WO2002038507A1 - Procede et appareil permettant de maintenir l'etat sur de l'eau d'une piscine - Google Patents

Procede et appareil permettant de maintenir l'etat sur de l'eau d'une piscine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002038507A1
WO2002038507A1 PCT/GB2001/005003 GB0105003W WO0238507A1 WO 2002038507 A1 WO2002038507 A1 WO 2002038507A1 GB 0105003 W GB0105003 W GB 0105003W WO 0238507 A1 WO0238507 A1 WO 0238507A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
chlorine
water
chloramines
concentration
sensor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2001/005003
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard Carter Morrison
Original Assignee
Wellby Water Systems Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wellby Water Systems Limited filed Critical Wellby Water Systems Limited
Priority to AU2002214149A priority Critical patent/AU2002214149A1/en
Publication of WO2002038507A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002038507A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/008—Control or steering systems not provided for elsewhere in subclass C02F
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C02F1/4674—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation with halogen or compound of halogens, e.g. chlorine, bromine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/42—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from bathing facilities, e.g. swimming pools
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/005—Processes using a programmable logic controller [PLC]
    • C02F2209/008—Processes using a programmable logic controller [PLC] comprising telecommunication features, e.g. modems or antennas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/02—Temperature
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/04—Oxidation reduction potential [ORP]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/29—Chlorine compounds

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method and apparatus for maintaining the water in a swimming pool in a safe state.
  • a swimming pool is first filled with potable tap water the water is clear and safe to swim in.
  • the human body has nine or ten orifices through which body fluids can enter the water when a person is swimming. These body fluids contain bacteria which quickly multiply in the warm water and, if left untreated, could make subsequent swimmers sick.
  • oxidizing agent In order to maintain the water in a safe condition it is usual to introduce an oxidizing agent into the water.
  • the oxidizing agent is gaseous chlorine although ozone is sometimes used. Where chlorine is the oxidizing agent, it becomes hydrolysed to hypochlorous acid which is the effective disinfecting agent, being a weak acid which dissociates into hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions .
  • hypochlorous acid In the case of domestic pools chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite are commonly used.
  • Hyprochlorous acid is also formed when e.g. sodium hyprochlorite or calcium hypochlorite are dissolved in water.
  • Chlorine or "free chlorine" as used herein means chlorine from any of the above sources which can participate in an oxidation reaction and maintain a swimming pool in a safe state
  • the oxidizing agents either directly or indirectly via a series of chemical reactions, oxidize and kill the bacteria. They also react with the body fluids and other organic material which may enter the water, for example on the feet of bathers or as dust and dirt blown into the water by the wind. Provided that sufficient oxidizing agent is used the water can be maintained in a safe state. If insufficient oxidizing agent is used then the water will not be safe. Where the oxidizing agent is chlorine chloramines are produced predominantly NH 2 C1 with lesser amounts of NHC1 2 , NC1 3 and organic chloramines . These compounds have an extremely unpleasant smell which is often attributed by the general public to the swimming pool operator using too much chlorine. Perversely, the technical solution is to add more chlorine.
  • the level of chlorine is controlled by a control circuit including a sensor.
  • ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential probe
  • an ORP sensor may give the same reading when the water contains an appropriate concentration of free chlorine and no chloramines and when the water contains little or no free chlorine and a large quantity of chloramines . This condition is sometimes observed in 25m pools after they have been used all day by young schoolchildren. The final result is that although the ORP sensor is giving what appears to be the desired reading the water is full of chloramines and has a distinctly unpleasant smell .
  • the advantage of using this sensor is that the free chlorine can be maintained at the desired concentration since the concentration of chlorine in the water can be measured independent of the concentration of chloramines .
  • the control loop will keep the required concentration of chlorine which will slowly but surely dispose of the chloramines . It will be appreciated that there is much to commend an early morning swim in these pools over a late evening dip.
  • the present invention is based on the inventor' s premise that whilst it is highly desirable to enjoy the benefits of the free chlorine sensor for normal operation it would be highly desirable to be able to increase chlorine levels as and when chloramines are present in the pool .
  • a method of maintaining the water in a swimming pool in a safe state which method comprises the step of :-
  • a simple way of determining the presence of chloramines is to compare the outputs of an ORP sensor and a free chlorine sensor and to assume that any di ference is due to the presence of chloramines .
  • the predetermined level of chlorine might conveniently be increased from 2ppm to 3ppm. If the outputs are sensed at a specified later time, perhaps after 30 minutes and no chloramines are detected the predetermined level of the chlorine might be returned to its original 2ppm level. Alternatively, if the level of chloramines had not decreased, or indeed increased, the set point could be increased further.
  • ORP sensor Whilst the ORP sensor can be used as described above its reading can be influenced by other factors, for example the presence of tiny quantities of rust in the water from corroding pipes . For this reason it would be desirable to be able to measure the concentration of chloramines directly.
  • a probe which comprises a tube the bottom of which is provided with a support containing an ionophore which is receptive to chloramines or a particular chloramine species produced by oxidation, e.g. NH 2 C1.
  • the tube contains a filling solution, for example ammonium chloride which rests on the support and contains the bottom of a silver wire.
  • Figure 1 is a flowsheet showing an apparatus in accordance with the present invention connected to a swimming pool
  • Figure 2 is a schematic side elevation of a probe.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a swimming pool which is generally identified by the reference numeral 1.
  • the swimming pool 1 contains water 2 which is kept in safe and attractive condition by apparatus which generally identified by the reference numeral 3.
  • the apparatus 3 comprises a circulating pump 4 which pumps the water 2 through pipe 5 into a standard filtration unit 6 which removes leaves and solid particles .
  • the filtered water leaves the filtration unit 6 through a pipe 7 and passes through valve 8 and one of three chlorination units 9, 10 and 11 before being introduced into pipe 12.
  • a bypass line 13 having a valve 14 is provided so that water can be circulated whilst maintenance is carried out on the chlorination units 9, 10 and 11.
  • the pipe 12 is provided with a venturi 13 through which gaseous carbon dioxide from a cylinder 14 can be introduced into the water as requested to adjust its pH.
  • a control system which comprises a sensor block 20 which contains:
  • a temperature sensor 24 a temperature sensor; and 25 a standard cell
  • a small flow of water 2 is passed through the sensor block 20 via supply tube 26 and returned via return tube 27.
  • the signals from the sensor block 20 are sent along multistrand cable 28 to a control unit 29 which can be visualized as a small computer.
  • the control unit 29 is provided with:
  • the chlorine control line 32 is connected to a rheostat in chlorination units 9, 10 and 11 via electric cables 35, 36 and 37 respectively.
  • the carbon dioxide control line is connected to a flow cell 38.
  • the water 2 is dosed with table salt to a concentration of about 3g/l .
  • This concentration of salt is virtually imperceptible to the human tongue and gives the water a very slightly soft, soapy feel which many people ind attractive .
  • the salt is used in the production of chlorine in the chlorination units 9, 10 and 11 as will hereinafter be described.
  • the circulatory pump 4 is activated and the water flows through the filtration unit 6, the chlorination units 9, 10 and 11, the venturi 13 and returned to the swimming pool 1.
  • the control unit 29 notes that chlorine is required and sends a signal to the chlorine control unit 35 which applies a DC potential across the chlorination units 9, 10 and 11.
  • Each chlorination unit 9, 10 and 11 comprises a multi-plate electrical cell which electrolysis the water 2 (dilute brine) to form chlorine which enters the water.
  • the plates which are used in each electrical cell are extremely expensive and have a limited lifespan when operated at their rated voltage (20V DC) .
  • the longevity of the plates can be very significantly increased by operating the cells in an analogue manner, i.e. adjusting the potential in accordance with the difference between the actual and the desired chlorine level.
  • the degree of dissociation is proportionate to the pH . In water of pH between 6.5 and 8.5 the reaction is incomplete and both species are present to some degree. The sum of the HOC1 and OCl ⁇ values determines the "free chlorine” . Chlorine in the form of chloramines is hereinafter referred to as “combined chlorine".
  • the concentration of chloramines is detected by the control unit 29 comparing the readings of the free chlorine sensor 22 and the ORP sensor 23. The difference is indicative of the concentration of chloramines .
  • the set point for the concentration of chlorine in the pool is increased, for example to 3, 4 or 5ppm chlorine. After a fixed period, for example 30 minutes the concentration of chloramines is again determined.
  • the set point is returned to it initial level, i.e. 2ppm. If chloramines are detected but in a lower concentration the level of chlorine is maintained for another 30 minutes and the situation reviewed. If the concentration of chloramines is the same or has increased the set point is raised. It will be appreciated that this method ensues that the appearance of chloramines is promptly dealt with whilst the basic level of chlorination is maintained at all times .
  • the control unit 29 is also programmed to carry out certain additional f nctions.
  • bacteria can build up a tolerance to low chlorine levels. Accordingly, it is desirable to periodically shock does the water, for example by raising the chlorine level to 6ppm over a 24 hour period, to kill these bacteria .
  • the signal from the temperature sensor can be used in various ways . Firstly it can be used in conjunction with any heating system. Secondly it can be used to shut down the chlorination system if the water temperature falls below 10°C.
  • ORP sensors can be affected by outside influences , such as rust in the water arising from, for example the use of iron pumps .
  • the probe which is generally identified by reference numeral 40 comprises a glass tube 40 one end of which is fitted with a PVC plug 41 which contains an ionophore receptive to NH 2 ions .
  • the glass tube 40 contains ammonium chloride 42 in which is immersed the end of a silver wire 43.
  • the bottom end of the probe 40 is dipped into the water.
  • active ions derived from local chloramine enter the receptors in the ionophore and produce a charge therein which is reflected by the potential of the silver wire 43.
  • control unit 29 (typically a standard KCl/AgCl and the difference in potential measure by a high impedance source whose output is fed to the control unit 29 for control purposes.
  • a water heating unit may be provided which could have an independent feed and return or could be situated between the filter and the chlorination units .
  • chlorination units generate chlorine electrolytically they could be replaced by one or more cylinders of chlorine gas arranged to introduce the desired quality of chlorine into the water.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil permettant de maintenir l'état sûr de l'eau d'une piscine. Ce procédé consiste à (1) maintenir la concentration de chlore de l'eau à un niveau prédéterminé, en introduisant du chlore en réponse à un signal émis par un détecteur du chlore libre. Enfin, ce procédé se caractérise en ce qu'il consiste (2) à élever ce niveau prédéterminé en réponse à un signal indiquant la présence de chloramines dans l'eau.
PCT/GB2001/005003 2000-11-13 2001-11-13 Procede et appareil permettant de maintenir l'etat sur de l'eau d'une piscine WO2002038507A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2002214149A AU2002214149A1 (en) 2000-11-13 2001-11-13 Method and apparatus for maintaining the water in a swimming pool in a safe state

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0027682.4 2000-11-13
GB0027682A GB2368838A (en) 2000-11-13 2000-11-13 Maintaining the water in a swimming pool in a safe state

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002038507A1 true WO2002038507A1 (fr) 2002-05-16

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2001/005003 WO2002038507A1 (fr) 2000-11-13 2001-11-13 Procede et appareil permettant de maintenir l'etat sur de l'eau d'une piscine

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2002214149A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2368838A (fr)
WO (1) WO2002038507A1 (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10351551A1 (de) * 2003-11-03 2005-06-02 Edus Systemtechnik Gmbh Modulare Schwimmbadregelvorrichtung
WO2006018606A1 (fr) * 2004-08-14 2006-02-23 Otv Sa Desinfection automatique
WO2006069771A1 (fr) * 2004-12-28 2006-07-06 Uws United Water Systems Gmbh Dispositif de controle pour des eaux usees et procede de controle de parametres de qualite relatifs a des eaux usees
WO2013078080A1 (fr) * 2011-11-23 2013-05-30 Ecolab Usa Inc. Assainissement et désinfection automatisés de plans d'eau à usage récréatif et commercial
US8650935B2 (en) 2008-10-16 2014-02-18 VWS (UK) Limited Method of TOC monitoring
US9791429B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2017-10-17 Ecolab Usa Inc. Sensor system and method for sensing chlorine concentration
US9829475B2 (en) 2014-11-07 2017-11-28 Ecolab Usa Inc. PPM pool sensor
US10766796B2 (en) 2015-06-12 2020-09-08 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical injection and control system and method for controlling chloramines
US10800685B2 (en) 2017-05-31 2020-10-13 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical injection control system and method for controlling chloramines
US10836659B2 (en) 2017-09-19 2020-11-17 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical control systems and methods for controlling disinfectants
US11286176B2 (en) 2016-06-30 2022-03-29 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Methods and system for evaluating and maintaining disinfectant levels in a potable water supply
US20220194822A1 (en) * 2019-02-19 2022-06-23 Jeong Nam KIM Apparatus for generating chlorine disinfectant

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WO2004020344A1 (fr) * 2002-08-29 2004-03-11 Helge Jochen Schneider Chlorateur
US7189314B1 (en) * 2002-09-06 2007-03-13 Sensicore, Inc. Method and apparatus for quantitative analysis
ES1062811Y (es) * 2006-04-20 2006-11-01 I D Electroquimica S L Dispositivo automatico de tratamiento de agua por electrolisis, con control de ph y redox
US8747740B2 (en) * 2007-01-25 2014-06-10 Hercules Incorporated Process and apparatus for generating haloamine biocide
GB2454489A (en) * 2007-11-08 2009-05-13 Richard Carter Morrison Monitoring and treating swimming pool water
FR2935371B1 (fr) * 2008-08-29 2012-08-10 Aoa Procede de traitement automatique du ph de l'eau d'un bassin de piscine
US8562796B2 (en) * 2010-06-30 2013-10-22 Ecolab Usa Inc. Control system and method of use for controlling concentrations of electrolyzed water in CIP applications
EP2697409A4 (fr) * 2011-04-12 2014-11-19 Diversey Inc Système et procédé pour nettoyage industriel
DE102011077435A1 (de) * 2011-06-10 2012-12-13 Macchiavalley Produktions Gmbh Reinigungssystem für Heißgetränkeautomaten
ITMI20112262A1 (it) * 2011-12-14 2013-06-15 Giovanni Tozzo Apparato elettronico di controllo di una pluralita' di parametri dell'acqua di una piscina, vasca o simile, e sistema di controllo impiegante tale apparato
ES2528396B1 (es) * 2013-08-07 2015-11-19 Metalast S.A.U. Sistema de inyección de dióxido de carbono para el tratamiento de agua
ES2434140B1 (es) * 2013-08-07 2014-10-07 Metalast S.A.U. Sistema de suministro de dióxido de carbono para el tratamiento de agua
US9896360B2 (en) * 2014-05-16 2018-02-20 Sanipur S.R.L. Hot sanitary water system and method for disinfection of hot water
FR3023547B1 (fr) * 2014-07-11 2019-10-25 Aqua Global Consulting Systeme de sur-desinfection de l'eau d'un bassin aquatique
US20190194046A1 (en) * 2017-12-22 2019-06-27 Hayward Industries, Inc. Systems and methods for dynamic sanitization control

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EP0133920A1 (fr) * 1983-07-05 1985-03-13 Olin Corporation Système de désinfection à contrôle automatique d'un plan d'eau
US4614595A (en) * 1984-09-05 1986-09-30 Coral, Inc. Method of water treatment
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DE19844179A1 (de) * 1998-09-28 2000-03-30 Usf Wallace & Tiernan Gmbh Verfahren zum Einstellen der Zugabe von Desinfektionsmittel zu Wasser

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10351551A1 (de) * 2003-11-03 2005-06-02 Edus Systemtechnik Gmbh Modulare Schwimmbadregelvorrichtung
WO2006018606A1 (fr) * 2004-08-14 2006-02-23 Otv Sa Desinfection automatique
US7938909B2 (en) 2004-08-14 2011-05-10 Veolia Water Solutions & Technoloiges Support Automated sanitation
WO2006069771A1 (fr) * 2004-12-28 2006-07-06 Uws United Water Systems Gmbh Dispositif de controle pour des eaux usees et procede de controle de parametres de qualite relatifs a des eaux usees
US8650935B2 (en) 2008-10-16 2014-02-18 VWS (UK) Limited Method of TOC monitoring
WO2013078080A1 (fr) * 2011-11-23 2013-05-30 Ecolab Usa Inc. Assainissement et désinfection automatisés de plans d'eau à usage récréatif et commercial
US9791429B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2017-10-17 Ecolab Usa Inc. Sensor system and method for sensing chlorine concentration
US9829475B2 (en) 2014-11-07 2017-11-28 Ecolab Usa Inc. PPM pool sensor
US10766796B2 (en) 2015-06-12 2020-09-08 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical injection and control system and method for controlling chloramines
US11046599B2 (en) 2015-06-12 2021-06-29 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical injection and control system and method for controlling chloramines
US11932562B2 (en) 2015-06-12 2024-03-19 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical injection and control system and method for controlling chloramines
US11286176B2 (en) 2016-06-30 2022-03-29 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Methods and system for evaluating and maintaining disinfectant levels in a potable water supply
US11827533B2 (en) 2016-06-30 2023-11-28 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Methods and system for evaluating and maintaining disinfectant levels in a potable water supply
US10800685B2 (en) 2017-05-31 2020-10-13 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical injection control system and method for controlling chloramines
US10836659B2 (en) 2017-09-19 2020-11-17 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical control systems and methods for controlling disinfectants
US11964887B2 (en) 2017-09-19 2024-04-23 Ugsi Solutions, Inc. Chemical control systems and methods for controlling disinfectants
US20220194822A1 (en) * 2019-02-19 2022-06-23 Jeong Nam KIM Apparatus for generating chlorine disinfectant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2002214149A1 (en) 2002-05-21
GB2368838A (en) 2002-05-15
GB0027682D0 (en) 2000-12-27

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