WO2003013479A1 - Compositions et methodes destinees a prevenir l'abus d'opioides - Google Patents

Compositions et methodes destinees a prevenir l'abus d'opioides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003013479A1
WO2003013479A1 PCT/US2002/024934 US0224934W WO03013479A1 WO 2003013479 A1 WO2003013479 A1 WO 2003013479A1 US 0224934 W US0224934 W US 0224934W WO 03013479 A1 WO03013479 A1 WO 03013479A1
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Prior art keywords
dosage form
opioid
oral dosage
antagonist
amount
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PCT/US2002/024934
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English (en)
Inventor
Christopher Breder
Robert Colucci
Benjamin Oshlack
Richard Sackler
Curtis Wright
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Euro-Celtique S.A.
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Priority to HU0401195A priority Critical patent/HUP0401195A3/hu
Priority to JP2003518489A priority patent/JP2005501067A/ja
Priority to CA002456322A priority patent/CA2456322A1/fr
Priority to DE20220910U priority patent/DE20220910U1/de
Priority to AU2002319774A priority patent/AU2002319774B2/en
Priority to BR0212019-4A priority patent/BR0212019A/pt
Priority to KR10-2004-7001878A priority patent/KR20040060917A/ko
Priority to MXPA04001208A priority patent/MXPA04001208A/es
Priority to EP02750438A priority patent/EP1414418A1/fr
Publication of WO2003013479A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003013479A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1635—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1641—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, poloxamers
    • A61K9/1647—Polyesters, e.g. poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2072—Pills, tablets, discs, rods characterised by shape, structure or size; Tablets with holes, special break lines or identification marks; Partially coated tablets; Disintegrating flat shaped forms
    • A61K9/2077—Tablets comprising drug-containing microparticles in a substantial amount of supporting matrix; Multiparticulate tablets
    • A61K9/2081—Tablets comprising drug-containing microparticles in a substantial amount of supporting matrix; Multiparticulate tablets with microcapsules or coated microparticles according to A61K9/50
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5073—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals having two or more different coatings optionally including drug-containing subcoatings
    • A61K9/5078—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals having two or more different coatings optionally including drug-containing subcoatings with drug-free core
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2027—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates

Definitions

  • Opioid analgesics are sometimes the subject of abuse.
  • a particular d ⁇ se of an opioid analgesic is more potent when administered parenterally as compared to the same dose administered orally. Therefore, one popular mode of abuse of oral opioid formulations involves the extraction of the opioid from the dosage form, and the subsequent injection of the opioid (using any "suitable" vehicle for injection) in order to achieve a "high.”
  • naloxone is intended to curb a form of misuse of oral pentazocine which occurs when the dosage form is solubilized and injected. Therefore, this dosage has lower potential for parenteral misuse than previous oral pentazocine formulations.
  • a fixed combination therapy comprising tilidine (50 mg) and naloxone (4 mg) has been available in Germany for the management of severe pain since 1978 (Valoron ⁇ N, Goedecke).
  • the rationale for the combination of these drugs is effective pain relief and the prevention of tilidine addiction through naloxone-induced antagonisms at the morphine receptor.
  • a fixed combination of buprenorphine and naloxone was introduced in 1991 in New Zealand (Temgesic ⁇ Nx, Reckitt & Colman) for the treatment of pain.
  • Purdue Pharma L.P currently markets sustained-release oxycodone in dosage fo ⁇ ns containing 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg oxycodone hydrochloride under the tradename OxyContin.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,769,372 and 4,785,000 to Kreek describe methc-Is of treating patients suffering from chronic pain or chronic cough without provoking intestinal dysmotility by administering 1 to 2 dosage units comprising from about 1.5 to about 100 mg of opioid analgesic or antitussive and from about 1 to about 18 mg of an opioid antagonist having little to no systemic antagonist activity when administered orally, from 1 to 5 times daily.
  • WO 99/32119 to Kaiko et al. describes compositions and methods of preventing abuse of opioid dosage forms.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,472,943 to Grain et al. describes methods of enhancing the analgesic potency of bimodally acting opioid agonists by administering tb ⁇ agonist with an opioid antagonist.
  • Shaw et al., U.S. Patent No. 3,980,766 relates to drugs which are suitable for therapy in the treatment of narcotic drug addiction by oral use, e.g., methadone, formulated to prevent injection abuse through concentration of the active component in aqueous solution by incorporating in a solid dosage or tablet form of such drug an ingestible solid having thickening properties which cause rapid increase in viscosity upon concentration of an aqueous solution thereof.
  • an oral dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic; an opioid antagonist; and at least one aversive agent for reducing the abuse of the opioid analgesic.
  • the oral dosage forms of the present invention comprising an opioid analgesic; an opioid antagonist; and an , aversive agent or agents as a component(s) of the dosage form helps to prevent injection abuse by decreasing the "attractiveness" of the dosage fo ⁇ n to a potential abuser.
  • the dosage jorm comprises an aversive agent such as a bittering agent to discourage an abuser from tampering with the dosage form and thereafter inhaling or swallowing the tampered dosage form.
  • aversive agent such as a bittering agent to discourage an abuser from tampering with the dosage form and thereafter inhaling or swallowing the tampered dosage form.
  • the bittering agent is released when the dosage form is tampered with and provides an unpleasant taste to the abuser upon inhalation and/or swallowing of the tampered dosage form.
  • the dosage form comprises an aversive agent such as an irritant to discourage an abuser from tampering with the dosage form and thereafter inhaling, injecting, or swallowing the tampered dosage form.
  • an aversive agent such as an irritant to discourage an abuser from tampering with the dosage form and thereafter inhaling, injecting, or swallowing the tampered dosage form.
  • the irritant is release when the dosage form is tampered with and provides a burning or irritating effect to the abuser upon inhalation, injection, and/or swallowing the tampered dosage form.
  • the dosage form comprises an aversive agent such as a gelling agent to discourage an abuser from tampering with the dosage form and thereafter inhaling, injecting, or swallowing the tampered dosage fo ⁇ n.
  • an aversive agent such as a gelling agent to discourage an abuser from tampering with the dosage form and thereafter inhaling, injecting, or swallowing the tampered dosage fo ⁇ n.
  • the gelling agent is released when the dosage fonn is tampered with and provides a gel-like quality to the tampered dosage form which slows the absorption of the opioid analgesic such that an abuser is less likely to obtain a rapid "high".
  • the dosage form when the dosage form is tampered with and exposed to a small amount (e.g., less than about 10 ml) of an aqueous liquid (e.g., water), the dosage form will be unsuitable for injection and/or inhalation.
  • an aqueous liquid e.g., water
  • the tampered dosage form preferably becomes thick and viscous, rendering it unsuitable for injection.
  • the term "unsuitable for injection” is defined for purposes of the present invention to mean that one would have substantial difficulty injecting the dosage form (e.g., due to pain upon administration or difficulty pushing the dosage form through a syringe) due to the viscosity imparted on the dosage form, thereby reducing the potential for abuse of the opioid analgesic in the dosage form.
  • the gelling agent is present in such an amount in the dosage form that attempts at evaporation (by the application of heat) to an aqueous mixture of the dosage form in an effort to produce a higher concentration of the therapeutic agent, produces a highly viscous substance unsuitable for injection.
  • the gelling agent When nasally inhaling the tampered dosage form, the gelling agent can become gel like upon administration to the nasal passages due to the moisture of the mucous membranes. This also makes such formulations aversive to nasal administration, as the gel will stick to the nasal passage and minimize absorption of the abusable substance.
  • the dosage form comprises a combination of any or all of the aforementioned aversive agents (e.g., a bittering agent, an irritant, and/or a gelling agent) to discourage an abuser from tampering with the dosage form and thereafter inhaling, injecting, and/or swallowing the tampered dosage form.
  • aversive agents e.g., a bittering agent, an irritant, and/or a gelling agent
  • Embodiments specifically contemplated include bittering agent; gelling agent; irritant; bittering agent and gelling agent; bittering agent and i ⁇ itant; gelling agent and irritant; bittering agent and gelling agent; bittering agent and irritant; gelling agent and irritant; and bittering agent and gelling agent and irritant.
  • the dosage forms are controlled release oral dosage fo ⁇ ns comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an opioid analgesic and an opioid antagonist together with one or more of the aversive agents described above such that the dosage fo ⁇ n provides effective pain relief for at least about 12 hours, or at least about 24 hours, when orally administered to a human patient.
  • the opioid antagonist present in the dosage form is present in a substantially non-releasable form (i.e., "sequestered") when the dosage • form is administered intact as directed.
  • a substantially non-releasable form i.e., "sequestered”
  • the opioid antagonist does not substantially block the analgesic effect of the opioid agonist when the dosage form is orally administered intact, and does not pose a risk of precipitation of withdrawal in opioid tolerant or dependent patients.
  • the aversive agent present in the dosage form is present in a substantially non-releasable form (i.e., "sequestered") instead of, or in addition to, the opioid antagonist being in a substantially non-releasable form.
  • the aversive agent may not be "sequestered” as disclosed above wherein the aversive agent is not released or minimally released from an intact dosage form, but may have a modified or sustained release so as not to dump the aversive agent in a particular section of the gashOintestinal tract; e.g. the stomach, where it may cause an unwanted effect such as excessive irritation.
  • the aversive agent can be combined with an enteric carrier to delay its release or combined with a ca ⁇ ier to provide a sustained release of the aversive agent.
  • the aversive agent will preferably not have any significant side effect (e.g., gastrointestinal side effect) even if all of the aversive agent is immediately released upon oral administration of an intact dosage fo ⁇ ri as directed.
  • the aversive agent(s) can also be in the dosage form in releasable fo ⁇ n and non-releasable form in any combination.
  • a dosage form can have a bittering agent, i ⁇ itant, gel or combination thereof in releasable form and non-releasable form as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application entitled "Compositions And Methods To Prevent Abuse Of Opioids" filed August 6, 2002.
  • the antagonist of the present invention may be in releasable form, non-releasable form or a combination of releasable form and non- releasable form as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application entitled "Pharmaceutical Formulations Containing Opioid Agonist, Releasable Antagonist, and Sequestered Antagonist” filed August 6, 2002 and hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in its entirety, in combination with one of the aversive agents disclosed herein.
  • the antagonist of the present invention can be an antagonist with minimal oral activity such as naloxone in releasable or "non-sequestered" form.
  • the inclusion of such an antagonist would be a dete ⁇ ent to parenteral abuse of the dosage form and the aversive agents of the present invention (i.e., bittering agent, irritant, gelling agent) would be a dete ⁇ ent to oral and nasal abuse of the dosage form.
  • the dosage form can contain a "sequestered” antagonist such as a bioavailable antagonist to further deter the oral and nasal abuse of the dosage fo ⁇ n upon administration of a tampered dosage form.
  • aversive agent is defined for purposes of the present invention to mean a bittering agent, an i ⁇ itant, or a gelling agent.
  • tampered dosage form is defined for purposes of the present invention to mean that the dosage form has been manipulated by mechanical, thermal, and/or chemical means which changes the physical properties of the dosage form, e.g., to liberate the opioid agonist for immediate release if it is in sustained release form, or to make the opioid agonist available for inappropriate use such as administration by an alternate route, e.g., parenterally.
  • the tampering can be, e.g., by means of crushing, shearing, grinding, chewing, dissolution in a solvent, heating, (e.g., greater than about 45° C), or any combination thereof.
  • the te ⁇ n "substantially non-releasable form" for memeposes of the present invention refers to an opioid antagonist and/or aversive agent that is not released or substantially not released at one hour after the intact dosage fo ⁇ n containing an opioid agonist, an opioid antagonist and at least one aversive agent is orally administered (i.e., without having been tampered with).
  • Fo ⁇ nulations comprising an opioid antagonist in a dosage form in a substantially non-releasable form are described in U.S. Application Serial No. 09/781,081, entitled “Tamper Resistant Oral Opioid Agonist Fo ⁇ nulations", filed February 8, 2001, the disclosure of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in its entirety.
  • the amount released after oral administration of the intact dosage form may be measured in-vitro via the dissolution at 1 hour of the dosage form in 900 ml of Simulated Gastric Fluid using a USP Type II (paddle) apparatus at 75 rpm at 37° C.
  • a dosage form is also referred to as comprising a "sequestered antagonist” and/or a “sequestered aversive agent” depending on the agent or agents which are not released or substantially not released.
  • the substantially non-releasable form of the antagonist and/or the aversive agent is resistant to laxatives (e.g., mineral oil) used to manage delayed colonic transit and resistant to achlorhydric states.
  • laxatives e.g., mineral oil
  • the aversive agent is not released or not substantially released 4, 8, 12 and/or 24 hours after oral administration.
  • the phrase "at least partially blocking the opioid effect”, is defined for pu ⁇ oses of the present invention to mean that the opioid antagonist at least significantly blocks the euphoric effect of the opioid antagonist, thereby reducing the potential for abuse of the opioid agonist in the dosage form.
  • analgesic effectiveness is defined for pu ⁇ oses of the present invention as a satisfactory reduction in or elimination of pain, along with a tolerable level of side effects, as determined by the human patient.
  • not substantially blocking the analgesic effect of an opioid agonist for pu ⁇ oses of the present invention means that the opioid antagonist does not block the effects of the opioid agonist in sufficient degree as to render the dosage form the: --peutically less effective for providing analgesia.
  • sustained release is defined for pu ⁇ oses of the present invention as the release of the opioid analgesic from the oral dosage form at such a rate that blood (e.g., plasma) concentrations (levels) are maintained within the therapeutic range but below toxic levels over an extended period of time , e.g., from about 12 to about 24 hours as compared to an immediate release product.
  • blood e.g., plasma
  • concentrations levels
  • the sustained release is sufficient to provide a twice-a-day or a once-a-day formulation.
  • the te ⁇ n "particles" of opioid antagonist refers to granules, spheroids, beads or pellets comprising the opioid antagonist.
  • the opioid antagonist particles are about 0.2 to about 2 mm in diameter, more preferably about 0.5 to about 2 mm in diameter.
  • parenterally as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous injections, intramuscular injections, intrasternal injections, infusion techniques, or other methods of injection known in the art.
  • inhaled includes trans-mucosal, trans-bronchial, and trans- nasal abuse.
  • bittering agent includes a compound used to impart a bitter taste, bitter flavor, etc., to an abuser administering a tampered dosage form of the present invention.
  • irritant includes a compound used to . ' mpart an i ⁇ itating, e.g., burning or uncomfortable, sensation to an abuser administering a tampered dosage form of the present invention.
  • gelling agent includes a compound or composition used to impart gel-like or thickening quality to a tampered dosage form upon the addition of moisture or liquid.
  • the aversive agents of the present invention are preferably for use in connection with oral dosage forms including opioid analgesics and opioid antagonists, which provide valuable analgesia but which may be abused. This is particularly true for controlled release opioid analgesic products which have a large dose of a desirable opioid analgesic intended to be released over a period of time in each dosage unit. Dmg abusers typically may take a controlled-release product and crush, shear, grind, chew, dissolve and/or heat, extract or otherwise damage the product so that the full contents of the dosage fo ⁇ n become available for immediate abso ⁇ tion by injection, inhalation, and/or oral consumption.
  • the present invention comprises a method for preventing or dete ⁇ ing of the abuse of opioid analgesics by the inclusion of an opioid antagonist and at least one aversive agent in the dosage form with the opioid analgesic.
  • bittering agents can be employed including, for example and without limitation, natural, artificial and synthetic flavor oils and flavoring aromatics and/or oils, oleoresins and extracts derived from plants, leaves, flowers, fruits, and so forth, and combinations thereof.
  • Nonlimiting representative flavor oils include spearmint oil, peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, oil of nutmeg, allspice, mace, oil of bitter almonds, menthol and the like.
  • Also useful bittering agents are artificial, natural and synthetic fruit flavors such as citrus oils including lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, and fruit essences and so forth.
  • Additional bittering agents include sucrose derivatives (e.g., sucrose octaacetate), chlorosucrose derivatives, quinine sulphate, and the like
  • sucrose derivatives e.g., sucrose octaacetate
  • chlorosucrose derivatives e.g., quinine sulphate
  • the prefe ⁇ ed bittering agent for use in the present invention is Denatonium Benzoate NT-Anhydrous, sold under the name BitrexTM (Macfarlan Smith Limited, Edinburgh, UK).
  • the intake of the tampered with dosage fo ⁇ n produces a bitter taste upon inhalation or oral administration which in certain embodiments spoils or hinders the pleasure of obtaining a high from the tampered dosage form, and preferably prevents the abuse of the dosage form.
  • a bittering agent may be added to the formulation in an amoui ⁇ of less than about 50% by weight preferably less than about 10% by weight, most preferably less than about 5% by weight of the dosage form, and most preferably in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to 1.0 percent by weight of the dosage form depending on the particular bittering agent(s) used.
  • a dosage form including a bittering agent preferably discourages improper usage of the tampered dosage fo ⁇ n by imparting a disagreeable taste or flavor to the tampered dosage form.
  • various irritants can be employed including, for example and without limitation capsaicin, a capsaicin analog with similar type properties as capsaicin, and the like.
  • Some capsaicin analogues or derivatives include for example and without limitation, resiniferatoxin, tinyatoxin, heptanoylisobutylamide, heptanoyl guaiacylamide, other isobutylamides or guaiacylamides, dihydrocapsaicin, homovaniHyl octylester, nonanoyl , vanillylamide, or other compounds of the class known as vanilloids.
  • Resiniferatoxin is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,816 (Blumberg), issued Mar. 1, 1994.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,446 (Brand) issued Mar.
  • an irritant e.g., capsaicin
  • the capsaicin when the dosage form is tampered with, the capsaicin imparts a burning or discomforting quality to the to the abuser to preferably discourage the inhalation, injection, or oral administration of the tampered dosage form, and preferably to prevent the abuse of the dosage form.
  • Suitable capsaicin compositions include capsaicin (trans 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-noneamide) or analogues thereof in a concentration between about 0.00125%) and 50% by weight, preferably between about 1 and about 7.5% by weight, and most preferably, between about 1 and about 5% by weight.
  • various gelling agents can be employed including, for example and without limitation, sugars or sugar derived alcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol, and the like, starch and starch derivatives, cellulose derivatives, such as microcrystalline cellulose, sodium caboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, attapulgites, bentonites, dextrins, alginates, ca ⁇ ageenan, gum tragacant 1 ., gum acacia, guar gum, xanthan gum, pectin, gelatin, kaolin, lecithin, magnesium aluminum silicate, the carbomers and carbopols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, silicon dioxide, surfactants, mixed
  • the gelling agent is xanthan gum.
  • the gelling agent of the present invention is pectin.
  • the pectin or pectic substances useful for this invention include not only purified or isolated pectates but also crude natural pectin sources, such as apple, citrus or sugar beet residues which have been subjected, when necessary, to esterification or de-esterification, e.g., by alkali or enzymes.
  • the pectins used in this invention are derived from citrus fruits such as lime, lemon, grapefruit, and orange.
  • the gelling agent when the dosage form is tampered with, the gelling agent preferably imparts a gel-like quality to the tampered dosage form which preferably spoils or hinders the pleasure of obtaining a rapid high from the tampered dosage form due to the gel like consistency in contact with the luucous membrane, and in certain embodiments, prevents the abuse of the dosage fo ⁇ n by minimizing abso ⁇ tion, e.g. in the nasal passages.
  • a gelling agent may be added to the formulation in a ratio of gelling agent to opioid agonist of from about 1 :40 to about 40: 1 by weight, preferably from about 1:1 to about 30:1 by weight, and more preferably from about 2:1 to about 10:1 by weight of the opioid agonist.
  • the dosage form forms a viscous gel after the dosage form is tampered with, dissolved in an aqueous liquid (from about 0.5 to aoout 10 ml and preferably from 1 to about 5 ml), causing the resulting mixture to have a viscosity of at least about 10 cP. Most preferably, the resulting mixture will have a viscosity of at least about 60 cP.
  • the dosage form forms a viscous gel after the dosage form is tampered with, dissolved in an aqueous liquid (from about 0.5 to about 10 ml and preferably from 1 to about 5 ml) and then heated (e.g., greater than about 45°C), causing the resulting mixture to have a viscosity of at least about 10 cP. Most preferably, the resulting mixture will have a viscosity of at least about 60 cP.
  • the dosage form may include one or more of the aforementioned aversive agents.
  • the amount of the bittering agent, i ⁇ itant, or gelling agent in the formulation of the present invention should not be toxic to humans.
  • Opioid antagonists useful in the present invention include, for example and without limitation, naltrexone, naloxone, nalmefene, nalide, nalmexone, nalo ⁇ hine, nalo ⁇ hine dinicotinate, cyclazocine, levallo ⁇ han, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.
  • the opioid antagonist is naloxone or naltrexone.
  • the amount of the opioid antagonist included in the dosage form may be about 10 ng to 275 mg.
  • Naloxone is an opioid antagonist which is almost void of agonist effects. Subcutaneous doses of up to 12 mg of naloxone produce no discernable subjective effects, and 24 mg naloxone causes only slight drowsiness. Small doses (0.4-0.8 mg) of naloxone given intramuscularly or intravenously in man prevent or promptly reverse the effects of mo ⁇ hine-like opioid agonist. One mg of naloxone intravenously has been reported to completely block the effect of 25 mg of heroin. The effects of naloxone are seen almost immediately after intravenous administration.
  • the drug is absorbed after oral administration, but has been reported to be metabolized into an inactive form rapidly in its first passage through the liver such that it has been reported to have significantly lower potency than as when parenterally administered. Oral dosages of more than lg have been reported to be almost. completely metabolized in less than 24 hours. It has been reported that 25% > of naloxone administered sublingually is absorbed. Weinberg, et al., Sublingual Abso ⁇ tion of selected Opioid Analgesics, Clin Pharmacol Ther. (1988); 44:335-340.
  • opioid antagonists for example, cyclazocine and naltrexone, both of which have cyclopropylmethyl substitutions on the nitrogen, retain much of thei' efficacy by the oral route and their durations of action are much longer, approaching 24 hours after their oral administration.
  • naltrexone In the treatment of patients previously addicted to opioids, naltrexone has been used in large oral doses (over 100 mg) to prevent euphorigenic effects of opioid agonists. Naltrexone has been reported to exert strong preferential blocking action against mu over delta sites. Naltrexone is known as a synthetic congener of oxymo ⁇ hone with no opioid agonist properties, and differs in structure from oxymo ⁇ hone by the replacement of the methyl group located on the nitrogen atom of oxymo ⁇ hone with a cyclopropylmethyl group. The hydrochloride salt of naltrexone is soluble in water up to about 100 mg/cc.
  • naltrexone The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of naltrexone have been evaluated in multiple animal and clinical studies. See, e.g., Gonzalez JP, et al. Naltrexone: A review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pha ⁇ nacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in the Management of Opioid Dependence. Drugs 1988; 35:192-213, hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference. Following oral administration, naltrexone is rapidly absorbed (vvithin 1 hour) and has an oral bioavailability ranging from 5-40%. Naltrexone's protein binding is approximately 21% and the volume of distribution following single-dose administration is 16.1 L/kg.
  • Naltrexone is commercially available in tablet form (Revia " , DuPont) for the treatment of alcohol dependence and for the blockade of exogenously administered opioids. See, e.g., Revia (naltrexone hydrochloride tablets). Physician 's Desk Reference 51 st ed., Montvale, NJ. "Medical Economics” 1997; 51:957-959. A dosage of 50 mg Revia ® blocks the pharmacological effects of 25 mg IV administered heroin for up to 24 hours.
  • naltrexone blocks the development of physical dependence to opioids. It is believed that the method by which naltrexone blocks the effects of heroin is by competitively binding at the opioid receptors. Naltrexone has been used to treat narcotic addiction by complete blockade of the effects of opioids. It has been found that the most successful use of naltrexone for a narcotic addiction is with narcotic addicts having good prognosis, as part of a comprehensive occupational or rehabilitative program involving behavioral, control or other compliance enhancing methods.
  • naltrexone For treatment of narcotic dependence with naltrexone, it is desirable that the patient be opioid-free for at least 7-10 days.
  • the initial dosage of naltrexone for such pu ⁇ oses has typically been about 25 mg, and if no withdrawal signs occur, the dosage may be increased to 50 mg per day. A daily dosage of 50 mg is considered to produce adequate clinical blockade of the actions of parenterally administered opioids.
  • Naltrexone has also been used for the treatment of alcoholism as an adjunct with social and psychotherapeutic methods.
  • the aversive agent and/or the opioid antagonist included in the dosage form may be in a substantially non-releasable form.
  • the opioid antagonist is in a substantially non-releasable form
  • the substantially non-releasable form of the opioid antagonist comprises an opioid antagonist that is formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic materials, such that the antagonist is not released or substantially not released during its transit through the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally as intended, without having been tampered with.
  • the substantially non-releasable form of the aversive agent comprises an aversive agent that is formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable materials acceptable hydrophobic materials, such that the aversive agent is not released or substantially not released during its transit through the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally as intended, without having been tampered with.
  • the substantially non-releasable form of the opioid antagonist is vulnerable to mechanical, thermal and or chemical tampering, e.g., tampering by means of crushing, shearing, grinding, chewing and/or dissolution in a solvent in combination with heating (e.g., greater than about 45°C) of the oral dosage form.
  • mechanical, thermal and or chemical tampering e.g., tampering by means of crushing, shearing, grinding, chewing and/or dissolution in a solvent in combination with heating (e.g., greater than about 45°C) of the oral dosage form.
  • the analgesic or euphoric effect of the opioid is reduced or eliminated.
  • the effect of the opioid agonist is at least partially blocked by the opioid antagonist. In certain other embodiments, the effect of the opioid agonist is substantially blocked by the opioid antagonist.
  • the substantially non-releasable form of the aversive agent is vulnerable to mechanical, thermal and/or chemical tampering, e.g., tampering by means of crushing, shearing, grinding, chewing and/or dissolution in a solvent in combination with heating (e.g., greater than about 45°C) of the oral dosage form.
  • tampering e.g., tampering by means of crushing, shearing, grinding, chewing and/or dissolution in a solvent in combination with heating (e.g., greater than about 45°C) of the oral dosage form.
  • the release of the aversive agent hinders, deters or prevents the administration of the tampered dosage form orally, intranasally, parenterally and/or sublingually.
  • ratio of the opioid agonist to the substantially non-releasable form of an opioid antagonist in the oral dosage form is such that the effect of the opioid agonist is at least partially blocked when the dosage form is chewed, crushed or dissolved in a solvent and heated, and administered orally, intranasally, parenterally or sublingually. Since the oral dosage form of certain embodiments described herein, when administered properly as intended, would not substantially release the opioid antagonist and/or the aversive agent, the amount of such antagonist and/or aversive agent may be varied more widely than if the opioid antagonist and/or aversive agent is available to be released into the gastrointestinal system upon oral administration.
  • the amount of the antagonist and/or aversive agent present in a substantially non-releasable form should not be ha ⁇ nful to humans even if fully released.
  • the ratio of particular opioid agonist to antagonist can be determined without undue experimentation by one skilled in the art.
  • the ratio of the opioid agonist and the opioid antagonist, present in a substantially non-releasable form is about 1:1 to about 50:1 by weight, preferably about 1:1 to about 20:1 by weight. In certain prefe ⁇ ed embodiments, the ratio is about 1:1 to about 10:1 by weight.
  • the opioid agonist comprises oxycodone or hydrocodone and is present in the amount of about 15-45 mg and the opioid antagonist comprises naltrexone and is present in an amount of about 0.5 to about lOmg, preferably about 0.5 to about 5 mg.
  • the opioid antagonist of the present invention may be included in the dosage form, such that it is analgesically effective when orally administered, but which upon parenteral administration, does not produce analgesia, euphoria or physical dependence.
  • the opioid antagonist is naloxone which is in an amount which is not orally effective, but is parenterally effective, as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,773,955, the disclosure of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in its entirety.
  • the naloxone is released from the dosage form when orally administered, but does not abolish the oral activity of the opioid analgesic included in the dosage form.
  • the opioid antagonist of the present invention is released from the dosage form upon oral administration and may be included in the dosage form in an amount as described in WO 99/32119, the disclosure of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in its entirety, (i) which does not cause a reduction in the level of analgesia elicited from the dosage form upon oral administration to a non-therapeutic level and (ii) which provides at least a mildly negative, "aversive" experience in physically dependent subjects (e.g., precipitated abstinence syndrome) when the subjects attempt t ⁇ take at least twice the usually prescribed dose at a time (and often 2-3 times that dose or more), as compared to a comparable dose of the opioid without the opioid antagonist present.
  • WO 99/32119 the disclosure of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in its entirety
  • the amount of antagonist included in the oral dosage form is less positively reinforcing (e.g., less “liked") to a non-physically dependent opioid addict than a comparable oral dosage form without the antagonist included.
  • the formulation provides effective analgesia when orally administered.
  • the oral dosage form comprises an orally therapeutically effective dose of an opioid agonist, and an opioid antagonist in a ratio that provides a combination product which is analgesically effective when the combination is administered orally, but which is aversive in physically dependent human subjects when administered at the same dose or at a higher dose than said therapeutically effective dose.
  • the present invention is directed in part to an oral dosage form comprising an orally analgesically effective amount of an opioid agonist and an opioid antagonist in a ratios as described above along with one or more aversive agents as described herein.
  • the opioid antagonist is naloxone
  • the opioid agonist and antagonist (e.g., naloxone) included in the present dosage forms may be in prefe ⁇ ed ratios as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,457,933 to Gordon et al, the disclosure of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in its entirety, such that both the oral and parenteral abuse potentials of the opioid agonist is diminished without appreciably affecting the oral analgetic activity of the opioid agonist.
  • the opioid antagonist may be included in the dosage form in an amount such that the opioid antagonist attenuates side effects of the opioid agonist, said side effects being anti-analgesia, hyperalgesia, hyperexcitability, physical dependence, tolerance, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
  • the amount of the opioid antagonist is from about 100 to about 1000 fold less that the amount of the opioid agonist.
  • aversive agent e.g., a bittering agent to reduce oral abuse as well as parenteral abuse of the opioid therein.
  • the opioid agonists useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmo ⁇ hine, bezitramide, bupreno ⁇ hine, buto ⁇ hanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomo ⁇ hine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamo ⁇ hone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromo ⁇ hine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmo ⁇ hine, etonitazene, eto ⁇ hine, dihydroeto ⁇ hine, fentanyl and derivatives, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromo
  • the opioid agonist is selected from the group consisting of hydrocodone, mo ⁇ hine, hydromo ⁇ hone, oxycodone, codeine, levo ⁇ hanol, meperidine, methadone, oxymo ⁇ hone, bupreno ⁇ hine, fentanyl and derivatives thereof, dipipanone, heroin, tramadol, eto ⁇ hine, dihydroeto ⁇ hine, buto ⁇ hanol, levo ⁇ hanol, or salts thereof or mixtures thereof.
  • the opioid agonist is oxycodone or hydrocodone.
  • dosage forms may include analgesic doses from about 2 mg to about 50 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate.
  • the opioid analgesic comprises hydromo ⁇ hone
  • the dosage form may include from about 2 mg to about 64 mg hydromo ⁇ hone hydrochloride.
  • the opioid analgesic comprises mo ⁇ hine
  • the dosage form may include from about 2.5 mg to about 800 mg morphine sulfate, by weight.
  • the opioid analgesic comprises oxycodone
  • the dosage fo ⁇ n may include from about 2.5 mg to about 320 mg oxycodone hydrochloride.
  • the dosage form may contain more than one opioid analgesic to provide a therapeutic effect.
  • the dosage form may contain molar equivalent amounts of other salts of the opioids useful in the present invention.
  • Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic narcotic analgesic and antitussive with multiple central nervous system and gastrointestinal actions. Chemically, hydrocodone is 4,5-epoxy- 3-methoxy-17-methylmo ⁇ hinan-6-one, and is also known as dihydrocodeinone. Like other opioids, hydrocodone may be habit forming and may produce drug dependence of the mo ⁇ hine type. In excess doses hydrocodone, like other opium derivatives, will depress respiration.
  • hydrocodone bitartrate is commercially available in the United States only as a fixed combination with non-opiate drugs (i.e., ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin, etc.) for relief of moderate or moderately severe pain.
  • non-opiate drugs i.e., ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin, etc.
  • a common dosage form of hydrocodone is in combination with acetaminophen, and is commercially available, e.g., as Lortab® in the U.S. from UCB Pharma, Inc. as 2.5/500 mg, 5/500 mg, 7.5/500 mg and 10/500 mg hydrocodone/acetaminophen tablets. Tablets are also available in the ratio of 7.5mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 650mg acetaminophen; and 7.5mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 750mg acetaminophen. Hydrocodone in combination with aspirin is given in an oral dosage form to adults generally in 1-2 tablets every 4-6 hours as needed to alleviate pain.
  • the tablet form is 5mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 224mg aspirin with 32mg caffeine; or 5mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 500mg aspirin.
  • a relatively new formulation comprises hydrocodone bitartrate and ibuprofen.
  • Vicoprofen® commercially available in the U.S. from Knoll Laboratories, is a tablet containing 7.5 mg hydrocodone bitartrate and 200 mg ibuprofen.
  • the present invention is contemplated to encompass all such formulations, with the inclusion of the opioid antagonist particles coated with a coating that renders the antagonist substantially non-releasable.
  • Oxycodone chemically known as 4,5-expoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17- methylmo ⁇ hinan-6-one, is an opioid agonist whose principal therapeutic action is analgesia.
  • Other therapeutic effects of oxycodone include anxiolysis, euphoria and feelings of relaxation.
  • the precise mechanism of its analgesic action is not known, but specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug.
  • Oxycodone is commercially available in the United States, e.g., as Oxycontin® from Purdue Pharma L.P. as controlled-release tablets for oral administration containing 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg or 80 mg oxycodone hydrochloride, and as OxylRTM, also from Purdue Pharma L.P., as immediate-release capsules containing 5 mg oxycodone hydrochloride.
  • the present invention is contemplated to encompass all such fo ⁇ nulations, with the inclusion of an opioid antagonist and one or more aversive agents.
  • an aversive agent in a substantially non-releasable form may be prepared by combining the aversive agent with one or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic material.
  • aversive agent particles may be coated with coating that substantially prevents the release of the aversive agent, the coating comprising the hydrophobic materials(s).
  • Another example would be an aversive agent that is dispersed in a matrix that renders the aversive agent substantially non-releasable, the matrix comprising the hydrophobic materials(s).
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic material comprises a cellulose polymer selected from the group consisting of ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate (lower, medium or higher molecular weight), cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate phthalate and cellulose triacetate.
  • ethylcellulose is one that has an ethoxy content of 44 to 55%.
  • Ethylcellulose may be used in the form of an alcoholic solution.
  • the hydrophobic material comprises polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid or a co-polymer of the polylactic and polyglycolic acid.
  • the hydrophobic material may comprise a cellulose polymer selected from the group consisting of cellulose ether, cellulose ester, cellulose ester ether, and cellulose.
  • the cellulosic polymers have a degree of substitution, D.S., on the anhydroglucose unit, from greater than zero and up to 3 inclusive.
  • degree of substitution is meant the average number of hydroxyl groups present on the anhydroglucose unit comprising the cellulose polymer that are replaced by a substituting group.
  • Representative materials include a polymer selected from the group consisting of cellulose acylate, cellulose diacylate, cellulose triacylate, cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, mono, di, and tricellulose alkanylates, mono, di, and tricellulose aroylates, and mono, di, and tricellulose alkenylates.
  • Exemplary polymers include cellulose acetate having a D.S. and an acetyl content up to 21%; cellulose acetate having an acetyl content up to 32 to 39.8%; cellulose acetate having a D.S. of 1 to 2 and an acetyl content of 21 to 35%; cellulose acetate having a D.S. of 2 to 3 and an acetyl content of 35 to 44.8%.
  • More specific cellulosic polymers include cellulose propionate having a D.S. of 1.8 and a propyl content of 39.2 to 45 and a hydroxyl content of 2.8 to 5.4%; cellulose acetate butyrate having a D.S. of 1.8, an acetyl content of 13 to 15% and a butyryl content of 34 to 39%; cellulose acetate butyrate having an acetyl content of 2 to 29%, a butyryl content of 17 to 53%) and a hydroxyl content of 0.5 to 4.7%; cellulose triacylate having a D.S.
  • cellulose diacylates having a D.S. of 2.2 to 2.6 such as cellulose disuccinate, cellulose dipalmitate, cellulose dioctanoate, cellulose dipentanoate, and coesters of cellulose such as cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate octanoate butyrate and cellulose acetate propionate.
  • Additional cellulose polymers useful for preparing an aversive agent in a substantially non-releasable form include acetaldehyde dimethyl cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate ethylcarbamate, cellulose acetate methylcarbamate, and cellulose acetate dimethylaminocellulose acetate.
  • Acrylic polymers useful for preparation of the aversive agent in a substantially non- releasable form include, but are not limited to, acrylic resins comprising copolymers synthesized from acrylic and methacrylic acid esters (e.g., the copolymer of acrylic acid lower alkyl ester and methacrylic acid lower alkyl ester) containing about 0.02 to 0.03 mole of a tri (lower alkyl) ammonium group per mole of the acrylic and methacrylic monomers used.
  • An example of a suitable acrylic resin is a polymer manufactured by Rohm Pharma GmbH and sold under the Eudragit " RS trademark. Eudragit RS30D is prefe ⁇ ed.
  • Eudragit " RS is a water insoluble copolymer of ethyl acrylate (EA), methyl methacrylate (MM) and trimethylammoniumethyl methacrylate chloride (TAM) in which the molar ratio of TAM to the remaining components (EA and MM) is 1 :40.
  • Acrylic resins such as Eudragit " RS may be used in the fo ⁇ n of an aqueous suspension.
  • the acrylic polymer may be selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl methacrylate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamide copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer, polyacrylamide. aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, polyfmethacrylic acid anhydride), and glycidyl methacrylate copolymers.
  • the aversive agent in a substantially non-releasable form comprises aversive agent particles coated with a coating that renders the aversive agent substantially non- releasable
  • suitable plasticizers e.g., acetyl triethyl citrate and/or acetyl tributyl citrate may also be admixed with the polymer.
  • the coating may also contain additives such as coloring agents, talc and/or magnesium stearate, which are well known in the coating art.
  • the coating composition may be applied onto the aversive agent particles by spraying it onto the particles using any suitable spray equipment known in the art.
  • a Wuster fluidized-bed system may be used in which an air jet, injected from underneath, fluidizes the coated material and effects drying while the insoluble polymer coating is sprayed on.
  • the thickness of the coating will depend on the characteristics of the particular coating composition being used. However, it is well within the ability of one skilled in the art to determine by routine experimentation the optimum thickness of a particular coating required for a particular dosage fo ⁇ n of the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic material useful for preparing an aversive agent in a substantially non-releasable form includes a biodegradable polymer comprising a poly(lactic/glycolic acid) ("PLGA"), a polylactide, a polyglycolide, a polyanhydride, a polyorthoester, polycaprolactones, polyphosphazenes, polysaccharides, proteinaceous polymers, polyesthers, polydioxanone, polygluconate, polylactic-acid- polyethylene oxide copolymers, polyfhydroxybutyrate), polyphosphoesther or mixtures or blends of any of these.
  • PLGA poly(lactic/glycolic acid)
  • biodegradable polymer comprises a poly(lactic/glycolic acid), a copolymer of lactic and glycolic acid, having molecular weight of about 2,000 to about 500,000 daltons.
  • the ratio of lactic acid to glycolic acid is from about 100:0 to about 25:75, with the ratio of lactic acid to glycolic acid of 65:35 being prefe ⁇ ed.
  • Poly(lactic/glycolic acid) may be prepared by the procedure set forth in U.S. Patent No. 4,293,539 (Ludwig et al.), the disclosure of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in its entirety.
  • Ludwig prepares the copolymer by condensation of lactic acid and glycolic acid in the presence of a readily removable polymerization catalyst (e.g., a strong acid ion-exchange resin such as Dowex HCR-W2-H).
  • a readily removable polymerization catalyst e.g., a strong acid ion-exchange resin such as Dowex HCR-W2-H.
  • the amount of cat ⁇ lyst is not critical to the polymerization, but typically is from about 0.01 to about 20 parts by weight relative to the total weight of combined lactic acid and glycolic acid.
  • the polymerization reaction may be conducted without solvents at a temperature from about 100°C to about 250°C for about 48 to about 96 hours, preferably under a reduced pressure to facilitate removal of water and by-products.
  • Poly(lactic/glycolic acid) is then recovered by filtering the molten reaction mixture in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane or acetone and then filtering to remove the catalyst.
  • the aversive agent in a substantially non-releasable form may be combined with an opioid agonist and the opioid antagonist (which may also be in a substantially non-releasable form as described herein), along with conventional excipients known in the art, to prepare the oral dosage form of the present invention. It is contemplated that a bittering agent or capsaicin would be the most likely aversive agents to be included in a sequestered formulation.
  • the polymers and other ingredients above may also be utilized to formulate the aversive agents to slow release or delay release as disclosed above.
  • the oral dosage form is a capsule or a tablet.
  • the aversive agent and opioid agonist and opioid antagonist may be combined with one or more inert, non-toxic pharmaceutical excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients include, for example, an inert diluent such as lactose; granulating and disintegrating agents such as co ⁇ istarch; binding agents such as starch; and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate.
  • the oral dosage fo ⁇ n of the present invention may be formulated to provide immediate release of the opioid agonist contained therein. In other embodiments of the invention, however, the oral dosage form provides sustained-release of the opioid agonist.
  • the oral dosage forms providing sustained release of the opioid agonist may be prepared by admixing the aversive agent in a substantially non- releasable fo ⁇ n with the opioid agonist and the opioid antagonist and desirable pharmaceutical excipients to provide a tablet, and then coating the tablet with a sustained- release tablet coating.
  • sustained release opioid agonist tablets may be prepared by admixing the substantially non-releasable form of an aversive agent with an aversive agent in a matrix that provides the tablets with sustained-releasing properties.
  • the opioid analgesic/opioid antagonist formulation in combination with one or more aversive agents can be formulated as an immediate release formulation or controlled release oral formulation in any suitable tablet, coated tablet or multiparticulate formulation known to those skilled in the art.
  • the controlled release dosage form may include a controlled release material which is inco ⁇ orated into a matrix along with the opioid analgesic and the opioid antagonist.
  • the aversive agent may be separate from the matrix, or inco ⁇ orated into the matrix.
  • the controlled release dosage form may optionally comprise particles containing or comprising the opioid analgesic, wherein the particles have diameter from about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm, preferably from about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm.
  • the opioid antagonist may be inco ⁇ orated into these particles, or may be inco ⁇ orated into a tablet or capsule containing these particles.
  • the aversive agent may be inco ⁇ orated into these particles, or may be inco ⁇ orated into a tablet or capsule containing these particles.
  • the particles are film coated with a material that permits release of the opioid analgesic at a controlled rate in an environment of use.
  • the film coat is chosen so as to achieve, in combination with the other stated properties, a desired in-vitro release rate.
  • the controlled release coating formulations of the present invention should be capable of producing a strong, continuous film that is smooth and elegant, capable of supporting pigments and other coating additives, non-toxic, inert, and tack-free.
  • the dosage forms of the present invention comprise no ⁇ nal release matrixes containing the opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, and the aversive agent.
  • a hydrophobic material is used to coat inert pharmaceutical beads such as nu pariel 18/20 beads comprising an opioid analgesic, and a plurality of the resultant solid controlled release beads may thereafter be placed in a gelatin capsule in an amount sufficient to provide an effective controlled release dose when ingested and contacted by an environmental fluid, e.g., gastric fluid or dissolution media.
  • an environmental fluid e.g., gastric fluid or dissolution media.
  • the beads comprising the opioid analgesic may further comprise the opioid antagonist and/or one or more aversive agents, or the opioid antagonist and or one or more aversive agents may be prepared as separate beads and then combined in a dosage form including the controlled release beads comprising an opioid analgesic, or the opioid antagonist md/or one or more aversive agents may be mixed in the dosage fo ⁇ n with the controlled release beads comprising the opioid analgesic.
  • the opioid analgesic and the aversive agent are mixed in a capsule as different beads, the beads have an exact or similar appearance in order to deter an abuser from manually separating the beads prior to abuse in order to avoid the aversive substance.
  • the aversive agent is preferably not included as a distinct layer which can be easier to separate from the active agent, although the present invention does, encompass these embodiments.
  • the controlled release bead formulations of the present invention slowly release the opioid analgesic, e.g., when ingested and exposed to gastric fluids., and then to intestinal fluids.
  • the controlled release profile of the formulations of the invention can be altered, for example, by varying the amount of overcoating with the hydrophobic material, altering the manner in which a plasticizer is added to the hydrophobic material, by varying the amount of plasticizer relative to hydrophobic material, by the inclusion of additional ' ingredients or excipients, by altering the method of manufacture, etc.
  • the dissolution profile of the ultimate product may also be modified, for example, by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the. retardant coating. . '
  • Spheroids or beads coated with an opioid analgesic are prepared, e.g., by dissolving the opioid analgesic in water and then spraying the solution onto a substrate, for example, nu pariel 18/20 beads, using a WusLer insert. Thereafter, the opioid antagonist and/or aversive. agent is optionally added to the beads prior to coating. Optionally, additional ingredients are also added prior to coating the beads. For example, a product which includes hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, etc. (e.g., Opadry ® , commercially available from Colorcon, Inc.) may be added to the solution and the solution mixed (e.g., for about 1 hour) prior to application of the same onto the beads.
  • a product which includes hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, etc. e.g., Opadry ® , commercially available from Colorcon, Inc.
  • the resultant coated substrate in this example beads, may then be optionally overcoated with a ba ⁇ ier agent, to separate the opioid analgesic from the hydrophobic controlled release coating.
  • a ba ⁇ ier agent is one which comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
  • any film-former known in the art may be used. It is prefe ⁇ ed that the ba ⁇ ier agent does not affect the dissolution rate of the final product.
  • the beads may then be overcoated with an aqueous dispersion of the hydrophobic material.
  • the aqueous dispersion of hydrophobic material preferably further includes an effective amount of plasticizer, e.g. triethyl citrate.
  • plasticizer e.g. triethyl citrate.
  • Pre-formulated aqueous dispersions of ethylcellulose, such as Aquacoat or Surelease may be used. If Surelease is used, it is not necessary to separately add a plasticizer.
  • pre-formulated aqueous dispersions of acrylic polymers such as Eudragit ® can be used.
  • Plasticized hydrophobic material may be applied onto the substrate comprising the opioid analgesic by spraying using any suitable spray equipment known in the art.
  • a Wurster fluidized-bed system is used in which an air jet, injected from underneath, fluidizes the core material and effects drying while the acrylic polymer coating is sprayed on.
  • a further overcoat of a film-former such as Opadry ® is optionally applied to the beads.
  • This overcoat is provided, if at all, in order to substantially reduce agglomeration of the beads.
  • the release of the opioid analgesic from the controlled release formulation of the present invention can be further influenced, i.e., adjusted to a desired rate, by the addition of one or more release-modifying agents, or by providing one or more passageways through the coating.
  • the ratio of hydrophobic material to water soluble material is determined by, among other factors, the release rate required and the solubility characteristics of the materials selected.
  • the release-modifying agents which function as pore-formers may be organic or inorganic, and include materials that can be dissolved, extracted or leached from the coating in the environment of use.
  • the pore-formers may comprise one or more hydrophilic materials such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
  • the controlled release coatings of the present invention can also include erosion- promoting agents such as starch and gums.
  • the controlled release coatings of the present invention can also include materials useful for making microporous lamina in the environment of use, such as polycarbonates comprised of linear polyesters of carbonic acid in which carbonate groups reoccur in the polymer chain.
  • the release-modifying agent may also comprise a semi-permeable polymer.
  • the release-modifying agent is selected from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, lactose, metal stearates, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.
  • the controlled release coatings of the present invention may also include an exit means comprising at least one passageway, orifice, or the like.
  • the passageway may be formed by such methods as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,889; 4,063,064; and 4,088,864 .
  • the passageway can have any shape such as round, triangular, square, elliptical, i ⁇ egular, etc.
  • the sustained release formulation is achieved via a matrix optionally having a controlled release coating as set forth herein.
  • the present invention may also utilize a sustained release matrix that affords in-vitro dissolution rates of the opioid analgesic and or antagonist within desired ranges and releases the opioid analgesic and/or antagonist in a pH-dependent or pH-independent mannei.
  • hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic materials such as gums, cellulose ethers, acrylic resins, protein derived materials, waxes, shellac, and oils such as hydrogenated castor oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil.
  • any pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic or hydrophilic sustained-release material which is capable of imparting sustained-release of the opioid analgesic may be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • Prefe ⁇ ed sustained-release polymers include alkylcelluloses such as ethylcellulose, acrylic and methacrylic acid polymers and copolymers; and cellulose ethers, especially hydroxyalkylcelluloses (especially hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and carboxyalkylcelluloses.
  • Prefe ⁇ ed acrylic and methacrylic acid, polymers and copolymers include methyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, ethyl acrylate, trimethyl ammonioethyl methacrylate, cyanoethyl methacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamine copolymer, poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(methacrylicacid) (anhydride), polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid anhydride), and glycidyl methacrylate copolymers.
  • Certain prefe ⁇ ed embodiments utilize mixtures of any of the foregoing sustained-release materials in the matrix of the invention.
  • the matrix also may include a binder.
  • the binder preferably contributes to the sustained-release of the oxycodone or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof from the sustained-release matrix.
  • an additional hydrophobic binder material is included, it is preferably selected from natural and synthetic waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and mixtures of the same. Examples include beeswax, carnauba wax, stearic acid and stearyl alcohol. This list is not meant to be exclusive. In certain prefe ⁇ ed embodiments, a combination of two or more hydrophobic binder materials are included in the matrix fo ⁇ nulations.
  • Prefe ⁇ ed hydrophobic binder materials which may be used in accordance with the present invention include digestible, long chain (C 8 -C 5 o, especially C ⁇ 2 -C 40 ), substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, glyceryl esters of fatty acids, mineral and vegetable oils, natural and synthetic waxes and polyalkylene glycols. Hydrocarbons having a melting point of between 25° and 90°C are prefe ⁇ ed. Of the long- chain hydrocarbon binder materials, fatty (aliphatic) alcohols are prefe ⁇ ed in certain embodiments.
  • the oral dosage form may contain up to 80% (by weight) of at least one digestible, long chain hydrocarbon.
  • the hydrophobic binder material may comprise natural or synthetic waxes, fatty alcohols (such as lauryl, myristyl, stearyl, cetyl or preferably cetostearyl alcohol), fatty acids, including but not limited to fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides), hydrogenated fats, hydrocarbons, normal waxes, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol and hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials having hydrocarbon backbones.
  • Suitable waxes include, for example, beeswax, glycowar., castor wax and carnauba wax.
  • a wax-like substance is defined as any material which is no ⁇ nally solid at room temperature and has a melting point of from about 30 to about 100°C.
  • the dosage form comprises a sustained release matrix comprising an opioid analgesic; opioid antagonist; one or more aversive agents; and at least one water soluble hydroxyalkyl cellulose, at least one C ⁇ 2 -C 6 , preferably C ⁇ 4 -C 2 , aliphatic alcohol and, optionally, at least one polyalkylene glycol.
  • the hydroxyalkyl cellulose is preferably a hydroxy (Ci to C 6 ) alkyl cellulose, such as hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and, especially, hydroxyethyl cellulose.
  • the amount of the at least one hydroxyalkyl cellulose in the present oral dosage form may be determined, inter alia, by the precise rate of opioid analgesic release required.
  • the aliphatic alcohol may be, for example, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol or stearyl alcohol. In particularly prefe ⁇ ed embodiments of the present oral dosage form, however, the at least one aliphatic alcohol is cetyl alcohol or cetostearyl alcohol.
  • the amount of the aliphatic alcohol in the present oral dosage form may be determined, as above, by the precise rate of opioid analgesic release required. It may also depend on whether at least one polyalkylene glycol is present in or absent from the oral dosage fo ⁇ n. In the absence of at least one polyalkylene glycol, the oral dosage form preferably contains between about 20% and about 50% (by wt) of the aliphatic alcohol. When a polyalkylene glycol is present in the oral dosage form, then the combined weight of the aliphatic alcohol and the polyalkylene glycol preferably constitutes between about 20% and about 50% (by wt) of the total dosage form.
  • the ratio of, e.g., the at least one hydroxyalkyl cellulose or acrylic resin to the at least one aliphatic alcohol/polyalkylene glycol determines, to a considerable extent, the release rate of the opioid analgesic from the formulation.
  • a ratio of the hydroxyalkyl cellulose to the aliphatic alcohol/polyalkylene glycol of between 1:1 and 1:4 is prefe ⁇ ed, with a ratio of between 1:2 and 1:3 being particularly prefe ⁇ ed.
  • the polyalkylene glycol may be, for example, polypropylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol which is prefe ⁇ ed.
  • the average molecular weight of the at least one polyalkylene glycol is preferably between 1,000 and 15,000, especially between 1,500 and 12,000.
  • Another suitable sustained-release matrix comprises an alkylcellulose (especially ethylcellulose), a C ⁇ 2 to C 36 aliphatic alcohol and, optionally, a polyalkylene glycol.
  • a sustained-release matrix may also contain suitable quantities of other materials, e.g., diluents, lubricants, binders, granulating aids and glidants that are conventional in the pharmaceutical art.
  • a process for the preparation of a solid, sustained-release oral dosage form according to the present invention comprising inco ⁇ orating an opioid analgesic in a sustained-release matrix. Inco ⁇ oration in the matrix may be effected, for example, by:
  • the granules may be formed by any of the procedures well-known to those skilled- in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the granules may be fo ⁇ ned by wet granulating the hydroxyalkyl cellulose, opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, and one or more aversive agents with water.
  • the amount of water added during the wet granulation step is preferably between 1.5 and 5 times, especially between 1.75 and 3.5 times, the dry weight of the opioid analgesic.
  • the opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, and/or the one or more aversive agents are added extragranularly.
  • a sustained-release matrix can also be prepared by, e.g., melt-granulation or melt- extrusion techniques.
  • melt-granulation techniques involve melting a no ⁇ nally solid hydrophobic binder material, e.g., a wax, and inco ⁇ orating a powdered drug therein.
  • a hydrophobic sustained-release material e.g. ethylcellulose or a water-insoluble acrylic polymer
  • sustained-release formulations prepared via melt-granulation techniques are found, e.g., in U.S. Patent No. 4,861,598.
  • the additional hydrophobic binder material may comprise one or more water- insoluble wax-like thermoplastic substances possibly mixed with one or more wax-like the ⁇ noplastic substances being less hydrophobic than said one or more ater-insoluble waxlike substances.
  • the individual wax-like substances in the formulation should be substantially non-degradable and insoluble in gastrointestinal fluids during the initial release phases.
  • Useful water-insoluble wax-like binder substances may be those with a water-solubility that is lower than about 1:5,000 (w/w).
  • the preparation of a suitable melt-extruded matrix according to the present invention may, for example, include the steps of blending the opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, and at least one aversive agent, together with a sustained release material and preferably a binder material to obtain a homogeneous mixture.
  • the homogeneous mixture is then heated to a temperature sufficient to at least soften the mixture sufficiently to extrude the same.
  • the resulting homogeneous mixture is then extruded, e.g., using a twin-screw extruder, to form strands.
  • the extrudate is preferably cooled and cut into multiparticu utes by any means known in the art.
  • the matrix multiparticulates are then divided into unit doses.
  • the extrudate preferably has a diameter of from about 0.1 to about 5 mm and provides sustained release of the oxycodone or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for a time period of at least about 24 hours.
  • An optional process for preparing the melt extruded formulations of the present invention includes directly metering into an extruder a hydrophobic sustained release material, the opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, one or more aversive agents, and an optional binder material; heating the homogenous mixture; extruding the homogenous mixture to thereby fo ⁇ n strands; cooling the strands containing the homogeneous mixture; cutting the strands into matrix multiparticulates having a size from about 0.1 mm to about 12 mm; and dividing said particles into unit doses.
  • a relatively continuous manufacturing procedure is realized.
  • the opioid antagonist and/or the one or more aversive agents may be prepared as separate multiparticulates (without the opioid agonist) and thereafter the multiparticulates may be combined with multiparticulates comprising opioid analgesic (without the antagonist and/or the one or more aversive agents) in a dosage form.
  • Plasticizers such as those described above, may be included in melt-extruded matrices.
  • the plasticizer is preferably included as from about 0.1 to about 30%) by weight of the matrix.
  • Other pharmaceutical excipients e.g., talc, mono or poly saccharides, lubricants and the like may be included in the sustained release matrices of the present invention as desired. The amounts included will depend upon the desired characteristic to be achieved.
  • the diameter of the extrader aperture or exit port can be adjusted to vary the thickness of the extruded strands.
  • Furthe ⁇ nore, the exit part of the extruder need not be round; it can be oblong, rectangular, etc.
  • the exiting strands can be reduced to particles using a hot wire cutter, guillotine, etc. .
  • a melt extruded matrix multiparticulate system can be, for example, in the fo ⁇ n of granules, spheroids or pellets depending upon the extruder exit orifice.
  • the terms "melt-extruded matrix multiparticulate(s)” and “melt-extruded matrix multiparticulate system(s)” and “melt-extruded matrix particles” shall refer to a plurality of units, preferably within a range of similar size and/or shape and containing one or more active agents and one or more excipients, preferably including a hydrophobic sustained release material as described herein.
  • melt-extruded matrix multiparticulates will be of a range of from about 0.1 to about 12 mm in length and have a diameter of from about 0.1 to about 5 mm.
  • melt-extruded matrix multiparticulates can be any geometrical shape within this size range.
  • the extrudate may simply be cut into desired lengths and divided into unit doses of the therapeutically active agent without the need of a spheronization step.
  • oral dosage forms are prepared that include an effective amount of melt-extruded matrix multiparticulates within a capsule.
  • a plurality of the melt-extruded matrix multiparticulates may be placed in a gelatin capsule in an amount sufficient to provide an effective sustained release dose when ingested and contacted by gastrointestinal fluid.
  • a suitable amount of the multiparticulate extrudate is compressed into an oral tablet using conventional tableting equipment using standard techniques. Techniques and compositions for making tablets (compressed and molded), capsules (hard and soft gelatin) and pills are also described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. (Arthur Osol, editor), 1553-1593 (1980).
  • the extrudate can be shaped into tablets as set forth in U.S. Patent No. 4,957,681 (Klimesch, et. al).
  • the sustained-release matrix multiparticulate systems, tablets, or capsules can be coated with a sustained release coating such as the sustained release coatings described herein.
  • a sustained release coating such as the sustained release coatings described herein.
  • Such coatings preferably include a sufficient amount of hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic sustained-release material to obtain a weight gain level from - ⁇ out 2 to about 25 percent, although the overcoat may be greater depending upon, e.g., the desired release rate.
  • the coating can optionally contain one or more of the aversive agents.
  • an optional second overcoat can be applied as to minimize the perception of the aversive agent when a dosage form of the present inventions administered intact.
  • the dosage forms of the present invention may further include combinations of melt- extruded matrix multiparticulates containing an opioid analgesic; an opioid antagonist; one or more aversive agents; or mixtures thereof.
  • the dosage form- can also include an amount of an immediate release opioid analgesic for prompt therapeutic effect.
  • the immediate release opioid analgesic may be inco ⁇ orated, e.g., as separate multiparticulates within a gelatin capsule, or may be coated on the surface of, e.g., melt ext ⁇ ided matrix multiparticulates.
  • sustained-release profile of the melt-extruded formulations X the invention can be altered, for example, by varying the amount of sustained-release material, by varying the amount of plasticizer relative to other matrix constituents, by varying the amount of hydrophobic material, by the inclusion of additional ingredients or excipients, by altering the method of manufacture, etc.
  • melt-extruded formulations are prepared without the inclusion of the opioid analgesic; opioid antagonist; one or more aversive agents; or mixtures thereof; which is added thereafter to the extrudate.
  • Such formulations typically will have the opioid analgesic; opioid antagonist; one or more aversive agents; or mixtures thereof blended together with the extruded matrix material, and then the mixture would be tableted in order to provide a slow release formulation.
  • Such formulations may be advantageous, for example, when the opioid analgesic; opioid antagonist; one or more aversive agents; or mixtures thereof included in the formulation is sensitive to temperatures needed for softening the hydrophobic material and/or the retardant material.
  • Typical melt-extrusion production systems suitable for use in accordance with the present invention include a suitable extruder drive motor having variable speed and constant torque control, start-stop controls, and a meter.
  • the production system will include a temperature control console which includes temperature sensors, cooling means and temperature indicators throughout the length of the extruder.
  • the production system will include an extruder such as a twin-screw extruder which consists of two counter- rotating intermeshing screws enclosed within a cylinder or ba ⁇ el having an aperture or die at the exit thereof.
  • the feed materials enter through a feed hopper and are moved through the ba ⁇ el by the screws and are forced through the die into strands which are thereafter conveyed such as by a continuous movable belt to allow for cooling and being directed to a pelletizer or other suitable device to render the extruded ropes into the matrix multiparticulate system.
  • the pelletizer can consist of rollers, fixed knife, rotating cutter and the like. Suitable instruments and systems are available from distributors such as C.W. Brabender Instruments, Inc. of South hackensack, New Jersey. Other suitable apparatus will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a further aspect of the invention is related to the preparation of melt-extruded matrix multiparticulates as set forth above in a manner which controls the amount of air included in the extruded product.
  • the amount of air included in the extrudate By controlling the amount of air included in the extrudate, the release rate of the opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist,, one or more aversive agents,, or mixtures thereof maybe altered.
  • the melt-extruded product is prepared in a manner which substantially excludes air during the extrusion phase of the process.
  • This may be accomplished, for example, by using a Leistritz extruder having a vacuum attachment.
  • the extruded matrix multiparticulates prepared according to the invention using the Leistritz extruder under vacuum provides a melt-extruded product having different physical characteristics.
  • the extrudate is substantially non-porous when magnified, e.g., using a scanning electron microscope which provides an SEM ⁇ scanning electron micrograph).
  • Such substantially non-porous formulations may provide a faster release of the therapeutically active agent, relative to the same formulation prepared without vacuum.
  • melt-extruded product is prepared using a Werner-Pfleiderer twin screw extruder.
  • a spheronizing agent is added to a granulate or matrix multiparticulate and then spheronized to produce sustained release spheroids.
  • the spheroids are then optionally overcoated with a sustained release coating by methods such as those described above.
  • Spheronizing agents which may be used to prepare the matrix multiparticulate formulations of the present invention include any art-known spheronizing agent.
  • Cellulose derivatives are prefe ⁇ ed, and microcrystalline cellulose is especially preferred.
  • a suitable microcrystalline cellulose is, for example, the material sold as Avicel PH 101 (TradeMark, FMC Co ⁇ oration).
  • the spheronizing agent is preferably included as about 1 to about 99% of the matrix multiparticulate by weight.
  • the spheroids may also contain a binder. Suitable binders, such as low viscosity, water soluble polymers, will be well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical art. However, water soluble hydroxy lower alkyl cellulose, such as hydroxy propyl cellulose, are prefe ⁇ ed. Additionally (or alternatively) the spheroids may contain a water insoluble polymer, especially an acrylic polymer, an acrylic copolymer, such as a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer, or ethyl cellulose.
  • a sustained release coating is applied to the sustained release spheroids, granules, or matrix multiparticulates.
  • the sustained-release coating may include a water insoluble material such as (a) a wax, either alone or in admixture, with a fatty alcohol; or (b) shellac or zein.
  • the coating is preferably derived from an aqueous dispersion of the hydrophobic sustained release material.
  • the sustained release spheroids, granules, or matrix multiparticulates comprising the opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, one or more aversive agents, and sustained release carrier with a sufficient amount of the aqueous dispersion of, e.g., alkylcellulose or acrylic polymer, to obtain a weight gain level from about 2 to about 50%, e.g., about 2 to about 25%, in order to obtain a sustained-release formulation.
  • the overcoat may be lesser or greater depending upon, e.g., the desired release rate, the inclusion of plasticizer in the aqueous dispersion and the manner of inco ⁇ oration of the same.
  • Cellulosic materials and polymers are sustained release materials well suited for coating the sustained release spheroids, granules, or matrix multiparticulates according to the invention.
  • one prefe ⁇ ed alkylcellulosic polymer is ethylcellulose, although the artisan will appreciate that other cellulose and or alkylcellulose polymers may be readily employed, singly or in any combination, as all or part of a hydrophobic coating according to the invention.
  • Aquacoat® FMC Co ⁇ ., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  • Aquacoat® is prepared by dissolving the ethylcellulose in a water-immiscible organic solvent and then emulsifying the same in water in the presence of a surfactant and a stabilizer. After homogenization to generate submicron droplets, the organic solvent is evaporated under vacuum to form a pseudolatex. The plasticizer is not inco ⁇ orated in the pseudolatex during the manufacturing phase. Thus, prior to using the same as a coating, it is necessary to intimately mix the Aquacoat® with a suitable plasticizer prior to use.
  • Surelease® Colorcon, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  • This product is prepared by inco ⁇ orating plasticizer into the dispersion during the manufacturing process.
  • a hot melt of a polymer, plasticizer (dibutyl sebacate), and stabilizer (oleic acid) is prepared as a homogeneous mixture, which is then diluted with an alkaline solution to obtain an aqueous dispersion which can be applied directly to the sustained release spheroids, granules, or matrix multiparticulates.
  • the sustained release material comprising the sustained-release coating is a pharmaceutically acceptable acrylic polymer, including but not limited to acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl methacrylate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamide copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer, polyacrylamide, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(methacrylic acid anhydride), and glycidyl methacrylate copolymers.
  • acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers including but not limited to acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl methacrylate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic
  • the acrylic polymer is comprised of one or more ammonio methacrylate copolymers.
  • Ammonio methacrylate copolymers are well known in the art, and are described in the National Formulary (NF) XVII as fully polymerized copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups.
  • NF National Formulary
  • XVII fully polymerized copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups.
  • methacrylic acid ester-type polymers are useful for preparing pH-dependent coatings which may be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • methacrylic acid copolymer or polymeric methacrylates commercially available as Eudragit ® from Rohm GMBH and Co. Kg Darmstadt, Germany.
  • Eudragit E is an example of a methacrylic acid copolymer which swells and dissolves in acidic media.
  • Eudragit L is a methacrylic acid copolymer which does not swell at about pH ⁇ 5.7 and is soluble at about pH > 6.
  • Eudragit S does not swell at about pH ⁇ 6.5 and is soluble at about pH > 7.
  • Eudragit RL and Eudragit RS are water swellable, and the amount of water absorbed by these polymers is pH-dependent; however, dosage forms coated with Eudragit RL and RS are pH- independent.
  • the acrylic coating comprises a mixture of two acrylic resin lacquers commercially available from Rohm under the Tradenames Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit® RS30D, respectively.
  • Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit® RS30D are copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups, the molar ratio of ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic esters being 1:20 in Eudragit® RL30D and 1:40 in Eudragit® RS30D.
  • the mean molecular weight is about 150,000.
  • RL high pe ⁇ neability
  • RS low pe ⁇ neability
  • Eudragit® RL/RS mixtures are insoluble in water and in digestive fluids. However, coatings formed from the same are swellable and pe ⁇ neable in aqueous solutions and digestive fluids.
  • the Eudragit® RL/RS dispersions of the present invention may be mixed together in any desired ratio in order to ultimately obtain a sustained-release formulation having a desirable dissolution profile. Desirable sustained-release formulations may be obtained, for instance, from a retardant coating derived from 100% Eudragit® RL, 50% Eudragit® RL and 50% Eudragit® RS, and 10% Eudragit® RL:Eudragit® 90% RS. Of course, one skilled in the art will recognize that other acrylic polymers may also be used, such as, for example, Eudragit® L.
  • the inclusion of an effective amount of a plasticizer in the aqueous dispersion of hydrophobic material will further improve the physical properties of the sustained-release coating.
  • a plasticizer into an ethylcellulose coating containing sustained-release coating before using the same as a coating material.
  • the amount of plasticizer included in a coating solution is based on the concentration of the film-former, e.g., most often from about 1 to about 50 percent by weight of the film-former. Concentration of the plasticizer, however, can only be properly determined after careful experimentation with the particular coating solution and method of application.
  • plasticizers for ethylcellulose include water insoluble .
  • plasticizers such as dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, and triacetin, although it is possible that other water-insoluble plasticizers (such as acetylated monoglycerides, phthalate esters, castor oil, etc.) may be used.
  • Triethyl citrate is an especially prefe ⁇ ed plasticizer for the aqueous dispersions of ethyl cellulose of the present invention.
  • plasticizers for the acrylic polymers of the present invention include, but are not limited to citric acid esters such as triethyl citrate NF XVI, tributyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate, and possibly 1,2-propylene glycol.
  • Other plasticizers which have proved to be suitable for enhancing the elasticity of the films formed from acrylic films such as Eudragit® RL/RS lacquer solutions include polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, diethyl phthalate, castor oil, and triacetin.
  • Triethyl citrate is an especially prefe ⁇ ed plasticizer for the aqueous dispersions of ethyl cellulose of the present invention.
  • the uncoated/coated sustained release spheroids, granules, or matrix multiparticulates containing the opioid analgesic; opioid antagonist; and one or more aversive agents; are cured until an endpoint is reached at which the sustained release spheroids, granules, or matrix multiparticulates provide a stable dissolution of the opioid.
  • the curing endpoint may be dete ⁇ nined by comparing the dissolution profile (curve) of the dosage form immediately after curing to the dissolution profile (curve) of the dosage form after exposure to accelerated storage conditions of, e.g., at least one month at a temperature of 40°C and a relative humidity of 15%.
  • Cured formulations are described in detail in U.S.
  • Other examples of sustained-release formulations and coatings which may be used in accordance with the present invention include those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,324,351; 5,356,467; and 5,472,712.
  • the spheroids, granules, or matrix multiparticulates may also contain suitable quantities of other materials, e.g., diluents, lubricants, binders, granulating aids, and glidants that are conventional in the phannaceutical art in amounts up to about 50% by weight of the formulation if desired.
  • suitable quantities of these additional materials will be sufficient to provide the desired e**ect to the desired formulation.
  • Sustained release dosage forms according to the present invention may also be prepared as osmotic dosage formulations.
  • the osmotic dosage forms preferably include a bilayer core comprising a drug layer (containing the opioid analgesic and optionally the opioid antagonist and or one or more aversive agents) and a delivery c: push layer (which may contain the opioid antagonist and/or one or more aversive agents), wherein the bilayer core is su ⁇ ounded by a semipermeable wall and optionally having at least one passageway disposed therein.
  • passageway includes aperture, orifice, bore, pore, porous element through which the opioid analgesic (with or without the antagonist) can be pumped, diffuse or migrate through a fiber, capillary tube, porous overlay, porous insert, microporous member, or porous composition.
  • the passageway can also include a compound that erodes or is leached from the wall in the fluid environment of use to produce at least one passageway.
  • Representative compounds for forming a passageway include erodible poly(glycolic) acid, or poly(lactic) acid in the wall; a gelatinous filament; a water-removable poly(vinyl alcohol); leachable compourds such as fluid- removable pore-forming polysaccharides, acids, salts or oxides.
  • a passageway can be formed by leaching a compound from the wall, such as sorbitol, sucrose, lactose, maltose, or fructose, to fo ⁇ n a sustained-release dimensional pore-passageway.
  • the passageway can have any shape, such as round, triangular, square and elliptical, for assisting in the sustained metered release of opioid analgesic from the dosage form.
  • the dosage form can be manufactured with one or more passageways in spaced-apart relation on one or more surfaces of the dosage form.
  • a passageway and equipment for forming a passageway are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,-845,770; 3,916,899; 4,063,064 and 4,088,864.
  • Passageways comprising sustained- release dimensions sized, shaped and adapted as a releasing-pore formed by aqueous leaching to provide a releasing-pore of a sustained-release rate are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,200,098 and 4,285,987.
  • the bilayer core comprises a dmg layer with opioid analgesic and a displacement or push layer optionally containing the antagonist and/or one or more aversive agents.
  • the antagonist and/or one or more aversive agents may optionally be included in the drug layer instead of or in addition to being included in the push layer.
  • the drug layer may also comprise at least one polymer hydrogel.
  • the polymer hydrogel may have an average molecular weight of between about 500 and about 6,000,000.
  • polymer hydro gels include but are not limited to a maltodextrin polymer comprising the formula (C 6 H ]2 0 5 ) n ⁇ 2 0, wherein n is 3 to 7,500, and the maltodextrin polymer comprises a 500 to 1,250,000 number-average molecular weight; a poly(alkylene oxide) represented by, e.g., a poly(ethylene oxide) and a poly(propylene oxide) having a 50,000 to 750,000 weight-average molecular weight, and more specifically represented by a polyethylene oxide) of at least one of 100,000, 200,000, 300,000 or 400,000 weight-average molecular weights; an alkali carboxyalkylcellulose, wherein the alkali is sodium or potassium, the alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl of 10,000 to 175,000 weight- average molecular weight; and a copolymer of ethylene-acrylic acid, including methacrylic and ethacrylic acid of 10,000 to
  • the delivery or push layer comprises an osmopolymer.
  • an osmopolymer include but are not limited to a member selected from the group consisting of a polyalkylene oxide and a carboxyalkylcellulose.
  • the polyalkylene oxide possesses a 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 weight-average molecular weight.
  • the polyalkylene oxide may be a member selected from the group consisting of polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide having a 1,000,000 average molecular weight, polyethylene oxide comprising a 5,000,000 average molecular weight, polyethylene oxide comprising a 7,000,000 average molecular weight, cross-linked polymethylene oxide possessing a 1,000,000 average molecular weight, and polypropylene oxide of 1 ,200,000 average molecular weight.
  • Typical osmopolymer carboxyalkylcellulose comprises a member selected from the group consisting of alkali carboxyalkylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, potassium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxyethylcellulose, lithium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxyethylcellulose, carboxyalkylhydroxyalkylcellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxyethylhydroxyethylcellulose and carboxymethylhydroxypropylcellulose.
  • the osmopolymers used for the displacement layer exhibit an osmotic pressure gradient across the semipermeable wall.
  • the osmopolymers imbibe fluid into dosage form, thereby swelling and expanding as an osmotic hydrogel (also known as osmogel), whereby they push the contents of the drug layer from the osmotic dosage form.
  • osmopolymers used for the displacement layer exhibit an osmotic pressure gradient across the semipermeable wall.
  • the push layer may also include one or more osmotically effective compounds also known as osmagents and as osmotically effective solutes. They imbibe an environmental fluid, for example, from the gastrointestinal tract, into dosage form and contribute to the delivery kinetics of the displacement layer.
  • osmotically active compounds comprise a member selected from the group consisting of osmotic salts and osmotic carbohydrates.
  • specific osmagents include but are not limited to sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, lithium phosphate, lithium chloride, sodium phosphate, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, glucose, fructose and maltose.
  • the push layer may optionally include a hydroxypropylalkylcellulose possessing a 9,000 to 450,000 number-average molecular weight.
  • the hydroxypropylalkylcellulose is represented by a member selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl isopropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylbutylcellulose, and hydroxypropylpentylcellulose.
  • the push layer may also optionally comprise an antioxidant to inhibit the oxidation of ingredients.
  • antioxidants include but are not limited to a member selected from the group consisting of ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, a mixture of 2 and 3 tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, sodium isoascorbate, dihydroguaretic acid, potassium sorbate, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfate, sorbic acid, potassium ascorbate, vitamin E, 4--.hloro-2,6-ditertiary butylphenol, alphatocopherol, and propylgallate.
  • the dosage fo ⁇ n comprises a substantially homogenous core comprising opioid analgesic, an opioid antagonist, one or more aversive agents, a pha ⁇ naceutically acceptable polymer (e.g., polyethylene oxide), optionally a disintegrant (e.g., polyvinylpy ⁇ olidone), optionally an abso ⁇ tion enhancer (e.g., a fatty acid, a surfactant, a chelating agent, a bile salt, etc.).
  • the substantially homogenous core is su ⁇ ounded by a semipermeable wall having a passageway (as defined above) for the release of the opioid analgesic, the opioid antagonist, and the one or more aversive agents.
  • the semipermeable wall comprises a member selected from the group consisting of a cellulose ester polymer, a cellulose ether polymer and a cellulose ester-ether polymer.
  • Representative wall polymers comprise a member selected from the group consisting of cellulose acylate, cellulose diacylate, cellulose triacylate, cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, mono-, di- and tricellulose alkenylates, and mono-, di- and tricellulose alkinylates.
  • the poly(cellulose) used for tL present invention comprises a number-average molecular weight of 20,000 to 7,500,000.
  • Additional semipermeable polymers for the pu ⁇ ose of' this invention comprise acetaldehyde dimethycellulose acetate, cellulose acetate ethylcarbamate, cellulose acetate methylcarbamate, cellulose diacetate, propylcarbamate, cellulose acetate diethylaminoacetate; semipermeable polyamide; semipermeable polyurethane; semipermeable sulfonated polystyrene; semipermeable cross-linked polymer formed by the coprecipitation of a polyanion and a polycation as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • the semipermeable wall is nontoxic, inert, and it maintains its physical and chemical integrity during the dispensing life of the drug.
  • the dosage fo ⁇ n comprises a binder.
  • a binder includes, but is not limited to a therapeutically acceptable vinyl polymer having a 5,000 to 350,000 viscosity- average molecular weight, represented by a member selected from the group consisting of poly-n-vinylamide, poly-n-vinylacetamide, poly(vinyl py ⁇ olidone), also known as poly-n- vinylpy ⁇ olidone, poly-n-vinylcaprolactone, poly-n-vinyl-5-methyl-2-py ⁇ olidone, and poly- n-vinyl-py ⁇ olidone copolymers with a member selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinyl butyrate, vinyl laureate, and vinyl stearate.
  • Other binders including, but is not limited to
  • the dosage form comprises a lubricant, which may be used during the manufacture of the dosage form to prevent sticking to die wall or punch faces.
  • lubricants include but are not limited to magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, stearic acid, calcium stearate, magnesium oleate, oleic acid, potassium oleate, caprylic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, and magnesium palmitate.
  • the fo ⁇ nulations of the present invention may be fo ⁇ nulated as a transdermal delivery system, such as transdermal patches.
  • a transdermal patch comprises an opioid agonist contained in a reservoir or a matrix, and an adhesive which allows the transdermal device to adhere to the skin, allowing the passage of the active agent from the transdermal device through the skm of the patient, with the inclusion of the aversive agents and opioid antagonists as disclosed herein which are not releasable when the dosage fo ⁇ n is administered intact but which are releasable when the dosage form is broken or tampered with in order to release the opioid from the transdermal system.
  • Transdermal delivery system providing a controlled-release of an opioid agonist is known.
  • Duragesic ® patch (commercially available from Janssen • Phannaceutical) contains an opioid agonist (fentanyl) and is said to provide adequate analgesia for up to 48 to 72 hours (2 to 3 days).
  • This fo ⁇ nulation can be reformulated with an aversive agent and antagonist as disclosed herein.
  • transdermal fo ⁇ nulations of bupreno ⁇ hine reported in the literature. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,240,711 (Hille et al), U.S. Patent No. 5,225,199 (Hidaka et al), U.S. Patent No. 5,069,909 (Sharma et al), U.S. Patent No. 4,806,341 (Chien et al), and U.S. Patent No. 5,026,556 (Drust et al), all of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference. These transdermal devices can also be reformulated with the aversive agents and antagonists as disclosed herein.
  • the transdermal delivery system used in the present invention may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 5,069,909 (Sharma et al), hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
  • This patent describes a laminated composite for administering bupreno ⁇ hine transdermally to treat pain.
  • the transdermal delivery system used in the present invention may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 4,806,341 (Chien et al), hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
  • transdermal mo ⁇ hinan narcotic analgesic or antagonist including bupreno ⁇ hine
  • pharmaceutical polymer matrix dosage unit having a backing layer which is substantially impervious to the bupreno ⁇ hine, and a polymer matrix disc layer which is adhered to the backing layer and which has microdispersed therein effective dosage amounts of the bupreno ⁇ hine.
  • compositions for the transdermal delivery of bupreno ⁇ hine comprise bupreno ⁇ hine in a ca ⁇ ier of a polar solvent material selected from the group consisting of C3-C4 diols, C3-
  • the transde ⁇ nal delivery system used in the present invention may also be that described in U.S. Patent No. 4,588,580 (Gale, et. al), hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference. That system comprises a reservoir for the drug having a skin proximal, material releasing surface area in the range of about 5-100 cm 2 and containing between 0.1 and 50% by weight of a skin permeable form of the bupreno ⁇ hine.
  • the reservoir contains an aqueous gel comprising up to about 47-95% ethanol, 1-10%) gelling agent, 0.1-10% bupreno ⁇ hine, and release rate controlling means disposed in the flow path of the drug to the skin which limits the flux of the bupreno ⁇ hine from the system through the skin.
  • transdermal delivery system used in the present invention may also be that described in PCT/US01/04347 to Oshlack et al.
  • the present invention is contemplated to encompass all transdermal fo ⁇ nulations, e.g., the technologies described above, with the inclusion of an aversive agent and antagonist, such that the dosage form deters abuse of the opioid therein.
  • the aversive agent and antagonist in non-releasable form when administered intact can be formulated in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 5,149,538 to Granger, hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
  • the aversive agent and the opioid agonist can be separated from the opioid by a layer which becomes disrupted when the dosage form is tampered with, thereby mixing the aversive agent with the opioid agonist.
  • a combination of both systems can be used.
  • the controlled release formulations of the present invention may be formulated as a phannaceutical suppository for rectal administration comprising an opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, and at least one aversive agent in a controlled release matrix, and a suppository vehicle (base).
  • a phannaceutical suppository for rectal administration comprising an opioid analgesic, opioid antagonist, and at least one aversive agent in a controlled release matrix, and a suppository vehicle (base).
  • Preparation of controlled release suppository formulations is described in, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,215,758.
  • the suppository base chosen should be compatible with the agent(s) of the present invention. Further, the suppository base is preferably non-toxic and noni ⁇ itating to mucous membranes, melts or dissolves in rectal fluids, and is stable during storage.
  • the suppository base comprises a fatty acid wax selected from the group consisting of mono-, di- and triglycerides of saturated, natural fatty acids of the chain length C12 to C ⁇ 8 .
  • a wax may be used to form the proper shape for administration via the rectal route.
  • This system can also be used without wax, but with the addition of diluent filled in a gelatin capsule for both rectal and oral administration.
  • Suitable commercially available mono-, di- and triglycerides include saturated natural fatty acids of the 12-18 carbon atom chain sold under the trade name Novata TM (types AB, AB, B,BC, BD, BBC, E, BCF, C, D and 299), manufactured by Henkel, and Witepsol TM (types H5, H12, H15, H175, H185, H19, H32, H35, H39, H42, W25, W31, W35, W45, S55, S58, E75, E76 and E85), manufactured by Dynamit Nobel.
  • Novata TM types AB, AB, B,BC, BD, BBC, E, BCF, C, D and 299
  • Witepsol TM types H5, H12, H15, H175, H185, H19, H32, H35, H39, H42, W25, W31, W35, W45, S55, S58, E75, E76 and E85
  • pha ⁇ naceutically acceptable suppository bases may be substituted in whole or in part for the above-mentioned mono-, di- and triglycerides.
  • the amount of base in the suppository is determined by the size (i.e. actual weight) of the dosage form, the amount of base (e.g., alginate) and drug used.
  • the amount of suppository base is from about 20 percent to about 90 percent by weight of the total weight of the suppository.
  • the amount of base in the suppository is from about 65 percent to about 80 percent, by weight of the total weight of the suppositoiy .
  • the dosage forms of the present invention may also include a surfactant.
  • surfactants useful in accordance with the present invention include for example, ionic and nonionic surfactants or wetting agents commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, including but not limited to castor oil derivatives, cholesterol, polyglycolyzed glycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, sorbitan fatty acid esters, poloxamers, polysorbates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene compounds, monoglycerides or ethoxylated derivatives thereof, diglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives thereof, sodium docusate, sodium laurylsulfate, cholic acid or derivatives thereof, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated esters, ethoxylated amides, polyoxypropylene compounds, propoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers, propoxylated esters, alkanol
  • Mixed surfactant/wetting agents useful in accordance with the present invention include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate/polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and sodium lauryl sulfate/PEG 6000/stearic acid, etc.
  • the dosage ' form may also include an emulsifying agent.
  • Emulsifying agents useful in accordance with the present invention include, for example, monoglycerides, sucrose/fatty acid esters, polyglycerol/fatty acid esters, sorbitan/fatty acid esters, lecithins, potassium and sodium salts of rosin acids and higher fatty acids, as well as sulfates and sulfonates of these acids, amine salts of hydroxylamines of long-chain fatty acid esters, quaternary ammonium salts such as stearyl- dimethylbehzylammonium chloride and tridecylbenzenehydroxyethylimidazole chloride, phosphoric esters of higher alcohols such as capryl and octyl alcohol, and monoesters of oleic acid and pentaerytliritol such as sorbitan monooleates, and mixtures thereof.
  • the oral dosage form and methods for use of the present invention may further include, in addition to an opioid analgesic and opioid antagonist, one or more drugs that may or may not act synergistically with the opioid analgesic.
  • an opioid analgesic and opioid antagonist one or more drugs that may or may not act synergistically with the opioid analgesic.
  • a combination of two opioid analgesics may be included in the dosage form.
  • the dosage form may include two opioid analgesics having different properties, such as half-life, solubility, potency, and a combination of any of the foregoing.
  • one or more opioid analgesic is included and a further non-opioid drug is also included.
  • non-opioid drugs would preferably provide additional analgesia, and include, for example, aspirin, acetaminophen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ("NSAIDS"), e.g., ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etc.; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, e.g., a mo ⁇ hinan such as dextrometho ⁇ han or dextro ⁇ han, or ketamine; cyclooxygenase-II inhibitors ("COX-II inhibitors"); and/or glycine receptor antagonists.
  • NSAIDS non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
  • COX-II inhibitors cyclooxygenase-II inhibitors
  • the invention allows for the use of lower doses of the opioid analgesic by virtue of the inclusion of an additional non- opioid analgesic, such as an NSAID or a COX-2 inhibitor.
  • an additional non- opioid analgesic such as an NSAID or a COX-2 inhibitor.
  • Suitable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents including ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piro- profen, ca ⁇ rofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflurisal, flufenisal, pir
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are well known in the art, and encompass, for example, mo ⁇ hinans such as dextrometho ⁇ han or dextro ⁇ han, ketamine, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • NMDA antagonist is also deemed to encompass drugs that block a major intracellular consequence of NMDA-receptor activation, e.g. a ganglioside such as GMj or GTi b a phenothiazine such as trifluoperazine or a naphthalenesulfonamide such as N-(6- aminohexyl)-5-chloro-l-naphthalenesulfonamide.
  • narcotic analgesics such as mo ⁇ hine, codeine, etc. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,321,012 and 5,556,838 (both to Mayer, et al.), and to treat chronic pain in U.S. Pat. No. 5,502,058 (Mayer, et al.), all of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
  • the NMDA antagonist may be included alone, or in combination with a local anesthetic such as lidocaine, as described in these Mayer, etal. patents.
  • COX-2 inhibitors have been reported in the art and many chemical structures are known to produce inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. COX-2 inhibitors are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,616,601; 5,604,260; 5,593,994; 5,550,142; 5,536,752; 5,521,213; 5,474,995; 5,639,780; 5,604,253; 5,552,422; 5,510,368; 5,436,265; 5,409,944; and 5,130,311, all of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
  • COX-2 inhibitors include celecoxib (SC-58635), DUP-697, flosulide (CGP-28238), meloxicam, 6- methoxy-2 naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA), MK-966 (also known as Vioxx), nabumetone (prodrug for 6-MNA), nimesulide, NS-398, SC-5766, SC-58215, T-614; or combinations thereof.
  • Dosage levels of COX-2 inhibitor on the order of from about 0.005 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are therapeutically effective in combination with an opioid analgesic.
  • about 0.25 mg to about 7 g per patient per day of a COX-2 inhibitor is administered in combination with an opioid analgesic.
  • a non-opioid drug can be included ' which provides a desired effect other than analgesia, e.g., antitussive, expectorant, decongestant, antihistamine drugs, local anesthetics, and the like.
  • the invention disclosed herein is meant to encompass the use pf any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the disclosed opioid analgesics.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, secium salt and the like; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like; organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamme salt and the like; inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate and the like; organic acid salts such as formate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, tartrate and the like; sulfonates such as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and the like; amino acid
  • opioid analgesics disclosed herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms.
  • the present invention is also meant to encompass the use of any of such possible forms as well as. their racemic and resolved forms and mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended to include both E and Z geometric isomers.
  • the use of all tautomers are intended to be encompassed by the present invention ? s well.
  • the oral dosage forms of the present invention may be in the form of tablets, troches, lozenges, powders or granules, hard or soft capsules, microparticles (e.g., microcapsules, microspheres and the like), buccal tablets, etc.
  • the present invention provides for a method of preventing abuse of an oral controlled release dosage form of an opioid analgesic comprising preparing the dosage forms as described above.
  • the present invention provides for a method of preventing diversion of an oral controlled release dosage form of. an opioid analgesic comprising preparing the dosage fo ⁇ ns as described above.
  • the present invention provides for a method of treating pain by administering to a human patient the dosage forms described above.
  • a 20 mg oxycodone formulation is prepared containing naloxone as the antagonist and xanthan gum as the aversive agent
  • xanthan gum is added to the oxycodone formulation during the granulation process.
  • Other gelling agents such as curdlan, ca ⁇ ageenan, alginates, pectin, gelatin, furcelleran, agar, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, tragacanth, acacia, glucomannans, karaya, starch and starch derivatives, egg white powder, lacto albumin, soy protein, Jargel, gellan gum, welan gum, rhamsan gum, and the like, could also be used as gelling agents.
  • Dispersion Dissolve naloxone HCl in water and the solution is added to the Eudragit Triacetin dispersion.
  • Granulation Spray the Eudragit/Triacetin dispersion onto the oxycodone HCl, Spray Dried Lactose, xanthan gum and Povidone using a fluid bed granulator.
  • Milling Discharge the granulation and pass through a mill ,
  • Waxing Melt the stearyl alcohol and add to the milled granulation using a mixer. Allow to cool.
  • Milling Pass the cooled granulation through a mill.
  • Lubrication Lubricate the granulation with talc and magnesium stearate using a mixer.
  • Compression Compress the granulation into tablets using a tablet press.
  • a 40 mg oxycodone formulation was prepared containing naloxone as the antagonist and xanthan gum as the aversive agent
  • Example 2 To determine the effect of varying amount of xanthan gum on the gelling property and •dissolution rate of an oxycodone tablet, three levels of xanthan gum were added to 40 mg oxycodone granulation and compressed into tablets. Oxycodone recovery from water extraction of the tablet and the drug release rate were determined.
  • the oxycodone granulation formulation of Example 2 is listed in Table 2 below.
  • Examples 2A to 2C were prepared adding different amounts (3mg, 5mg, and 9mg) of xanthan gum to a 125.9 mg oxycodone granulation of Example 2.
  • Dispersion Dissolve naloxone HCl in water and the solution is added to the
  • Granulation Spray the Eudragit/Triacetin dispersion onto the Oxycodone HCl, Spray
  • Milling Discharge the granulation and pass through a mill. 4. Waxing: Melt the stearyl alcohol and add to the milled granulation using a mixer. Allow to cool.
  • Milling Pass the cooled granulation through a mill.
  • Lubrication Lubricate the granulation with talc and magnesium stearate using a mixer.
  • Compression Compress the granulation into tablets using a tablet press.
  • Example 2 The granulation of Example 2 was compressed into tablets using a tablet press without the addition of xanthan gum, and Examples 2, 2A-C were tested under the following dissolution conditions and gave the results listed in Table 3 below.
  • a 20 mg oxycodone formulation containing naloxone as the antagonist and a bittering agent as the aversive agent is prepared
  • Dispersion Dissolve naloxone HCL and denatonium benzoate in water and the solution is added to the Eudragit/Triacetin dispersion.
  • Granulation Spray the Eudragit Triacetin dispersion onto the Oxycodone HCl, Spray Dried Lactose and Povidone using a fluid bed granulator.
  • Milling Discharge the granulation and pass through a mill.
  • Waxing Melt the stearyl alcohol and add to the milled granulation using a mixer. Allow to cool.
  • Milling Pass the cooled granulation through a mill.
  • Lubrication Lubricate the granulation with talc and magnesium stearate using a mixer.
  • Compression Compress the granulation into tablets using a tablet press.
  • Example 5 a substantially non-releasable form of a bittering agent (denatonium benzoate) is prepared by coating denatonium benzoate particles with a coating that renders the denatonium benzoate substantially non-releasable.
  • the formulation of Example 5 is listed in Table 5 below.
  • Solution Preparation Dissolve the denatonium benzoate in Purified Water. Once dissolved, add the Opadry White and continue mixing until a homogeneous dispersion is yielded.
  • Example 6 a substantially non-releasable fo ⁇ n of a bittering agent (denatonium benzoate) is prepared as denatonium benzoate containing granulates.
  • the granulates are comprised of denatonium benzoate dispersed in a matrix that renders the denatonium benzoate substantially non-releasable.
  • the formulation of Example 6 is listed in Table 6 below.
  • Example 7 a substantially non-releasable form of a bittering agent (denatonium benzoate) is prepared as denatonium benzoate extruded pellets.
  • the formulation of Example 7 is listed in Table 7 below.
  • Pelletizing Cut the cooled strands into pellets using a Pelletizer.
  • Example 8 Naltrexone HCl beads for inco ⁇ oration into capsules were prepared having the following formulation in Table 8 below.
  • Step 4 Seal coat Opadry Clear 1.899 (Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose)
  • Disperse Eudragit RS30D, triethyl citrate, and Cabosil in water Spray the dispersion onto the beads in the fluid bed coater.
  • a naltrexone melt extruded multiparticulate formulation was prepared.
  • the melt ext ded multiparticulate fo ⁇ nulation is listed in Table 9 below.
  • a naltrexone sustained release bead fonnulation was prepared which can be inco ⁇ orated into an opioid controlled release granulation and compressed into tablets.
  • the naltrexone controlled release bead formulation is listed in Table 10 below.
  • Example 11 a sustained release 20 mg controlled release oxycodone formulation was prepared having the formulation listed in Table 11 below.
  • Granulation Spray the Eudragit/Triacetin dispersion onto the Oxycodone HCl, Spray Dried Lactose and Povidone using a fluid bed granulator.
  • Milling Discharge the granulation and pass through a mill.
  • Waxing Melt the stearyl alcohol and add to the milled granulation using a mixer. Allow to cool.
  • Milling Pass the cooled granulation through a mill.
  • Lubrication Lubricate the granulation with talc and magnesium stearate using a mixer.
  • Compression Compress the granulation into tablets using a tablet pre S.
  • Film coating Apply an aqueous film coat to the tablets.
  • Example 12 naltrexone beads prepared in accordance with Example 16 are inco ⁇ orated into the sustained release 20 mg oxycodone tablets prepared in accordance with Example 11 and having the formula listed in Table 12 below. TABLE 12
  • naltrexone beads (example 2) with the above granulation in a Hobar mixer.
  • Releasable naltrexone can be a) overcoated onto the pellets by e.g., including it in an Opadry solution, b) modifying the sequestered component to release the desired naltrexone, c) including the naltrexone with the opioid agonist; or included in any other method known in the art.
  • the amount of naltrexone should be in an amount to have a desired pharmacological effect as disclosed herein and can be immediate or sustained release.
  • One or more aversive agents as described herein can be inco ⁇ orated into the oxycodone tablets by one skilled in the art.
  • the one or more aversive agents may be in releasable, non-releasable, or substantially non-releasable form or a combination thereof.
  • a sustained release hydrocodone fo ⁇ nulation was prepared having the formula in Table 13 below.
  • the sequestered naltrexone formulation of Example 9 can be inco ⁇ orated in a capsule with the hydrocodone pellets.
  • the sequestered naltrexone pellets are indistinguishable from the hydrocodone pellets.
  • Releasable naltrexone can be a) overcoated onto the pellets by e.g., including it in an Opadry solution, b) modifying the sequestered component to release the desired naltrexone, c) including the naltrexone with the opioid agonist; or included in any other method known in the art.
  • the amount of naltrexone should be in an amount to have a desired pharmacological effect as disclosed herein and can be immediate or sustained release.
  • One or more aversive agents as described herein can be inco ⁇ orated into a capsule with the hydrocodone pellets, into the hydrocodone pellets, or on the hydrocodone pellets by one skilled in the art.
  • the one or more aversive agents may be in releasable., non-releasable, or substantially non-releasable form or a combination thereof.
  • pellets comprising the aversive agent(s) are inco ⁇ orated into the capsule they are indistinguishable from the hydrocodone pellets.
  • a sustained release oxycodone HCl bead formulation was prepared having the formula in Table 14 below.
  • the sequestered naltrexone formulation of Example 8 can be inco ⁇ orated in a capsule with the oxycodone beads.
  • the sequestered naltrexone beads are indistinguishable from the oxycodone beads.
  • Releasable naltrexone can be a) overcoated onto the pellets by e.g., including it in an Opadry solution, b) modifying the sequestered component to release the desired naltrexone, c) including the naltrexone with the opioid agonist; or included in any other method known in the art.
  • the amount of naltrexone should be in an amount to have a desired pharmacological effect as disclosed herein and can be immediate or sustained release.
  • One or more aversive agents as described herein can be inco ⁇ orated into a capsule with the oxycodone beads, into the oxycodone beads, or on the oxycodone beads by one skilled in the art.
  • the one or more aversive agents may be in releasable, non-releasable, or substantially non-releasable fonn or a combination thereof.
  • beads comprising the aversive agent(s) are inco ⁇ orated into the capsule they are indistinguishable from the oxycodone beads.
  • a sustained release hydromo ⁇ hone HCl formulation was prepared having the formula in Table 15 below:
  • the sequestered naltrexone formulation of Example 15 can be inco ⁇ orated in a capsule with the hydromo ⁇ hone pellets.
  • the sequestered naltrexone pellets are indistinguishable from the hydrocodone pellets.
  • Releasable naltrexone can be a) overcoated onto the pellets by e.g., including it in an Opadry solution, b) modifying the sequestered component to release the desired naltrexone, c) including the naltrexone with the opioid agonist; or included in any other method known in the art.
  • the amount of naltrexone should be in an amount to have a desired pharmacological effect as disclosed herein and can be immediate or sustained release.
  • One or more aversive agents as described herein can be inco ⁇ orated into a capsule with the hydromo ⁇ hone pellets, into the hydromo ⁇ hone pellets, or on the hydromo ⁇ hone pellets by one skilled in the art.
  • the one or more aversive agents may be in releasable, non- releasable, or substantially non-releasable form or a combination thereof.
  • pellets comprising the aversive agent(s) are inco ⁇ orated into the capsule they are indistinguishable from the hydromo ⁇ hone pellets.
  • a 20 mg oxycodone dosage form containing naloxone as the antagonist and multiple deterring agents is prepared
  • naloxone hydrochloride denatonium benzoate
  • xanthan gum are added to an oxycodone formulation during the granulation process.
  • the oxycodone granulation formulation of Example 16 is listed in Table 16 below.
  • Dispersion Dissolve naloxone HCl and denatonium benzoate in water and the solution is added to the Eudragit/Tracetin dispersion.
  • Granulation Spray the Eudragit/Triacetin dispersion onto the Oxycodone HCl, Spray Dried
  • Lactose, xanthan gum and Povidone using a fluid bed granulator Discharge the granulation and pass through a mill.
  • Waxing Melt the stearyl alcohol and add to the milled granulation using a mixer. Allow to cool.
  • Milling Pass the cooled granulation through a mill.
  • Lubrication Lubricate the granulation with talc and magnesium stearate using a mixer.
  • Compression Compress the granulation into tablets using a tablet press.
  • Examples 4-7 can be repeated utilizing a sufficient amount of capsaicin in place of, or in addition to the aversive agents disclosed therein.

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  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des méthodes et des compositions destinées à prévenir l'abus de formes posologiques d'un analgésique opioïde et d'un antagoniste opioïde comprenant au moins un agent aversif en une quantité efficace pour empêcher un consommateur abusif de s'administrer une forme trafiquée de ladite forme posologique par voie intraveineuse, intranasale et/ou orale.
PCT/US2002/024934 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Compositions et methodes destinees a prevenir l'abus d'opioides WO2003013479A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HU0401195A HUP0401195A3 (en) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Compositions to prevent abuse of opioids containing aversive agent and process of their preparation
JP2003518489A JP2005501067A (ja) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 オピオイドの乱用を防ぐための組成物および方法
CA002456322A CA2456322A1 (fr) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Compositions et methodes destinees a prevenir l'abus d'opioides
DE20220910U DE20220910U1 (de) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Zusammensetzungen zur Verhinderung des Missbrauchs von Opioiden
AU2002319774A AU2002319774B2 (en) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Compositions and methods to prevent abuse of opioids
BR0212019-4A BR0212019A (pt) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Formas de dosagem, métodos para o tratamento da dor, métodos de preparação de uma forma de dosagem e métodos para impedir o abuso de uma forma de dosagem
KR10-2004-7001878A KR20040060917A (ko) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 오피오이드 남용을 방지하기 위한 조성물 및 방법
MXPA04001208A MXPA04001208A (es) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Composiciones y metodos para evitar el abuso de los opioides.
EP02750438A EP1414418A1 (fr) 2001-08-06 2002-08-06 Compositions et methodes destinees a prevenir l'abus d'opioides

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US31053701P 2001-08-06 2001-08-06
US31051501P 2001-08-06 2001-08-06
US31051601P 2001-08-06 2001-08-06
US60/310,516 2001-08-06
US60/310,515 2001-08-06
US60/310,537 2001-08-06

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JP (1) JP2005501067A (fr)
KR (1) KR20040060917A (fr)
AU (1) AU2002319774B2 (fr)
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CA (1) CA2456322A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE20220910U1 (fr)
HU (1) HUP0401195A3 (fr)
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