WO2002044360A2 - Arginine deiminase modifiee - Google Patents

Arginine deiminase modifiee Download PDF

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WO2002044360A2
WO2002044360A2 PCT/US2001/029184 US0129184W WO0244360A2 WO 2002044360 A2 WO2002044360 A2 WO 2002044360A2 US 0129184 W US0129184 W US 0129184W WO 0244360 A2 WO0244360 A2 WO 0244360A2
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group
compound
arginine deiminase
microorganism
adi
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PCT/US2001/029184
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English (en)
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WO2002044360A3 (fr
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Mike A. Clark
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Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc.
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Priority claimed from US09/723,546 external-priority patent/US6737259B1/en
Application filed by Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc. filed Critical Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc.
Priority to JP2002546708A priority Critical patent/JP2004515232A/ja
Priority to AU2001289132A priority patent/AU2001289132A1/en
Priority to CA002430077A priority patent/CA2430077A1/fr
Priority to KR10-2003-7007054A priority patent/KR20040004449A/ko
Priority to EP01968928A priority patent/EP1337630A2/fr
Publication of WO2002044360A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002044360A2/fr
Publication of WO2002044360A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002044360A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/78—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/50—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds (3.5), e.g. asparaginase
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
    • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y305/00—Hydrolases acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds (3.5)
    • C12Y305/03—Hydrolases acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds (3.5) in linear amidines (3.5.3)
    • C12Y305/03006—Arginine deiminase (3.5.3.6)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to arginine deiminase modified with polyethylene glycol, to methods for treating cancer, and to methods for treating and/or inhibiting metastasis.
  • Malignant melanoma (stage 3) and hepatoma are fatal diseases which kill most patients within one year of diagnosis. In the United States, approximately 16,000 people die from these diseases annually. The incidence of melanoma is rapidly increasing in the United States and is even higher in other countries, such as Australia. The incidence of hepatoma, in parts of the world where hepatitis is endemic, is even greater. For example, hepatoma is one of the leading forms of cancer in Japan and Taiwan. Effective treatments for these diseases are urgently needed.
  • arginine deiminase isolated from Pseudomonas pudita was described by J.B. Jones, "The Effect of Arginine Deiminase on Murine Leukemic Lymphoblasts," Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, pages 1-165 (1981). Although effective in killing tumor cells in vitro, ADI isolated from P. pudita failed to exhibit efficacy in vivo because it had little enzyme activity at a neutral pH and was rapidly cleared from the circulation of experimental animals.
  • Arginine deiminase derived from Mycoplasma arginini is described, for example, by Takaku et al, Int. J. Cancer, 57:244-249 (1992), and U.S. Patent No. 5,474,928, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • a problem associated with the therapeutic use of such a heterologous protein is its antigenicity.
  • the chemical modification of arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma arginini, via a cyanuric chloride linking group, with polyethylene glycol was described by Takaku et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 54:1195-1200 (1993).
  • the modified protein was toxic when metabolized due to the release of cyanide from the cyanuric chloride linking group.
  • the present invention is directed to arginine deiminase modified with polyethylene glycol.
  • the arginine deiminase is modified with polyethylene glycol, having a total weight average molecular weight of about 1 ,000 to about 50,000, directly or through a biocompatible linking group.
  • Another embodiment of the invention is directed to methods of treating cancer, including, for example, sarcomas, hepatomas and melanomas.
  • the invention is also directed to methods of treating and/or inhibiting the metastasis of tumor cells.
  • Figure 1 depicts the amino acid sequences of arginine deiminase cloned from Mycoplasma arginini (the top amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, identified as ADIPROT), Mycoplasma arthritides (the middle amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, identified as ARTADIPRO), and Mycoplasma hominus (the bottom amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, identified as HOMADIPRO).
  • Figures 2 A and 2B are graphs showing the effect of a single dose of native arginine deiminase and arginine deiminase modified with polyethylene glycol (e.g., molecular weight 5,000) on serum arginine levels and serum citrulline levels in mice.
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the effects on serum arginine levels when
  • PEG10,000 is covalently bonded to ADI via various linking groups.
  • Figure 4 is a graph showing the effect that the linking group and the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol have on citrulline production in mice injected with a single dose of PEG- ADI.
  • Figures 5A and 5B are graphs showing the dose response that ADI-SS-
  • Figures 5C and 5D are graphs showing the dose response that ADI-SS-PEG20,000 had on serum arginine and citrulline levels.
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing the antigenicity of native ADI, ADI-SS- PEG5,000, and ADI-SS-PEG20,000.
  • Figure 7 is a graph showing the effect that treatments with ADI-SS- PEG5,000, ADI-SS-PEG12,000 or ADI-SS-PEG20,000 had on tumor size in mice which were injected with SK-mel 2 human melanoma cells.
  • Figure 8 is a graph showing the effect that treatments with ADI- PEG20,000 had on tumor size in mice which were injected with SK-mel 28, SK-mel 2 or M24-met human melanoma cells.
  • Figure 9 is a graph showing the effect that treatments with ADI-PEG5,000, ADI-PEG12,000 or ADI-PEG20,000 had on the survival of mice which were injected with human hepatoma SK-Hepl cells.
  • Figure 10 depicts the amino acid sequences of arginine deiminase cloned from Steptococcus pyogenes (the top amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 6, identified as STRADIPYR) and Steptococcus pneumoniae(t s bottom amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7, identified as STRADIPNE).
  • Figure 11 depicts the amino acid sequences of arginine deiminase cloned from Borrelia burgdorferi (the top amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8, identified as BORADIBUR) and Borrelia afzelii (the bottom amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, identified as BORADIAFZ).
  • Figure 12 depicts the amino acid sequence of Qiardia intestinalis (the top amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 10, identified as QIAADIINT), Clostridium perfringens (the middle amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, identified as CLOADIPER) and Bacillus licheniformis (the bottom amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, identified as BACADILIC).
  • Figure 13 depicts the amino acid sequence of Enter ococcus faec ⁇ lis (the top amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 13, identified as ENTADIFAE) and Lactobacillus sake (the bottom amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 14, identified as LACADISAK).
  • arginine deiminase catalyzes the conversion of arginine to citrulline, and may be used to eliminate arginine.
  • arginine deiminase may be utilized as a treatment for melanomas, hepatomas and some sarcomas.
  • Native arginine deiminase may be found in microorganisms and is antigenic and rapidly cleared from circulation in a patient. These problems may be overcome by covalently modifying arginine deiminase with polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • Arginine deiminase covalently modified with polyethylene glycol (with or without a linking group) may be hereinafter referred to as "ADI-PEG.”
  • ADI-PEG When compared to native arginine deiminase, ADI-PEG retains most of its enzymatic activity, is far less antigenic, has a greatly extended circulating half-life, and is much more efficacious in the treatment of tumors.
  • Polyethylene glycol or “PEG” refers to mixtures of condensation polymers of ethylene oxide and water, in a branched or straight chain, represented by the general formula H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OH, wherein n is at least 4.
  • Polyethylene glycol or “PEG” is used in combination with a numeric suffix to indicate the approximate weight average molecular weight thereof.
  • PEG5,000 refers to polyethylene glycol having a total weight average molecular weight of about 5,000
  • PEG12,000 refers to polyethylene glycol having a total weight average molecular weight of about 12,000
  • PEG20,000 refers to polyethylene glycol having a total weight average molecular weight of about 20,000.
  • Melanoma may be a malignant or benign tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs, including the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, vagina, leptomeninges, and/or the conjunctivae or eye.
  • melanoma includes, for example, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungual melanoma and superficial spreading melanoma.
  • Hepatoma may be a malignant or benign tumor of the liver, including, for example, hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Patient refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.
  • Biocompatible refers to materials or compounds which are generally not injurious to biological functions and which will not result in any degree of unacceptable toxicity, including allergenic and disease states.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • ADI arginine deiminase
  • SS succinimidyl succinate
  • SSA succinimidyl succinamide
  • SPA succinimidyl propionate
  • NHS N-hydroxy- succinimide
  • the present invention is based on the unexpected discovery that ADI modified with polyethylene glycol provides excellent results in treating certain types of cancer and inhibiting the metastasis of cancer.
  • ADI may be covalently bonded to polyethylene glycol with or without a linking group, although a preferred embodiment utilizes a linking group.
  • the arginine deiminase gene may be derived, cloned or produced from any source, including, for example, microorganisms, recombinant biotechnology or any combination thereof.
  • arginine deiminase may be cloned from microorganisms of the genera Mycoplasma, Clostridium, Bacillus, Borrelia, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Qiardia.
  • arginine deiminase is cloned from Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominus, Mycoplasma arginini, Steptococcus pyogenes, Steptococcus pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, Qiardia intestinalis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus licheniformis, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus sake, or any combination thereof.
  • the arginine deiminase used in the present invention may have one or more of the amino acid sequences depicted in Figures 1 and 10-13.
  • arginine deiminase is cloned from microorganisms of the genus Mycoplasma. More preferably, the arginine deiminase is cloned from Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma hominus, Mycoplasma arthritides, or any combination thereof.
  • the arginine deiminase used in the present invention may have one or more of the amino acid sequences depicted in Figure 1.
  • the polyethylene glycol (PEG) has a total weight average molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 50,000; more preferably from about 3,000 to about 40,000, more preferably from about 5,000 to about 30,000; more preferably from about 8,000 to about 30,000; more preferably from about 11,000 to about 30,000; even more preferably from about 12,000 to about 28,000; still more preferably from about 16,000 to about 24,000; even more preferably from about 18,000 to about 22,000; even more preferably from about 19,000 to about 21,000, and most preferably about 20,000.
  • polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 30,000 or more is difficult to dissolve, and yields of the formulated product are greatly reduced.
  • the polyethylene glycol may be a branched or straight chain, preferably a straight chain. Generally, increasing the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol decreases the immunogenicity of the ADI.
  • the polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight described in this embodiment may be used in conjunction with ADI, and, optionally, a biocompatible linking group, to treat cancer, including, for example, melanomas, hepatomas and sarcomas, preferably melanomas.
  • the polyethylene glycol has a total weight average molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 50,000; preferably about 3,000 to about 30,000; more preferably from about 3,000 to about 20,000; more preferably from about 4,000 to about 12,000; still more preferably from about 4,000 to about 10,000; even more preferably from about 4,000 to about 8,000; still more preferably from about 4,000 to about 6,000; with about 5,000 being most preferred.
  • the polyethylene glycol may be a branched or straight chain, preferably a straight chain.
  • the polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight described in this embodiment may be used in conjunction with ADI, and optionally, a biocompatible linking group, to treat cancer, including, for example, melanomas, hepatomas and sarcomas, preferably hepatomas.
  • the linking group used to covalently attach ADI to PEG may be any biocompatible linking group. As discussed above, "biocompatible" indicates that the compound or group is non-toxic and may be utilized in vitro or in vivo without causing injury, sickness, disease or death.
  • PEG can be bonded to the linking group, for example, via an ether bond, an ester bond, a thiol bond or an amide bond.
  • Suitable biocompatible linking groups include, for example, an ester group, an amide group, an imide group, a carbamate group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carbohydrate, a succinimide group (including, for example, succinimidyl succinate (SS), succinimidyl propionate (SPA), succinimidyl carboxymethylate (SCM), succinimidyl succinamide (SSA) or N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS)), an epoxide group, an oxycarbonylimidazole group (including, for example, carbonyldimidazole (CDI)), a nitro phenyl group (including, for example, nitrophenyl carbonate (NPC) or trichlorophenyl carbonate (TPC)), a trysylate group, an aldehyde group, an isocyanate group, a vinylsulfone group, a tyrosine group, a cysteine group, a
  • the biocompatible linking group is an ester group and/or a succinimide group. More preferably, the linking group is SS, SPA, SCM, SSA or NHS; with SS, SPA or NHS being more preferred, and with SS or SPA being most preferred.
  • ADI may be coupled directly to PEG (i.e., without a linking group) through an amino group, a sulfhydral group, a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group.
  • ADI may be covalently bonded to PEG, via a biocompatible linking group, using methods known in the art, as described, for example, by Park et al, Anticancer Res., 1:373-376 (1981); and Zaplipsky and Lee, Polyethylene Glycol Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications, J.M. Harris, ed., Plenum Press, NY, Chapter 21 (1992), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • Selection of the attachment site of polyethylene glycol on the arginine deiminase is determined by the role of each of the sites within the active domain of the protein, as would be known to the skilled artisan.
  • PEG may be attached to the primary amines of arginine deiminase without substantial loss of enzymatic activity. For example, ADI cloned from Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma arthritides and Mycoplasma hominus has about 17 lysines that may be modified by this procedure.
  • the 17 lysines are all possible points at which ADI can be attached to PEG via a biocompatible linking group, such as SS, SPA, SCM, SSA and/or NHS.
  • PEG may also be attached to other sites on ADI, as would be apparent to one skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. From 1 to about 30 PEG molecules may be covalently bonded to ADI.
  • ADI is modified with about 7 to about 15 PEG molecules, more preferably from about 9 to about 12 PEG molecules.
  • about 30% to about 70% of the primary amino groups in arginine deiminase are modified with PEG, preferably about 40% to about 60%, more preferably about 45% to about 55%, and most preferably about 50% of the primary amino groups in arginine deiminase are modified with PEG.
  • PEG is covalently bonded to the end terminus of ADI, preferably only 1 PEG molecule is utilized.
  • Increasing the number of PEG units on ADI increases the circulating half life of the enzyme. However, increasing the number of PEG units on ADI decreases the specific activity of the enzyme.
  • a common feature of the most preferred biocompatible linking groups is that they attach to a primary amine of arginine deiminase via a maleimide group.
  • SS-PEG Once coupled with arginine deiminase, SS-PEG has an ester linkage next to the PEG, which may render this site sensitive to serum esterase, which may release PEG from ADI in the body.
  • SPA-PEG and PEG2-NHS do not have an ester linkage, so they are not sensitive to serum esterase.
  • the particular linking groups do not appear to influence the circulating half-life of PEG- ADI or its specific enzyme activity.
  • PEG which is attached to the protein may be either a single chain, as with SS-PEG, SPA-PEG and SC- PEG, or a branched chain of PEG may be used, as with PEG2-NHS.
  • the structural formulas of the preferred linking groups in the present invention are set forth below.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of one of the compounds of the present invention is an amount that is effective to inhibit tumor growth.
  • treatment is initiated with small dosages which can be increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is achieved.
  • a therapeutic dosage of compounds of the present invention may be from about 1 to about 200 mg/kg twice a week to about once every two weeks.
  • the dosage may be about 1 mg/kg once a week as a 2 ml intravenous injection to about 20 mg/kg once every 3 days.
  • the optimum dosage with ADI-SS-PEG5,000 may be about twice a week, while the optimum dosage with ADI-SS- PEG20,000 may be from about once a week to about once every two weeks.
  • PEG-ADI may be mixed with a phosphate buffered saline solution, or any other appropriate solution known to those skilled in the art, prior to injection.
  • the PEG-ADI formulation may be administered as a solid (lyophilate) or as a liquid formulation, as desired.
  • the methods of the present invention can involve either in vitro or in vivo applications.
  • in vitro applications including cell culture applications
  • the compounds described herein can be added to the cells in cultures and then incubated.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be used to facilitate the production of monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies, using antibody production techniques well known in the art.
  • the monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies can then be used in a wide variety of diagnostic applications, as would be apparent to one skilled in the art.
  • administration of the PEG- ADI composition of the present invention can be carried out, for example, orally, intranasally, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intravenously, intralymphatically, intratumorly, intramuscularly, interstitially, intra-arterially, subcutaneously, intraocularly, intrasynovial, transepithelial, and transdermally.
  • administration of the PEG- ADI composition of the present invention can be carried out, for example, orally, intranasally, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intravenously, intralymphatically, intratumorly, intramuscularly, interstitially, intra-arterially, subcutaneously, intraocularly, intrasynovial, transepithelial, and transdermally. Examples
  • Mycoplasma arginini ATCC 23243
  • Mycoplasma hominus ATCC 23114
  • Mycoplasma arthritides ATCC 23192
  • Arginine deiminase was cloned from Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma hominus and Mycoplasma arthritides and expressed in E. coli as previously described by S. Misawa et al, J. Biotechnology, 36:145-155 (1994), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the amino acid sequences of arginine deiminase from each of the above species is set forth in Figure 1.
  • the top amino acid sequence, identified as ADIPROT is from Mycoplasma arginini; the middle amino acid sequence, identified as ART ADD?
  • RO is from Mycoplasma arthritides; and the bottom amino acid sequence, identified as HOMADIPRO, is from Mycoplasma hominus.
  • Each of the amino acid sequences are more than 96% conserved. Characterization, by methods known to those skilled in the art, of each of the proteins with respect to specific enzyme activity, K m , N max and pH optima revealed that they were biochemically indistinguishable from each other.
  • the pH optima was determined using a citrate buffer (pH 5-6.5), a phosphate buffer (pH 6.5-7.5) and a borate buffer (pH 7.5-8.5).
  • the K m and N max were determined by incubating the enzyme with various concentrations of arginine and quantifying citrulline production.
  • the K ⁇ for the various enzymes was about 0.02 to 0.06 ⁇ M and the N max was about 15-20 ⁇ mol/min/mg, the values of which are within standard error of each other.
  • arginine deiminase genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using the following primer pair derived from the published sequence of M. arginini, as described, for example, by T. Olino et al, Infect. Immun., 58:3788-3795 (1990), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5'-GGGATCCATGTCTGTATTTGACAGT-3' SEQ ID NO: 5, 5'-TGAAAGCTTTTACTACCACTTAACATCTTTACG-3'
  • the polymerase chain reaction products were cloned as a Bam Hl-Hind III fragment into expression plasmid pQE16.
  • DNA sequence analysis indicated that the fragment derived from M. arginini by PCR had the same sequence for the arginine deiminase gene as described by Ohno et al, Infect. Immun., supra.
  • the five TGA codons in the ADI gene which encode tryptophan in Mycoplasma were changed to TGG codons by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis prior to gene expression in E. coli, as taught, for example, by J.R. Sayers et al, Biotechniques, 13:592-596 (1992).
  • Recombinant ADI was expressed in inclusion bodies at levels of 10% of total cell protein.
  • the proteins from each of the above three species of Mycoplasma have approximately 95% homology and are readily purified by column chromatography.
  • Approximately 200 mg of pure protein may be isolated from 1 liter of fermentation broth. Recombinant ADI is stable for about 2 weeks at 37 °C and for at least 8 months when stored at 4°C. As determined by methods known to those skilled in the art, the proteins had a high affinity for arginine (0.04 ⁇ M), and a physiological pH optima of about 7.2 to about 7.4.
  • ADI protein was renatured, with minor modifications, as described by Misawa et al, J. Biotechnology, 36:145-155 (1994), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • 100 g of cell paste was resuspended in 800 ml of 10 mM K 2 PO 4 pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA (buffer 1) and the cells were disrupted by two passes in a Microfluidizer (Microfluidics Corporation, Newton, MA).
  • Triton X-100 was added to achieve a final concentration of 4% (v/v). The homogenate was stirred for 30 min at 4°C, then centrifuged for 30 min at 13,000 g.
  • the pellet was collected and resuspended in one liter of buffer 1 containing 0.5% Triton X-100.
  • the solution was diafiltered against 5 volumes of denaturation buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.5, 10 mM DTT) using hollow-fiber cartridges with 100 lcD retention rating (Microgon Inc., Madison Hills, CA). Guanidine HCl was added to achieve a final concentration of 6 M and the solution was stirred for 15 min at 4°C.
  • the solution was diluted 100-fold into refolding buffer 1, 10 mm K 2 PO 4 , pH 7.0 and stirred for 48 hours at 15°C, particulates were removed by centrifugation at 15,000 x g.
  • ADI was eluted using refolding buffer containing 0.2 M NaCl.
  • the purification procedure yielded ADI protein, which was >95% pure as estimated by SDS-PAGE analysis. 8 g of pure renatured ADI protein was produced from 1 kg of cell paste wliich corresponds to 200 mg purified ADI per liter of fermentation.
  • ADI activity was determined by micro-modification of the method described by Oginsky et al, Meth. Enzymol, (1957) 3:639-642. 10 ⁇ l samples in 0.1 m Na 2 PO , pH 7.0 (BUN assay buffer) were placed in a 96 well microliter plate, 40 ⁇ l of 0.5 mM arginine in BUN assay buffer was added, and the plate was covered and incubated at 37 °C for 15 minutes. 20 ⁇ l of complete BUN reagent (Sigma Diagnostics) was added and the plate was incubated for 10 minutes at 100°C. The plate was then cooled to 22°C and analyzed at 490 nm by a microliter plate reader (Molecular Devices, Inc).
  • 1.0 IU is the amount of enzyme which converts 1 ⁇ mole of L-arginine to L-citrulline per minute. Protein concentrations were determined using Pierce Coomassie Blue Protein Assay Reagent (Pierce Co., Rockford, IL) with bovine serum albumin as a standard.
  • PEG was covalently bonded to ADI in a 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Briefly, ADI in phosphate buffer was mixed with a 100 molar excess of PEG. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then the mixture was extensively dialized to remove unincorporated PEG.
  • PEG and ADI were covalently bonded via four different linking groups: an ester group or maleimide group, including SS, SSA, SPA and SSPA, where the PEG had a total weight average molecular weight of 5,000, 10,000, 12,000, 20,000, 30,000 and 40,000; an epoxy group, PEG-epoxy, where the PEG had a total weight average molecular weight of 5,000; and a branched PEG group, PEG2- NHS, where the PEG had a total weight average molecular weight of 10,000, 20,000 and 40,000.
  • an ester group or maleimide group including SS, SSA, SPA and SSPA
  • PEG had a total weight average molecular weight of 5,000, 10,000, 12,000, 20,000, 30,000 and 40,000
  • an epoxy group, PEG-epoxy where the PEG had a total weight average molecular weight of 5,000
  • PEG2- NHS a branched PEG group
  • mice 5.0 IU of the resulting compositions were injected into mice (5 mice in each group).
  • the mice were bled from the retro orbital plexus (100 ul).
  • an equal volume of 50% (w/v) of trichloroacetic acid was added.
  • the precipitate was removed by centrifugation (13,000 x g for 30 minutes) and the supernatant removed and stored frozen at -70°C.
  • the samples were then analyzed using an automated amino acid analyzer and reagents from Beckman Instruments using protocols supplied by the manufacturer.
  • the limits of sensitivity for arginine by this method was approximately 2-6 ⁇ M and the reproducibility of measurements within about 8%.
  • the amount of serum arginine was determined by amino acid analysis.
  • the linking group covalently bonding the PEG and ADI did not have an appreciable effect on the ability of ADI to reduce serum arginine in vivo.
  • the linking group may not be critical to the results of the experiment, except that a non-toxic linking group must be used for in vivo applications.
  • a second experiment was performed wherein the effect of the linking group and molecular weight of PEG on serum citrulline levels in vivo was evaluated. Mice (5 in each group) were given various compositions of ADI and PEG- ADI in an amount of 5.0 IU. To determine the serum levels of citrulline, the mice were bled from the retro orbital plexus (100 ul).
  • the open circles indicate the amount of citrulline produced by native ADI
  • the filled circles are ADI-SC-PEG
  • the open squares are ADI-SS-PEG
  • the open triangles are ADI-SPA-PEG
  • the filled triangles are branched chain PEG-NHS- PEG 2 .
  • the results in Figure 4 demonstrate that the molecular weight of the PEG determines the effectiveness of the PEG- ADI composition.
  • the effectiveness of the PEG- ADI compositions is not necessarily based on the method or means of attachment of the PEG to ADI, except that a biocompatible linking group must be used for in vivo applications.
  • the results in Figure 4 also demonstrate that the optimal molecular weight of PEG is 20,000.
  • PEG30,000 appears to be superior to PEG20,000 in terms of its pharmacodynamics, PEG30,000 is less soluble, which makes it more difficult to work with.
  • arginine deiminase mediated cytotoxicity was demonstrated using a number of human tumors. Specifically, human tumors were tested in vitro for sensitivity to ADI-SS-PEG5,000 (50 ng/ml). Viability of cultures was determined after 7 days. For a culture to be defined as "inhibited,” greater than 95%) of the cells must take up Trypan blue dye. A host of normal cells were also tested, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and none were inhibited by ADI-SS-PEG5,000.
  • ADI-SS-PEG5,000 greatly inhibited all human melanomas and hepatomas that were commercially available from the ATCC, MSKCC and Europe.
  • mice were bled from the retro orbital plexus (100 ul). Immediately following collection an equal volume of 50% (w/v) of trichloroacetic acid was added. The precipitate was removed by centrifugation (13,000 x g for 30 minutes) and the supernatant removed and stored frozen at -70°C. The samples were then analyzed using an automated amino acid analyzer and reagents from Beckman Instruments using protocols supplied by the manufacturer. The limits of sensitivity for arginine by this method was approximately 6 pM and the reproducibility of measurements within about 8%.
  • the titers of anti-ADI IgG were determined by ELISA. 50 ⁇ g of ADI was added to each well of a 96 well micro-titer plate and was incubated at room temperature for 4 hours. The plates were rinsed with PBS and then coated with bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml) to block nonspecific protein binding sites, and stored over night at 4°C. The next day serum from the mice was diluted and added to the wells. After 1 hour the plates were rinsed with PBS and rabbit anti-mouse IgG coupled to peroxidase was added to the wells. The plates were incubated for 30 min and then the resulting UN absorbance was measured using a micro-titer plate reader.
  • the titer was defined as the highest dilution of the serum which resulted in a two-fold increase from background absorbance (approximately 0.50 OD).
  • the results are shown in Figure 6.
  • the open circles represent the data obtained from animals injected with native ADI, which was very antigenic.
  • the filled circles represent the data obtained from the animals injected with ADI-SS-PEG5,000, while the open triangles represent the data obtained from the animals injected with ADI- SS-PEG20,000.
  • PEG20,000 are significantly less antigenic than native ADI. For example, as few as 4 injections of native ADI resulted in a titer of about 10 6 , while 4 injections of any of the PEG- ADI formulations failed to produce any measurable antibody. However, after 8 injections, the ADI-PEG5,000 had a titer of about 10 2 , while ADI-PEG20,000 did not induce this much of an immune response until after 12 injections. The results demonstrate that attaching PEG to ADI blunts the immune response to the protein.
  • mice The effect of PEG- ADI on the growth of human melanoma (SK-Mel 28) in nude mice was determined.
  • Nude mice (5 in each group) were injected with 10 6 SK-mel 2 human melanoma cells which were allowed to grow until the tumors reached a diameter of about 3-5 mm.
  • the mice were left untreated (open circles) or were treated once a week for 8 weeks with 5.0 IU of ADI-SS-PEG5,000 (filled triangles), ADI-SS-PEG12,000 (open triangles) or ADI-SS-PEG20,000 (filled circles).
  • the tumor size was measured weekly, and the mean diameter of the tumors is presented in Figure 7.
  • Figure 8 shows the effectiveness of ADI-SS-PEG20,000 on three human melanomas (SK-mel 2, SK-mel 28, M24-met) grown in vivo in nude mice.
  • Nude mice (5 in each group) were injected with 10 6 SK-mel 2, SK-mel 28 or M24-met human melanoma cells. The tumors were allowed to grow until they were approximately 3-5 mm in diameter. Thereafter, the animals were injected once a week with 5.0 IU of ADI-SS- PEG20,000.
  • the results are shown in Figure 8, and show that PEG-ADI inhibited tumor growth and that eventually the tumors began to regress and disappear. Because the tumors did not have argininosuccinate synthatase, they were unable to synthesize proteins (because ADI eliminated arginine and the tumors could not make it) so that the cells "starved to death.”
  • M24-met human melanoma is highly metastatic
  • the animals injected with M24-met human melanoma cells were sacrificed after 4 weeks of treatment and the number of metastases in the lungs of the animals was determined.
  • the control animals had an average of 32 metastases, while the animals treated with ADI-SS-PEG20,000 did not have any metastases.
  • the results appear to indicate that ADI-SS-PEG20,000 not only inhibited the growth of the primary melanoma tumor, but also inhibited the formation of metastases.
  • PEG5,000-ADI is most effective in inhibiting hepatoma growth in vivo.
  • the exact mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Without being bound to any theory of the invention works, it appears that proteins formulated with SS- PEG5,000-ADI become sequestered in the liver. Larger molecular weights of PEG do not, which may be due to the uniqueness of the hepatic endothelium and the spaces (fenesfrae) being of such a size that larger molecular weights of PEG-ADI conjugates are excluded.
  • Example 9 Application to Humans
  • PEG5,000-ADI and PEG20,000-ADI were incubated ex vivo with normal human serum and the effects on arginine concentration was determined by amino acid analysis, where the enzyme was found to be fully active and capable of degrading all the detectable arginine with the same kinetics as in the experiments involving mice.
  • the reaction was conducted at a volume of 0.1 ml in a time of 1 hour at 37 °C. Additionally, the levels of arginine and citrulline in human serum are identical with that found in mice. PEG-proteins circulate longer in humans than they do in mice.
  • the circulating half life of PEG conjugated adenosine deiminase, asparaginase, glucocerbrocidase, uricase, hemoglobulin and superoxide dismutase all have a circulating half life that is 5 to 10 times longer than the same formulations in mice. What this has meant in the past is that the human dose is most often 1/5 to 1/10 of that used in mice. Accordingly, PEG-ADI should circulate even longer in humans than it does in mice.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une arginine déiminase modifiée avec du glycol polyéthylénique, des méthodes de traitement du cancer, et des méthodes de traitement et/ou d'inhibition de métastase.
PCT/US2001/029184 2000-11-28 2001-09-19 Arginine deiminase modifiee WO2002044360A2 (fr)

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JP2002546708A JP2004515232A (ja) 2000-11-28 2001-09-19 修飾されたアルギニンデイミナーゼ
AU2001289132A AU2001289132A1 (en) 2000-11-28 2001-09-19 Modified arginine deiminase
CA002430077A CA2430077A1 (fr) 2000-11-28 2001-09-19 Arginine deiminase modifiee
KR10-2003-7007054A KR20040004449A (ko) 2000-11-28 2001-09-19 변형된 아르기닌 데이미나제
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WO2005107815A2 (fr) * 2004-05-03 2005-11-17 Nektar Therapeutics Al, Corporation Dérivés de polymères comprenant un point de ramification de type imide
EP1599217A2 (fr) * 2002-11-18 2005-11-30 Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc. Methodes d'inhibition d'une replication virale in vivo
WO2006015512A1 (fr) * 2004-08-11 2006-02-16 Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Arginine déiminase modifiée
WO2007082482A1 (fr) 2006-01-20 2007-07-26 Tsinghua University Nouveau composé de traitement de tumeur
US7951366B2 (en) 2002-06-20 2011-05-31 Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited Pharmaceutical preparation and method of treatment of human malignancies with arginine deprivation
US9333268B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2016-05-10 Polaris Group Methods of treatment with arginine deiminase
US9789170B2 (en) 2014-09-16 2017-10-17 Polaris Group Arginine deiminase with reduced cross-reactivity toward ADI-PEG 20 antibodies for cancer treatment
EP3119421A4 (fr) * 2014-03-18 2017-11-29 TDW Group Adi pégylée chimères manipulée et procédés d'utilisation
US20190136219A1 (en) * 2017-01-23 2019-05-09 Jiangnan University Genetically Engineered Arginine Deiminase Modified by Site-Directed Mutagenesis
US11235037B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2022-02-01 Polaris Group Arginine deiminase with reduced cross-reactivity toward ADI - PEG 20 antibodies for cancer treatment

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CN100475270C (zh) * 2006-01-20 2009-04-08 清华大学 一种治疗肿瘤的药物及其应用
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CN110167955B (zh) * 2016-09-29 2024-04-02 梅哈里医学院 细菌抑制剂
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CN108265044B (zh) * 2016-12-31 2021-05-11 江苏众红生物工程创药研究院有限公司 聚乙二醇定点修饰的精氨酸脱亚胺酶及其制备方法与应用
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EP1908478A1 (fr) * 2002-06-20 2008-04-09 Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited Composition pharmaceutique et méthode de traitement de malignités humaines par réduction du niveau d'arginine
US7951366B2 (en) 2002-06-20 2011-05-31 Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited Pharmaceutical preparation and method of treatment of human malignancies with arginine deprivation
WO2004000349A1 (fr) * 2002-06-20 2003-12-31 Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited Preparation pharmaceutique et methode de traitement de tumeurs malignes chez l'etre humain par privation d'arginine
AU2003282883B2 (en) * 2002-11-18 2008-12-04 Polaris Group Methods for inhibiting viral replication in vivo
EP1599217A2 (fr) * 2002-11-18 2005-11-30 Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc. Methodes d'inhibition d'une replication virale in vivo
EP1599217A4 (fr) * 2002-11-18 2006-11-02 Phoenix Pharmacologics Inc Methodes d'inhibition d'une replication virale in vivo
US7204980B2 (en) 2002-11-18 2007-04-17 Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc. Methods for inhibiting viral replication in vivo
JP2006515281A (ja) * 2002-11-18 2006-05-25 フエニツクス・フアーマコロジクス・インコーポレーテツド インビボでウイルス複製を阻害する方法
US9085659B2 (en) 2004-05-03 2015-07-21 Nektar Therapeutics Polymer derivatives comprising an imide branching point
WO2005107815A3 (fr) * 2004-05-03 2007-08-23 Nektar Therapeutics Al Corp Dérivés de polymères comprenant un point de ramification de type imide
WO2005107815A2 (fr) * 2004-05-03 2005-11-17 Nektar Therapeutics Al, Corporation Dérivés de polymères comprenant un point de ramification de type imide
WO2006015512A1 (fr) * 2004-08-11 2006-02-16 Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Arginine déiminase modifiée
WO2007082482A1 (fr) 2006-01-20 2007-07-26 Tsinghua University Nouveau composé de traitement de tumeur
US9333268B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2016-05-10 Polaris Group Methods of treatment with arginine deiminase
US9731028B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2017-08-15 Polaris Group Methods of treatment with arginine deiminase
US10525142B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2020-01-07 Polaris Group Methods of treatment with arginine deiminase
US11235037B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2022-02-01 Polaris Group Arginine deiminase with reduced cross-reactivity toward ADI - PEG 20 antibodies for cancer treatment
US10463721B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2019-11-05 Tdw Group Engineered chimeric pegylated ADI and methods of use
EP3119421A4 (fr) * 2014-03-18 2017-11-29 TDW Group Adi pégylée chimères manipulée et procédés d'utilisation
US9789170B2 (en) 2014-09-16 2017-10-17 Polaris Group Arginine deiminase with reduced cross-reactivity toward ADI-PEG 20 antibodies for cancer treatment
US20190136219A1 (en) * 2017-01-23 2019-05-09 Jiangnan University Genetically Engineered Arginine Deiminase Modified by Site-Directed Mutagenesis
US10829755B2 (en) * 2017-01-23 2020-11-10 Jiangnan University Genetically engineered arginine deiminase modified by site-directed mutagenesis

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