WO2002033407A1 - Dosage diagnostique pour un echantillon de liquide biologique - Google Patents

Dosage diagnostique pour un echantillon de liquide biologique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002033407A1
WO2002033407A1 PCT/US2000/028760 US0028760W WO0233407A1 WO 2002033407 A1 WO2002033407 A1 WO 2002033407A1 US 0028760 W US0028760 W US 0028760W WO 0233407 A1 WO0233407 A1 WO 0233407A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
article
chamber
layer
sample
optical reading
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/028760
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Sie-Ting Wong
Robert G. Hiltibran
Tung-Ming Huang
Brenda B. Calfin
Mark R. Pope
Thomas G. Schapira
Eric B. Shain
Douglas F. Young
Original Assignee
Abbott Laboratories
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abbott Laboratories filed Critical Abbott Laboratories
Priority to AU2000280282A priority Critical patent/AU2000280282A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2000/028760 priority patent/WO2002033407A1/fr
Publication of WO2002033407A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002033407A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
    • G01N33/525—Multi-layer analytical elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B01L3/502715—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by interfacing components, e.g. fluidic, electrical, optical or mechanical interfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B01L3/502723—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by venting arrangements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
    • B01L2300/0681—Filter
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0809—Geometry, shape and general structure rectangular shaped
    • B01L2300/0825—Test strips
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0861—Configuration of multiple channels and/or chambers in a single devices
    • B01L2300/087—Multiple sequential chambers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0887—Laminated structure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/16—Surface properties and coatings
    • B01L2300/168—Specific optical properties, e.g. reflective coatings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/04—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means
    • B01L2400/0403—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific forces
    • B01L2400/0406—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific forces capillary forces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/4738—Diffuse reflection, e.g. also for testing fluids, fibrous materials
    • G01N2021/4776—Miscellaneous in diffuse reflection devices
    • G01N2021/478—Application in testing analytical test strips
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N2021/7756—Sensor type
    • G01N2021/7759—Dipstick; Test strip

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of monitoring the amount of an analyte, e. g., glucose, cholesterol, in body fluid. More particularly, this invention provides an article and method that monitors the amount of analyte in body fluid by means of a reagent that reacts with the analyte in the body fluid.
  • an analyte e. g., glucose, cholesterol
  • the most important factor for reducing diabetes-associated complications is the maintenance of an appropriate level of glucose in the blood stream.
  • the maintenance of the appropriate level of glucose in the blood stream may prevent and even reverse many of the effects of diabetes.
  • Glucose monitoring devices of the prior art have operated on the principle of first taking a sample of blood from an individual by any of a variety of methods, such as by needle or lancet. The individual then inserts a strip carrying reagents into a blood glucose meter in which glucose concentration is determined by a change in reflectance, The individual then applies the sample of blood to the strip, The blood reacts with the reagents and causes a change in reflectance of the strip, thereby indicating the concentration of glucose in the sample of blood.
  • This glucose meter is sold under the tradenames "ONE TOUCH PROFILE” and "ONE TOUCH BASIC.”
  • This glucose meter and products associated therewith are described in U. S. Patent Nos. 4,935,346; 5,304,468; 5,426,032; 5,563,042; 5,049,487; 5,059,394; 5,179,005, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • This glucose meter uses optical detection technology and a mixture of reagents comprising glucose oxidase, horse radish peroxidase, and color-generating materials known as chromogens. The reagents are located on "ONE TOUCH” reagent-carrying test strips.
  • test strip having a reagent system that resists the effects of such blood components as bilirubin and ascorbic acid. It would also be desirable to provide a test strip that would minimize the migration of blood from the test strip to the glucose meter.
  • This invention provides an article and a method for monitoring the concentration of an analyte, e. g., glucose, in blood.
  • the invention involves an article comprising an element having a plurality of layers, i. e., a multiple- layer element.
  • the article comprises:
  • a multiple-layer element comprising:
  • a core layer having a first major surface and a second major surface, the core layer disposed between the base layer and the cover layer, the core layer comprising a sample introduction chamber and a optical reading chamber, the first major surface of the core layer in face-to-face contact with the base layer, the second major surface of the core layer in face-to-face contact with the cover layer.
  • the opening for receiving the biological sample communicates with the sample introduction chamber.
  • the opening for venting communicates with a vent channel, which, in turn, communicates with the optical reading chamber.
  • the optical reading chamber and the sample introduction chamber can be adjacent to one another or the optical reading chamber and the sample introduction chamber can be separated from one another but connected by means of a flow channel. Alternatively, the optical reading chamber and the sample introduction chamber can be combined, so long as the size of the combined chambers is sufficiently great that the sample is not introduced directly into the optical reading chamber.
  • Reagents that are capable of reacting with the analyte to form a reaction product that can be read by an optical instrument to provide the value of concentration of the analyte in the sample are located in the optical reading chamber.
  • the reagents preferably comprise at least one enzyme and at least one dye.
  • the device is capable of providing a determination of concentration of analyte in a meter designed for colorimetric measurements, such as, for example, the "LIFESCAN" "ONE TOUCH” devices, in about 45 seconds.
  • the multiple-layer element of this invention allows the use of samples of blood or other biological fluids, such as interstitial fluid, to provide extremely sensitive assay results.
  • the device has been shown to provide accurate and reproducible results with samples having volumes ranging from about 5 ⁇ L to about 20 ⁇ L.
  • the article comprises a multiple-layer element comprising: (a) a cover layer, the cover layer having a first opening for venting the multiple-layer element and a second opening for receiving a sample of biological fluid;
  • the opening for receiving the biological sample communicates with the sample introduction chamber.
  • the opening for venting communicates with a vent channel, which, in turn, communicates with the optical reading chamber.
  • the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber can be adjacent to one another or the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber can separated from one another but connected by means of a flow channel.
  • the optical reading chamber and the sample introduction chamber can be combined, so long as the size of the combined chambers is sufficiently great that the sample is not introduced directly into the optical reading chamber.
  • the invention also provides means for determining when the optical reading chamber contains a sufficient volume of sample for allowing an accurate reading of an enzymatic reaction.
  • One means involves a colorant that is introduced into the optical reading chamber from the sample introduction chamber or some other location in the element upstream of the optical reading chamber. The colorant would be dissolved or dispersed by the sample as the sample flows through the element. The sample containing the colorant would then be transported to the optical reading chamber where a reading would indicate a change in the optical property of the optical path of the optical reading chamber to indicate that the optical reading chamber contains the sample.
  • the reading from the optical reading chamber can also be used to indicate when a sufficient volume of sample is present for a determination of concentration of an analyte.
  • Another means involves a highly reflective coating overlying and aligned with the optical path of the optical reading chamber, which provides an initial reflectance reading prior to the introduction of the sample to the optical reading chamber.
  • the highly reflective coating is washed away or dissolved by the sample, thereby producing a change in the reading from the optical reading chamber. The magnitude of this change can be employed to indicate when a sufficient volume of sample is present for a determination of concentration of an analyte.
  • Another means involves a highly reflective, wettable, porous, hydrophilic membrane overlying and aligned with the optical path of the optical reading chamber. This membrane will effectively reflect light from a source of light.
  • the membrane When the sample is introduced into the optical reading chamber, the membrane will be rapidly wetted and become translucent, thereby producing a change in the reading from the optical reading chamber.
  • the magnitude of this change can be employed to indicate when a sufficient volume of sample is present for a determination of concentration of an analyte.
  • the invention involves a method for determining the concentration of an analyte in a biological sample comprising the steps of:
  • the preferred reagent comprises an enzyme that can react in an environment having a limited supply of oxygen.
  • An example of such an enzyme is glucose dehydrogenase.
  • the article and method of this invention provide numerous advantages.
  • the article allows for extremely accurate control of volume of sample. Even if the volume of the sample exceeds the volume required for the determination of the concentration of analyte, the article is unaffected by the excess volume of sample.
  • Red blood cells can be present in the optical reading chamber without adversely affecting the accuracy of the reading.
  • Blood lysate can be used in the article and method of the invention. The use of lysate reduces optical interference by providing a homogeneous sample for testing. The employment of a vent allows the article to prevent air lock, which would result in air bubbles and yield false readings. Blood samples having a high hematocrit do not affect the time required to provide a result.
  • the article is designed so that blood cannot leak through it, thereby reducing the likelihood of contaminating the meter.
  • the article is designed so that evaporation of sample is minimized and the effects of humidity are minimized, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a article suitable for use in this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the article shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view of the article shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a view in cross-section taken along line A-A in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of a article suitable for use in this 15 invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the article shown in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view of the article shown in FIG. 5. 20
  • FIG. 8 is a view in cross-section taken along line A-A in FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 9 is an exploded perspective view of a article suitable for use in this invention.
  • the article is similar to that shown in FIG. 1 , with the exception being the 25 positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 10 is a top plan view of the article shown in FIG. 9.
  • the article is similar to that shown in FIG. 2, with the exception being the positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 11 is a bottom plan view of the article shown in FIG. 9.
  • the article is similar to that shown in FIG. 3, with the exception being the positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 12 is a view in cross-section taken along line A-A in FIG. 10.
  • the article is similar to that shown in FIG. 4, with the exception being the positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of a article suitable for use in this invention.
  • the article is similar to that shown in FIG. 1 , with the exception being the positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 14 is a top plan view of the article shown in FIG. 13.
  • the article is similar to that shown in FIG. 2, with the exception being the positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 15 is a bottom plan view of the article shown in FIG. 13.
  • the article is similar to that shown in FIG. 3, with the exception being the positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 16 is a view in cross-section taken along line A-A in FIG. 14. The article is similar to that shown in FIG. 4, with the exception being the positioning of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph comparing the multiple-layer element of this invention with a "ONE TOUCH” test strip in a "ONE TOUCH” glucose meter.
  • FIG 18 is graph comparing the reaction rate of a system utilizing hexokinase with a system utilizing glucose dehydrogenase.
  • FIG. 19 is graph illustrating the change in reflectance as a function of time.
  • FIG. 20 is graph illustrating the rapid dissolution of the indicator dye.
  • FIG. 21 is a graph illustrating dose response curve of glucose.
  • FIG, 22 is a graph illustrating change in reflectance as a function of glucose concentration
  • FIG- 23 is a graph illustrating the effect of hematocrit on glucose concentration value.
  • FIG. 24 is a graph illustrating the performance of dried reagent in the multiple- layer element.
  • FIG. 25 is a graph comparing the multiple-layer element of this invention with a "ONE TOUCH” test strip in a "ONE TOUCH” glucose meter.
  • FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a test strip that was used in Example 1.
  • FIG. 27 is an exploded perspective view of a multiple-layer element showing the deposition of a light-absorbing colorant at the base of the sample introduction chamber.
  • the liquid sample dissolves or disperses the colorant and resulting solution or dispersion is transported into the optical reading chamber, which contains the dried reagent.
  • FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to FIG. 27, showing the vent opening, the sample introduction site opening, the sample introduction chamber, and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 29 is an exploded perspective view of a multiple-layer element showing the deposition of a light-absorbing colorant in a fluid-transporting layer, which overlies the sample introduction chamber.
  • the liquid sample is applied to the fluid-transporting layer, thereby dissolving or dispersing the colorant, and the resulting solution or dispersion is then transported into the optical reading chamber, which contains the dried reagent.
  • FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to FIG. 29, showing the vent opening, the sample introduction site opening, the sample introduction chamber, and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 31 is an exploded perspective view of a multiple-layer element showing the deposition of a layer of reflective material in the optical reading chamber. Upon entry of a liquid sample into the optical reading chamber, the reflective properties of the layer of reflective material are altered, thereby resulting in a decrease in intensity of light reflected from the layer of reflective material.
  • FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to FIG. 31 , showing the vent 5 opening, the sample introduction site opening, the sample introduction chamber, and the optical reading chamber.
  • FIG. 33 is an exploded perspective view of a multiple-layer element showing the deposition of a layer of reflective material in the optical reading chamber.
  • the layer of reflective material is dissolved or dispersed, and then washed out of the optical reading chamber by the sample, thereby resulting in a decrease in the intensity of light reflected from the layer of reflective material as light is absorbed by or transmitted through the top layer of the multiple-layer element.
  • FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to FIG. 33, showing the vent opening, the sample introduction site opening, the sample introduction chamber, and the optical reading chamber.
  • reaction means one or more substances used in a chemical reaction to detect, examine, 5 measure, or produce other substances.
  • optical path means the path traversed by the incident light that enters and travels through the optical reading chamber.
  • the article 10 is a multiple-layer element comprising a base layer 12, a core layer 14 overlying the base layer 12, and a cover 0 layer 16 overlying the core layer 14.
  • the core layer 14 has a first major surface 18 and a second major surface 20.
  • the core layer 14 comprises a sample introduction chamber 22 and an optical reading chamber 24. As shown in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4, the sample introduction chamber 22 and the optical reading chamber 24 are adjacent to each other. Alternatively, the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading 5 chamber can be spaced apart from each other and can be connected by a flow channel.
  • the cover layer 16 has a first opening 28, which serves as a vent, and a second opening 30, which serves as a sample introduction site.
  • the first opening 28 communicates with a vent channel 31.
  • the second opening 30 communicates with the sample introduction chamber 22.
  • This embodiment requires a base layer 12 below the core layer 14, because the sample introduction chamber 22 and the optical reading chamber 24 extend all the way through the core layer 14.
  • a first major surface 32 of the cover layer 16 is in face-to-face contact with the first major surface 18 of the core layer 14.
  • a first major surface 34 of the base layer 12 is in face-to- face contact with the second major surface 20 of the core layer 14.
  • a notch 36 can be formed in one end of the article 10. The purpose of the notch 36 is to aid in positioning the article 10 in a glucose meter to align the optical reading chamber 24 with the source of light.
  • the article 100 comprises a base layer 112 and a cover layer 116 overlying the base layer 112.
  • the base layer 112 has a first major surface 118 and a second major surface 120.
  • the base layer 112 comprises a sample introduction chamber 122 and an optical reading chamber 124. As shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8, the sample introduction chamber 122 and the optical reading chamber 124 are adjacent to each other. Alternatively, the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber can be spaced apart from each other and can be connected by a flow channel.
  • the cover layer 116 has a first opening 128, which serves as a vent, and a second opening 130, which serves as a sample introduction site. The first opening 128 communicates with a vent channel 131.
  • the second opening 130 communicates with the sample introduction chamber 122.
  • a first major surface 132 of the cover layer 116 is in face-to-face contact with the first major surface 118 of the base layer 112.
  • This embodiment does not require a third layer in face-to-face contact with the second major surface 120 of the base layer 112, because the sample introduction chamber 122 and the optical reading chamber 124 are recessed from the major surface 118 of the base layer 112.
  • a notch 136 can be formed in one end of the article 100. The purpose of the notch 136 is to aid in positioning the article 100 in a glucose meter to align the optical reading chamber 124 with the source of light.
  • the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4 is preferred because it is easier to prepare in mass quantities.
  • FIGS. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 is substantially similar to that same component shown in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4, unless indicated otherwise.
  • the sample introduction chamber 122 of FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8 is substantially similar to the sample introduction chamber 22 of FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4.
  • the surface dimensions of each layer are not critical, except to the extent that the dimensions must be selected so that the article will properly fit into the desired optical metering device.
  • An example of surface dimensions suitable for a multiple-layer element of this invention are a length of 30 mm and a width of 20 mm.
  • the depth of the core layer 14 must be sufficient to accommodate the depth of the deeper of the sample introduction chamber 22 or the optical reading chamber 24.
  • representative examples of the thickness of the core layer 14 of the multiple-layer element range from 0.025 mm to 0.15 mm.
  • the thickness of the base layer 12 of the multiple-layer element typically ranges from about 0J mm to about 0.3 mm. Representative examples of the thickness of the base layer 12 of the multiple-layer element are 0.15 mm and 0.25 mm.
  • the thickness of the cover layer 16 of the multiple-layer element typically ranges from about 0J mm to about 0.3 mm. Representative examples of the thickness of the cover layer 16 of the multiple-layer element are 0J mm and 0.25 mm. Representative examples of dimensions of other features of the preferred embodiment as shown in FIGS, 1 , 2, 3, and 4 are as follows:
  • the dimensions of the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber are not critical.
  • the optical reading chamber must be of proper size to contain the required quantity of sample.
  • the dimensions of the vent channel must be such that the vent channel does not consume an excessive quantity of the sample.
  • the vent channel can have any shape The diameter of the opening that serves as the vent must not be so great that the sample exits therefrom, with the result that an excessive quantity of sample is required It is necessary that the vent channel and the opening that serves as the vent be outside both the path of the incident light entering the optical reading chamber and the path of the reflected light exiting the optical reading chamber, so that reflectance readings will not be adversely affected
  • Each of the named layers, i e , the base layer, the core layer, and the cover layer can comprise a single layer of material or, in the alternative, two or more layers of material joined together, as by adhesive, heat sealing, or some other means of lamination
  • a representative example of the volume of the optical reading chamber is 1 3 ⁇ L
  • a representative example of the volume of the sample introduction chamber is 1 3 ⁇ L
  • the volume of the optical reading chamber is based on the area of the beam of light used for optical reading and the thickness of the layer in which the chambers are located
  • the portion of the cover layer 16 in register with the optical reading chamber is preferably sufficiently optically reflective so that at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 85%, most preferably at least about 90% of the incident light from the source of light of the optical instrument is reflected from the cover layer
  • the portion of the cover layer 116 in register with the optical reading chamber is preferably sufficiently optically reflective so that at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 85%, most preferably at least about 90% of the incident light from the source of light of the optical instrument is reflected from the cover layer
  • the entire surface of the cover layer 116 facing the base layer 112 (FIGS 5, 6, 7, and 8) be made of a single material
  • the entire surface of the cover layer 16 facing the core layer 14 (FIGS 1 , 2, 3, and 4) be made of a single material
  • the multiple-layer article have both a sample introduction chamber and an optical reading chamber.
  • the reason for this requirement is that the sample cannot be introduced directly into the optical reading chamber because the surface of the cover must be capable of reflecting light. If an opening for introducing the sample to the article were placed in the cover layer in a region directly over the optical reading chamber, the cover layer in this region would not be capable of reflecting light.
  • the optical reading chamber is located adjacent to the sample introduction chamber, as shown in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4.
  • the region where the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber have a common boundary is preferably sufficiently wide so that the rate of flow of fluid from the sample introduction chamber to the optical reading chamber is great enough that an analyte determination can be carried out in a reasonable time.
  • FIGS. 13, 14, 15, and 16 illustrate an embodiment of a multiple-layer element in which the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber are combined into a dual- purpose chamber.
  • the opening for introducing the sample into the sample introduction chamber portion of the dual purpose chamber must not be in the path of light that enters or exits the optical reading chamber portion of the dual purpose chamber, so that the light will be properly reflected from the surface of the cover layer.
  • the remaining components of the multiple-layer elements in FIGS. 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, i. e., the base layer 12, the core layer 14, the cover layer 16, the vent opening 28, the sample introduction site opening 30, and the vent channel 31 , and the notch 36 perform the same functions as those components having the same reference numerals in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4.
  • the sample introduction chamber be cylindrical or substantially cylindrical in shape; however, other shapes can also be employed. A cylindrical shape is preferred because it allows the use of a smaller volume of sample-
  • the depth of the sample introduction chamber preferably ranges from about 0.025 mm to about 0-15 mm. It is preferred that the optical reading chamber be cylindrical or substantially cylindrical in shape; however, other shapes can also be employed.
  • a cylindrical shape is preferred because such a shape conforms best to the optical interrogation pattern and allows the use of a smaller volume of sample.
  • the depth of the optical reading chamber preferably ranges from about 0.025 mm to about 0J 5 mm. Because of the requirement of sufficient width of the common boundary between the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber when the chambers are adjacent, as shown in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4, the optical reading chamber and the sample introduction chamber are not perfectly cylindrical but are merely substantially cylindrical.
  • a flow channel joins the sample introduction chamber to the optical reading chamber, as shown in FIGS. 9, 10, 11 , and 12, it is preferred that the rate of flow through the channel be sufficiently high that the duration of the assay is not unduly increased. It is preferred that the flow channel be coated with a surfactant, e. g., a block-copolymer having the trademark "PLURONIC L-64". It is also preferred that the flow channel be free of material that would obstruct the flow of the sample. It is preferred that the duration of flow from the sample introduction chamber to the optical reading chamber not exceed 15 seconds, more preferably 10 seconds, most preferably 5 seconds.
  • the sample introduction chamber can contain a colorant, i. e., a dye or a pigment.
  • a colorant i. e., a dye or a pigment.
  • the purpose of this colorant is to indicate when the optical reading chamber contains a sufficient amount of sample for the determination of the concentration of an analyte, because an insufficient amount of sample will lead to an inaccurate result.
  • a colorant can be deposited on the base layer, preferably in register with the sample introduction chamber.
  • FIGS. 27 and 28 illustrate an embodiment of a multiple-layer element in which a colorant is deposited on the base layer in register with the sample introduction chamber.
  • the colorant deposit is represented by the reference numeral 40.
  • the colorant can be deposited on the base layer, but not in register with the sample introduction chamber.
  • the colorant must not be deposited in the optical path of the optical reading chamber.
  • the remaining components of the multiple-layer element in FIGS. 27 and 28, i. e., the base layer 12, the core layer 14, the cover layer 16, the sample introduction chamber 22, the optical reading chamber 24, the vent opening 28, the sample introduction site opening 30, and the vent channel 31 perform the same functions as those components having the same reference numerals in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4.
  • the colorant is dissolved, if a dye, or dispersed, if a pigment.
  • the meter can measure the optical change induced by the colorant and begin the determination of the concentration of analyte.
  • the colorant must be soluble or dispersible in the sample.
  • the amount of colorant must be sufficient to provide an optical change measurable by an optical instrument.
  • the particular amount of colorant depends upon the particular colorant and the dimensions of the component parts of the multiple-layer element. One skilled in the art is capable of determining the amount of colorant by trial and error without undue experimentation.
  • the colorant can be selected to absorb light in the ultraviolet, the visible, or the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is preferred that the colorant be able to absorb light having a wavelength in the range of from about 350 nm to about 1400 nm, more preferably from about 350 nm to about 700 nm.
  • the colorant can be deposited in a fluid- transporting layer overlying the sample introduction chamber and in register therewith.
  • FIGS. 29 and 30 illustrate an embodiment of a multiple-layer element in which a colorant is deposited in a fluid-transporting layer overlying the sample introduction chamber and in registration therewith.
  • the fluid-transporting layer is represented by the reference numeral 44.
  • the remaining components of the multiple-layer element in FIGS. 29 and 30, i. e., the base layer 12, the core layer 14, the cover layer 16, the sample introduction chamber 22, the optical reading chamber 24, the vent opening 28, the sample introduction site opening 30, and the vent channel 31 perform the same functions as those components having the same reference numerals in FIGS.
  • the colorant is dissolved, if a dye, or dispersed, if a pigment. From that point onward, the element operates in the same manner as does the element in the embodiment previously described.
  • a layer of a material that changes its reflectance in the presence of a liquid can be used to determine when the optical reading chamber contains a sufficient amount of sample for the determination of the concentration of an analyte- This layer can be applied onto the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber. At least a portion of this layer must be in register with the optical path of the optical reading chamber. Two types of such indicating layers have been considered.
  • the first type involves a layer of a material that is highly reflective when dry on account of a large number of interfaces between the air and the material. Because of the difference in index of refraction between the highly reflective material and air, the light used for measurement is easily reflected. This layer of material is applied to the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber. When liquid sample reaches the optical reading chamber, the index of refraction difference between the reflective material and the liquid sample is much less, and less light is reflected from the reflective surface, thereby allowing some light to escape through the layer of the highly reflective material, causing a characteristic drop in reflectance.
  • FIGS. 31 and 32 illustrate an embodiment of a multiple-layer element in which a layer of highly reflective material is applied to the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber.
  • the highly reflective material is designated by the reference numeral 52.
  • the reference numeral 54 represents a layer of reagents.
  • the remaining components of the multiple-layer element in FIGS. 31 and 32, i. e,, the base layer 12, the core layer 14, the cover layer 16, the sample introduction chamber 22, the optical reading chamber 24, the vent opening 28, the sample introduction site opening 30, and the vent channel 31 perform the same functions as those components having the same reference numerals in FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4,
  • the second type of indicating layer employs a layer of a highly reflective material coated onto the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber. In this embodiment, however, the highly reflective coating is washed out of the optical path of the optical reading chamber by the liquid sample.
  • FIGS, 33 and 34 illustrate an embodiment of a multiple-layer element in which a layer of highly reflective material is coated onto the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber.
  • the highly reflective material is designated by the reference numeral 56.
  • the optical reading chamber 24 is elongated to permit the reflective material to be washed out of the optical path.
  • the sample introduction chamber may contain a blood separation filter.
  • the blood separation filter can be any type of material that removes some or all of the red blood cells from the sample. For some applications, no red blood cells are desired. For other applications, some red blood cells are required. For example, some red blood cells may be required for calibrating certain optical instruments.
  • Three major categories of filters suitable for use as a blood separation filter in the sample introduction chamber are red blood cell aggregating matrix, affinity binding support, and cellular exclusion. Red blood cell aggregating matrix comprises a matrix coated with a positively charged polymer.
  • positively charged polymers suitable for use in this application include polylysine, polybrene protamine, etc. See, for example, U. S. Patent No. 5,658,444, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the second category involves the immobilization of antibodies to red blood cells (anti-RBC) or lectin on a matrix by means of covalent linking or passive absorption.
  • the immobilized anti-RBC or lectin bind specifically to red blood cells and thereby separate them from serum or plasma.
  • the third category of matrix separates red blood cells on the basis of cellular size and/or the size of pores of the matrix. In this category, the red blood cells are restricted from passing through the matrix because the pores in the matrix have a size that is too small for passage of red blood cells.
  • molecular sizing matrices - - (1) symmetric pore size and (2) asymmetric pore size.
  • the matrix having symmetric pore size provides a single and homogeneous pore size, whereas in the asymmetric matrix, pore sizes vary from smaller to larger. In the latter case, pores of larger size are at the top of the matrix and the size of the pores gradually decreases toward the base of the matrix.
  • the matrix can be coated with lysing agent, such as "TRITON X-100", saponin, or "IGEPAL.”
  • the optical reading chamber contains the reagent(s) required for reacting with the analyte of interest.
  • a typical reagent coating formulation comprises the following ingredients in the amounts indicated:
  • the reagent composition can be applied to the optical reading chamber by means of coating.
  • Various means of coating the reagent composition that are suitable for use in this invention are described in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4 th edition, Vol. 6, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York: 1993), pp. 606- 669, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Coating thickness of the reagent composition is not critical; however, care must be taken so that the amount of reagent coated is sufficient to determine the concentration of glucose within a reasonable amount of time at the highest possible concentrations of glucose in blood.
  • the ranges set forth in the foregoing table are not critical and they can be varied as desired.
  • Another aspect of this invention involves a method for determining the concentration of an analyte, e. g., glucose, in a sample of biological fluid, e. g., blood.
  • the method comp ⁇ ses the steps of:
  • a sample of biological fluid e. g., blood
  • a multiple-layer element comprising a sample introduction chamber and a optical reading chamber
  • a reagent in the multiple-layer element to react with the analyte of interest in the sample
  • Detection of analyte is carried out by measuring the change in an optical property of the material in the optical reading chamber resulting from one or more reactions involving the analyte with one or more reagents.
  • the change in optical property is a change in reflectance, which change can be observed by an optical instrument.
  • the reagents typically include at least one enzyme and at least one dye.
  • glucose in the sample is oxidized by glucose oxidase to form gluconic acid and H 2 0 2 .
  • the amount of H 2 0 2 produced is then measured quantitatively by Reaction (1) or Reaction (2).
  • the enzyme peroxidase e. g., horseradish peroxidase, microperoxidase
  • the enzyme peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of the dye and converts H 2 0 2 to H 2 0.
  • the color intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of glucose in the sample.
  • dyes that have been used include o-dianisidine, 4- aminoantipyrine, and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.
  • H 2 0 2 oxidizes the Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ .
  • Fe 3+ then chelates with dye to produce a specific absorption peak.
  • Representative examples of ferrous salt include ferrous sulfate and potassium ferrocyanide.
  • Representative examples of the dye include xylenol orange. The amount of Fe 3+ dye complex that forms is proportional to the amount of glucose in the sample.
  • glucose dehydrogenase enzyme reacts specifically with glucose in the sample in the presence of co-enzyme ⁇ -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( ⁇ -NAD) to form NADH, the reduced form of ⁇ -NAD.
  • ⁇ -NAD co-enzyme ⁇ -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • the NADH reacts with an electron accepting dye, e. g., 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), catalyzed by the diaphorase enzyme to form a dark purple-reddish color.
  • MTT 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide
  • the measurement can be of reflection of light.
  • the specimens suitable for the method include, but are not limited to, blood, plasma, serum, interstitial fluid, and blood lysate.
  • the glucose dehydrogenase system and other systems that are not dependent upon oxygen are preferred for the article and method of the present invention, because these systems are capable of reacting with the analyte in an environment having a limited amount of oxygen.
  • the reaction may never be able to indicate concentrations of analyte at the high end of the dynamic range because the amount of oxygen available to the system may be insufficient to allow the reaction to reach completion.
  • the article of this invention i. e., the multiple-layer element
  • the core layer 14 can be prepared by forming the sample introduction chamber 22, the optical reading chamber 24, and the vent channel 31 by means of die punching or laser cutting.
  • a flow channel of the type shown in FIGS. 9, 10, 11 , and 12 can also be formed by the same techniques.
  • the cover layer 16 can be prepared by forming the vent opening 28 and the sample introduction site opening 30 by means of die punching or laser cutting.
  • the base layer 12 can be laminated to one major surface 20 of the core layer 14 by means of heat sealing or an adhesive- The reagent can then be deposited into the optical reading chamber 24 by means of an appropriate coating technique. Finally, the cover layer 16 can be laminated to the other major surface 18 of the core layer 14 by means of heat sealing or an adhesive.
  • the base layer 112 can be prepared by forming the sample introduction chamber 122, the optical reading chamber 124, and the vent channel 131 by means of embossing or laser cutting. If desired, a flow channel of the type shown in FIGS. 9, 10, 11 , and 12 can also be formed by the same techniques.
  • the cover layer 116 can be prepared by forming the vent opening 128 and the sample introduction site opening 130 by means of die punching or laser cutting. The reagent can then be deposited into the optical reading chamber 124 by means of an appropriate coating technique. Finally, the cover layer 116 can be laminated to the major surface 118 of the base layer 112 by means of heat sealing or an adhesive.
  • Biological fluid such as, for example, blood
  • Biological fluid can be obtained by means of a conventional flngerstick.
  • Methods and apparatus for obtaining blood are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of apparatus suitable for obtaining a sample of blood are described in U. S. Patent Nos. Re. 32,922; 4,203,446; 4,990,154; 5,487,748, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the remaining steps of the operation of the multiple- layer element will refer to FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4. However, the operation would not change if the embodiment employed was that of FIGS. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.
  • the required amount of sample is introduced to the multiple-layer element 10 by applying the sample through the sample introduction site opening 30.
  • the sample then flows to the sample introduction chamber 22, from whence it flows to the optical reading chamber 24 and the vent channel 31.
  • the sample can flow from the sample introduction chamber 22 to the optical reading chamber 24 either directly, or through a flow channel, if one is present.
  • a flow channel is shown in FIGS. 9, 10, 11 , and 12.
  • the flow of sample terminates when the vent channel 31 is reached.
  • the concentration of analyte can be determined by an optical instrument, e. g., a "LIFESCAN" glucose meter, which senses the presence of a sample contained in the multiple-layer element and makes the determination of concentration a short time thereafter.
  • the notched end of the multiple-layer element is the end that is first inserted into the "LIFESCAN" glucose meter.
  • the liquid sample is brought into contact with a colorant, such as, for example, a soluble dye.
  • the colorant alters the optical properties of the liquid sample prior to the introduction of the sample into the optical reading chamber of the device. After the sample has entered the optical reading chamber, a change in the reflectance or transmission of light in the optical reading chamber is detected, thereby indicating that the sample has entered the optical reading chamber.
  • the level of change in reflectance, or transmission is then used to indicate whether the optical reading chamber contains a sufficient amount of sample for the determination of the concentration of glucose. If the volume of the sample is insufficient, or if air bubbles have been trapped in the optical reading chamber, the insufficiency of the sample in the optical reading chamber is indicated by the lower level of change in reflectance or transmission.
  • Colorants that can be used in this invention must not adversely affect the properties of the sample or the assay reagents. The colorant must also not adversely affect the design of the optical reading chamber. The colorant should have minimal interaction, or predictable interactions, with the sample. Aggregation, precipitation, or spectral shifts of the colorant are not preferred; however, predictable changes, such as the use of a pH indicator dye could be used.
  • the selected colorant should be non-interfering with the reagents required for the determination of the concentration of the analyte of interest. Colorants that absorb light at the same wavelength required for the assay can still be used. Light having a wavelength different from that required for the analyte determination but selective for the colorant can be used to provide an appropriate correction to the measurement. Finally, the colorant must be compatible with the materials of the multiple-layer element and must possess properties that allow adequate detection in the element.
  • Dyes that are suitable as the colorant must readily be dissolved or dispersed by the liquid sample, with a degree of solubility sufficient to allow detection by optical means. Such a degree of solubility is preferably greater than 1 mg/ml of sample, and more preferably greater than 10 mg/ml of sample. Water-soluble dyes are preferred for use with biological fluids.
  • Pigments such as colored colloids
  • pigments suitable for the invention must rapidly and uniformly disperse throughout the liquid sample.
  • the use of pigments has not been as reliable as the use of soluble dyes on account of interactions of the pigments with the samples.
  • the colorant must exhibit sufficient absorbance to be detected (preferably greater than 1000 mol "1 crrf 1 , and more preferably greater than 10,000 mol "1 cm “1 at the wavelength of detection).
  • Representative examples of dyes that are suitable for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, Acid Black 2, Acid Black 48, Acid Green 41 , Indocyanine Green, Copper Phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid, Eriochrome Black T, Gallocyanine, and Janus Green B.
  • two techniques both of which use layers of reflective material, can be used in order to bring about a change in reflectance in the optical path of the optical reading chamber, thereby indicating addition of sample-
  • a layer of material that is highly reflective when dry is applied to the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber-
  • Representative examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, controlled pore glass, controlled pore silica, latex microparticles, and porous hydrophilic membranes. These materials are highly reflective on account of the large number of interfaces between air and the highly reflective material making up the layer.
  • the second technique employs a highly reflective material coated on the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber.
  • Representative materials suitable for this highly reflective coating are titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and barium sulfate. In this technique, however, the coating of highly reflective material is washed out of the optical path of the optical reading chamber by the liquid sample.
  • the coating of highly reflective material When the coating of highly reflective material is washed out of the optical path, the material of the surface of the cover layer that faces the optical reading chamber provides a less reflective surface.
  • the reflectivity of the coating of highly reflective material can be controlled to a specific level.
  • Changes in reflectance resulting from red blood cells, or hemoglobin have been used in the past.
  • the red cell component of blood can be used to detect the presence of a liquid sample in the optical reading chamber.
  • the short optical path of the optical reading chamber prevents the sample by itself from bringing about detectable optical changes in the optical reading chamber.
  • This design problem has the disadvantage of making it difficult to determine if the optical reading chamber contains a sufficient amount of sample for carrying out the assay.
  • the use of the red cell component of the blood would also preclude the use of other biological fluids that lack the hemoglobin chromophore.
  • Dependence on the chromogenic properties of the sample also has the disadvantage of unpredictable or variable changes in optical properties of the sample, which could affect the results, or limit the type of sample that could be used in the element.
  • the methods of this invention also have the potential to be used in detection instruments based on transmission of light.
  • any of the methods result in a measurable change in light transmission upon entry of sample into the optical reading area.
  • the article of this invention allows for extremely accurate control of volume of sample. Even if the volume of the sample exceeds the volume required for the determination of the concentration of analyte, the article is unaffected by the excess volume of sample. Red blood cells can be present in the optical reading chamber without adversely affecting the accuracy of the reading. Blood lysate can be used in the article and method of the invention. The use of lysate reduces optical interference by providing a homogeneous sample for testing. The employment of a vent allows the article to prevent air lock, which would result in air bubbles and yield false readings. Blood samples having a high hematocrit do not affect the time required to provide a result- The article is designed so that blood cannot leak through it, thereby reducing the likelihood of contaminating the meter.
  • the article is designed so that evaporation of sample is minimized and the effects of humidity are minimized.
  • the article and method of this invention can be adapted for measuring the concentration of analytes other than glucose.
  • analytes include, for example, cholesterol, uric acid, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), and creatinine.
  • the article and method of this invention can be adapted to employ other optical measurement systems, such as for example, systems employing fluorescence, chemiluminescence, or fluorescence polarization.
  • Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer 200 mM, pH 7.0
  • Adenosine 5'-t ⁇ ' phosphate (hereinafter "ATP") 50 mM ⁇ -Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (hereinafter " ⁇ -NAD”) 48 mM
  • G-6-PDH Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • Diaphorase 125 Units/mL For each concentration of glucose solution, the reagent (10 ⁇ L) was mixed with the glucose solution (100 ⁇ L) and the resulting mixture introduced into a multiple-layer element 200 as shown in FIG. 26 by capillary attraction.
  • the multiple-layer element 200 comprised a core layer 202, a cover layer 204, and a base layer 206.
  • the mixture was introduced to an optical reading chamber 208 via a flow channel 210.
  • the major surface of the cover layer 204 in register with the optical reading chamber 208 was coated with a white material ("LIQUID PAPER" correction fluid), which provided good reflectivity of incident light from the optical instrument of the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter.
  • the decrease of reflectance resulting from light absorption by the colored product formed from the reaction was monitored by the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter.
  • the reading was taken 45 seconds after the mixture was introduced into the multiple-layer element.
  • Glucose solutions of 10.5, 21 , 41.5, and 62.5 mg/dL were reacted with the reagent.
  • FIG. 17 the reading obtained with the element of FIG. 26 at a given concentration of glucose and the reagent of this example (ordinate) was recorded as a function of the reading obtained with a "ONE TOUCH" test strip at that given concentration (abscissa).
  • the reagent of this example was 5.4 times more sensitive than the reagent employed in the "ONE TOUCH” test strip, i. e., glucose oxidase. In other words, for a given glucose concentration, the reading obtained with the reagent of this invention was about 5.4 times the reading obtained with a "ONE TOUCH” test strip.
  • the results demonstrate that the reagent of this example was compatible with the "ONE TOUCH” glucose meter.
  • the wavelength of light for the glucose determination ranged from 590 to 640 nm.
  • the wavelength of light utilized in the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter was 635 nm.
  • the reagents used in the "ONE TOUCH" test strip utilized a glucose oxidase system, which is adversely affected by interferents, such as bilirubin and ascorbic acid. It is believed that that the hexokinase/glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase system of this example is subject to lower interference from blood components than is the glucose oxidase system.
  • This example demonstrates the reaction rates of two different reagents suitable for use in a glucose assay employing the multiple-layer element of this invention.
  • the first reagent system included hexokinase, G-6-PDH, and diaphorase.
  • the second reagent system includes glucose dehydrogenase and diaphorase.
  • the hexokinase-containing system was same system that was used in Example 1.
  • the glucose dehydrogenase-containing system contained the following ingredients in the concentrations indicated;
  • the reagent (3 ⁇ L) was mixed with the glucose solution (3 ⁇ L) and immediately introduced to the multiple-layer element via the sample introduction site opening and the sample introduction chamber.
  • the reaction was then monitored by a reflectance reader, which had been constructed in the laboratory.
  • the reflectance reader utilized a light emitting diode having a peak at 650 nm. Values of the voltage outputs were plotted against time, as shown in FIG. 18. Voltage outputs were a function of reflectance. From the data in FIG. 18, it can be seen that the hexokinase-containing system exhibited better reaction kinetics than did the glucose dehydrogenase-containing system.
  • the cover layer comprised gray polymeric film having a semi-reflective coating laminated to a white "BIODYNE” membrane.
  • the "BIODYNE” membrane was a porous hydrophilic membrane (pore size of 1.2 ⁇ m) that becomes wetted rapidly and becomes translucent.
  • the cover layer was laminated to one major surface of a core layer, which included the sample introduction chamber and the optical reading chamber.
  • the "BIODYNE” membrane was in face-to-face contact with the core layer.
  • a base layer was then laminated to the opposite major surface of the core layer. The base layer had been coated with a surfactant to improve capillary flow of the sample from the sample introduction chamber to the sample reading chamber.
  • FIGS, 1 , 2, 3, and 4 illustrate the construction of the element of this embodiment.
  • This example demonstrates another preferred embodiment of the multiple- layer element of this invention,
  • the element was substantially similar to that of Example 3, with the exceptions that the cover layer was constructed with a white "BIODYNE” membrane having a pore size of 0.45 ⁇ m in diameter and no gray polymeric film having a semi-reflective coating was used in conjunction with the "BIODYNE” membrane.
  • a transparent top layer was also placed over the white "BIODYNE” membrane.
  • FIGS. 1 , 2, 3, and 4 illustrate the construction of the element of this embodiment-
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded view of the type of multiple-layer element used in this example.
  • Two substantially cylindrical chambers were formed in the core layer. Each chamber had a diameter of 4.75 mm. The distance between the centers of the two chambers was slightly less than 4.75 mm.
  • the base layer an acrylic sheet (0J 5 mm thick) matted on both sides, was laminated onto one major surface of the core layer.
  • the cover layer a white polyvinyl chloride sheet having a sample introduction site opening and vent opening, was then laminated onto the opposite major surface of the core layer.
  • Glucose solution containing 147 mg/dL of glucose (8 ⁇ L) was mixed with reagent (2 ⁇ L). The mixture was immediately applied into the multiple-layer element via the sample introduction site opening. The decrease of reflectance at 650 nm caused by light absorption of the colored product formed from the reaction was monitored by means of a reflectance meter.
  • FIG. 19 shows the rapid reaction kinetics provided by the multiple-layer element.
  • This example demonstrates the speed at which dried dye dissolves in the optical reading chamber of the multiple-layer element when it comes into contact with a liquid.
  • a base layer was laminated onto one major surface of a core layer as in Example 5.
  • MTT solution (2 ⁇ L, 24.0 mM) was transferred by pipette onto the base layer underlying the optical reading chamber and allowed to dry at room temperature.
  • the cover layer a sheet of polyvinyl chloride, comprising a sample introduction site opening and a vent opening, was laminated onto the other major surface of the core layer.
  • Reagent 8 ⁇ L) containing 80 mM NADH, diaphorase (100 Units/mL), 50% serum in 20 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.0) was introduced to the sample introduction site opening.
  • FIG. 20 shows the rapid dissolution of MTT in the multiple-layer element.
  • FIG. 20 illustrates three separate runs.
  • This example demonstrates a glucose dose response curve generated with a glucose dehydrogenase/diaphorase system in a multiple-layer element of the type used in Example 3, with the exception that the cover layer of the element was made of polyvinyl chloride.
  • the reagent mixture contained the following ingredients in the amounts indicated;
  • Diaphorase 400 units/mL in Tris buffer (10 mM, pH 7.5) 10 ⁇ L
  • ⁇ -NAD 500 mM
  • Tris buffer 10 mM, pH 7.5
  • FIG. 21 shows the glucose dose response curve obtained in this example- The example demonstrated the glucose dose response obtainable with the multiple-layer element of the present invention. The glucose dose response covered the clinically required range of 0 to 550 mg/dL.
  • This example demonstrates the feasibility of the reagent used in Example 7 in a multiple-layer element of the type used in Example 7.
  • the reaction of the reagent with glucose was monitored by the change in reflectance readings using the detection system of Example 7.
  • FIG. 22 shows the response of the reflectance reading as a function of glucose concentration.
  • This example demonstrates the feasibility of the multiple-layer element and reagent of this invention with the "LIFESCAN" "ONE TOUCH” glucose meter. In this example, the Kubelka-Munk equation was not used.
  • This example demonstrates the feasibility of using either whole blood or blood lysate as a sample for use in the multiple-layer element of the present invention in the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter.
  • the element in this example was of the type used in Example 3 and the reagent was of the type used in Example 7.
  • Fresh venous human blood was obtained and made to contain different levels of hematocrit by centrifugation.
  • the hematocrits obtained were 25, 30, 38, 48, 57, and 63.
  • To whole blood 120 ⁇ L was added reagent (30 ⁇ L). The reaction was allowed to proceed for five minutes at room temperature to reach the end point. The reaction mixture was then introduced into the multiple-layer element, and the amount of glucose reacted was then read in the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter.
  • the whole blood was lysed with 1 % "TRITON X-100" lysing agent and the blood lysates were assayed for glucose in the same manner as was employed in the whole blood assay. Two runs were carried out with whole blood and two runs were carried out with blood lysate.
  • FIG. 23 shows the results of this example. It can be seen that the effect of hematocrit on glucose value as assayed in the multiple-layer element and the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter is clinically insignificant. The result suggested that glucose can be measured by the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter using the multiple-layer element of the present invention, either with a sample of whole blood or with a sample of blood lysate.
  • This example demonstrates the feasibility of using the multiple-layer element of this invention for glucose measurement in the "ONE TOUCH” glucose meter with the dried reagent in the multiple-layer element.
  • the reagent used was the reagent described in Example 7 and the multiple-layer element used was of the type described in Example 6.
  • Reagent (3 ⁇ L) was transferred to the optical reading chamber and dried at room temperature. The cover layer was then applied over the core layer. A drop of blood was then applied to the sample introduction site opening and the reaction was monitored in the detection system described in Example 7.
  • FIG. 24 shows the results of this example. The decrease of reflectance is an indication of the extent of glucose reaction in the element. The reaction proceeded rapidly and the end point was reached in about 20 seconds. It was concluded that the multiple-layer element and reagent are compatible with the "ONE TOUCH" glucose meter.
  • This example demonstrates another preferred embodiment of the multiple- layer element of this invention.
  • the multiple-layer element was similar to the element described in Example 4.
  • the membrane that was used in place of the "BIODYNE” membrane was nitrocellulose (Millipore Corporation), which has a pore size of 0.22 ⁇ m.
  • the reagent used in this example employed glucose dehydrogenase.
  • the color-generating dye used in this example was p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT).
  • INT p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet
  • the glucose dehydrogenase-containing system was prepared by combining the following ingredients in the concentrations indicated:
  • HEPES [4-(2-Hydroxylethyl-1-piperazine propanesuifonic acid] 100 mM, pH 7.0 Reagent (one part) was mixed with blood (one part) and the reaction was allowed to proceed for three minutes at room temperature. The reacted mixture (10 ⁇ L) was delivered into the optical reading chamber of the device by means of capillary flow from the sample introduction site opening and the sample introduction chamber. The concentration of glucose in the blood was determined in the "LIFESCAN” "ONE TOUCH” glucose meter. In FIG.
  • the multiple-layer element comprised a white, reflective top layer, having a thickness of 0.250 mm, with openings for the sample introduction site and venting of the optical reading chamber.
  • the bottom layer was a clear acrylic sheet, having a thickness of 0.150 mm, and treated with a surfactant to enhance flow of fluids.
  • the spacer layer, disposed between the top layer and bottom layer was a polyethylene terephthalate plastic sheet, having a thickness of 0.050 mm, coated on the top and bottom surfaces with adhesive, having a thickness of 0.0125 mm, and with a cut out pattern that defines the optical reading chamber.
  • the reflectance of the empty optical reading chamber at 700 nm was normalized to a value of 1.000. Liquid samples were added to the multiple-layer element, and the relative reflectance (R) of the optical reading chamber was recorded in the absence and presence of Nigrosine (Acid Black 2) at 0.5 mg/ml. The results are shown in Table III.
  • This example demonstrates the use of a soluble dye as a colorant added to the sample.
  • the multiple-layer element which contained the reagents for a determination of concentration of glucose, was prepared as described in Example 10. Buffered solutions of glucose were prepared. Each solution contained 1.0 mg Acid Black 2 per ml. The glucose concentrations of the samples were measured by means of the multiple-layer element with a "ONE-TOUCH" glucose meter. The glucose concentrations measured were then compared to the glucose concentrations of the samples as shown in Table IV.
  • the cover layer comprised a clear polyester sheet laminated to a nitrocellulose membrane that becomes more translucent upon wetting.
  • the clear polymeric sheet had a thickness of 0.025 mm and was coated on one major surface with an adhesive layer having a thickness of 0.013 mm.
  • the nitrocellulose membrane had a pore size of 5 ⁇ m and a thickness of 0J25 mm.
  • the cover layer had openings for introduction of sample and for venting of the capillary space.
  • the spacer layer was a polyester sheet having a thickness of 0.050 mm, and was coated on both major surfaces with an adhesive layer having a thickness of 0.013 mm, and a pattern cut out to define a capillary space.
  • the base layer was a clear acrylic sheet having a thickness of 0J 50 mm and was treated with a surfactant ("Pluronic L-64”) to enhance capillary flow.
  • This example demonstrates how the translucence of the multiple-layer element described in Example 14 increases when a sample enters the optical reading chamber.
  • the reflectance values at 635 nm and at 700 nm of the empty optical reading chamber were set to a value of 1 ,00.
  • the relative reflectance (R) was recorded following the addition of the sample to the multiple-layer element. The results are shown in Table V.
  • This example demonstrates how the translucence of a highly reflective layer increases when a sample enters the optical reading chamber.
  • a mixture containing controlled pore glass in water (1.5 g glass in 8.5 g water) was prepared.
  • the controlled pore glass had the designation of Product No. CPG034000F, Lot No. 11 F052, CPG Inc., Lincoln Park, New Jersey.
  • the mixture (5 ⁇ l) was applied to a surfactant-coated acrylic film in a zone 0.187 inch in diameter.
  • the application zone was formed by a pattern cut out of a polymeric film, which was attached to the acrylic film. After the applied mixture had dried, the spots were rehydrated by means of 10 ⁇ l of deionized water.
  • the normalized reflectance values at 635 nm and 700 nm were found to be 36.4% and 31.9%, respectively.
  • the invention described herein has the advantage in that the dominant factor in determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample is that the sample be in the form of a liquid. This advantage results in a greater flexibility in sample properties.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un article et une méthode de surveillance de la concentration d'un analyte, par exemple, du glucose, dans le sang. Dans un premier temps, l'invention comprend un article constitué d'un élément multicouche. Dans un mode de réalisation, l'article comprend: un élément multicouche constitué: (a) d'une couche de base; (b) d'une couche de recouvrement, ladite couche de recouvrement ayant une première ouverture pour ventiler l'élément multicouche et une deuxième ouverture destinée à recevoir un échantillon biologique; et (c) une couche d'âme ayant une première surface principale et une deuxième surface principale, la couche d'âme étant disposée entre la couche de base et la couche de recouvrement, la couche d'âme comprenant une chambre d'introduction de l'échantillon et une chambre optique de lecture, la première surface principale de la couche d'âme étant en contact face à face avec la couche de base, la deuxième surface principale de la couche d'âme étant en contact face à face avec la couche de recouvrement. L'élément multicouche de ladite invention permet d'utiliser des échantillons sanguins ou d'autres liquides biologiques, comme le liquide interstitiel, pour des résultats de dosage extrêmement sensibles. On a montré que ledit dispositif permet d'obtenir des résultats précis et reproductibles avec des échantillons dont les volumes sont compris entre environ 5 µL et environ 20 µL. Dans un autre aspect, l'invention concerne une méthode comprenant les étapes suivantes: (a) le prélèvement d'un échantillon de liquide biologique, par exemple, du sang, provenant du corps d'un patient; (b) l'introduction de l'échantillon dans un article comprenant un élément multicouche ayant une chambre d'introduction de l'échantillon et une chambre optique de lecture; (c) la réaction d'un réactif placé dans le dispositif avec l'analyte étudié dans l'échantillon, (d) la mesure de la concentration de l'analyte dans l'échantillon grâce à un instrument d'optique.
PCT/US2000/028760 2000-10-17 2000-10-17 Dosage diagnostique pour un echantillon de liquide biologique WO2002033407A1 (fr)

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AU2000280282A AU2000280282A1 (en) 2000-10-17 2000-10-17 Diagnostic assay for a sample of biological fluid
PCT/US2000/028760 WO2002033407A1 (fr) 2000-10-17 2000-10-17 Dosage diagnostique pour un echantillon de liquide biologique

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EP1615031A4 (fr) * 2003-04-16 2011-01-12 Arkray Inc Instrument d'analyse a distance de diffusion de reactif reduite et procede de fabrication associe
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WO2005066638A1 (fr) 2004-01-07 2005-07-21 Arkray, Inc. Instrument analytique a agencement ameliore de section de reactif et procede analytique correspondant
JP4717637B2 (ja) * 2004-01-07 2011-07-06 アークレイ株式会社 試薬部の配置を改良した分析用具および分析方法
EP1712919A4 (fr) * 2004-01-07 2009-08-12 Arkray Inc Instrument analytique a agencement ameliore de section de reactif et procede analytique correspondant
US10980452B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2021-04-20 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
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US9414777B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2016-08-16 Dexcom, Inc. Transcutaneous analyte sensor
US9986942B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2018-06-05 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US10524703B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2020-01-07 Dexcom, Inc. Transcutaneous analyte sensor
US10932700B2 (en) 2004-07-13 2021-03-02 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
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US10918318B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2021-02-16 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
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US10716498B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-07-21 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10856787B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-12-08 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10898114B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2021-01-26 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10709364B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-07-14 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10918316B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2021-02-16 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10617336B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-04-14 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10610137B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-04-07 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10610136B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-04-07 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10743801B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-08-18 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10925524B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2021-02-23 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US10610135B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2020-04-07 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US11000213B2 (en) 2005-03-10 2021-05-11 Dexcom, Inc. System and methods for processing analyte sensor data for sensor calibration
US8753832B2 (en) 2005-06-13 2014-06-17 Nippon Kayaku Kabushiki Kaisha Method of assaying 1,5 anhydroglucitol by using whole blood and measurement kit
CN101238374B (zh) * 2005-06-13 2012-08-29 日本化药株式会社 使用全血的血液成分测定方法及测定试剂盒
EP1895303A4 (fr) * 2005-06-13 2008-07-02 Nippon Kayaku Kk Procédé de test de composant sanguin qui utilise le sang total et kit de mesure
EP1895303A1 (fr) * 2005-06-13 2008-03-05 Nippon Kayaku Kabushiki Kaisha Procédé de test de composant sanguin qui utilise le sang total et kit de mesure
US10813577B2 (en) 2005-06-21 2020-10-27 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US8465940B2 (en) 2006-12-14 2013-06-18 Nippon Kayaku Kabushiki Kaisha Method for electrochemically measuring 1,5-anhydroglucitol in whole blood
EP2175014A4 (fr) * 2007-08-01 2015-04-08 Univ Tokyo Nat Univ Corp Dispositif microfluidique pour piéger une cellule individuelle
EP2175014A1 (fr) * 2007-08-01 2010-04-14 National University Corporation Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Dispositif microfluidique pour piéger une cellule individuelle

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