WO2002008152A2 - Process and apparatus for impregnating porus parts - Google Patents
Process and apparatus for impregnating porus parts Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002008152A2 WO2002008152A2 PCT/CA2001/001011 CA0101011W WO0208152A2 WO 2002008152 A2 WO2002008152 A2 WO 2002008152A2 CA 0101011 W CA0101011 W CA 0101011W WO 0208152 A2 WO0208152 A2 WO 0208152A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- impregnant
- porous part
- change
- impregnation
- porous
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/46—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with organic materials
- C04B41/48—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B41/483—Polyacrylates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/82—Coating or impregnation with organic materials
- C04B41/83—Macromolecular compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0213—Gas-impermeable carbon-containing materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0221—Organic resins; Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0223—Composites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00853—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 in electrochemical cells or batteries, e.g. fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present process and apparatus relate to processes for the impregnation of porous parts .
- the present process and apparatus provide for control of the extent of impregnation by measuring the change in buoyancy of the parts , or the change in the effective volume of the impregnant, during the impregnation process.
- Impregnation of porous parts is a common technique employed in a variety of industries for a variety of reasons. Stone, brick, ceramic, wood, polymer, aggregate, cermet and porous metal parts, for example, are commonly impregnated.
- a sealant is impregnated into the part because the porosity is undesirable in the intended end use of the part. In some applications , it is only necessary to seal the pores on the surface of the part. In other applications , thorough impregnation of the part is necessary. Further, in certain applications it is possible to over-impregnate a part, so careful control of the level of impregnation is required.
- fuel cells including solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells , utilize initially porous components such as separator plates . Separator plates are commonly made from graphite, graphitized carbon or carbon-resin composites .
- Separator plates are typically thoroughly impregnated with an impregnant that assists in imparting necessary impermeability and mechanical stability (that is, structural strength and hardness) .
- separator plates are substantially impermeable to the fluid reactants and/or coolants used in the fuel cell or fuel cell stack, mechanically stable and electrically conductive .
- impregnants suitable for such purposes include phenols , epoxies , melamines , furans , and acrylics , such as methacrylates , for example .
- expanded graphite sheets such as the material available from UCAR Carbon Technology Corp. (Danbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.) under the tradename GRAFOIL, can be employed to form separator plates for fuel cells.
- Expanded graphite sheets are useful in this regard because they are relatively light, flexible and amenable to low-cost manufacturing methods, such as embossing. Nonetheless, separator plates made from expanded graphite sheets are typically impregnated in order to achieve the desired levels of impermeability and mechanical stability.
- impregnant deposits on the surface of the cured plate can:
- Impregnation process control is thus an important aspect of separator plate manufacture .
- curing of the impregnated parts is accomplished by dipping the parts in a hot water bath after washing and rinsing. Often, the washing, rinsing and curing steps can occur in the same vessel.
- the present process comprises :
- the present process comprises : (a) immersing at least one porous part in a fixed volume of an impregnant;
- the present process comprises washing and rinsing at least one impregnated porous part, and drying the impregnated part(s) at a drying temperature, thereby removing at least a portion of the residual water from the surface of the part(s) .
- the present apparatus comprises a vessel for holding at least one porous part and an impregnant, and a measuring device for measuring at least one parameter indicative of the buoyancy of the porous part(s) immersed in the impregnant within the vessel.
- the present apparatus comprises a vessel for holding at least one porous part and a fixed volume of impregnant, and a measuring device for measuring the change in effective volume of the impregnant within the vessel.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present apparatus .
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of the present apparatus .
- FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present apparatus .
- FIGs . 4 and 5 are schematic illustrations of a preferred embodiment of the present apparatus .
- FIG. 6 is a graph of the load cell voltage as a function of time during impregnation of expanded graphite plates (of one grade) according to the present method and apparatus .
- FIG. 7 is a graph of the load cell voltage as a function of time during impregnation of expanded graphite plates (of another grade) according to the present method and apparatus.
- porous parts usually metal castings, are impregnated with a suitable sealant by immersing them in an impregnant for a predetermined length of time.
- Curing of the impregnated parts is typically accomplished by dipping the parts in a hot water bath after washing and rinsing. Often, the washing, rinsing and curing steps can occur in the same vessel. Regardless of the method of curing employed, curing temperatures are generally between about 70°C and about 90°C, although suitable temperatures depend on the impregnant employed. In one embodiment, the present process and apparatus allows for control of the level of impregnation of porous parts by measuring the change in buoyancy of the parts during the impregnation process . The present process and apparatus are applicable to the impregnation of any porous parts by an impregnant.
- Such porous parts can include, for example, stone, brick, ceramic, wood, polymer, aggregate, cermet, and porous metal parts , as well as parts comprising porous carbon. Any suitable liquid impregnant can also be employed, depending upon the application.
- the present process and apparatus are particularly applicable to impregnation of porous parts where batch-to-batch variability makes impregnation processes based on a constant, predictable impregnation time unsuitable, or where a target level of impregnation is required for performance or cost effectiveness .
- dry porous parts When dry porous parts are placed in a liquid impregnant, they are comprised of solids of a known density and empty voids. As such, dry porous parts have initial buoyancy in the impregnant. As the voids are filled with impregnant, the effective mass of the parts increases while the effective volume remains constant. Thus, as impregnant fills the voids the buoyancy of the parts decreases and their apparent weight in the impregnant increases . By calculating the volume of impregnant in the part(s) from the change in apparent weight of the part(s) and the density of the impregnant, it is possible to calculate the percentage of void volume of the part that is filled.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present apparatus .
- Porous part 100 is supported by frame 102.
- Frame 102 is suspended in vessel 104 filled with liquid impregnant 106.
- Frame 102 is attached to one end of cantilever arm 108.
- the other end of cantilever arm 108 is movably attached to electronic balance 110.
- porous part 100 and frame 102 are suspended from cantilever arm 108 and immersed in impregnant 106.
- porous part 100 will have initial buoyancy and part 100 and frame 102 will have an initial weight that will be detected by scale 110.
- balance 110 is tared at time zero so that any weight measured thereafter represents the change in apparent weight of part 100.
- the buoyancy of part 100 decreases and the apparent weight of part 100 measured by balance 110 increases.
- the change in weight of part 100, the rate of change in weight of part 100, or both, can be measured and used to determine when the desired level of impregnation is achieved.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of the present apparatus.
- Porous parts 200 are supported by frame 202, which is suspended in vessel 204 containing impregnant 206.
- Cantilever arm 208 is fixed at one end to the inner surface of vessel 204 and the other end extends into the interior volume thereof.
- Load cell 210 is attached to one end of cantilever arm 208.
- Hook 212 of frame 202 rests on load cell 210.
- porous parts 200 are suspended in frame 202 by hook 212 and immersed in impregnant 206. At this point (time zero) porous parts 200 will have initial buoyancy and parts 200 and frame 102 will have an initial weight.
- Load cell 210 will measure a force corresponding to this initial weight.
- the load cell illustrated in FIG. 2 can be a bending beam, shear beam, canister, ring-and- pancake , or button-and-washer load cell .
- Other load measuring devices will be known to those skilled in the art.
- parts 200 can be a representative sample of a larger batch of such parts. Assuming that the parts chosen as a sample are representative of the entire batch, the change in buoyancy of the sample should reflect the corresponding change in the batch as a whole. Thus, a desired level of impregnation of the batch can be achieved by measuring the change in buoyancy of a portion thereof .
- Another embodiment of the present process and apparatus allows for control of the level of impregnation of porous parts by measuring the change in effective volume of impregnant during the impregnation process .
- dry porous parts When dry porous parts are immersed in a vessel containing a fixed volume of liquid impregnant, they displace the impregnant by a determinable amount to give an effective volume of impregnant.
- the "effective volume" of impregnant is equal to the volume of impregnant in the vessel, the solid volume of the porous part(s) , and the void volume thereof not filled with impregnant.
- Porous parts of a known volume and density will have voids of a given total volume .
- the volume of impregnant in the part(s) By calculating the volume of impregnant in the part(s) , based on the change in effective volume of the impregnant, it is possible to calculate the percentage of void volume of the part that is filled.
- the change in effective volume of impregnant over time can be plotted.
- the slope of the resulting curve at a given time is indicative of the proportion of total void volume filled with impregnant.
- both the change and rate of change in effective volume can be monitored. For example, in situations where batch-to-batch variability is a concern, the rate of change in effective volume can be plotted with test samples of a given batch and the resulting graph can be employed to determine the change in effective volume corresponding to a desired level of impregnation.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of the present apparatus .
- Porous part 300 rests in vessel 302 filled with a fixed volume of liquid impregnant 304.
- Floating magnet 306 floats on the surface of impregnant 304 and is positioned within range of linear hall effect sensor 308.
- sensor 308 measures the level of impregnant in vessel 302.
- FIGs . 4 and 5 are schematic illustrations of a preferred embodiment of the present apparatus .
- Porous parts 400 rest in vessel 402 containing a fixed volume of impregnant 404.
- Float 406 is connected to linear encoder 408, which is attached to the inner surface of vessel 402.
- Float 406 floats on the surface of the impregnant, permitting linear encoder 408 to measure changes in the level of impregnant in vessel 402.
- porous parts 400 are immersed in impregnant 406 and linear encoder 408 measures the initial level of impregnant in vessel 402.
- linear encoder 408 measures the change in effective volume of impregnant indicated by the corresponding change in impregnant level in vessel 402.
- the change in effective volume of impregnant 404, the rate of change thereof, or both, can be measured and used to determine when the desired level of impregnation is achieved.
- Block 410 can be immersed in the impregnant as shown, and can be of any suitable size, shape and composition. Block 410 effectively reduces the size of vessel 402 adjacent to linear encoder and amplifies the change in level of impregnant as it fills the voids in parts 400. Thus, block 410 can increase the sensitivity of linear encoder 408 to volume changes and can permit finer control over the impregnation process.
- any suitable device for measuring the change in volume of the impregnant can be employed in the present process and apparatus.
- the interior of the vessel can have a series of graduations that can be employed to measure the change in impregnant level during the impregnation process, or similarly, a depth gauge can be lowered into the vessel during impregnation to measure the change in impregnant level .
- Sensors that can detect changes in impregnant level in the vessel can be employed, such as linear hall effect sensors , linear encoders , linear variable displacement transducers , or digital probes , for example .
- Other suitable level/displacement measuring devices will be recognized by those skilled in the art.
- a pressure sensor can be employed to indirectly measure the change in effective volume of impregnant in the present process and apparatus.
- the pressure at the bottom of the impregnation vessel depends on the density of the impregnant, the height of the impregnant column, and the atmospheric pressure over the surface of the impregnant. During impregnation, the height of the impregnant column decreases as the effective volume decreases.
- By placing one or more pressure sensors at or near the bottom of the impregnation vessel it is possible to measure the change in effective volume indirectly by measuring the change in pressure exerted on the sensors . Suitable such sensors include pressure transducers , for example .
- the desired level of impregnation of the porous parts depends upon the application .
- the porous parts are expanded graphite fuel cell plates, preferably at least 85% of the void volume should be filled with impregnant, more preferably at least 95%.
- the amount of variation from the desired level of impregnation can vary with the particular application, and can depend upon the specification tolerance of the impregnated product.
- the desired level of impregnation for expanded graphite fuel cell plates can be 90%, within ⁇ 5% .
- the impregnation can be performed at atmospheric pressure, if desired, or at a lower or higher pressure.
- impregnate the part(s) under reduced pressure in order to remove air entrained in the impregnant and/or the porous parts.
- impregnation can be initiated at a reduced pressure to remove excess air, and then the pressure can be increased to super-atmospheric pressure in order to assist penetration of the impregnant into the porous part(s) .
- any liquid impregnant can be employed in the present method and apparatus .
- the choice of impregnant will be determined by such factors as compatibility with the porous part and desired characteristics of the impregnant and of the impregnated part.
- Suitable impregnants for expanded graphite fuel cell plates are preferably stable, curable and capable of substantially filling the voids in the plate.
- Known resins suitable for such purposes include phenols , epoxies , melamines , furans , and acrylics such as methacrylates , for example .
- the choice of impregnant is not essential to the present method and apparatus , and the appropriate impregnant or a given application can be determined by those skilled in the art.
- the device for measuring the change in buoyancy of the parts or the effective volume of the impregnant generates an output signal representative of the measured parameter (s) during impregnation.
- the present apparatus can further comprise a controller for receiving the output signals from the measuring device.
- the controller can also display the measured parameter (s) .
- the controller could be programmed to interrupt the impregnation process in response to the measured parameter (s) .
- the controller could interrupt impregnation when the change in weight of the porous parts exceeded a predetermined threshold value, or differed from a threshold value by a predetermined amount.
- the controller could interrupt the process when the rate of change in weight of the porous part(s) falls below a given threshold amount.
- the controller can also interrupt the process when either of the foregoing conditions is met.
- the controller could interrupt impregnation: when the change in volume of the impregnant exceeds a predetermined threshold value , or differs from a threshold value by a predetermined amount; when the rate of change in volume of the impregnant falls below a given threshold amount; or, when either of the foregoing conditions is met.
- Expanded graphite sheet is hygroscopic, absorbing water from the atmosphere at room temperature.
- the absorbed water occupies a portion of the void volume of the material that otherwise might be occupied by impregnant.
- water trapped in the impregnated material can expand and vaporize during curing, which can cause impregnant to bleed out of the plate and be deposited onto the plate's surface, ultimately resulting in undesirable impregnant deposits left on the surface of the impregnated plate .
- the present method can further comprise the step of baking the porous parts prior to impregnation.
- the duration and temperature of the baking step will depend upon such factors as the nature of the porous part and the desired level of dryness.
- expanded graphite sheet separator plates can be baked at a temperature in the range of about 100°C to about 300°C (at 1 bara) for about 5 minutes to an hour or more, as desired.
- temperatures lower than 100°C can be employed if baking is performed at pressures below 1 bara, provided the water in the plates vaporizes at the selected temperature and pressure.
- Persons skilled in the technology involved here can readily determine appropriate baking conditions for other applications .
- the baked porous parts can then be transferred to an impregnation vessel for impregnation .
- the parts may be washed and rinsed to remove excess impregnant before curing.
- the impregnant is water soluble
- the impregnated parts can be washed and rinsed in water.
- a suitable solvent which should be miscible in water
- a mixture of water and surfactant can be employed, if desired.
- washing and rinsing also removes some impregnant from the pores near the surface of the part. Thus , extended washing periods may remove too much impregnant.
- the extent of the washing process is of particular importance with thin impregnated parts where the surface-to-volume ratio is relatively high.
- Hot water curing of the washed and rinsed impregnated parts may not be suitable in some instances.
- curing of the impregnated parts is performed at pressures greater than atmospheric and can also be performed in a substantially oxygen-free atmosphere.
- an embodiment of the present process provides for drying impregnated parts and, specifically, impregnated separator plates that are used in fuel cells , prior to curing of the parts .
- the applicant has determined that drying the impregnated part prior to curing results in the part being substantially free of impregnant deposits caused by impregnant in residual water present on the surface of the part after the washing and rinsing steps . This result is surprising, as one might reasonably expect the impregnant to form deposits after evaporation of the water from the plate during drying.
- Suitable temperatures for drying the impregnated parts will depend on the particular application. For example, the applicant has determined that, for impregnated fuel cell separator plates, lower drying temperatures are more convenient than higher temperatures . Where the drying step is performed at higher temperatures , impregnant that has not yet cured can thermally expand. This can cause some of the impregnant to bleed out of the plate and be deposited onto the plate ' s surface , ultimately resulting in impregnant deposits left on the surface of the impregnated plate upon curing. Further , at higher temperatures , impregnant evaporation can occur.
- impregnant or impregnant components evaporate out of the impregnated plate, which results in a loss of impregnant, primarily from the surface of the plate. This, in turn, can adversely impact the structural strength, and particularly the surface hardness, of the plate.
- drying temperature means a temperature below which significant bleed out or evaporation of impregnant occurs
- high temperature means a temperature at or above which significant bleed out or evaporation of impregnant occurs .
- the drying step can be performed at temperatures in the range of about 20°C to about 40°C. Drying times can be reduced in such circumstances where the drying temperature is in the range of about 30°C to about 40°C. Appropriate drying temperature ranges for other parts and/or impregnants can readily be determined by those skilled in the art.
- a drying chamber can be employed in the present process for drying the washed and rinsed impregnated parts.
- the drying chamber can be connected to a closed-loop drying system, such as the system commercially available from Hygrex Spehr Industries (Bolton, Ontario, Canada) .
- a closed-loop drying system is basically a dry air generator that circulates very low humidity dry air into the drying chamber to assist in removing any residual water from the surface of the part(s) .
- the use of a closed-loop drying system permits faster drying times , particularly when low drying temperatures are employed.
- Expanded graphite sheet fuel cell plates were impregnated in an impregnation vessel according to the present method.
- the plates were made from embossed GRAFOIL having a sub-80 mesh graphite flake particle size and an area weight of 70 mg/cm 2 .
- the plates were baked in an oven for 30 min at 175 °C and a relative humidity of 30%.
- the baked plates were then transferred to an impregnation vessel.
- the impregnation vessel was a S-24 x 30- AUB (Imprex, Milwaukee, WI) unit modified by the addition of a cantilever arm, load cell and a metal frame suspended therefrom, as described in FIG. 2 and supporting text, above, and contained methacrylate resin.
- the load cell (45 N shear beam) was connected to a Goerz Servogor 124 chart recorder via a variable gain and offset instrumentation amplifier for recording the voltage output of the load cell in response to the load exerted on it by the frame and plates during the impregnation process. Ten (10) plates were placed on the frame in the impregnation vessel .
- FIG. 6 is a graph of the load cell voltage as a function of time during impregnation.
- the impregnation vessel was sealed and the pressure inside the impregnation vessel was decreased from ambient to 0.3 kPa for 15 minutes to remove entrained air from the plates and resin (part A of FIG. 6) .
- the vacuum was released (part B of FIG. 6) , and then the pressure inside the impregnation vessel was increased from ambient to 620 kPa (part C of FIG. 6) .
- the plates were allowed to soak at that pressure (part D of FIG. 6) until the chart recording indicated that the resin had filled about 98-99% of the void volume of the plates (point E of FIG. 6) , that is, when the curve substantially flattened.
- the impregnation process was interrupted at this time and the plates were removed from the vessel. The total elapsed time was 40 minutes.
- the impregnated plates were washed in an agitated water bath for 1 min and then rinsed under the same conditions .
- the washed and rinsed plates were then placed in a drying chamber connected to a Hygrex closed-loop drying system, and dried for 40 min at 35 °C.
- Example 2 The same procedure was followed as described in Example 1, except that six (6) plates were impregnated and the plates were made of GRAFOIL having an 80 mesh graphite flake particle size, and area weight of 70 mg/cm 2 , and ceramic fibers imbedded therein. The total elapsed time of the impregnation process was 30.5 minutes.
- FIG. 7 is a graph of the load cell voltage as a function of time during impregnation.
- the designations used in FIG. 7 for the parts of the graph corresponding to the steps in the process are the same as those used in FIG. 6.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2001272279A AU2001272279A1 (en) | 2000-07-19 | 2001-07-11 | Process and apparatus for impregnating porus parts |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US61867800A | 2000-07-19 | 2000-07-19 | |
US09/619,324 | 2000-07-19 | ||
US09/618,678 | 2000-07-19 | ||
US09/619,324 US6299933B1 (en) | 2000-07-19 | 2000-07-19 | Control process for impregnating porous parts and apparatus therefor |
US28832801P | 2001-05-03 | 2001-05-03 | |
US60/288,328 | 2001-05-03 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2002008152A2 true WO2002008152A2 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
WO2002008152A3 WO2002008152A3 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/CA2001/001011 WO2002008152A2 (en) | 2000-07-19 | 2001-07-11 | Process and apparatus for impregnating porus parts |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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AU (1) | AU2001272279A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002008152A2 (en) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US286144A (en) | 1883-10-02 | moffatt |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6065781A (en) * | 1983-09-20 | 1985-04-15 | 日立化成工業株式会社 | Impermeable expandable graphite formed body |
-
2001
- 2001-07-11 AU AU2001272279A patent/AU2001272279A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-07-11 WO PCT/CA2001/001011 patent/WO2002008152A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US286144A (en) | 1883-10-02 | moffatt |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2001272279A1 (en) | 2002-02-05 |
WO2002008152A3 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
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