conventional protein sequencing methods (such as mass spectroscopy, micro-array analysis, pyrosequencing, etc), and/or antibody-based methods of detection (eg ELISA).
  • conventional protein sequencing methods such as mass spectroscopy, micro-array analysis, pyrosequencing, etc
  • antibody-based methods of detection eg ELISA
  • antibodies to the protein may be raised. Therefore, in a method of testing for male infertility, which method comprises assaying the protein PLC ⁇ in a sperm sample, the method could be carried out using an antibody to the protein, in particular, a monoclonal antibody to the protein PLC ⁇ .
  • the PLC-zeta gene sequence may be determined in a sample comprising genomic DNA, using methods known to those skilled in the art, such as PCR amplification, restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing.
  • the present invention still further provides an antibody raised to a polypeptide according to the invention, particularly a monoclonal antibody thereto.
  • the screening method may comprise the use of simultaneous screens for multiple, known variations or for all possible variations by hybridization of a labelled sample of DNA (cDNA or genomic DNA derived from the individual) to micro-arrays of variation-specific oligonucleotide probes immobilised on a solid support.
  • a labelled sample of DNA cDNA or genomic DNA derived from the individual
  • micro-arrays of variation-specific oligonucleotide probes immobilised on a solid support For example, chip technology may be used, wherein the chip is a miniature parallel analytical device.
  • kit which kit may comprise:
  • an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to a region of a PLC ⁇ variant, which region incorporates at least one variation from the corresponding wild-type PLC ⁇ gene sequence;
  • an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to a specific region ofthe wild-type PLC ⁇ gene sequence, which specific region comprises a sequence not otherwise present in the genomic DNA ofthe mammal;
  • kits components (a) to (c) comprise(s) a plurality of said oligonucleotides immobilised on a solid support.
  • the present invention provides an inhibitor or antagonist of PLC- zeta for use in reducing, suppressing or preventing cytoplasmic calcium oscillations in oocytes and/or for reducing or inhibiting fertility.
  • PLC-zeta inhibitors or antagonists may comprise known chemical compounds, biological material or other agents, or may comprise new active agents.
  • the invention further provides an active agent suitable for reducing, suppressing or preventing cytoplasmic calcium oscillations in oocytes and/or for reducing or inhibiting fertility, which active agent is an inhibitor or antagonist of PLC-zeta.
  • Such active agents may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore, as described above, and may be suitable for use as a male contraceptive.
  • Figure 1 is a plot of calcium concentration (nM; ordinate) with time (sees; abscissa), showing expression of mouse PLC-zeta plasmid DNA by transfection in CHO cells;
  • Figure 2 is a plot of calcium concentration (nM; ordinate) with time (sees; abscissa), showing expression of mouse PLC-zeta complementary RNA by micro- injection into mouse eggs;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic alignment of PLC regions, showing similarities and differences between PLC-zeta and other PLCs
  • Figure 4a is a graph o the percentage ot mouse eggs reaching 2-cell stage after 24 hours and morula/blastocyst stage after 96 hours, following micro-injection with PLC-zeta cRNA (0.02 mg/ml) or pathogenically activated with strontium (5 mM, 4 hours) or fertilised with sperm in vivo and placing in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37C;
  • Figure 4b comprises two micrographs illustrating mouse embryos at the 2-cell stage and blastocyst stage, respectively, following the treatment illustrated in Figure 4a;
  • Figure 5 is a micrograph illustrating mouse egg 24 hours following micro- injection with D210R PLC-zeta, illustrating lack of development to 2-cell stage.
  • Figure 6a shows dose-dependent calcium oscillations in fura-red loaded mouse eggs, triggered by micro-injection of cRNA encoding mouse sperm PLC-zeta (2 and 0.002 mg/ml, top and middle travces, respectively) and after pre-incubation with 10 uM cycloheximide (0.02 mg/ml, bottom trace); and
  • Figure 6b illustrates the mean interspike interval of calcium oscillations in eggs, following micro-injection of various PLC-zeta cRNA concentrations. Compared with the interval observed upon in vitro fertilisation (IVF). * indicates statistically significant (Student's unpaired t-test) from INF at the 5% level.
  • Figure 7 Structure ofthe human plc-zeta gene.
  • FIG. 8 Ca2+ oscillations in mouse oocytes microinjected with human PLC- zeta cR ⁇ A.
  • A. Dose-dependent Ca2+ oscillations in Mil-arrested mouse oocytes after microinjection of hPLC-zeta cRNA. The four traces show the cytoplasmic Ca2+ oscillations observed upon microinjection with cRNA at the indicated pipette concentration, from 20 to 0.02 ⁇ g/ml.
  • B Mean interspike interval of Ca2+ oscillations in mouse oocytes triggered by the various hPLC-zeta cRNA concentrations. The number of microinjected oocytes is shown above each dose.
  • Figure 9 Embryonic development of mouse oocytes microinjected with human
  • FIG. 10 Ca2+ oscillations in mouse oocytes with simian PLC-zeta cRNA.
  • B. Mean interspike interval of Ca2+ " oscillations in mouse oocytes triggered by the various sPLC-zeta cRNA concentrations. The number of microinjected oocytes is shown above each dose. The mean interspike interval at each dose is statistically different from each other using a students paired t-test, p ⁇ 0.0001 (200 ⁇ g/ml, 3.18 ⁇ 0.55; 20 ⁇ g/ml, 7.35 ⁇ 2.69; 2.0 ⁇ g/ml, 15.77 ⁇ 5.20).
  • Table 2 shows the genomic organization ofthe human PLC-zeta gene.
  • the gene is localized to chromosome 12pl2.3
  • EXAMPLE 1 Isolation of the nucleic acid/protein by PCR cloning (Human)
  • the human expressed sequence tag (EST) database at NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20891, U.S.A. was searched using the BLAST algorithm (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) for phospho-inositide-specific phospholipase C-related sequences using the published sequence ofthe rat phospholipase C delta 4 isoform (NCBI accession number U16655 -).
  • mouse EST database at NCBIgave a related class of novel ESTs derived from mouse testis cDNA (eg accession numbers AV257260, AV277909, AN273316, and AN277562).
  • the primers used for PCR from a human testis cD ⁇ A library were:
  • the forward primer was derived from the human EST sequences and included the predicted stop codon TGA, underlined.
  • the reverse primer encoded the Clontech lambda TriplEx2 vector sequence.
  • PCR was performed in a 50uL reaction volume with initial denaturation at 96 ° C for 3 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of 94 ° C for 30 seconds, 60 ° C for 30 seconds and 72 ° C for 3 minutes, and a final extension at 72 ° C for 5 minutes.
  • the single ⁇ 2 kilobase product amplified using these primers with Pfu DNA polymerase was cloned into the commercial vector pTOPO-Blunt and plasmids transformed into competent E. coli for plasmid DNA preparation according to manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen Inc. catalogue no. K2800-20, Invitrogen BN, PO Box 2312, 9704 CH Groningen, The Netherlands). Plasmid DNA was isolated from E. coli cultures using Qiagen miniprep purification columns according to manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen cat. no. 12125, QIAGEN Ltd. - UK, Boundary Court, Gatwick Road, Crawley, Westshire, RH10 9AX, U.K.).
  • the primers used for PCR from a mouse spermatid cDNA library (made using the lambda ZAP II vector (available from Stratagene Inc. 11011 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A.), provided by Dr. Paul Burgoyne, National Institute for Medical Research, London) were:
  • Reverse T7 primer 5' GTA ATA CGA CTC ACT ATA GGG C 3' (22mer)
  • the forward primer was derived from the mouse EST sequences and, included the predicted stop codon TCA, underlined.
  • Nucleotide sequence analysis ofthe amplified and cloned human and mouse DNAs was determined by standard dideoxy sequencing performed on an Applied Biosystems ABI377 automated DNA sequencer using the dRhodamine dye terminator kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Kelvin Close, Birchwood Science Park North, Warrington, WA3 7PB, U.K.).
  • Open reading frame (ORF) analysis ofthe complete human and mouse nucleotide sequences using MacNector sequence analysis software (Oxford Molecular, The Medawar Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX44GA, U.K.) revealed the complete protein coding sequence ofthe human and mouse PLC-zeta; PLC proteins.
  • the human sequence revealed an ORF of 1824 base pairs encoding a 608 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the mouse sequence revealed an ORF of 1941 base pairs encoding a 647 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • the ORF within these two cynomolgusmonkey cDNA clones were amplified by PCR with Pfu DNA polymerase, as described above, cloned into pcDNA3.1-N5-His-TOPO (Invitrogen) (pcDNA-zeta) and the insert DNA sequenced along both strands, as described above. Homology sequence analysis and alignment was performed using ClustalW (www.clustalw.genome.ad.jp) and domain structure by RPS-Blast ( www.ncbi .nlm.nih. gov/structure/cdd) .
  • EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of recombinant vectors for expression in mammalian cells
  • the reverse human primer included the start codon, ATG, underlined, and the forward human primer included the stop codon as used in the orginal PCR cloning steps described above.
  • PCR was performed as described above.
  • the ⁇ 1.8 kilobase product was cloned into pTOPO-Blunt and the DNA insert was sequenced as described above.
  • the -1.8 kilobase human DNA insert was excised from the pTOPO-Blunt vector by digestion with the restriction enzyme EcoRl, the restricted fragment was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, purified using the Qiagen DNA gel extraction kit and ligated into the EcoRl pre-digested mammalian vector, pTarget. Ligation was performed at 12 °C overnight in the presence of 10 units of T4 DNA ligase
  • Plasmid DNA was transformed into competent E.coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene), and plasmid DNA purified using Qiagen columns as described above. Restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA revealed the clones containing the correct orientation ofthe human PLC-zeta; PLC insert.
  • mice primers used were:
  • the reverse mouse primer included the start codon, ATG, underlined, and the forward mouse primer included the stop codon as used in the orginal PCR cloning steps described above.
  • PCR was performed as described above.
  • the ⁇ 1.9 kilobase product was cloned into pTOPO-Blunt and the DNA insert was sequenced as described above.
  • the -1.9 kilobase mouse DNA insert was excised from the pTOPO-Blunt vector by digestion with the restriction enzyme EcoRl, the restricted fragment was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, purified using the Qiagen DNA gel extraction kit and ligated into the EcoRl pre-digested mammalian vector, pTargeT. Ligation was performed at 12 °C overnight in the presence of 10 units of T4 DNA ligase
  • EXAMPLE 3 Transfection of human and mouse expression plasmids into CHO cells
  • the human and mouse pTargeT/ PLC expression plasmid DNAs prepared as described in Example 2 were separately introduced, by a lipid-mediated transfection procedure, into the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line grown in tissue culture.
  • CHO cells cultured in serum-containing media, DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) to a density of 500,000 cells per culture dish were transfected with 40 ⁇ g plasmid DNA plus 40uL of Lipofectamine2000 (Life Technologies Ltd, 3 Fountain Drive, Inchinnan Business Park, Paisley, U.K.) in serum-free DMEM. After 15 hours, the CHO cells were returned to serum-containing DMEM.
  • Transfected cells prepared according to Example 3 were washed with culture medium 30 minutes after transfection, then incubated with the calcium-sensitive fluorescent indicator, fura-2-AM for 60 minutes. After further washing with medium, the cells were then placed on a microscope stage and the changes in cell calcium levels, as detected by the fluorescence ofthe fura-2, were monitored. Only in cells transfected with the PLC ⁇ expression plasmid, the cell calcium level was observed to change periodically. This specific temporal behaviour of cell calcium, ie to produce calcium oscillations, is the same as that observed in eggs when fused with sperm at fertilization, and when soluble sperm proteins are injected directly into eggs. Figure 1 demonstrates this with respect to mouse PLC ⁇ . This indicates that the novel PLC ⁇ proteins we have identified in human and mouse testis may be used to specifically control cell calcium levels in mammalian cells.
  • cRNA complementary RNA
  • FIG. 2 demonstrates that mouse PLC ⁇ in mouse eggs causes calcium oscillations.
  • cRNA Complementary RNA
  • c-Myc-PLC ⁇ was further subcloned into pcDNA3.1 and sequence-verified before cRNA synthesis from the T7 site (Ribomax) for egg micro- injection, as described above.
  • c-Myc-PLC ⁇ was subcloned into pB AD (Invitrogen) with an in-frame hexahistidine tag at the 3 ' end.
  • the c-Myc- PLC ⁇ -Histag protein was produced in 0.2% w/v arabinose-induced, BL21(DE3)pLysS E.coli, after extraction ofthe pelleted bacteria by five freeze-thaw and ulfrasonication cycles, then purified by nickel affinity chromatography (ProBond, Invitrogen). Protein quantitation was performed using the BCA protein assay (Pierce) Densitometric analysis ofthe c-Myc-PLC ⁇ band expressed in eggs micro-injected with different cRNA concentrations, c-Myc-PLC ⁇ -Histag protein purified from
  • E.coli, and calibrated sperm extract PLC ⁇ derived from 10 -10 mouse sperm employed a c-Myc monoclonal antibody (1 :2000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and rabbit anti-PLC ⁇ antiserum (1:1000), respectively, using QuantifyOne software (BioRad).
  • Soluble extracts (Parrington et al Biochem J 341 1-4 (1999)) prepared from hamster sperm were incubated for 1 hour at 4°C with control IgG or anti-PLC ⁇ antibody that had been covalently attached to Protein G beads (1 mg/ml, Seize X Kit, Pierce). The PLC ⁇ content of the supernatant and precipitated beads was determined by immunoblot analysis with anti-PLC ⁇ antibody. Antibody-treated sperm supernatants were also analysed for Ca2 + release activity by fluo-3 fluorometry with sea urchin egg homogenates, monitored using a Perkin-Elmer LS50B fluorimeter (as described by Jones et al in FEBS Letts 437 297-300 (1998)).
  • mice were super-ovulated by injection with 5 IU of PMSG followed 48 hours later by HCG (Intervet). Eggs were collected 13.5-14.5 hours after HCG, maintained in 100 ⁇ l droplets of H-KSOM under mineral oil at 37°C and cRNA micro-injections performed within 1 hour.
  • mice sperm pellets were re-suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 15 mM dithiothreitol (Perry et al Biol Reprod 60 747-755 (1999)), then subjected to 5 freeze-thaw cycles in liquid N 2 and centrifuged at 20,000 x g at 4°C for 10 minutes, before densitometric analysis ofthe soluble extract with PLC ⁇ antibody, as described above.
  • sperm were capacitated for 2-3 hours before adding to eggs.
  • Egg activation and development studies were in H-KSOM containing 2 ⁇ M cytochalasin D for 4 hours. Further development to 2-cell stage, morula and blastocyst stage was carried out in 50 ⁇ l droplets of KSOM under mineral oil at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator.
  • the defining character ofthe mammalian sperm factor is the ability to elicit CCOs that mimic the fertilization-associated transients displayed by mammalian eggs.
  • PLC ⁇ complementary RNA cRNA
  • the high oscillation frequency is similar to that observed upon micro-injection of concentrated sperm extracts into mouse eggs.
  • the CCOs at fertilization display some unique features.
  • the first Ca ⁇ + transient invariably lasts longer than subsequent oscillations, and exhibits a set of interesting, smaller sinusoidal increases on top ofthe main peak.
  • Micro-injection of a pipette concentration of PLC ⁇ cR ⁇ A that produces an interspike interval matching INF (i.e. 0.02 mg/ml; Figure 6b) resulted not only in the same, longer initial Ca2 + transient, but also displayed a similar pattern of smaller sinusoidal increases.
  • a concentration of 0.02 mg/ml PLC ⁇ cRNA was used for subsequent micro-injection experiments, unless stated otherwise, to provide the precise Ca ⁇ + signaling conditions that are stereotypical of fertilization.
  • c-Myc-PLC ⁇ protein expressed in eggs was readily detected in immunoblots using an anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody, as a single band with the predicted mass of 78 kDa, whereas uninjected eggs exhibited no immunoreactivity.
  • the PLC ⁇ content of sperm extracts was specifically depleted using an anti- PLC ⁇ antibody, as described above. Immunoblot analysis indicated that sperm extract supernatant retains the PLC ⁇ protein after control antibody treatment, in contrast to PLC ⁇ antibody-treated supernatant where the PLC ⁇ is absent. Analysis of the corresponding precipitated antibody samples revealed that the sperm PLC ⁇ is effectively removed by PLC ⁇ antibody, but not by the control antibody.
  • Photomicrographs taken at 24 hours and 5 days after PLC ⁇ -micro-injection into mouse eggs show the appearance of normal embryo development to the 2-cell stage and blastocyst stage (left and right panel, respectively, Figure 4b). There were no morphological differences to embryos obtained after fertilization with sperm. Thus, after inducing Ca ⁇ + oscillations in the egg, sperm PLC ⁇ -micro-injection also triggered the entire cascade of events required for activation and embryo development, in the same manner as sperm at fertilization. The possibility remained that a novel action of PLC ⁇ other than PIP2 hydrolysis is responsible for egg activation, such as a protein-protein interaction with a distinct egg molecule.
  • Human PLC-zeta triggers Ca oscillations in mouse oocytes
  • cRNA for hPLC-zeta was microinjected into Mil-arrested mouse oocytes with a pipette concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ml hPLC-zeta cRNA, which corresponds to 0.001 mg/ml in the oocyte after a 3- 5% injection volume.
  • Figure 8A shows a representative example Ca2+ recording for each ofthe four different concentrations of hPLC-zeta cRNA that were microinjected. At 20 ⁇ g/ml hPLC-zeta cRNA triggered high frequency Ca2+ oscillations within 10- 15 minutes of microinjection (mean interspike interval: 4.21 ⁇ 1.79mins).
  • mouse embryo development to morula/blastocyst was 33.3 and 38.9%, respectively (Fig. 9A). This compares with developmental rates with in vivo fertilization and parthenogenetic activation of 55- 60% under our conditions using outbred mouse strains. It was conspicuous, however, that the high Ca2+ oscillation frequency (low mean interspike interval) produced with 20 ⁇ g/ml was ineffective at supporting development to morula/blastocyst stages
  • Micrographs ofthe mouse embryos produced by hPLC-zeta cRNA microinjection show they are morphologically similar to those following in vitro fertilization (Fig. 9B), analogous to the observations with mPLC-zeta , though blastocyst cell numbers have not been determined.
  • Simian PLC-zeta triggers Ca2+ oscillations in mouse oocytes.
  • the observations described above show that the human and mouse PLC-zeta can cause fertilization-like Ca2+ oscillations that initiates activation and development of mouse oocytes.
  • FIG. 10A shows that slPLC-zeta cRNA triggered dose-dependent Ca2+ oscillations in mouse oocytes comparable to those seen with human and mouse PLC-zeta, at each ofthe three doses tested (0.2, 0.02, 0.002 mg/ml). Similar to the data with human PLC-zeta, (Fig. 8A), the period over which Ca2+ oscillations occurred was 3-4 hours for each ofthe three si PLC-zeta cRNA concentrations microinjected. However, the frequency of Ca2+ spikes was different for each cRNA concentration, with the mean interspike interval decreasing with higher level ofthe stimulus (Fig. 10B).
  • hPLC-zeta was able to trigger development of embryos to the blastocyst stage (Fig. 8). This suggests that hPLC-zeta is able to produce all ofthe normal events of oocyte activation.
  • hPLC-zeta is able to produce all ofthe normal events of oocyte activation.
  • one feature ofthe greater efficacy of hPLC-zeta is that high cRNA levels caused very high frequency Ca2+ oscillations in mouse oocytes (Fig. 8 A, top trace).
  • concentrations of cRNA that resulted in Ca2+ oscillations of -1 spike every 5 minutes hPLC-zeta was able to effect oocyte activation, but the embryos arrested at the 2-cell stage (Fig. 9A).
  • SEQ ID NO; 5 Mouse PLC-zeta nucleotide sequence, including untranslated region (Genbank Accession No AF 35950) (2187 basepairs)
  • beta3-mouse 1 beta2-human ! beta4-mouse I epsi1on-human 51 SHTISQLNKLKEEPSGSNLPKILSIAREKIVSDENSNEKCWEKIMPDSAK deltal-human ! deIta3-human 1 delta2-bovine ! delta4-rat ! ga mal-human 1 gamma2-human 1 zeta-mo ⁇ keyA 1 zeta-human ' ! zeta-mouse ! zeta-rat ! _ betal-human ! beta3-mouse ! beta2-human 1 beta4-mouse !
  • .zeta-rat x _ betal-human x beta3-mouse i beta2-human beta4-mouse X epsi1on-human 301 EDFPDNCDDV ⁇ EDAFKSKKERSTLLVRRFCKNDREVKKSVYTGTRAIVRT deltal-human delta3-human X delta2-bovine X delta4-rat . x gamma1-human gamma2-human . zeta-monkeyA X zeta-human' 1 zeta-mouse X zeta-rat X betal-human _ whom beta3-mouse X beta2-human be a4-mouse X .
  • zeta-rat x betal-human i beta3 -mouse X beta2-human beta4-mouse I epsilon-human 401 YPIYNAVRREETENTVGSLLHFLTKLPASETAHGRISVGPCLKQCVRDTV deltal-human 1 delta3-human 1 -t delta2-bovine X delta4-rat 1 gamma1-human 1 gamma2-human 1
  • zeta-monkeyA 1 zeta-human X zeta-mouse 1 zeta-rat X betal-human X _ beta3-mouse 1 beta2-human X beta4-mouse epsilon-human 451
  • delta2-bovine 1 delta4-rat 1 gammal-human 1 gamma2-human 1 zeta-monkeyA 1 zeta-human 1 zeta-mouse 1 zeta-rat 1 betal-human 1 — GSL GIATK beta3-mouse 1 -MAGARPGVHAL beta2-human 1 MS LNP beta -mouse 1 MAKPYE epsilon-human 8 80011 KDKSRWQFIIGDLLDSDNDIFEQSKEYDSHGSEDSQKAEDHGTE IP YV deltal-human 1 DSGRDF T H delta3-human 1 M delta2-bovine 1 MAYLLQG delta4-rat 1 MASQIQK gammal-human 1 -MAGAASPCANGCGPGAPS gamma2-human 1 STTVNVDSLA zeta-monkeyA 1 zeta-human 1 zeta-mouse 1
  • zeta-monkeyA zeta-human zeta-mouse zeta-rat betal-human 813 NLMEQRAKQLAALTLEDEEEVKKEADPGETPSEAPSEARTTPAENGVNHT beta3-mouse 868 SLMDQRAKQLAALIGESEAQASTETYQETPCQQPGSQLPSNPTPNPLDAS beta2-human 820 SAHDTKSVKL EAMG GLPEKPFPLASPVASQ beta4-mouse 843 SITEKRADQMRAMGIETSDIADVPSDTS KND KGKANPAKANVTPQ epsilon-human 2005 TEER CLQTHRVTVH deltal-human delta3-human delta2-bovine delta4-rat gammal-human 897 FSISMASVAH SLDVAADSQEELQDWVKKIREVAQTADARLTEGKIMERR gamma2-human 874- FILEPKEQGDPPVEFATDRVEELFE FQSIREITWKID

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US8268321B2 (en) * 2004-04-05 2012-09-18 The University Of Tokushima Antigen-drug vehicle enabling transmucosal and transdermal administration, and method of inducing mucosal immunity and mucosal vaccine and DDS using the same
US10233242B2 (en) 2012-06-27 2019-03-19 Dmnomore CTLA4 fusion proteins for the treatment of diabetes
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WO2008063577A2 (en) * 2006-11-17 2008-05-29 University Of Massachusetts Phospholipase c zeta mediated oocyte activation
CA2708333A1 (en) * 2007-12-12 2010-02-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Marine diesel cylinder lubricants for improved fuel efficiency
US8735359B2 (en) * 2012-05-24 2014-05-27 Orban Biotech Llc Combinations of modalities for the treatment of diabetes

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Cited By (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8268321B2 (en) * 2004-04-05 2012-09-18 The University Of Tokushima Antigen-drug vehicle enabling transmucosal and transdermal administration, and method of inducing mucosal immunity and mucosal vaccine and DDS using the same
WO2009019433A2 (en) * 2007-08-08 2009-02-12 University College Cardiff Consultants Limited Fertilisation protein
WO2009019433A3 (en) * 2007-08-08 2009-04-09 Univ Cardiff Fertilisation protein
AU2008285443B2 (en) * 2007-08-08 2013-05-09 University College Cardiff Consultants Limited Fertilisation protein
US10233242B2 (en) 2012-06-27 2019-03-19 Dmnomore CTLA4 fusion proteins for the treatment of diabetes
US11286303B2 (en) 2012-06-27 2022-03-29 Phaim Pharma Ltd CTLA4 fusion proteins for the treatment of diabetes
US11040093B2 (en) 2014-02-25 2021-06-22 Phaim Pharma Ltd Immunomodulatory therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus autoimmunity

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