WO2003012378A1 - Mesure de niveau et de densite par rayonnement gamma - Google Patents

Mesure de niveau et de densite par rayonnement gamma Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003012378A1
WO2003012378A1 PCT/GB2002/003403 GB0203403W WO03012378A1 WO 2003012378 A1 WO2003012378 A1 WO 2003012378A1 GB 0203403 W GB0203403 W GB 0203403W WO 03012378 A1 WO03012378 A1 WO 03012378A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
radiation
oil
medium
sources
disposed
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2002/003403
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English (en)
Inventor
Peter Jackson
Original Assignee
Johnson Matthey Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Johnson Matthey Plc filed Critical Johnson Matthey Plc
Publication of WO2003012378A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003012378A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/24—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by observing the transmission of wave or particle radiation through the material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
    • G01F23/284—Electromagnetic waves
    • G01F23/288—X-rays; Gamma rays or other forms of ionising radiation
    • G01F23/2885—X-rays; Gamma rays or other forms of ionising radiation for discrete levels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
    • G01N23/10—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in a luggage X-ray scanners
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water
    • G01N33/1826—Organic contamination in water
    • G01N33/1833—Oil in water

Definitions

  • This invention relates to level measurement and in particular to apparatus for determining boundaries between phases, e.g. oil and water, or oil and gas, in a medium.
  • the location of boundaries can be found by monitoring the variation in density of the medium, i.e. by determining its density profile.
  • the invention utilises ionising radiation to detect the differences in density.
  • WO 00/22387 It has been proposed in WO 00/22387 to measure the density profile of a medium by providing an axially distributed array of sources of ionising radiation, e.g. 241 Am which is a source of low energy ⁇ -radiation, to give collimated beams of said radiation and an axially distributed array of detectors disposed so that the medium under study extends between the sources and the detectors. By monitoring the radiation received by the detectors, the amount of radiation absorbed by the medium from each beam can be determined and so variations in the medium density can be detected.
  • the arrangement of WO 00/22387 employed two, or preferably three, tubes of a radiation transparent material, such as titanium, disposed substantially vertically but spaced apart in the medium.
  • One tube is provided with a vertical array of sources, while a vertical array of detectors is disposed in the other tube or tubes.
  • the length of the beam of radiation i.e. the distance from the source to detector, was preferably in the range 3 to 15, particularly 5 to 10, cm as this enables the apparatus to be introduced into a vessel, e.g. an oil separator, through a single port.
  • the port needs to have a diameter of 10 cm of more, especially if a system having two detector columns is employed.
  • the vessel lacks a port of sufficient size to accommodate apparatus of the above type at the location where it is desired to monitor the medium.
  • the sources and detectors are associated with a single elongated member and so, providing the sources and detectors are not too large, the elongated member can have a diameter significantly less than the maximum cross section dimension of the aforesaid two or three tube system, and so may be inserted through a smaller port, for example a port of diameter about 50 mm or less.
  • the aforesaid system of WO 00/22387 relied upon absorption of radiation by the medium between the source and detector
  • the system of the present invention relies upon back-scattering of the radiation.
  • US 4661700 describes a well logging sonde which utilises back-scattering and employs a single source of radiation and a pair of detectors axially displaced from the source.
  • the source was typically 137 Cs which emits ⁇ -radiation with an energy level of 662 keV.
  • the apparatus is provided with a discriminator to distinguish the radiation levels received by the detectors.
  • the high energy radiation is said to result primarily from single Compton scattering events and is indicative of the electron density and hence porosity of the geological formation of the borehole at the location of the sonde.
  • the low energy radiation (below 100 keV) is said to be indicative of photoelectric absorption and multiple Compton scattering.
  • apparatus for determining the density profile of a medium comprising an elongated member containing a plurality of sources of collimated beams of ⁇ -radiation of characteristic energy level below 100 keV disposed as an array along at least part of the length of the member, and a ⁇ -radiation detector associated with each beam and shielded from said sources, and in which apparatus there is at least one detector between each source, each of said collimated beams is directed to irradiate a region external to said member, and the detector associated with that beam is disposed to detect radiation scattered from said region by the aforesaid medium.
  • a low energy ionising radiation source e.g. 241 Am which emits ⁇ -radiation with an energy level of about 60 keV.
  • the use of a low energy level source is desirable as it enables cross-talk, i.e. a detector detecting radiation scattered from a radiation beam other than that intended, to be minimised since the effective range from which back-scattered radiation can be detected decreases as the energy level decreases.
  • cross-talk i.e. a detector detecting radiation scattered from a radiation beam other than that intended
  • the elongated member is preferably a tube of radiation transparent material and is preferably disposed substantially vertically in the medium whose density is to be monitored. However, greater precision may be obtainable if the tube is inclined to the vertical.
  • the elongated member is provided with a suitable mounting means and extends down through a suitable port in the roof of the vessel in which the medium is located. Since only a single elongated member has to be employed, the port can be any that is of diameter greater than that of the elongated member. The latter typically has a diameter of not more than about 50 mm.
  • the sources and detectors are arranged along the length of the elongated member over which the density profile is to be determined. It will be appreciated that it may not be necessary to monitor the density over the whole length of the elongated member since part thereof may always be disposed in a medium of substantially constant density, e.g. in an air space at the upper part of the vessel containing the medium. Indeed if the device is employed to detect the location of phase boundaries, the sources and detectors need only be disposed at those locations along the length of the elongated member encompassing the expected phase boundaries.
  • the elongated member containing the sources and detectors need be made of a radiation transparent material such as titanium.
  • the remainder of the elongated member may be constructed from a cheaper material such as steel.
  • the spacing of the sources and detectors depends upon the precision with which it is desired to monitor the density profile. Typically the detectors and sources are sized and spaced so that the density is effectively monitored at intervals 2 to 6 cm.
  • each beam of radiation has a detector associated therewith.
  • each source provides one beam, preferably directed substantially at an angle of 90° to the longitudinal axis of the tube.
  • each source provides two beams, directed in different directions. In that case there will therefore be two detectors for each source.
  • Each source thus has at least one detector associated therewith and there is at least one detector between each source.
  • one beam is preferably directed upwardly and the other downwardly, each at an angle in the range 30° to 80° to the longitudinal axis of the tube. If the angle is too small, there is a risk that the radiation will be reflected from the inner surface of the tube rather than being back- scattered from the medium outside the tube.
  • the sources are preferably pellets of the radioactive material disposed in bores drilled in a block of a suitable radiation opaque material such as tungsten.
  • the length and diameter of the bores determines the degree of collimation of the beams.
  • the detectors are shielded from direct radiation from the sources by means of a suitable radiation opaque material such as tungsten.
  • the invention is of particular utility in determining the density profile, and hence the location of phase boundaries in an oil/water/gas separator. In addition to determining the location of gas/oil and oil/water interfaces, boundaries between oil and oil/water emulsions and/or between liquid and foam regions can be determined. Also the feed to an oil separator may contain some solids such as sand and/or heavy hydrocarbons, e.g. ashphaltenes, and the boundary between such phases and liquid phases can also be detected.
  • an oil separator comprising a vessel provided with an inlet port for feeding an oil/water mixture into a separation zone wherein the oil/water mixture separates into an oil phase above a water phase, a weir disposed such that the oil phase can flow over the weir into an oil outlet zone, an oil phase outlet port communicating with the oil outlet zone, a water phase outlet port disposed to remove the separated water phase, and a probe comprising a density profiler probe in accordance with the invention disposed in said vessel, said probe having at least an array of sources and detectors spanning the interface between the oil phase and the water phase and, preferably, also an array of sources and detectors spanning the upper surface of the oil phase.
  • Figure 1 is a vertical section through part of a density profiler in accordance with the invention
  • Figure 2 is a section along the line II -
  • Figure 3 is a vertical section through an alternative source arrangement
  • Figure 4 is a diagrammatic elevation of apparatus in combination with an oil/water separator.
  • the profiler has an outer tube 10, typically of 50 mm diameter, formed from a radiation transparent material such as titanium, and is divided into two longitudinally extending compartments 12, 14 by a chordal strip 16 of a radiation opaque material such as tungsten.
  • the tube is mounted substantially vertically in a vessel, e.g.
  • an oil separator containing the medium whose density is to be profiled, by means not shown which also serve to seal the tube to a port in the vessel.
  • the larger compartment 12 is provided at vertically spaced intervals with blocks of a radiation opaque material such as tungsten extending across the diameter of the tube.
  • blocks of a radiation opaque material such as tungsten extending across the diameter of the tube.
  • FIG 1 A sequence of three such blocks are shown in Figure 1 where the blocks are designated 18, 20 and 22.
  • Each block has a hole 24 bored diametrically therethrough inclined at an angle, typically in the range 30 to 80°, to the longitudinal axis of the tube.
  • Located in the centre of each hole 24 is a pellet of a source 26, such as 241 Am, of low energy ⁇ -radiation.
  • the walls of the holes 24 collimate the radiation into diametrically opposed, inclined, beams which penetrate the wall of tube 10 into the medium outside the tube 10.
  • the beams from the source in block 20 are designated by reference numerals 28a and 28b.
  • the "spread" of beam 28a is indicated by the dotted lines 30.
  • Located above and below each of the blocks are radiation detectors. Each detector is typically a sodium iodide crystal linked to a GM tube.
  • the detector located above block 18 is designated 32, while the detectors below and above block 20 are designated 34 and 36 respectively.
  • the detector below block 22 is designated 38.
  • the detectors are shielded axially from radiation from the source by their associated blocks, and by radiation opaque members 40, 42 disposed between detectors 32 and 34 and between detectors 36 and 38 respectively.
  • the detectors are also shielded radially from radiation by shielding member 44 extending round part of the interior wall of tube 10 and the longitudinally extending strip 16.
  • the shielding member 44 does not extend all round the interior wall of the compartment 12, but leaves a "window" through which radiation can reach the detector from outside the tube.
  • Each detector and its associated window are positioned so that the detector can detect radiation back-scattered from the medium irradiated by the beam associated with that detector.
  • detector 36 is arranged to detect radiation back-scattered from the region of the medium irradiated by bean 28a
  • detector 34 detects the radiation back-scattered from the region of the medium irradiated by beam 28b.
  • the compartment 14 in the tube provides a conduit for cabling (which may be electrical or fibre-optic) as required to connect the detectors to external data logging equipment.
  • the detectors and the shielding should be arranged such that the detector detects little or no radiation from regions irradiated by beams other than the one associated with that detector.
  • Such cross-talk is minimised by the use of relatively low energy sources.
  • sources having an energy level below about 100 keV detected back-scattered radiation is unlikely to be derived from scattering at a distance more than about 10 cm from the detector, and likewise the radiation is unlikely to penetrate into the medium to a distance more than about 10 cm from the source.
  • the extent of the penetration is given approximately by the dotted lines 46, 48, while lines 50, 52 indicate the approximate location of adjacent vertically disposed detection levels. The distance between lines 50 and 52 represents the vertical resolution of the profiler.
  • FIG 3 an alternative embodiment is illustrated.
  • Two collimated beams are provided by a single source 26 disposed at the bottom of a pair of intersecting bores 24a, 24b in the block 20 of radiation opaque material.
  • the beams are thus directed upwardly and downwardly at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the tube but in this case the beams can be directed in the same radial direction.
  • This arrangement may have constructional advantages in that the detectors may be aligned and located on a common elongated circuit board.
  • Figure 4 there is shown in section an oil/water separator vessel 54 provided with an inlet port 56 to which a mixture of oil and water to be separated is supplied, a weir 58, and outlet ports 60, 62 from which separated water and oil phases are removed from the vessel.
  • a gas vent (not shown) may also be provided.
  • the supplied oil/water mixture initially tends to form a foam region 64 adjacent the inlet port 56. This gradually collapses forming an oil/water emulsion region 66 which separates with time into an oil phase 68 and a water phase 70.
  • the oil phase spills over the weir 58 into an oil outlet zone 72 from which the oil phase is removed through outlet port 62.
  • the water phase is removed through outlet port 60.
  • a probe 74 constituting apparatus in accordance with the invention, is deployed vertically through a port 76 in the roof of the vessel 54.
  • the probe 74 is a hollow tube in which, for parts of its length, are mounted arrays of sources and detectors as shown in Figure 1.
  • the probe has two separate arrays, one spans the oil/gas interface while the other array spans the oil/water interface.
  • Each array is of sufficient length to embrace the range of heights in the vessel where that interface is liable to occur.
  • Each array comprises a plurality, for example 5 or more, of the sources and detectors. Electrical circuitry, not shown, is connected to each detector to provide signals indicative of the amount of radiation received by the detector.
  • the medium in the space between the transducer and the reflector is oil, water, gas, or mixtures thereof, e.g. a foam or an emulsion.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Levels Of Liquids Or Fluent Solid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne un dispositif permettant de déterminer le profil de densité d'un milieu, qui comprend un élément de forme allongée, disposé verticalement et un matériau transparent au rayonnement η, qui renferme une pluralité de sources de faisceaux colimatés de rayonnement η d'un niveau d'énergie caractéristique inférieur à 100 keV et, pour chaque faisceau, un détecteur protégé desdites sources par un matériau laissant passer le rayonnement. Chaque faisceau colimaté est dirigé de manière à ce qu'il irradie une région extérieure audit élément allongé, et le détecteur associé à ce faisceau est disposé de manière à détecter la rayonnement provenant de ladite région et diffusé par le milieu..
PCT/GB2002/003403 2001-07-30 2002-07-24 Mesure de niveau et de densite par rayonnement gamma WO2003012378A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0118415.9A GB0118415D0 (en) 2001-07-30 2001-07-30 Level measurement
GB0118415.9 2001-07-30

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WO2003012378A1 true WO2003012378A1 (fr) 2003-02-13

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2853416A1 (fr) * 2003-04-04 2004-10-08 Inst Francais Du Petrole Methode pour determiner la composition d'un fluide homogene ou heterogene
US7140238B2 (en) 2003-04-04 2006-11-28 Institut Francais Du Petrole Method for determining the composition of a fluid
DE102008011382A1 (de) * 2008-02-27 2009-09-03 Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung oder Überwachung der Dichte oder von Dichteprofilen
EP2169389A1 (fr) * 2008-09-30 2010-03-31 Ohmart/VEGA Corporation Jauge de densité nucléaire à puits unique
CN101206183B (zh) * 2006-12-19 2011-09-14 财团法人精密机械研究发展中心 孔内壁影像检视方法及装置
US8792611B2 (en) 2008-09-30 2014-07-29 Ohmart Corporation (The) Single well nuclear density gauge
US9035259B2 (en) 2008-09-18 2015-05-19 Johnson Matthey Plc Level measurement system
DE102014101373A1 (de) * 2014-02-04 2015-08-06 Vega Grieshaber Kg Radiometrisches Messsystem und Verfahren zum Betrieb eines radiometrischen Messsystems
US10197429B2 (en) 2011-09-15 2019-02-05 Vega Americas, Inc. Nuclear density gauge
WO2021004750A1 (fr) * 2019-07-08 2021-01-14 Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG Dispositif support pour un système de mesure radiométrique
WO2021079081A1 (fr) * 2019-10-24 2021-04-29 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Système et procédé de balayage pour balayer des cuves
DE102020209710A1 (de) 2020-07-31 2022-02-03 Vega Grieshaber Kg Radiometrische Messvorrichtung

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2378219A (en) * 1940-05-29 1945-06-12 Texas Co Method and apparatus for determining liquid level
US2934652A (en) * 1956-08-13 1960-04-26 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Selected scattered gamma-ray density logging
US4034218A (en) * 1975-10-09 1977-07-05 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Focused detection logging technique
US4661700A (en) * 1985-05-28 1987-04-28 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Well logging sonde with shielded collimated window
WO2000022387A1 (fr) * 1998-10-14 2000-04-20 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Systemes de mesure de niveau

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2378219A (en) * 1940-05-29 1945-06-12 Texas Co Method and apparatus for determining liquid level
US2934652A (en) * 1956-08-13 1960-04-26 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Selected scattered gamma-ray density logging
US4034218A (en) * 1975-10-09 1977-07-05 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Focused detection logging technique
US4661700A (en) * 1985-05-28 1987-04-28 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Well logging sonde with shielded collimated window
WO2000022387A1 (fr) * 1998-10-14 2000-04-20 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Systemes de mesure de niveau

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7140238B2 (en) 2003-04-04 2006-11-28 Institut Francais Du Petrole Method for determining the composition of a fluid
FR2853416A1 (fr) * 2003-04-04 2004-10-08 Inst Francais Du Petrole Methode pour determiner la composition d'un fluide homogene ou heterogene
CN101206183B (zh) * 2006-12-19 2011-09-14 财团法人精密机械研究发展中心 孔内壁影像检视方法及装置
DE102008011382A1 (de) * 2008-02-27 2009-09-03 Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung oder Überwachung der Dichte oder von Dichteprofilen
US9035259B2 (en) 2008-09-18 2015-05-19 Johnson Matthey Plc Level measurement system
US9534947B2 (en) 2008-09-18 2017-01-03 Johnson Matthey Plc Level measurement system
EP2169389A1 (fr) * 2008-09-30 2010-03-31 Ohmart/VEGA Corporation Jauge de densité nucléaire à puits unique
US8792611B2 (en) 2008-09-30 2014-07-29 Ohmart Corporation (The) Single well nuclear density gauge
US7986766B2 (en) 2008-09-30 2011-07-26 Ohmart/Vega Corporation Single well nuclear density gauge
US10197429B2 (en) 2011-09-15 2019-02-05 Vega Americas, Inc. Nuclear density gauge
DE102014101373A1 (de) * 2014-02-04 2015-08-06 Vega Grieshaber Kg Radiometrisches Messsystem und Verfahren zum Betrieb eines radiometrischen Messsystems
WO2021004750A1 (fr) * 2019-07-08 2021-01-14 Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG Dispositif support pour un système de mesure radiométrique
WO2021079081A1 (fr) * 2019-10-24 2021-04-29 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Système et procédé de balayage pour balayer des cuves
DE102020209710A1 (de) 2020-07-31 2022-02-03 Vega Grieshaber Kg Radiometrische Messvorrichtung

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