WO2002099824A2 - Depot de nanotubes sur adsorbants dans une pompe a chaleur de dessalinisateur - Google Patents

Depot de nanotubes sur adsorbants dans une pompe a chaleur de dessalinisateur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002099824A2
WO2002099824A2 PCT/US2002/011968 US0211968W WO02099824A2 WO 2002099824 A2 WO2002099824 A2 WO 2002099824A2 US 0211968 W US0211968 W US 0211968W WO 02099824 A2 WO02099824 A2 WO 02099824A2
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matter
composition
adsorbent
carbon
magnetic
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PCT/US2002/011968
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English (en)
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WO2002099824A3 (fr
Inventor
David A. Zornes
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Zornes David A
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2001/012369 external-priority patent/WO2001078870A1/fr
Priority claimed from US09/898,758 external-priority patent/US6706097B2/en
Application filed by Zornes David A filed Critical Zornes David A
Publication of WO2002099824A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002099824A2/fr
Publication of WO2002099824A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002099824A3/fr
Priority to PCT/US2003/012129 priority Critical patent/WO2004005640A1/fr
Priority to AU2003228592A priority patent/AU2003228592A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
    • B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
    • B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
    • B01J20/186—Chemical treatments in view of modifying the properties of the sieve, e.g. increasing the stability or the activity, also decreasing the activity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B01J20/205—Carbon nanostructures, e.g. nanotubes, nanohorns, nanocones, nanoballs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J20/28004—Sorbent size or size distribution, e.g. particle size
    • B01J20/28007—Sorbent size or size distribution, e.g. particle size with size in the range 1-100 nanometers, e.g. nanosized particles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J20/28009—Magnetic properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/28042—Shaped bodies; Monolithic structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3291—Characterised by the shape of the carrier, the coating or the obtained coated product
    • B01J20/3295—Coatings made of particles, nanoparticles, fibers, nanofibers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
    • B01J20/3441—Regeneration or reactivation by electric current, ultrasound or irradiation, e.g. electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, UV, light, microwaves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/005—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation
    • B03C1/01—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation by addition of magnetic adjuvants
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/18—Magnetic separation whereby the particles are suspended in a liquid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • a region of the sphere with a certain area becomes smaller in proportion to the square of the radius of the sphere; fewer electric lines of flux will cut through the region.
  • electric flux lines toward or around electric charges are illustrated: radial lines directed to a single charge (A), repulsive lines directed to two like charges (B), and attractive lines directed toward and away from two opposite electric charges (C).
  • the ends in this carbon nanotube example are cobalt and will be attracted to a localized magnetic field before the composite is set or cured.
  • a magnetic field Prior to curing the composite, while the composite materials can be moved within a mold, a magnetic field is provided that attracts the cobalt or iron ends to the field. This attraction focuses and orients the carbon nanotube as close to the magnetic field as possible. In some cases the magnetic attraction or the number of carbon nanotubes will not be close enough to the magnetic field to contact the mold walls these will be "oriented" carbon nanotubes within the composite. Oriented carbon nanotubes can be very useful in providing stress resistant structural strength in desired locations within a composite. A field and high quantity of nanotubes can be magnetically pulled over to a mold surface that provides a strong enough magnetic field locally.
  • SHAPING Any shaped mold design controls part shape. This invention teaches using polymers that will trap helium permanently. For example, a choice is polycarbonate and combinations of the above-mentioned polymers as well as other polymers. Hydrogen gas can be injected into the foam, but will ignite and this has function where it is desirable to destroy high altitude weather balloons for example. Phosphors can also be introduces into the cells in a controlled manor to provide extruded flat panels TV's or monitors. Mineral fills can be applied to this invention. Minerals like bentonite can be used as fill in this material.
  • Moisture is the biggest layer on montmorillinite and when injecting polymers with water- saturated montmorillinite (bentonite family of minerals) under the MuCell process the water steams through the polymer structurally reticulating the foam. This produces reticulated foam.
  • Montmorillinite can be viewed as the carrier mineral of a range of other "agents" into the MuCell process.
  • This invention teaches that polymer binders of zeolite molecular sieves can be produced under MuCell's process providing foamed zeolites with increased surface area multiples more than current pellets provide much larger monoliths can be "foamed” with the same effective surface area as thousands of pellets.
  • the foam 3 can be manufactured from many different substances, including but not limited to neoprene, hypalon, vinyl nitrile, nitrile, (NBR), epichlorohydrin, or urethane foam.
  • Closed cell foam is manufactured in several densities. The more air or gas pressure applied during the foaming process, the more or less dense the foam becomes as a final product.
  • Nitrogen gas is typically applied to the gas to make closed cell foam, because trapping nitrogen in the closed cell foam rather than air reduces oxidation.
  • the nitrogen is replaced with helium, producing a new neoprene closed cell helium material.
  • helium gas (or another suitable lightweight gas or gas mixture) is used to form closed cell foam, trapping the lightweight gas in the closed cells.
  • This invention provides cobalt nanotubes on the edges of the fasteners and points for increased strength, but magnetic fields could be used to move the carbon fibers more centrally within the composite or polymer materials. Magnetic flux field densities can be manipulated to move the cobalt nanotubes in virtually any location within the composite.
  • Female threaded head 302 is rotated freely on threads 304, until ratchet 305 contact mating ratchet 309.
  • a spanner wrench is inserted into holes 306 to rotate the head down ratcheting 305 and 309 together, until head 302 seats with 308 on hexagon 311, mechanically compressing layers of two or more hexagons. Ratchet surfaces 305 and 309 prevent the fastener from rotating due to structural vibration, securing the building for the life of building.
  • FIGURE 26 is an illustration of hexagon building blocks 1000 injection molded with isosceles triangle male patterns 1001 and female isosceles triangle pattern 1002. Hexagons measure 1 -meter (m) flat-to-flat and when two hexagons are assembled the thickness is 150-millimeters (mm). It is understood that any size can be made with any material. Every other isosceles triangle pattern on hexagon 1000 has pattern 1001 and pattern 1002, three each for each hexagon. 50-centimeter (cm) diameter tube 1003 is inserted into hole 1004 after hexagons are assembled onto each other. In FIGURE 26 triangle pattern 1001 and 1002 are assembled onto each other male to female patterns providing an aligned hole 1004 for tube 1003 insertion.
  • NASA/Langley polyimides can be foamed and when burned convert to CO 2 and H 2 O meeting any fire code. These same polyimides can provide the base material for a wide range of fill materials, PZT Pezos- electric (magnetic field shielding), microscopic reflective particles suspended in an infrared transparent matrix binder, and a wide range of gases can be inserted into the foam, like argon, helium, nitrogen. NASA invented RP46 and 50 polyimides make aluminum foaming possible and provide the base material to substitute the air used to foam with pyrolytic phase change salts to fill the closed cells with a thermal management material. The heat pump in FIGURE 9 and FIGURE 28 are tooled to insert into these hexagon for climate control.
  • Bentonite is a natural mined mineral that has an adso ⁇ tion of water 100 layers thick on its surface. This mineral is used in paper form and paint form to seal.
  • Carbon nanotubes can be grown on the bentonite (montmorillinite) individual mineral platelet by providing a seed metal on the mineral or using a mineral with natural carbon nanotube "seed" materials. A modified mineral is preferred for predictability and nickel is a candidate.
  • One or several nanotubes could be grown through NanoLab chemical deposition methods terminating the length by cobalt or iron. These montmorillinite with carbon nanotubes will be movable magnetically and the typical layers that montmorillinite forms of water will be separated to a specific distance by cobalt or iron nanotube termination lengths.
  • Montmorillinite can have carbon nanotubes on the edges or plane surface.
  • the present invention allows common tessellations to be integrated with tube bundles in order to make heat exchangers in a larger number of geometries, ranging from flat radiator-like devices to flat plane-type heat exchangers.
  • the tubes can be extruded shapes like squares, triangles, hexagons, polygons or other shapes, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
  • Tubes groves can be cut along the plane of these- hexagons to make flat plane oriented heat exchangers for floors, walls, working surfaces, and other industrial cooling systems like refrigeration beds. These tube groves in FIGURE 23 increases structural stability by preventing hexagons from shifting in the plane direction.
  • a further drawback of the prior art is that adsorbents do not float or suspend in a fluid in a controlled manner. It is desirable to have several types of controllable zeolite, one that floats on the surface of fluid or gas, one that suspends in solution, or gas, and one that sinks to the bottom of the adsorbent vessel.
  • the present invention is directed towards molecular separators (magnetoadsorbents) that employ an abso ⁇ tion material composition that uses magnetic fields to move adsorbent materials to different locations in a system requiring adsorbents.
  • Magnetoadsorbents include soft magnetic materials (e.g., ferritic alloy metals) that are bonded to adsorbents such as zeolites, carbon fibers or foam, with binders that keep the active part of the adsorbents open for abso ⁇ tion. Magnetic fields can attract the ferritic metals bonded to adsorbents. Different metals can be combined with different adsorbents with binders to provide different functions.
  • a separator device is connected in fluid communication with the conduit of a fuel cell that converts hydrogen and oxygen to water generating electricity.
  • the zeolite powder will be passed in the air stream to deliver oxygen and hydrogen to the cell membrane and then remove the water from the wastewater side of the fuel cell.
  • Three species of adsorbents can be applied in the magnetoadsorbent, each can be contained within a closed loop of their own to deliver and adsorb each the above molecules.
  • the conversion of the adsorbate from a liquid state to a vapor state is an endothermic reaction, which extracts heat from the environment surrounding the liquid, and therefore cools the environment and heats the adsorbent.
  • additional heat is supplied to the adsorbent to expel or desorb the adsorbed vapor, thereby recharging the adsorbent.
  • the desorbed vapor is condensed and cooled, and the two-phase cycle is repeated.
  • a separator device is connected in fluid communication with the conduit between the first and second vessels. The separator removes a part of the working substance, which passes from the second vessel to the first during abso ⁇ tion. The part of the working substance removed by the separator may be returned to the second vessel for another cycle without requiring the first vessel to be heated. The separator device therefore delays the point at which the first vessel is heated to desorb the working substance.
  • the adsorbent material may include a carbon fiber material.
  • Carbon fiber and carbon foam can be attached to magnetic alloys.
  • Carbon materials like carbon foam mentioned above, for example, can be foamed with magnetic alloys in the foam.
  • This carbon foam has a low-density highly conductive surface area making it one of the most thermally conductive materials. (Aluminum foam, copper foam, ceramic foam, etc. can be applied as well).
  • Carbon foam magnetoadsorbents can be pulled in and out of fluids cooling the fluid. Carbon foam magnetoadsorbents are easier to obtain a thermal exchange with because they are broken down into movable small pieces that have high surface area exposure and can be applied to remove heat or distribute heat in air-conditioned and heating systems.
  • FIGURE 3 illustrates a cross sectional view of powder composites being attracted to a magnet source and then released from that magnet source in a deposited area
  • FIGURE 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of a conduit system that separated molecules from a stream by adding adsorbents and removing adsorbents from the stream
  • FIGURE 5 illustrates a cross sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention in FIGURE 1 with a material added for added functions like floating;
  • FIGURE 6 illustrates a cross sectional view of an embodiment of FIGURE 4 with the addition of a turbine on the outlet port of the conduit
  • FIGURE 7 illustrates a cross sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention comprising a piezoelectric wafer fixed and attached to a magnet that suspends a soft magnetic alloy within a copper conduit;
  • FIGURE 11 illustrates a perspective view of a carbon fiber in FIGURE 10 bonded to adsorbents with less magnification
  • FIGURE 13 illustrates a chart of ice sublimation heat spike curves in an empty ice sublimation vessel measured from the inside center of the vessel
  • FIGURE 14 illustrates a chart of ice sublimation heat spike curves in an empty ice sublimation vessel measured from the outside of the vessel Wall;
  • FIGURE 17 illustrates a seal less magnetically actuated valve.
  • FIGURE 18 illustrates a carbon fiber nanotube with magnetic ends attracted to a magnetic field.
  • FIGURE 19 illustrated a carbon fiber nanotube with magnetic ends attached to a magnetic field in a polymer molded component.
  • FIGURE 21 illustrates a seat with cobalt carbon nanotubes magnetically directed for the assembly of fastener FIGURE 20;
  • FIGURE 23 illustrates a perspective view of all six hexagonal ratchet fastener seat and a corner with tangled carbon nanotubes concentrated where the mold had a magnet pulling the cobalt carbon nanotubes to the edge;
  • FIGURE 26 is an illustration of hexagon building blocks injection molded with carbon nanotube polymers in an isosceles triangle attachment arrangement.
  • FIGURE 27 is a rotated illustration of hexagon building blocks injection molded with carbon nanotube polymers in an isosceles triangle attachment arrangement.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment magnetic/adsorbent material composition constructed in accordance with the present invention, that facilitates molecular abso ⁇ tion and separation using a magnetic field to hold, move, cool, and/or heat an adsorbent that is bonded to magnetic materials that are moveable by a magnetic field.
  • An adsorbent 1 is bonded to a soft magnetic material 3 with a binder 2 into a powder composite material adsorbent that is attractable by a magnetic field.
  • This new composite powder is referred to hereinafter as a magnetoadsorbent 4.
  • the materials used to produce the magnetoadsorbents 4 are varied.
  • the magnetoadsorbent 4 includes adsorbents 1, which are bonded to ferritic metals 3 composed of soft magnetic alloys.
  • the magnetoadsorbent functions to adsorb and desorb working substances, causing a molecular separation; thus, increasing the efficiency of the abso ⁇ tion cycle by moving the adsorbent 1 to a location that processes the adsorbent 1 in the most optimized conditions.
  • Magnetic field manipulation of adsorbents 1 provides the ability to deliver molecules to locations within systems.
  • Some soft magnet alloys can be magnetically attracted very easily, while non- ferritic metals like copper or aluminum do not attract to a stationary magnetic field. Copper and aluminum will develop a magnetic field, if moved relative to a magnetic field at an eddy current generating velocity. Copper in the presence of a magnetic field could be held or relocated by the eddy current effect. Any ferromagnetic material like gadolinium or other material, which exhibits a magnetocaloric effect (i.e., which has the property of heating up when placed in a magnetic field and cooling down when removed from the magnetic field) can be applied as the metal bonded to the adsorbent.
  • Economic soft magnetic ferritic metal alloys include silicon iron at 22 kilogauss, carbon iron at 20 kilogauss, chromium iron (commercially referred to as ferritic stainless steel at 15 kilogauss), and aluminum iron.
  • the current most attractable metal is Hiperco 50 (manufactured by Ca ⁇ enter Steel a Division of Ca ⁇ enter Technology, 101 West Bern Street, Reading, PA 19601, U.S.A) composed of 48% cobalt, 50% iron, 2% Vanadium, providing the highest magnetic saturation 24 kilogauss. All these metals can be atomized into powder metals and sorted for the smallest powder sizes. Hiperco 50 magnetizes and demagnetizes in the shortest time frame.
  • l ⁇ agnetoadsorbents 4 are in the presence of a magnetic source 5.
  • the magnet source 5 is an electromagnet, a series of electromagnets that pulse in a progression that moves the magnetoadsorbent, a permanent magnet, a superconductor, or any other magnetic field source. Magnetoadsorbents 4 are attracted to the magnet source 5.
  • FIGURE 2 shows the process of magnetic attraction only partially finished.
  • magnetoadsorbents 4 are contacting the magnet source 5 and a portion of magnetoadsorbents 4 are still moving toward the magnet source 5. This process would normally take a second or less to complete.
  • the thickness of the fluid will vary the kinetic rate of magnetic attraction in a fluid.
  • magnetoadsorbents 4 are used to apply materials by adsorbing a selected molecule in a fluid that adsorbs other fluids, or that mix with other fluids.
  • a carrier fluid can be used to apply the selected molecule to a final destination.
  • magnetoadsorbents 4 are used to apply phosphorus in flat TV screens (manufactured by Candescent Technologies Co ⁇ oration 6320 San Ignacio Ave. San Jose, CA 95119). Magnetoadsorbents 4 are also used to clean moisture out of electronic devices that are required to be maintained as physically close as possible to completely dry.
  • co-polyimides replace polyimides for binding phosphorus to the screen and reducing outgasing. The co-polyimides are photo-imageable as the polyimide to pattern the phosphorus.
  • magnetoadsorbents 4 of the magnetocaloricz type heat in the presence of a magnetic field and are used to localize the heat of deso ⁇ tion just prior to pulling a vacuum on a TV screen. Only the magnetocaloricz materials will heat in a localized point preventing damage from occurring to thermally sensitive electronic components.
  • the biotechnology field has the same problem delivering the molecules in the correct quantity and selecting out pathogens that later can be harvested for selected molecules. In biotech manufacturing processes the selection of molecules and pathogens are growing on or selecting the remains of a metabolic process is useful in precisely processing, "taxiing" out molecules or pathogens.
  • magnetoadsorbent 4 are attracted to a magnetic source 6, which includes a magnet source 5 and a spinning wheel 9 that provides relocation of the magnetoadsorbent 4 from the gathering magnetic region 7 to the nonmagnetic region 8 where the magnetoadsorbent 4 is deposited for deso ⁇ tion.
  • the magnetic field attracts and holds magnetoadsorbent 4 to the wheel 9 until the wheel 9 moves magnetoadsorbent 4 into the non-magnetic region 8 for release.
  • Wheel 9 can be replaced by dipping a magnet into gas vapor, or liquid, a long conveyer system that has magnetic source 5 at its end, or any other apparatus that attracts and transports the magnetoadsorbents 4.
  • saltwater desalination is achieved by depositing magnetoadsorbents 4 into saltwater, and then magnetically removing the water saturated magnetoadsorbents 4.
  • the saltwater passing out of the system has a higher mineral density.
  • a preferred magnetoadsorbent 4 is approximately 40 percent iron, 35 percent silicon oxide, 20 percent aluminum oxide (non-fibrous), 15 percent sodium oxide, 10 percent potassium oxide, 5 percent magnesium oxide, and 2 percent quartz.
  • Preheated magnetoadsorbent 4 with this high iron content provides a substantial increase in desalination when dropped in saltwater heated.
  • Zeolite materials substantially protect the iron from oxidizing. A very tight zeolite can be modified, as well as other types referenced in this patent.
  • the magnetocaloricz class of metals heat in the presence of a magnetic field and are important in desalination to desorb the adsorbent economically.
  • FIGURE 4 shows conduit 10 with inlet port 11 and outlet port 12.
  • Salt water fluid 13 is moving through the conduit 10 marked by arrow 14.
  • the magnetoadsorbent 4 is made from a water adsorbent 1 bonded to ferritic stainless steel powder 3. Magnetoadsorbent 4 is deposited into the inlet port 11 mixing with the fluid adsorbing water from the saltwater. As the fluids 13 move down the conduit 10 the magnetoadsorbent 4 becomes saturated with water just before passing outlet port 12.
  • Outlet port 12 includes a magnet source 5 and wheel 9. The magnet source 5 attracts the magnetoadsorbent 4 to the outlet port 12, removing magnetoadsorbent 4, substantially saturated with only water.
  • FIGURE 4 a fluid cycling moving between an abso ⁇ tion phase and deso ⁇ tion phase is shown.
  • the heat source 16 is activated and heats magnetoadsorbent 4, causing any liquid working substance contained in the magnetoadsorbent 4 to vaporize.
  • the working substance vapor passes from the magnetoadsorbent 4, through conduit 17 and then into the condensate vessel 18 where it condenses, forming a pool of liquid working substance 19.
  • the adsorbent vessel is heated to a temperature up to 500°F to desorb the working substance water vapor from magnetoadsorbent 4. Other temperatures are possible as well, depending upon the component characteristics of the magnetoadsorbent 4.
  • a floating adsorbent 1 that is magnetic will remove the latent heat from the water, because the adsorbent removes the most polarized water molecules first which are the heated molecules.
  • a magnetic field is applied to remove the adsorbent 1 with the latent heat in the adsorbent 1, leaving an ice or cooled water behind.
  • This instant cooling effect in the water is to be used in refrigeration or climate control systems.
  • This cooling system has the advantage of being in an open or closed system and fast cycling. This is a near instant process and will not work, if heat adso ⁇ tion is allowed to take place within the depth of fluid.
  • the speed at which the magnetoadsorbent can be removed is the important phase.
  • the preferred turbine is a MICRO TURBINETM (manufacture by the Capstone Turbine Company in Connecticut, U.S.A.).
  • water diluted hydrogen peroxide 13 When water diluted hydrogen peroxide 13 is passed into an intake conduit 12 it substantially separates the water from the hydrogen peroxide by water abso ⁇ tion into a magnetoadsorbent 4.
  • the high concentration of hydrogen peroxide then passes through a catalyst bed 24 that chemically changes the hydrogen peroxide into 600°C steam and oxygen in turbine preheating section 23.
  • the heat in the steam regenerates (dries) the zeolite powder at the same time it rotates the rotor of the turbine generating power.
  • the separator 26 has a substantially circular cross- sectional shape.
  • the fluid stream which includes the working substance vapor, enters the through the conduit 25 tangentially and swirls downward in an arcuate path toward a liquid collection port. As the stream swirls, working substance vapor is centrifugally forced outward so as to collect in the form of droplets on the inner wall of the separator 26. The droplets run down the wall to the liquid collection port.
  • the oxygen rich stream can be ignited in the turbine chamber 22 associated with combustion, if required. Other fuels are injectable in the oxygen rich gas through injector 22. This process continuously recycles the magnetoadsorbent or an adsorbent dust alone depending on the turbine size.
  • Carbon fiber micro-tubes can be used as molecular sieves separating water from the hydrogen peroxide; however, the water still needs to be moved.
  • a further advantage of magnetoadsorbents 4 is that any remaining heat, which is not removed from the fuel cell housing by removing the water therefrom, may be used to supplement disrobing the magnetoadsorbents. This is advantageous for two reasons; increased efficiency of the fuel cell membrane, and reduced power required to cool the fuel cell.
  • Ultrasonic wafers can be integrated as part of the membrane so that when an electric current is applied at certain frequencies the water is ultrasonicaUy driven off the membrane where magnetoadsorbent can then remove the water.
  • This type of wafer mo ⁇ hing membrane provides the technique of opening and losing the exposure of the membrane to enhance the addition and removal of molecules more efficiently. When voltage is applied to a stack of these unimo ⁇ hic wafers alternately reversed to cure against each other at tangents of the curve, an opening between all the membranes form.
  • the zeolite powder is passed in the air stream to deliver oxygen and hydrogen to the cell membrane and then remove the water from the wastewater side of the fuel cell.
  • Three species of magnetoadsorbents 4 are required to accomplish these functions; an oxygen, hydrogen, and water adsorbent. Each can be contained within a closed loop of their own to deliver and adsorb each of the above molecules.
  • a water air-stream separator device is connected in fluid communication with the conduit of a fuel cell that separates the water from dry zeolite powder in a reverse rotation air-stream separator.
  • an embodiment of the present invention includes a piezoelectric type wafer driver 28 attached to the corner of fixture 27 and to a magnet source 5 that suspends the magnetic material 3 in the magnetoadsorbent 4 within a copper conduit 10.
  • Fixture 27 is connected to conduit 10.
  • Thin layer composite unimo ⁇ h ferroelectric driver 28 (as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,632,841 to Hellbaum et al., inco ⁇ orated herein by reference) moves in the direction indicated by arrow 29. This motion occurs when high frequency voltage is applied to the driver 28 vibrating magnet source 5.
  • the magnet source 5 is a permanent magnet or electromagnet and the magnetoadsorbent is a rare earth magnet.
  • the motion of a magnet on the outside of the thick copper conduit suspends the magnetoadsorbent 4 in a gas or liquid 13. In a dry state alone the magnetoadsorbent could be uniformly suspended in the conduit by an eddy current effect generated by the moving magnetic field.
  • FIGURE 8 another embodiment of the present invention including a dry solid film lubricant 30 as the adsorbent 1 bonded by a tough copolyimide 31 to soft magnetic alloy 32, including a magnet 33 holding the lubricant on a bearing surface 35a.
  • Bearing surface 35b is moving relative to surface 35a in the direction of arrow 36.
  • Solid film 34 can be scuffed off and returns as long as it is in the magnetic field of 33.
  • Extra solid film lubricant is available in an area of the field to replace displaced lubricant 34.
  • any one of the moving bearing surfaces is magnetic and any number of shapes is applicable, such as circular concentric bearing, disk, plate, roller, or ball. These could be added to any magnetic bearing system.
  • a preferred material in the present invention is Ford 25D Solid Film Lubricant 3000 CPS and 30000 CPS (manufactured by Sandstrom Products Company under a license from Ford Motor Company).
  • the Ford lubricant is curable directly onto the soft magnetic alloys. These Ford lubricants adsorb oil and water to dry surfaces and enhance the lubrication qualities of the material.
  • Montmorillinite (bentonite) can be coated on the surface of this Ford material where it is desirable to control water layering on the surface for lubrication or shear resistance and adhesion. Montmorillinite has exactly the same resistance to movement as original specifications providing the water content is the same.
  • Montmorillinite based magnetoadsorbents can form very lubricating surfaces or can be aggregated by magnetic relocation into shear resistant surfaces that have exacting repeatability. Applications are in bearings, power transmissions, and motion translational devices.
  • the capacity of the adsorbent 1 i.e., the maximum amount of working substance it retains
  • the adsorbent 1 is MOLSIV Type 13X zeolite, MHSZ-128, or DDZ-70 (manufactured by UOP Inc. of Des Plaines, Illinois) and the working substance is water.
  • the capacity of the adsorbent 1 is set at a value such that the adsorbent material completely adsorbs water.
  • the adsorbent-to-working-substance ratios and temperatures chosen above were selected to provide the cooling times indicated. Other ratios and temperatures are possible which adsorb and desorb more of the total working substance. Such ratios will reduce the frequency with which the adsorbent material 1 must be desorbed.
  • the adsorbent 1 is zeolite and the working substance is water.
  • Other working substances and other adsorbent materials which have an affinity for the working substances, are possible as well.
  • Such working substances include NH3, H2, S, N2, CO2, etc., as well as both fluoro, chloro, and hydrocarbons, and mixtures of the same.
  • These substances have varying affinities for adsorbent materials, as discussed below.
  • Other adsorbent materials include molecular sieves, silicon gel, activated alumina and other similar sodalite type structures, including powders, pellets, particles, solid forms and gels of the same. Montmorillinites, (bentonites) are a flat platelet material alternative.
  • the external surface area of the adsorbent molecular sieve crystal is available for abso ⁇ tion of molecules of all sizes, whereas, the internal area is available only to molecules small enough to enter the pores.
  • the external area is only about 1% of the total surface area. Materials, which are too large to be adsorbed internally, will commonly be adsorbed externally to the extent of 0.2% to 1% by weight.
  • Molecular sieves are available in a wide variety of types and forms. By choosing the appropriate adsorbent and operating conditions, it is possible to adapt molecular sieves to a number of specific applications. Not only will molecular sieves separate molecules based on size and configuration, but they will also adsorb preferentiaEy based on polarity or degree of unsaturation. In a mixture of molecules smaE enough to enter the pores, the less volatEe, the more polar, or the more unsaturated a molecule, the more tightly it is held within the crystal.
  • the working fluid is a mixture of carbon dioxide in natural gas.
  • the carbon fiber more easily adsorbs CO2 than the water.
  • Carbon fiber or carbon fiber tubes are the adsorbent 1 in a preferred embodiment shown in FIGURE 1.
  • the carbon fiber is activated for carbon dioxide and forms a fibrous magnetoadsorbent 4 that inherently goes airborne in a gas stream. These magnetoadsorbents 4 are extracted from the natural gas stream by magnetic attraction to magnet source 5.
  • a gas fiberglass or paper filter is used to recover any attrition of fibers.
  • These carbon fibers are positionable magneticaEy in fluid by the eddy current effect.
  • the adsorbent material shown in any of the foregoing FIGURES may include carbon fibers, a network of carbon fibers, or a carbon foam material in addition to or instead of other adsorbent materials such as zeolite.
  • suitable materials are avaUable from the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C, as described in pending U.S. Application No. 08/358,857 to BurcheE et al., filed December 19, 1994, and pending U.S. AppHcation No. 08/601,672 to Judkins et al., filed February 15, 1996 (both inco ⁇ orated herein by reference).
  • An advantage of the embodiment of the magnetoadsorbent 4 shown in FIGURE 3 is that the magnetoadsorbent 4 removes wastewater generated by a fuel ceE.
  • the water is typicaEy in the form of a warm Uquid or a vapor, and by removing the water from the fuel ceE, the fuel ceE is effectively cooled. As the fuel ceE cools, its efficiency is increased, thereby increasing its power output.
  • the heat transfer apparatus increases the efficiency of the membrane typicaEy used in such fuel ceEs by removing moisture from the membrane.
  • a further advantage of this embodiment of the magnetoadsorbent 4 is that any remaining heat, which is not removed from the fuel ceE by removing the water therefrom, may be used to supplement disrobing the magnetoadsorbent 4. This is advantageous because it increases the efficiency of the fuel ceE and reduces the power required to cool the fuel ceE.
  • the ferromagnetic material 3 is gadolinium.
  • the ferromagnetic member is composed of any ferromagnetic material or other material, which exhibits a magnetocaloric effect (i.e., which has the property of heating up when placed in a magnetic field and cooling down when removed from the magnetic field).
  • a magnetocaloric effect i.e., which has the property of heating up when placed in a magnetic field and cooling down when removed from the magnetic field.
  • the magnetic characteristics of gadolinium are described in an article entitled "The Ultimate Fridge Magnet," The Economist, April 19, 1997 at 81, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • a plurality of ferromagnetic materials 3, each capable of cycling between different temperature ranges, are used to increase the heated temperature and/or decrease the cooled temperature of the zeohte.
  • An advantage of the ferromagnetic material 3 is that it very quickly heats and cools the adsorbent 1, reducing the time required to adsorb and cool the adsorbent vessel in preparation for another abso ⁇ tion cycle.
  • a further advantage of the ferromagnetic material 3 is that it reduces the power required to both heat and cool the adsorbent vessel 4. Ferromagnetic materials 3 have never before been used to cool or heat adsorbents. Isolated pinpoint heating or cooling occurs.
  • pluraHties of magnets are employed. Magnets can be assembled in a tube form, by assembling shaped magnets in an orientation to direct the field toward the center of the magnet assembly, making one Tesla MGOe of power in a central hole, approximately 1-inch with a tube OD of 8-inches, and 8-inches long. A plastic pipe is inserted in this tube to prevent moisture from entering the magnets and a conveyer forces magnetoadsorbents 4 through the magnet pipe separating the water from the adsorbent 1 by the magnetocaloric effect. Any known technique can be used to force magnetoadsorbent 4 through the high-energy magnetic tube.
  • any strong magnetic field source can be used. Further, subjecting the ferromagnetic member to a strong magnetic field (e.g., the magnetic field generated by a superconducting magnet), increases the heating and cooling effect generated by the ferromagnetic magnetoadsorbent.
  • a strong magnetic field e.g., the magnetic field generated by a superconducting magnet
  • an adsorbent refrigeration system 50 (described in U.S. Patent No 5,813,248 inco ⁇ orated herein by reference) includes two vacuum vessels, and an abso ⁇ tion vessel 51 containing electrical swing carbon fiber 61 that is connected by conduit 56 to a condensation vessel 52.
  • the condensation vessel 52 contains carbon foam 62 for increased thermal exchange, and conduit system isolation vessels 53 and 59 to isolate fluid for thermal cyckng.
  • Isolation vessel conduits 54 and 60 provide fluid flow for isolation vessels 52 and 59.
  • the carbon fiber monoEth 61 (referenced above) is bonded to zeoEte powder 69.
  • the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIGURE 9 replaces the vessels in U.S. Patent Number 5,813,248.
  • FIGURES 10 and 11 shown the carbon fiber monoEth 61 of FIGURE 9 with zeolite adsorbents 69 bonded to individual carbon fibers 67 and 68.
  • a carbon fiber carbon bond 66 makes the monoEth electricaEy conductive throughout the carbon fiber monoEth and bonds carbon fibers 67 and 68.
  • ZeoHte 70 is bonded across a void in the carbon fiber monoEth 61. Passing an electric current across the monoEth, heating or electricaEy disrobing, desorbs the carbon fiber monoEth 61, with integrated zeoEte.
  • Carbon monoEths can be processed to adsorb different gases and zeoEte powder bonded to the carbon fiber, and also can be selected for a wide variety of molecules providing a multiple of molecules (like carbon dioxide) for the carbon fiber and water, and for the zeoEte.
  • MontmoriEonite is often times referred to as bentonite, however bentonite is 85 - 95% montmoriEonite.
  • MontmoriEonite is a very flat thin platelet mineral ranging from approximately 2 microns to 10 microns measured across the surface area, including clusters of crystals that range larger but break down into the smaEer size ranges. MontmoriEonite is negatively charged along the plane of its largest flat surface and positively charged along its narrow edges. Sodium and calcium are the dominant cat ion on montmoriEonite surfaces. Water wiE layer across the flat negative surface of the montmoriEonite in a crystalline arrangement with the positive oxygen of the water contacting the negative surface.
  • the hydrogen wiE point out away from the surface and joint to oxygen of other water molecules, where this layering continues untE as many as 100 layers can accumulate.
  • Water can layer on the montmoriEonite surface 500% to 1100% the mole weight of the montmoriEonite increasing the volume of the saturated montmoriEonite by 10 to 15 times.
  • MontmoriEonite surface area is 800 to 1000 square meters per gram, in contrast to zeoEtes, which in the low range of 35 to 350 square meters per gram. MontmoriEonite is a closer match to the carbon fiber surface area of 1000 square meter per gram.
  • MontmoriEonite is suspended in water, or an organic Equid such as alcohol-based Equids to apply the montmoriEonite platelets to the surfaces of the carbon fiber deep into the monolith.
  • An organic Equid such as alcohol-based Equids to apply the montmoriEonite platelets to the surfaces of the carbon fiber deep into the monolith.
  • a balance between water and montmoriEonite platelets is important to maintain a void air passage way throughout the water saturated montmoriEonite carbon fiber monoEth.
  • MontmoriEonite also forms "T" bonds, where the positive edges bond montmoriEonite pe ⁇ endicular to each other forming structure that wiE not faE out of the carbon fiber monoEth.
  • MontmoriEonite when water saturated is also very electricaEy conductive providing a carbon fiber montmoriEonite coated adsorbent monoEth that exposes the surface area of the montmoriEonite to vapor or gas through voids 80.
  • Void 80 exposes montmoriEonite to aE the gas, vapor, or Equid around it.
  • a carbon fiber monoEth 61 provides a high surface area that is a highly electricaEy and thermaUy conductive base material to apply montmoriEonite, which is more desirable than carbon fiber alone, because montmoriEonite increases the kinetic rate of abso ⁇ tion and water adsorbing capacity.
  • FIGURE 28 provides a Century Seals electrode assembly, which would be another configuration of electric insulated seal ring 63.
  • FIGURE 28 is an alternative to FIGURE 9 with aE the same materials and properties.
  • FIGURE 28 is another shape of FIGURE 09 vessels within a vessel are replaced with tubes.
  • An piezeoelectric valve 1010 is inserted into the tube 1011. This valve is a piezeolelectic bladder type valve that expands or contracts based on electrical excitation.
  • the glass insulated ring 63 electricaEy isolates isolation vessel 53 and adsorbent vessel 51 providing a vacuum seal for the Efe of the vessels and turning vessels 53 and 51 into electrodes bonded to the carbon fiber monoEth 61.
  • the carbon fiber monoEth 61 is substituted with other carbon fiber in cloth, wound, or bundles.
  • Carbon fiber can also be hydrophobic without departing from the scope of the present invention, but less montmoriEonite wEl form around the fiber.
  • the carbon foams, aluminum open ceE foams, copper or other metal form and micro wires, sintered metals, and polymers or polyimides are coated with montmoriEonite to approach the surface area of the carbon fiber monoEth, but none are a close a surface area match as carbon fiber monoEth with a relative air passageway structure.
  • Carbon fiber is substituted with micro carbon tubes in other preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • MontmorilEnite hold the water in position providing a heat pump that functions the same in any position. As shown in FIGURE 9, in some embodiments a montmoriEonite is placed in vessel 52 without the carbon foam or fiber or integrated in them.
  • the montmoriEonite water content is balanced so the layering of water on the montmoriEonite is so thick the outer water molecules have a very week attraction. These weaker outer layers are already in an expanded ice type crystal formation so when ice subEmation occurs the saturated montmorElonite wiE shrink rather than expand Eke ice alone. This prevents the ice from developing heat spike due to the expansion of ice against a hoop stress resistant vessel waE.
  • the montmorElonite is appEed to the carbon fiber monoEth or other fibers here as weE as the deso ⁇ tion vessel 51.
  • the vessel 52 is replaced with abso ⁇ tion/deso ⁇ tion vessel 51 and a water balance is provided that aEows a continuous freezing cycle as each vessel desorbed in alternate cycles.
  • Vessel 52 is an ideal vessel to fiE fuE of carbon foam in contact with working fluid in the hard vacuum within copper vessels 51 and 52.
  • Carbon foam w ⁇ l not directly bond to aluminum without a bonding agent.
  • the carbon foam increased surface area makes the ice subEmation process occur quickly.
  • Carbon foam also thermaEy cycles any other fluids quickly.
  • Fluids pass through ports 71 and 72.
  • Ports 71 and 72 are interchangeable as intake of exhaust ports.
  • Ports 73 and 74 carry and isolate fluid to heat exchangers to remove heat from the hot side of the process.
  • Carbon foam is black and has a great surfece area converting Eght energy to heat and conducting the heat from the Eght to the adsorbent materials within the vessel for deso ⁇ tion.
  • Eghts are internaEzed within the unit (but in this configuration the vacuum vessel 51 has to be broken open to service the Eght/heat source).
  • other heat sources are appEed, but Eght heat sources converted to heat by carbon foam are the easiest most economical heat source.
  • a cEp on halogen Eght is used easEy, if the copper vessel 53 is used as one side of the Eght electrode. Any Eght can be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.
  • a preferred size configuration used in this size invention is halogen Eght model number El 1 JD 250 from the WAC Lighting Company of China; store Universal Product Code 7 90576 00603 110-130v AC 250w.
  • a range of Eghts can be appEed in the socket 170 to match the power source from 12 volts in an automobEe, 24 volts in a truck or tractor, 50 volts for Europe, 220 volts for industrial.
  • the vessel 55 is transparent glass or transparent polyimide (discussed above) providing solar heat abso ⁇ tion into the desiccant materials.
  • This glass transparent tubes have a tube half transparent and half Eght reflective rotated around the tube that covers and uncovers the transparent tube cycling the system.
  • a thermaEy conductive material is rotated around a copper vessel to heat and reflect Eght as weE to provide solar energy.
  • carbon fiber 80 is replaced with carbon foam to complete a thermal path between vessel 59, and vessel 52.
  • Carbon fiber 61 in vessel 51 can also be carbon foam (other foams ceramic aluminum, copper, etc.) with zeoEtes or adsorbents bonded to the carbon foam, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
  • This carbon foam is very porous providing the ideal surface area for bonding zeoEte adsorbents.
  • the UOP tubes finned or not are not very high surfece areas, when compared to carbon foam and fibers.
  • the carbon fiber has the added advantage of being electricaEy conductive to desorb the zeoEte bonded to it.
  • the ring seal 63 is vacuum tight, thermaEy stable, and moldable, but not electricaEy conductive.
  • the low-density foam can be processed into neat or syntactic foams, foam-fiEed honeycomb or other shapes, and microspheres. These products offer exceEent thermal and acoustic insulation and high-performance structural support.
  • the low-density foam can be processed into neat or syntactic foams, foam-fiEed honeycomb or other shapes, and microspheres. These products offer exceEent thermal and acoustic insulation and high-performance structural support.
  • an insulating polyimide foam coating 52a is bonded to the inside of the vacuum vessel providing compressible material.
  • This foam sphere can have a magnetic particle trapped inside providing the abEity to move the insulation material around in the vessel exposing the vessel to thermal transfer or insulating the vessel.
  • the outside of this polyimide foam sphere can have montmorElinite bonded to it for locaEzing (layering) where the ice forms by locating at the water moisture.
  • Phase change pyrolytes can be inside the foam spheres where storage and release of thermal energy needs to be moderated. PyroEte fiEed spheres act as buffers delaying when heat wEl transfer.
  • the polyimide foam is appEed as the insulation around the ice subEmation system.
  • the polyimide foam is easEy appEed to any shaped surface like the inside waEs of vessel 52, because it can be appEed directly on the waEs as bonded foam.
  • Carbon foam wEl further isolate where heat exchanges wEl occur, because it is the path of least resistance and has the greatest surface area.
  • This polyimide foam offers a wide range of densities providing two functions in this invention.
  • magnetic materials 3 are placed inside polyimide foam spheres making the magnetoadsorbent base material. This is beneficial since the magnetic materials can be sealed in the foam (protected from moisture), whEe the exterior can be the adsorbent bonded surfece exposing the adsorbents to the selected fluids or gases.
  • the foam sphere are fiEed with heEu and coated with adsorbent or other biological surface Eke sEicon, or alcohol vinyl based materials.
  • the heEum can leak into the glass sphere filling it with heEum only, then the iron tunnels can be closed by metalizing them shut 903, polyimide coating 904, carbon nanotubes growth 905, or other methods that would seal the heEum into the microsphere permanently.
  • spheres are preferable for removing fresh water from salt water, because the sphere wEl float out of the saltwater with only fresh water in the zeoEte (water specific) type adsorbents.
  • heEum magnetic fiEed spheres accelerate at a greater speed than spheres without heEum gas, because the BernouEi Effect converts Eft to forward thrust in the direction of acceleration.
  • These spheres are bonded to a variety of materials and are designed to just suspend in the air loosely whEe pathogens, DNA, RNA, or other biological based systems grow on the surfaces. This is a very gentle controEable system with no energy appEed to achieve an air buoyant suspension of the growth or adsorbent spheres. These are buoyant in both water and air. Water buoyant only spheres are also provided with substantiaEy only air in the spheres.
  • This process can produce foam and microsphere materials by reacting a derivative of a dianhydride (e.g., ODPA, BTDA, and PMDA) with a diamine (e.g., ODA, PDA, and DDS).
  • a derivative of a dianhydride e.g., ODPA, BTDA, and PMDA
  • a diamine e.g., ODA, PDA, and DDS
  • An admixture of two or more polyimides can be combined or used separately to make a variety of polyimide foams with varying properties.
  • Foams and microspheres can be fabricated to specific densities from 0.5 to over 20 pounds per cubic foot. (NASA and Unitika have named their insulation materials TEEK.) Sordal, Inc. 12813 REey St. HoEand, MI 49424 United States is the successful Ecensee of the Unitikna NASA foam.
  • a friable baEoon (FB) is formed providing a weak waEed microsphere to penetrate with heEum during the oven curing process now reaching into the 900 to 1000 degree F range.
  • HeEum wEl be placed in and oven saturating the gas within the oven providing penetration into the friable baEoons before the polyimide seals closed trapping the heEum in the micro-sphere.
  • the friable baEoons can be place up in the oven where the heEum density is greatest. Ovens vary in vacuum pressure and heEum may only be present in the top of the oven. Vacuum tight ovens fiEed with heEum wEl not have this requirement.
  • Cobalt seeds can be placed in the waE of the friable baEoon for future carbon nanotube deposition. Different density of heEum baEoon can be achieved with different pressure, vacuum seal, pressure seal, and temperature. Friable baEoon materials can be varied in composition to thin the waE and provide a buoyant heEum sphere micro-sphere, which can be combined into foam in product form.
  • This NASA/polyimide is manufactured in thin films and provides a polymer platform to integrate carbon nanotubes, sEver, PZT's [ceramic material caEed "PZT", meaning “Lead Zirconate Titanate” (or sometimes Barium Titanate, BaTi, is used instead.) This material is "piezoelectric”, meaning that whenever it is compressed, it can create high voltages and produce a separated electric charge, a magnetic field enhancer)]. Thin films of these types can be put in electric transducers to enhance and connect electric fields including electricaEy connecting the magnetic field between magnetic rotor field and conductor rotor field .
  • These sheets of thin film can be placed on any face of the magnet or conductor, but preferred through the plane pe ⁇ endicular faces of the magnet or conductor rotor. Focusing the magnetic fields along this thin film polyimide composite provides electric contact between the conductor and magnet rotors and the fluxfield does not need to pass through the magnet heating it, because the flux wiE pass through the material of least resistance and in electric contact with the opposing moving rotors.
  • NASA polyimide films are produced by NASA Ecensees in thin films that are transparent and metaEzed to a high reflective brightness.
  • any of the adsorbents described in this invention can be placed within an envelope of these thin films to manage the thermal swings via reflecting or absorbing sunEght, and trapping the moisture within the envelop where the opening is pointing down to drain water extracted from air or seawater.
  • magnetoadsorbents 4 are dropped in the fluid of this type of conduit and simply be lifted to the top of the conduit where there is no fluid flow, providing the removal of selected for molecules.
  • This is a simple partiaEy fuE conduit that provides fluid flow and enough of a void at the top of the conduit for adsorbent to coEect saturated adsorbent.
  • the magnetoadsorbent 4 are vacuumed or physicaEy removed from the conduit between fluid flow process cycles to be desorbed (unless deso ⁇ tion is performed at the top of the conduit whEe holding the magnetoadsorbents 4 in place).
  • Nanotubes with cobalt tips are the most efficient material to manipulate magneticaEy within the vessel. Moving the nanotubes between the cold and hot regions of the closed vessels is a refrigeration effect whether deso ⁇ tion processes occur or not.
  • the simple movement of nanotubes replaces the need for adsorbents where a smaE temperature difference is desired.
  • a 10 degree F cooEng effect can be accompEshed by dropping nanotubes to the bottom of the vessel where it is cold and is being cooled by fluid movement in contact with the vessel.
  • the nanotubes are Efted to the hot section of the vessel, where the fluid has removed heat from the inside of a refrigerator in contact with the waE magneticaEy holding nanotubes of carbon in place.
  • the carbon nanotubes are aggregated to this hot surface and they absorb the heat from the external fluids.
  • the fluids are returned to the refrigerators interior cooler for additional heat removal.
  • New adsorbents are engineered and suppEed on an ongoing basis.
  • Adsorbent suppEers advertise commerciaEy that custom-engineered adsorbents are avaflable.
  • New metal aEoys are also being developed on a regular basis.
  • Magnetic polymers are being developed for industry. Injected molded polymer based magnets are avaEable from Virginia Power (NASA developed) of Richmond Virginia. It is to be understood that the selections of an adsorbent for a specific appEcation, in combination with the materials that are moved under a magnetic field, are within the scope of this invention. Users can engineer a wide variety of adsorbent functions into magnetoadsorbents 4.
  • the vessels 51 are fiEed with zeoEte peEets, beads or powders, including zeoEte powders exposed on carbon foam monoEth that have to be thermaEy cycled. Carbon foams with bonded zeoEte are integrated in the material during foaming, or grown to the surface of the monoEth.
  • the vessel can be open or closed if appEed in other cycles requiring open systems during a portion of the processing time.
  • a valve is inserted in valve area 57, between the vessels, to store the energy potential of the fluid accumulated in condensation vessel 52. When the valve is opened substantiaEy 100 percent of the potential energy is recovered.
  • This valve is optional and can be replaced with an insulator to isolate the two working vessels.
  • magnetocaloric materials are bonded to the adsorbents inserted in vessel 51 and held by screen 55 instead of a monoEth adsorbent.
  • a magnetic field is appEed to the outside of the vessel 51 to increase the temperature of the adsorbent bonded to magnetocaloric materials.
  • a series of different magnetocaloric materials that operate in different temperature ranges when in varying magnetic fields can be inserted in one vessel or separated into several vessels to drop the working fluid to cryogenic levels.
  • Increased heating is accompEshed in the same way by providing a series of different magnetocaloric aEoys that operate at a different range relative to the magnetic field appEed.
  • Carbon foams or loose magnetoadsorbents have different aEoys bonded to them for a range of cascading temperatures desorbed relative to magnetic field strengths appEed.
  • Different magnetocaloric aEoys operate in different temperature ranges.
  • One magnetoadsorbent wEl have a group of different magnetocaloric materials clustered to it. Magnetoadsorbent with this clustering of bonded magnetocaloric aEoys adsorbs molecules in a very low temperature range.
  • vessels 53 and 59 are connected and bonded to vessels 51 and 52 at just one end of the vessel with a vacuum tight seal. Tubes 60 and 54 are connected in the same thermal vessel end.
  • This vessel within a vessel thermal system provides the several end benefits including, but not Emited to; thermal vessel expansion and contraction without stressing multiple welds, outside fluid isolation combined with thermal shock of the vessels 53, 51 and 52, 59 during fluid entry, the upper vessels each serve as separate electrodes bonded to carbon fiber sealed by non electricaEy conductive glass 63, and lower vessel 52 serves as an electrode for carbon fiber 80 with electrode rings 81 and 82 joining them electricaEy to a common wire. Carbon fiber 80 is bonded to vessel electrode 52 and electrode rings 81 and 82 by conductive adhesive.
  • conductive carbon fiber adhesives selected for this invention are EDM electrode glues (found in most plastic injection molding tool rooms). Other electric bonds Eke sEver and conductive adhesives can be appEed.
  • Water coEection pan 84 coEects water 86 when water drops 85 faE during the time periods electric current is appEed across carbon fiber monoEth electrode rings 81, 82, and vessel 52.
  • An ultra capacitor (such as from the MaxweE company) can be charged by many methods.
  • the preferred source in the present invention is solar voltaic. This water coEection system provides significant advantages over the prior art.
  • the carbon fiber 80 is a monoEth making a thermal path throughout the open porous hydrophEic carbon surfaces.
  • the carbon fiber monoEth is bonded to the freezing or cold side of a refrigeration cycle.
  • this system is bonded to the ice sublimation systems cold side, as discussed with reference to FIGURE 9. Since the ice is sublimating in vessel 52, the carbon fiber monoEth 80 does not have an electric load through it and reduces to near the temperature of the vessel 52. The due point is reached within seconds and water droplets form on the carbon fiber throughout the monoEth.
  • Electric current is appEed across the electric source copper electrode rings 81, 82 through the carbon fiber monoEth and grounded through electrode vessel 52, a copper vessel. Alternating or direct current is appEed across the carbon fiber and either vessel 52 or the one electrode formed by rings 81, 82 and plate 83, and is the positive or negative electrodes.
  • the carbon fiber monoEth 80 is broken down into several sections, each wired for deso ⁇ tion providing a continuous flow of water.
  • Two or more refrigeration vessels 52 are attached to one or more carbon fiber monoEth 80 to provide constant cooEng of carbon fiber 80.
  • vessel 52 in this invention is approximately 1.5-inches in diameter by 8-inches in length and provides enough heat removal energy to make approximately 7 gaEon of water per day in 75 percent humidity at sea level using electric swing deso ⁇ tion carbon fiber in the atmosphere.
  • This ice subEmation system is efficient because ice subEmation processing moves water vapor from the ice vaporizing to the adsorbents at a sonic velocity, so that no latent heat can form.
  • This aggressive heat ice sublimation provides a freezing source for carbon fiber monoEth 80 to extract moisture from the open atmospheric environment. Pathogens wEl not form on this open monoEth, because of the electrical current cycled through it.
  • FIGURES 13 and 14 show charts of ice subEmation heat spike curves in an empty ice subEmation vessel constructed in accordance with the embodiment of FIGURE 9 without carbon foam or fiber materials 62a or 56a.
  • the measurements of FIGURE 13 are taken from the inside center of vessel 59 closest to the valve 57, and the measurements of FIGURE 14 are taken from the outside of the vessel.
  • FIGURE 14 Elustrates the gentle curve representing the spE e after the heat has been adsorbed by the water and vessel waEs of vessel 52. In this embodiment, the temperature can stEl be measured as a slower change. Ice subEmation forms within vessel 52 when valve 57 is opened.
  • fragmentation of the ice processing into fractions of the ice by forcing the ice subEmation to take place in a porous metal foams, carbon foam, carbon fiber, copper foam, aluminum foam, plastic foam, screens, porous sintered metals, metal shavings, metal wools, glass fibers or flakes, ceramic porous materials, bonded porous materials, plastic porous materials, and micro spheres.
  • Magnetoadsorbents are the preferred choice.
  • the carbon nanotubes are the preferred species of magnetoadsorbent used in this embodiment.
  • FIGURE 15 charts an ice subEmation curve without a heat spike measuring carbon foam performance as water is metered through the carbon foam.
  • a carbon foam or soEd carbon mold 320 is shaped from pitch based carbon foam (referenced above). Aluminum is a preferred mold for making carbon foam, because it does not need a mold release chemical.
  • aluminum foam is molded into final or near net shapes by molding the shape onto pitch based carbon.
  • aluminum foam Prior to this invention, aluminum foam has only been produced that is very porous on the outer skin closed ceEs, which wEl crack open during the aluminum cooEng stage.
  • Pitch carbon based molds are heated and provide the molded shape without mold release agent aE at the same time. By heating the carbon foam up to the cast temperature of the aluminum foam (700 - 800 degrees C) the aluminum is slowly cooled preventing surface ceE loss.
  • Conveyers, flat surface, vessels multi-part molds, can aE be made from pitch based carbon foam. Any tool shape can be derived from this method providing a final or near net shape of aluminum based products.
  • Air can be puEed through the carbon foam mold making reticulated aluminum foam when the vacuum is sufficient in the mold to Eft the aluminum foam into reticulations.
  • the ice sublimation process can be provided throughout the process by ultrasonicaEy vibrating the water or ice during the cycle by providing ultrasonic wafer 300 as discussed above in reference to FIGURE 9.
  • Wafer 300 vibrates vessel 52 substantiaEy preventing hoop stresses that generated heat in the ice by breaking up the ice during its formation.
  • This process is preferred when a conductive carbon copper, aluminum, plastic, ceramic, glass or fiber material 62a is in vessel 52.
  • that material 62a completely fiEs the vessel 52 integrating aE the water into the pores of the material.
  • a carbon foam mold is shown for casting aluminum foam net shapes.
  • the carbon foam is porous and in some embodiments is used to blow air into aluminum foam to manufacture closed ceE aluminum foam. If open ceE aluminum foam is desired, the carbon foam can be above the sEica carbonate molten aluminum, and a vacuum can be puEed foaming the aluminum in an open ceEed structure. Currently spinning air is used to foam, and cannot manufacture open ceEed foam. This method of blowing into the aluminum through nonstick carbon foam and puEing a vacuum to obtain open ceEed foam is performed in accordance with the present invention.
  • the pore size of the carbon foam is very smaE and wiE provide uniform aluminum foam, where the aluminum foam is produced from spinning air but is not uniform Eke blowing or pulling air through a carbon foam structure.
  • the carbon foam is also non-attrition and non-stick. Tunneling of the aluminum can be made by puEing the magnetic carbon/cobalt nanotubes through the aluminum. This effect can be used to shape any molding process, but is particularly effective in this aluminum molding process.
  • Aluminum foam is provided seeds to grow carbon nanotubes where higher thermal transfer rates are desired or high heat excursion temperatures are reaEzed. Referring now to FIGURE 17, a magneticaEy actuated seaEess valve for valve area 57 is provided.
  • Conduit 400 is sealed to vessel 401 by heat sweat solder, dielectric adhesives, adhesives, glass, or ultrasonic welding at seal 402. These connections throughout the invention are spun components not requiring a seal.
  • Conduit 400 and vessel 401 are the same diameter tubing made of copper, aluminum, and other non-ferrite materials Eke glass or plastic. Copper is the preferred material, because it has an eddy current effect when a magnetic field is moved across it.
  • Vessel 400 is housing for an internal magneticaEy actuated valve.
  • Center plug 412 provides the division of fluid flow in the valve through the two openings passages 413 and 414.
  • External magnet source 415 attracts or repels the valve poppet 403 moving its location registering either valve passage 413 or 414 with conduit 416.
  • Nanotubes NanoCoupling can be provided on the contact surfaces Eke the poppet of this electromagnetic valve reducing the energy required to move the poppet. A zigzag nanotube is recommended for this suspension type poppet providing a pressure for sealing the valve.
  • valve assembly is appEed to a closed system Eke the refrigeration system in the present invention where a seaEess vessel and conduit system are required for a high vacuum. No leaks are possible when the valves are moved by electromagnetic excitement or permanent magnet attraction or repeEing. In some embodiments this valve is cut in half, providing a passage through a single conduit.
  • the valve seal can be at the end of valve poppet 403 or on the stem as provided. Plug type rotary valves, a plate, and baE valves can also be externaEy excited within vessel 401 by providing a magnetic polarity on the replacement of valve poppet 403, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
  • a baE valve would have a north and south fece.
  • eddy currents are appEed to copper replacing the need for magnetic aEoys in valve poppet 403.
  • the internal copper poppet 403 move, because there is an air gap provided by the valve stem seals 404, 405, and 406.
  • a montmorElinite paste is appEed between the poppet 403 and the waE around the poppet to hold the location of the poppet after magnetic excitation.
  • the poppet 403 outside surface is provided with a rough surface that wEl adhere to montmoriEinite and the tube the poppet travels in wiE be sin ⁇ lar in friction.
  • the poppet When the poppet is moved by magnetic excitation, the poppet overcomes the shear strength of the montmorEEnite and the montmoriEinite instantaneously becomes a lubricated seal aEowing the poppet to move. When the magnetic excitement is removed from the poppet the montmorEEnite reforms a bond where sheared. There is no attrition on this shear surface and no changed in the seal leak rate.
  • the poppet can be a magnet.
  • a one step water cleanup system (developed by Wyoming-Gem) appEed modified montmorEEnite to adsorb metals or other waste products Eke latex paint, inks, heavy metals, or other suspended waste.
  • a powder of this unique material is dumped into the contaminated water and then stirred for approximately thirty second.
  • the montmoriEinite (BENTINITE) jeEs together and settle to the bottom of the tank of water.
  • the magnetoadsorbent is mixed into this batch process providing a less aggressive adsorbent, but one that sticks within the montmorillinite. This provides a magnetic potential jeE that is manipulated and removed without removing the purified water.
  • ultrasonic wafers are used inside the fluid to mix and enhance the uniform bonding of the montmorElinite to the waste.
  • Ultrasonic wafers can be arranged to drive water out of the jeE. When wafers are stacked they could squeeze the moisture out of the jeE. This is important to remove and manipulate the moisture out of the montmorillinite jeE so it can be sent to land fiE for disposal.
  • the moisture content in this jeE is the measure of whether it is quaEfied to be landfiE dumped or not.
  • the specific modified montmoriEinites isolate and adsorb targeted materials dissolved or suspended in the water.
  • the ultrasonic wafers prepare the water prior to adding the montmoriEinite by ultrasonicaEy vibrating the water separating the water from suspensions by ultrasonic water/particle separation.
  • These wafers can have carbon fiber nanotubes deposited onto the surfaces of the nanotube type referenced above.
  • a conduit next to the ultrasonic wafer wEl be exposed to a near pure pool of water that forms from the vibration of the wafer in the water.
  • the purity of the water pool within water is formed from the sonic energy field of the wafer.
  • This water purification system has great appEcation to prepare water to be frozzed or manipulated by magnetoadsorbents.
  • the poppet can be a magnet.
  • ZeoEtes are crystalEne microporous material having pores with precise and regular diameter and intervals.
  • This porous material which is regarded as a molecular sieve has a pore diameter measuring less than 1 nm (10-9m). Due to this pore size which is approximately that of the low molecule compounds, it is considered as an extremely valuable material used widely as an ion exchange material, an adso ⁇ tion and separation materials and a catalyst in industrial fields.
  • zeoEtes are generaEy obtained as rather smaE crystals ranging from several to some tens of micrometers (10-6m), and therefore, their appEcation has been rather Emited.
  • the zeoEtes can be used as a material separation device as a molecular sieve membrane, a high performance catalyst membrane reactor and an electronic device with smaE internal resistance that have not been reaEzed so far. It can also be appEed to the fields such as high performance batteries and fuel ceEs. Furthermore, by a new principle of motion of electronic elements and opto-electronic elements which uses the quantum effect generated by inlaying a functional material in the regular pores of zeoEtes, the performance of both electronic and electric products may make rapid progress.
  • the bulk-material dissolution (BMD) technique that we developed recently is to dissolve the raw materials, sEicon dioxide and aluminum oxide component, from the surface of the bulk-material, and by controlling the dissolution rate, formation of zeoEte crystals is controEed.
  • the (BMD) technique enables us to synthesize various forms of zeoEte crystals requfred for different pu ⁇ oses. Therefore, it is now clear that the synthesis of a giant single crystalline zeoEte by applying this technique became possible.
  • the BMD technique is widely adaptable to some other zeoEtes such as ANA, JBW, CAN, MFI and SOD from which the giant single crystals have already been synthesized successfuEy.
  • the BMD technique may make the appEcation of zeoEtes which has not been reaEzed hitherto possible.
  • zeoEtes which has not been reaEzed hitherto possible.
  • a super high density memory device a high velocity response semiconductor/optical element, a highly selective sensor and a variable wavelength semiconductor laser, etc.
  • the problems of the size shaE be solved possibly by Ening up the large crystals or by further development of the BMD technique, and thus, the appEcation to a molecular sieve membrane, highly selective catalyst membrane reactor, luminous surface zeoEte display, etc. is possible.
  • the zeoEte Crystals formed by BMD technique also have a valuable potential as a soEd electrolyte with a smaE internal resistance that they are expected to be appEed to the area of energy such as batteries and fuel ceEs.
  • the giant zeoEte crystals synthesized by this technique are valued as a key material useful in the fields of energy savings, environmental protection and high information technology.
  • DBMD Preparation of the tube-shaped zeoEtes by DBMD: A piece of quartz glass tube (ca. 16.5 mm long, 10 mm external diameter and 8 mm internal diameter; 17.5 mmol SiO2) was fixed with a piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) rod in a PTFE sleeve (capacity 23 mL) equipped for an autoclave. The sleeve was fiEed with an aqueous solution consisting of tetra-n-propylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and approximately 50 mg of MFI seed crystals.
  • TPAOH tetra-n-propylammonium hydroxide
  • HF hydrogen fluoride
  • ZeoEtes are crystalEne microporous material that has pores with precise and regular diameters and intervals. This porous material which, in other words, caEed molecular sieve, have a pore diameter measuring under 1 nm (10-9 mm), the size almost equivalent to the low molecule compounds. Due to this property, zeoEtes are attracting much attention as a valuable and important material applicable as ion exchange material, adso ⁇ tion and separation processing material, and high-performance catalyst in industrial fields. However, the appEcation of the zeoEtes has been rather Emited because they are generaEy obtained as very smaE crystals ranging from several to some tens of micrometers (10-6 mm).
  • the success in a technique to prepare zeoEtes with appropriate shapes wEl promote the development of the effective catalytic processing using zeoEtic membrane catalysis of appropriate shapes which has not been reaEzed so far.
  • the appEcation of the DBMD enables to convert the inner part of glass capElary tubes into zeoEte, which makes the design of micro reactors using these capElary tubes possible. It can also be appEed to a rapid evaluation equipment of various kinds of catalytic reaction processes combined with computer techniques.
  • the DBMD technique can be appEed to zeoEtes of many different shapes, thus the knowledge and experience of the conventional synthesizing techniques accumulated up to the present should be adaptable to the DBMD technique without difficulty. Therefore, it is expected to develop into a technique to control the shapes more freely in the future research.
  • the large crystals in these ne vary large structure can substitute carbon fiber monoEth or carbon fiber.
  • the zeoEte large crystal would need carbon nanotubes deposited into the zeoEte porous structure to increase electrical and thermal conductivity reaching the efficency of the carbon monoEthing systems.
  • the advantage of monoEthic zeoEtes is the efficency could be gain, if these are thin films in thermal and/or electrical contact with the vessel in FIGURE 28.
  • the key to the successful synthesis is a metal catalyst, and nanotubes are known to be produced only when ultra fine particles are used as the catalyst.
  • various methods for example, burying in the porous materials such as zeoEtes or porous sEicon, etching metal thin films with laser or microwave or making ultra fine particles by thermal decomposition of organometaEic complex, etc., have been examined.
  • weE-controEed ultra fine particles it is favorable to utilize weE-controEed ultra fine particles.
  • a preparation method for easier handEng ultra fine particles is highly desired.
  • the researchers have synthesized the above mentioned ultra fine metal particles by a chemical method caEed "reversed miceEe method” and appEed them to nanotube producing catalyst.
  • a reversed miceEe method is a technique to synthesize metal nanoparticles by reducing metal ions in a water pool surrounded with surfactant. They appEed this technique to cobalt which works as a nanotube catalyst, and eventuaEy obtained the cobalt particles with average diameters of 4nm a.
  • This invention uses these nano size cobalt particles to make a zeoEte composite of adsorbents and nanotubes.
  • UOP above-mentioned adsorbents have approximately 40% iron and are provided as carbon nanotube growth seeds. The UOP materials withstand 605 degrees C and can be processed in a carbon nanotube vapor deposition fabrication process. Many trace minerals are in natural zeoEtes and other adsorbents Eke montmorEEnite making each a new species of carbon nanotube adsorbent composite.
  • the catalyst solution developed here is stable in ambient atmosphere and easy to handle.
  • appEcation of this solution combined with the screen printing method or ink jet printer faci significantlyes the enlargement of the field area or patterning.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de tamis moléculaire et une composition de matériaux magnétiques/adsorbants qui facilitent l'absorption et les séparations moléculaires à l'aide d'un champ magnétique qui retient, déplace, refroidit et/ou chauffe un adsorbant (1) lié à des matériaux magnétiques (3) pouvant être déplacés par un champ magnétique. Un adsorbant (1) est lié à un matériau magnétique (3) mou à l'aide d'un liant (2) de façon à obtenir un adsorbant à base de matériaux composites en poudre pouvant être attiré par un champ magnétique. Cette nouvelle poudre composite est appelée ci-après magnéto-adsorbant (4). Le magnéto-adsorbant (4) sert à adsorber et à désorber des matières de travail afin de produire une séparation moléculaire ; il accroît par conséquent l'efficacité du cycle d'absorption en déplaçant l'adsorbant (1) vers un lieu où celui-ci (1) est traité dans des conditions optimales. La manipulation par champ magnétique d'adsorbants (1) permet d'amener des molécules à des endroits voulus. Les magnéto-adsorbants (4) de l'invention accroissent de plus l'efficacité du cycle d'absorption en associant aux matériaux des fonctions telles que : catalyseur, flottabilité, suspension, chauffage magnétique et enfoncement dans un liquide. Tous les magnéto-adsorbants à nanocouplage peuvent adsorber dans une direction orientée, car les nanotubes de cobalt carbone présentent une structure s'orientant dans un champ magnétique.
PCT/US2002/011968 2001-04-16 2002-04-16 Depot de nanotubes sur adsorbants dans une pompe a chaleur de dessalinisateur WO2002099824A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

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PCT/US2003/012129 WO2004005640A1 (fr) 2002-04-16 2003-04-17 Structures de construction a conduits cintres et fixations males et femelles
AU2003228592A AU2003228592A1 (en) 2002-04-16 2003-04-17 Building structures with curved conduits and male to female fasteners

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

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USPCT/US01/12369 2001-04-16
PCT/US2001/012369 WO2001078870A1 (fr) 2000-04-16 2001-04-16 Magnetoadsorbant a couplage nanometrique
US09/898,758 2001-06-29
US09/898,758 US6706097B2 (en) 1998-12-31 2001-06-29 Molecular separator apparatus
USPCT/US01/30744 2001-10-01
US0130744 2001-10-01

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WO2015140443A1 (fr) * 2014-03-18 2015-09-24 Nexans Procede de fabrication d'un materiau composite
CN109603757A (zh) * 2019-01-22 2019-04-12 中南大学 五氟镁铝/多孔碳复合材料及其制备方法与应用
CN109603758A (zh) * 2019-01-22 2019-04-12 中南大学 五氟镁铝/凹凸棒石/多孔碳复合材料及其制备方法与应用

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WO1999065821A1 (fr) * 1998-06-19 1999-12-23 The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York Nanotubes de carbone autonomes alignes et leur synthese

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US5855790A (en) * 1994-02-07 1999-01-05 Selective Environmental Technologies, Inc. Magnetic particles, a method for the preparation thereof and their use in the purification of solutions
US5705628A (en) * 1994-09-20 1998-01-06 Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research DNA purification and isolation using magnetic particles
WO1999065821A1 (fr) * 1998-06-19 1999-12-23 The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York Nanotubes de carbone autonomes alignes et leur synthese

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015140443A1 (fr) * 2014-03-18 2015-09-24 Nexans Procede de fabrication d'un materiau composite
FR3018806A1 (fr) * 2014-03-18 2015-09-25 Nexans Procede de fabrication d'un materiau composite
US10403419B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2019-09-03 Nexans Process for manufacturing a composite material
CN109603757A (zh) * 2019-01-22 2019-04-12 中南大学 五氟镁铝/多孔碳复合材料及其制备方法与应用
CN109603758A (zh) * 2019-01-22 2019-04-12 中南大学 五氟镁铝/凹凸棒石/多孔碳复合材料及其制备方法与应用
CN109603758B (zh) * 2019-01-22 2020-04-21 中南大学 五氟镁铝/凹凸棒石/多孔碳复合材料及其制备方法与应用

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