WO2001091333A1 - Appareil reduisant dans des systemes de radiocommunication les effets d'evanouissement rapide des signaux radio propages pour postes stationnaires, et mobiles a deplacements lents - Google Patents

Appareil reduisant dans des systemes de radiocommunication les effets d'evanouissement rapide des signaux radio propages pour postes stationnaires, et mobiles a deplacements lents Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001091333A1
WO2001091333A1 PCT/US2000/014135 US0014135W WO0191333A1 WO 2001091333 A1 WO2001091333 A1 WO 2001091333A1 US 0014135 W US0014135 W US 0014135W WO 0191333 A1 WO0191333 A1 WO 0191333A1
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Prior art keywords
frequency
carrier frequency
carrier
caπier
signal
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PCT/US2000/014135
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English (en)
Inventor
Graeme White
Stefan Scheinert
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Littlefeet, Inc.
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Application filed by Littlefeet, Inc. filed Critical Littlefeet, Inc.
Priority to AU2000252824A priority Critical patent/AU2000252824A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2000/014135 priority patent/WO2001091333A1/fr
Priority to AU2001213620A priority patent/AU2001213620A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2000/030530 priority patent/WO2001091335A1/fr
Priority to AU2001214681A priority patent/AU2001214681A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2000/030531 priority patent/WO2001091336A1/fr
Publication of WO2001091333A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001091333A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/12—Frequency diversity

Definitions

  • This invention relates to optimizing communications radio transceiver performance based upon carrier frequency modification within the carrier frequency tolerances of the communications radio transceiver.
  • communications radio transceivers will refer to radio transceivers supporting multi-channel radio communications protocols. Such multi-channel radio communications protocols will be characterized as possessing a carrier frequency upon which multiple logical channels may be concurrently active.
  • channels may be formed by modulating together multiple frequency bins with the carrier frequency to form an FM communication protocol often known as Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Such channels may be further time division multiplexed into protocols often known as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Such channels may further change their frequency bins rapidly, providing a frequency hopping TDMA protocol.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
  • W-CDMA Wideband CDMA
  • FIG. 1 depicts a typical radio communications situation involving a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 100 linked 110 to antenna site module 120, from which two radiative paths 150 and 152 operate to deliver signals between antenna site module 120 and radio user 200 residing in rayleigh fast fading zone 160.
  • BTS Base Transceiver Station
  • First rayleigh fading is caused by the super- positioning of the signal waveforms traversing the two paths 150 and 152. When the phase of the signal waveforms are at a nearly 180° difference, the signals effectively cancel each other. This is the physical cause of rayleigh fading. It is most active in situations where there is no line of sight path between antenna site module 120 and radio user 200.
  • the fast fading region 160 is a function of the various paths 150 and 152, which for simplicity of discussion have been limited in number to two paths.
  • Fast fading region 160 is also related to the carrier frequency of the radio communications protocol in use, more specifically, to its wavelength. This fast fading zone often minimally affects radio users 200 in rapid motion relative to antenna site module 120, since the fast fading zone width is on the order of half the wavelength. The fast fading zone is rapidly traversed, and communication is minimally affected.
  • region 160 is depicted as asymmetrically shaped with a narrow and wide dimension. This is to schematically portray actual physical phenomena, having to do with the shape of radio wave fronts in the far field, distant from the transmitting antenna site 120. The farther a wave front is from its source, the more the neighborhood of a point, such as a radio user 200, will look like a plane. The effect of this is to make the fast fading zone very asymmetric, with the narrow direction being essentially perpendicular, or normal, to the strongest, pervasive wave fronts. The wide direction is essentially parallel to the pervasive wave fronts. The narrow dimension of fast fading zones tends to be on the order of half the carrier wavelength. There is no comparable statement that can be made about the wide dimension.
  • One signal quality improvement approach is to increase the sophistication of the antenna or antenna structure in use at antenna site 120. Rather than a single wire antenna on a pole, probably the simplest antenna in use, parallel wire antennas separated by no more than a few carrier wavelengths are often used, and is what is shown. Other approaches involve even- more sophisticated antenna structures including arrays of antenna components. The problem with all of these schemes is that at sufficient distance from antenna site 120, the signal appears to radio user 200 as if from a point source, again creating the fast fading condition.
  • the severity of this problem is related not only to the carrier wavelength, but also to the bandwidth of the communications protocol.
  • the communications protocol bandwidth essentially acts to vary the phase of the signal, since the wavelength is proportional to the multiplicative inverse of the carrier frequency as well as the modulated radio communications signal.
  • this problem has been reported for all radio communications protocols.
  • the situation as just described for the antenna site 120 as transmitter also occurs when the antenna site 120 acts as receiver and radio user 200 is transmitting.
  • the difference is that while the specific antenna configuration employed at antenna site 120 may be quite significant, the effective signal strength from radio user 200 may be very weak due to the multi-path cancellation as discussed above.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a typical radio communications situation involving a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 100 linked by 110 and 112 to antenna site modules 120 and 122, respectively, from which radiative paths 150 and 152 operate to deliver signals between antenna site module 120, as well as paths (not shown) between antenna site module 122 and radio user 200 residing in rayleigh fast fading zone 162 within fast fading zone 160.
  • BTS Base Transceiver Station
  • the use of a second antenna site module 122 typically has the effect of shrinking the collective fast fading zone 162 from the original fast fading zone 160.
  • radio user 200 can also address the same physical problem.
  • the following describes fading problems and their solutions for radio users 200 from column 1 lines 36 to column 2 line 28 of U.S. Patent No. 6,023,615 as found on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Web site, with the numbering changed to be compatible with this document.
  • Some mobile stations 200 have diversity to improve the reception of communication signals sent from the base station.
  • Diversity employs equipment redundancy or duplication to achieve an improvement in receiver performance under multipath fading conditions.
  • Space diversity employs two or more antennas that are physically spaced apart by a distance related to the wavelength.
  • a transmitted signal travels by slightly different paths from the transmitter to the two antennas at the receiver.
  • there may be reflected paths where the transmitted signal received by each antenna has also traveled by different paths from the transmitter.
  • the two. received signals may not be simultaneously affected to the same extent by the presence of multipath fading, because of the different paths.
  • Known space diversity systems include switched antenna diversity (SAD), selection diversity (SD) and maximal ratio combining diversity (MRCD). Each diversity system includes a controller having an algorithm programmed therein for controlling the diversity system. ...
  • SAD employs two antennas coupled to a single receiver through a single pole, double throw radio frequency (RF) switch.
  • a controller samples the signal received from each antenna to couple only one of the two antennas to the receiver at a time.
  • SD employs two antennas and two receivers, wherein each antenna is coupled to its own receiver.
  • the receiver with the highest baseband signal to noise ratio (SNR) is selected to be the demodulated signal.
  • SNR baseband signal to noise ratio
  • SD provides improved performance over SAD because the signals produced by the receivers can be monitored more often than with SAD and suffer fewer switching transients.
  • a weakness of both SAD and SD is that only one antenna is used at any instant in time, while the other is disregarded.
  • MRCD also employs two antennas and two receivers, wherein each antenna is coupled to its own receiver. MRCD seeks to exploit the signals from each antenna by weighting each signal in proportion to their SNRs and then summing them. Accordingly, the individual signals in each diversity branch are cophased and combined, exploiting all the received signals, even those with poor SNRs.
  • MRCD is more difficult and complicated to implement than SAD or SD.”
  • FIG. 3 depicts a schematic of a GSM cellular telephone network as found in Figure 1 of U.S. Patent No. 5,905,962 entitled "Apparatus and method for data transmission to inhibit radio signal fading with sequential transmission of data groups based upon power levels" by Richardson.
  • Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) 400 is associated with Base Station Controller (BSC) 300 for controlling BTS 100-1 and BTS 100-2.
  • BSC 400 is associated with more than one BSC.
  • MSC 400 is additionally associated with BSC 310 and BSC 320.
  • BSC 310 controls BTS 100-3 and BTS 100-4.
  • BSC 320 controls BTS 100-5 and BTS 100-6.
  • an MSC 400 is responsible for a number of radio telephone cells which cover an area.
  • Each BTS 100 comprises a transceiver and at least one antenna site module 120 linked 110 to the transceiver.
  • a BSC 300 may be physically located near a BTS 100-1.
  • Such systems are the basis for wireless communications as known today and represent a significant improvement in overall performance over preceding radio systems.
  • a weak communication between radio user 202 and BTS 100-1 may be handed off to a second BTS, better situated to communicate with mobile user 202.
  • more than one BTS may be enlisted to communicate with mobile user 202, often adding significantly to the coverage range of the overall radio communications system.
  • the physical situation causing rayleigh fading still persists, a slow moving or essentially stationary radio user may enter a fast fading region and not be able to leave fast enough to continue a radio communication, and once in, may not be able to initiate any new communication sessions.
  • the radio user may not be able to receive hand-off instructions from the BTS, the physics again dominating. This problem shows up not only in signal strength/noise limited environments, but also applies to interference limited environments.
  • Figure 4 depicts BTS 100 linked 514 to a repeater system interface 510 further communicating via link 512 to antenna pods 520 and 522 further communicating with repeaters 500 and repeaters 502 covering two cell areas.
  • the repeater 500 units cover a first cell area and repeater 502 units cover a second cell area.
  • These units are relatively inexpensive and are relatively low power, allowing radio system operators to deploy numerous units throughout a cell area to minimize the distance to radio user 200 while additionally have a combined effect for both receiving and transmitting to radio user 200.
  • Such radio communication systems have better cell area definition as well as many other operational advantages.
  • the physics of the situation again presents the radio user 200 with the problem of fast fading zones. What is needed is a method of using a communications radio system reducing or minimizing rayleigh fading. What is further needed is a communications radio system supporting that use.
  • Figure 5 depicts a block diagram of a radio receiver as found in Figure 12 of U.S. Patent No. 4,326,294 entitled "Space diversity reception system having compensation means of multipath effect", by Okamoto, et. al.
  • the signal in the first branch relating to the first antenna 600 is applied to the combiner 620 through the phase modulator 610, which modulates the input signal with the control signal from the sensing oscillator 694.
  • the signal in the second branch relating to the second antenna 602 is also applied to the combiner 620 through the phase shifter 630, which controls the phase of the input signal so as to cancel the interference waves.
  • the combined output signal of the combiner 620 is frequency converted by the frequency mixer 640 which is supplied the local frequency by the local oscillator 644.
  • the output of the frequency mixer 640 is applied to the output terminal (OUT) through the intermediate frequency amplifier 650.
  • the output of the amplifier 650 is also applied to the frequency response detector 652, which provides the amplitude dispersion and/or the delay dispersion in the pass-band of the transmission signal.
  • the synchronization detector 690 controls the amount of the phase shift in the phase shifter 630 in accordance with the outputs of the sensing oscillator 694 and the frequency response detector 652.
  • the control of the phase shifter 630 is performed so that the deviation in the pass-band detected by the frequency detector 652 is reduced, when the deviation is minimum, the interference waves are in an opposite phase with each other, and the frequency characteristics are flat as shown in the curve (d) in FIG. 4C (U.S. Patent No. 4,326,294).
  • the sensing oscillator 694 and the phase modulator 610 are provided for the easy detection of the minimum deviation.”
  • Figure 5 presents one of several embodiments of U.S. patent 4,326,294 and is indicative of what the various embodiments have in common.
  • the entire operation of this circuit acts to align the phases of antenna outputs 600 and 602 to maximize IF signal output strength.
  • This approach does not support any mechanism of detecting if a specific radio user in a specific channel among multiple radio users in several channels is experiencing deep fading. Assuming one could discern deep fading in one radio user, aligning the phase of the antenna outputs does not insure that this would not put some other radio user into a deep fading condition.
  • AGC Automated Gain Control
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an FM receiver as found in Figure 1 of U.S. Patent No. 4,893,347, entitled "FM communication system with improved response to rayleigh- faded companded signals", by Eastmond, et. al..
  • Antenna 710 couples signals to bandpass filter 712 which couples the filtered signals to mixer 714.
  • the output of local oscillator 716 provides the other input to mixer 714 which has its output coupled via bandpass filter 718 to IF amplifier 720.
  • the gain of amplifier 720 is controlled by means of an input 722.
  • the output of amplifier 720 is coupled through bandpass filter 724 to amplifier 725 which further amplifies and limits the signal before it is coupled to discriminator 726.
  • the unprocessed baseband audio output 728 from the discriminator can be used to provide a squelch signal to a conventional squelch circuit or an output to a digital signal demodulator, and also provides an input to attenuator 730.
  • the output of the attenuator provides a voice output which can be coupled to a speaker 732. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the output of the attenuator can also be amplified by an audio amplifier (not shown) rather than directly driving speaker 732.
  • bandpass filter 724 is also coupled to an amplifier 734 which preferably has its gain controlled means of an input 736.
  • the output of amplifier 734 is coupled to a linear envelope detector 738 which detects the peak magnitude of its input signal.
  • the output 740 of the detector is coupled to a lowpass filter 742 which has its output coupled to amplifiers 744 and 746. These amplifiers function as comparators and provide outputs when the input from lowpass filter 742 exceeds NR1 and NR2, respectively.
  • the output from amplifier 746 serves as the input 736 to control the gain of amplifier 34.
  • the output of amplifier 744 provides the input 722 to control the gain of amplifier 720.
  • the output 740 from envelope detector 738 is also coupled to a clipper 748 which has a selected voltage level at which clipping begins so that its output, which is coupled to summation network 750, is limited to a predetermined value even if the input continues to increase.
  • the output 740 is also coupled to a highpass filter 752 which highpass filters the signal and couples same to amplifier 754 which amplifies the signal and provides an input to envelope detector 756.
  • the detector detects the peak envelope of the magnitude of the signal from amplifier 754.
  • the detector's output is smoothed by a lowpass filter 758 which may consist of a RC time constant circuit which has its output coupled as an input to summation network 750.
  • the output of summation network 750 provides an input to attenuator stage 760 which attenuates the magnitude of the audio signal in response to the control signal provided from the network 750.
  • the output of stage 760 is coupled to the input of attenuator stage 762 which also has its attenuation controlled in response to an input provided from clipper
  • elements 710 to 728 are a standard FM receiver circuits with the exception that the IF gain associated with amplifier 720 is controlled by an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit.
  • AGC automatic gain control
  • the AGC circuitry consists of elements 734, 738, 742, 744, 746 and 720.
  • the purpose of the AGC circuitry is to control the gain of amplifiers 734 and 720 by means of the output of amplifiers 746 and 744 to keep amplifiers 734 and 720 operating in a linear region for all magnitudes of input signals.”
  • An improved FM companding communication system in which noise bursts and pops in the audio output of the receiver, due to weak and Rayleigh-faded signals, are minimized by selectively attenuating the audio signal in the receiver prior to expansion.
  • the amount and rate of attenuation for the noise reduction circuits is determined by a control signal derived from either the average discriminator noise at frequencies above 3 kHz, or from a received RF signal strength indicator, or a combination of both.
  • the audio output is attenuated during weak signals or Rayleigh fades only when the attenuation control signal increases above a predetermined signal-to-noise ratio threshold.
  • attenuation increases at a rate greater than the decrease in the received signal strength.
  • Figure 7A depicts a block diagram as found in Figure 2 of U.S. Patent No. 5,905,962 entitled "Apparatus and method for data transmission to inhibit radio signal fading with sequential transmission of data groups based upon power levels" by Richardson.
  • the following is a description of this Figure from column 4 line 58 to column 5 line 27 of U.S. Patent No. 5,905,962 as found on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Web site, with the numbering changed to be compatible with this document.
  • the transmitter power output stage of the radio telephone 200 comprises a power module 801 including a voltage controlled variable gain amplifier 802.
  • the power module amplifies signals from mixer 808, which comprise signals from the AF or baseband section 809 of the radio telephone 200 and the local oscillator L.O. 807.
  • the power output of module 801 is determined by control voltage Vc applied to the amplifier 802.
  • the output power of module 801 may be maintained at a nominal uniform level by the use of a conventional level control circuit (not shown) in the form of a negative feed back loop.
  • the control voltage Vc to be applied to the amplifier 802 is determined by microprocessor 805 in response to a request received from a BTS 100 to increase or decrease the output power of the transmitter.
  • a set of values indicative of the set of control voltages to be applied to the amplifier 802 are stored in EEPROM memory 806.
  • the values stored in memory 806 are used by the microprocessor 805 to apply an appropriate signal to a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) 804 which in turn applies the appropriate control voltage Nc to the amplifier 802.
  • DAC digital-to-analogue converter
  • memory 806 also stores a second set of values indicative respectively of a set of voltages to be superimposed on the control voltage Vc to vary or spread the output power level from the transmitter from the nominal uniform level determined by the control voltage Nc.
  • respective values of the second set of values are sequentially applied to the DAC 804, as for example least significant bits, in order to sequentially vary the output power level of the radio telephone 200.
  • Providing the power module 801 has the appropriate filtering for ramp-up and down signal shaping, spectrum spreading can be minimized.”
  • Figure 7B depicts a flowchart as found in Figure 2 of U.S. Patent No. 5,708,973 entitled "Radio system with frequency optimization” by Ritter.
  • the present invention has a base station and subscribers that move at low speed and subscribers that are stationary.
  • the channels available to a base station are approximately uniformly distributed over the frequency band available. Every mobile station constantly measures the reception level of all frequencies and communicates these values to the base station.
  • the base station then allocates the frequencies or channels to the subscribers based on the overall information so that an optimum frequency or, respectively, transmission quality is allocated to each connection.
  • This method thus has a gain compared to known averaging methods, since no averaging over a frequency range is implemented. Rather, a frequency having an optimally high reception quality is allocated to each connection. In addition to this gain, the necessity for equalizers is generally eliminated, since the amplitude and phase distortions are lower in the proximity of a transmission maximum in the frequency range than in the region of a transmission minimum.
  • a multi-stage phase modulation is provided as modulation in a preferred embodiment of the invention (U.S. Patent No. 5,708,973).
  • a Gray encoding can be used.
  • the individual, transmitted words are transmitted as a specific phase value or a differential coding is performed.
  • For transmitting a symbol one first waits for the transient response of the channel to end before the actual evaluation begins. The amplitude and phase of the signal no longer significantly change during this evaluation.
  • a transmission with respect to amplitude for the base station and a controlled phase or amplitude transmission before the waiting time for the transient response of the channel for the mobile stations can be used.
  • the transmission of a symbol follows a sequence shown in the figure. This, however, is only a schematic illustration that is not to scale.
  • the transmission of a symbol is lengthened at the transmission side by the response time and additionally has the two phase transitions for limiting the spectrum of the symbols.
  • the disclosed type of transmission allows for the use of a FFT (fast Fourier transform) at the reception side for simultaneous evaluation of all channels of interest.
  • FFT fast Fourier transform
  • time-division-duplex is applied, i.e. the base station first transmits a series of symbols, what is referred to as a burst, before the mobile stations transmit a series of symbols.
  • a time-staggered transmission alternately occurs in the two directions.
  • the measured level values for all used frequencies or, respectively, for the n best frequencies are cyclically transmitted from every mobile station to the base station. From this, the base station can perform an optimum frequency allocation for the mobile stations.
  • Figure 7B is a block diagram illustration which describes the steps employed in performing the channel selection described above.
  • the first step is a step of measuring the reception value and quality of transmission at the subscriber stations. This is followed by a step of transmitting the measured reception and quality of transmission values to the base station and finally this is followed by a step of using the measured values to select the appropriate channel at the base station and forming a connection between the base station and the subscriber station on the selected channel as described above.”
  • frequency hopping and real-time channel selection does not a solution to the physical problem of rayleigh fading phenomena.
  • the approach basically notes when the problem occurs, and then changes the channel, hoping the problem will go away.
  • frequency hopping requires a radio protocol supporting frequency hopping, which is not universally the case. Also further note that both the BTS and radio user must both act in essential unison, which has significant effects on the infrastructure costs.
  • Figure 8 depicts a block diagram of a communications radio system including a radio user unit as found in Figure 1 of U.S. Patent No. 6,023,615 entitled "Method for controlling a diversity receiver apparatus in a radio subscriber unit" by Bruckert, et. al..
  • This block diagram is used in two of the three general embodiments the patent discloses (see column 5 lines 37-58 of U.S. Patent No. 6,023,615).
  • the third general embodiment involves a radio transceiver accessing two separate radio communications protocols, one digital and one analog.
  • the focus is on addressing one radio communications protocol at a time and solving the rayleigh fading problem.
  • Figure 8. The following is a description and background to this Figure from column 5 lines 11 to column 6 line 50 of U.S. Patent No. 6,023,615 as found on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Web site, with the numbering changed to be compatible with this document.
  • the radio system generally includes a radio subscriber unit 902 and a base station transceiver 904.
  • the radio subscriber unit 902 generally includes a switched antenna diversity receiver apparatus 906, a controller 908, a user interface unit 910, and a transmitter 912.
  • the switched antenna diversity receiver apparatus 906 generally includes a first antenna 914, a second antenna 916, a first switch 918, a second switch 920, a third switch 922, a load 924, and a receiver 926, a first bandpass filter 933, a first pre-amplifier 935, a second bandpass filter 937, and a second pre-amplifier 939.
  • the receiver 926 generally includes a demodulator 928, an intermediate frequency (IF) processor 941 including a received signal strength (RSSI) determiner 929, an integrator 930, a downconverter 955, a first analog to digital converter (ADC) 957, and a second analog to digital converter (ADC) 970.
  • IF intermediate frequency
  • RSSI received signal strength
  • ADC analog to digital converter
  • ADC second analog to digital converter
  • the block diagram of the radio subscriber unit 902 is simplified in order to facilitate the understanding of the present invention. Practically, the radio subscriber unit 902 also includes many other blocks and connections, as is well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the first antenna 914 is coupled to the first bandpass filter 933.
  • the first bandpass filter 933 is coupled to the first pre-amplifier 935.
  • the first pre-amplifier 935 is coupled to the first switch 918.
  • the second antenna 916 is coupled to the second bandpass filter 937.
  • the second bandpass filter 937 is coupled to the second pre-amplifier 939.
  • the second pre-amplifier 939 is coupled to the second switch 920.
  • the load 924 is coupled to the third switch 922.
  • the first switch 918, the second switch 920, and the third switch 922 are each coupled together at a single point at line 945 at an input to the receiver 926.
  • the first switch 918 receives a first control signal at line 946.
  • the second switch 920 receives a second control signal at line 948.
  • the third switch 922 receives a third control signal at line 950.
  • the receiver 926 receives a radio frequency (RF) signal at line 945.
  • the received RF signal at line 945 is coupled to an input of the downconverter 955 for producing a received signal (Rx) at line 953.
  • the received signal at line 953 is coupled to the IF processor 941.
  • the IF processor 941 produces an IF signal at line 943 and a RSSI at line 932.
  • the IF signal at line 943 is converted from an analog signal to a digital signal at line 959 by the A/D converter (ADC) 957.
  • the demodulator 928 receives the digital signal at line 959 and produces a demodulated signal (Dx) at line 940.
  • the demodulator 928 also produces a ratio (Ec/Io) at line 942 indicative of the pilot power (Ec) to all received signal power (To).
  • the second A/D converter (ADC) 970 converts the received signal at line 953 from an analog signal to a digital signal at line 938.
  • the integrator 930 receives the digital RSSI at line 938 and produces an integrated RSSI (.intg.RSSI) at line 944.
  • the RSSI at line 938, the demodulated signal (Dx) at line 940, the .intg.RSSI at line 944, and the ratio (Ec/Io) at line 942 are provided to the controller 908.
  • the controller 908 is coupled to receive the RSSI at line 938, the demodulated signal (Dx) at line 940, the .intg.RSSI at line 944, and the ratio Ec/Io at line 942.
  • the controller 908 generates the first control signal at line 946, the second control signal at line 948, and the third control signal at line 950.
  • the controller 908 generates information for transmission at line 952.
  • the controller 908 transmits user interface information to the user interface unit 910 at line 954 and also receives user interface information from the user interface unit 910 at line 954.
  • the user interface unit 910 generally includes, for example, display, a keypad, an earpiece, a microphone, as is well known in the art.
  • the transmitter 912 is coupled to receive the information at line 952 and produces transmitted information at line 934 for transmission by the second antenna 916.
  • the radio system 900 generally operates as follows.
  • the base station transceiver 904 communicates with the radio subscriber unit 902 over radio frequency (RF) channels. It is generally known that the radio subscriber unit 902 needs to be within a coverage area provided by the base station transceiver 904 to provide effective communication therebetween.
  • the base station transceiver 904 transmits a radio frequency (RF) signal 956.
  • the radio subscriber unit 902 receives a first representation 958 of the RF signal 956 and a second representation 960 of the RF signal 956.
  • the radio subscriber unit 902 also generates a transmit signal 962 for receipt by the base station transceiver 904.
  • the radio system 900 generally describes any communication system operating over RF channels.
  • Radio systems intended to be included within the scope of the present invention include, by example, cellular radiotelephone communication systems, two- way radio communication systems, and personal communication systems (PCS).
  • PCS personal communication systems
  • the radio system 900 is a cellular radiotelephone communication system.
  • Types of cellular radiotelephone communication systems intended to be within the scope of present invention include, by example, Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) cellular radiotelephone communication systems, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular radiotelephone systems, North American Digital Cellular (NADC) cellular radiotelephone systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, and Extended-TDMA (E-TDMA) cellular radiotelephone systems.
  • GSM systems have been adopted across Europe and in many countries for the Pacific rim. GSM uses 200 kHz channels with 8 users per channel using TDMA, and has a vocoder rate of 13 kbits/s.
  • NADC systems use 30 kHz channels, three users per channel, and have a vocoder rate of 8 kbits/s.
  • E-TDMA also uses 30 kHz channels, but has 6 users per channel with a vocoder rate of 4 kbits/s.
  • radio system 900 readily fits into the preceding discussion of BTS 100 and radio user 200 interactions. All of the control is again from the standpoint of the IF stage and entails selecting or combining diversity antenna signals. The physical conditions causing rayleigh fading are not altered.
  • the system of the present invention includes the creation of delay spread in a digital radio signal in order to decrease the coherence bandwidth of a signal so that frequency hopping may be implemented to correct for fading loss in an environment in which the mobile is relatively slow moving, for example, in an indoor environment.
  • Figure 9A depicts a block diagram illustrating the introduction of phase delays into a baseband signal by rotation of the I and Q waveforms prior to modulation as found in Figure 5 of U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331 entitled "System for improving the quality of a received radio signal" by Chennakeshu, et. al.
  • the system of the present invention may be implemented in other ways.
  • some type of phase offset that varies from frequency hop to frequency hop could be employed.
  • such a delay could be introduced at baseband by rotating the I and Q waveforms prior to modulation as illustrated in FIG. 9A. Rotation by increments of 0, 90, 180 and 270. degree, are preferable so that the rotated signals, I and Q are related to the original signals in the following simple ways:
  • the signal delay chosen can be on the order of a symbol period.
  • the demodulator can handle echo signals, then a diversity advantage can be obtained without the need of frequency hopping. While it is difficult to delay one of the antenna signals by as much as a symbol period, this can be accomplished through receiver processing using filters with different group delay characteristics.” (column 6 line 55 to column 7 line 29).
  • Figure 9B depicts a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of receiving and delaying a signal as found in Figure 6 of U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331 entitled "System for improving the quality of a received radio signal" by Chennakeshu, et. al..
  • FIGS. 2-4 U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331
  • a signal is first transmitted by the transmitter from a single transmitting antenna, e.g., antenna 42 in FIG. 4 (U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331), in step 1000.
  • the signal is received by a first receiving antenna in step 1002 and a second receiving antenna, e.g., antennas 43 and 44, respectively, in FIG. 4 (U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331), in step 1004.
  • Step 1010 combines the received signal from the first antenna 43 (U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331) in step 1002 and the delayed signal as a function of the signal frequency received at the second antenna 44 (U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331) in steps 1006 and 1008.
  • the receiver 177 (U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331) next processes the combined signals in step 1012, and the frequency of transmission is then hopped from a first frequency to a second frequency in step 1014.
  • antennas may refer to any device that transfers the signal either from the transmitter to a transmission medium or from the transmission medium to the receiver.
  • frequency hopping occurs, the multiple access approach within a hop can be FDMA, TDMA, or CDMA.”
  • the antennas are half a wavelength apart, which is good if they are aligned normal to the pervasive wave fronts causing the deep fading, but not sufficient to make either antenna a strong, reliable signal source if they are essentially in the plane of these pervasive wave fronts. If neither antenna is a strong enough source, none of the combinations this patent discloses will make them strong enough to prevent the deep fading phenomena of rayleigh fading against the background noise or interference.
  • Certain embodiments solve the physical problem underlying rayleigh fading in communication radio transceivers. Further, certain embodiments solve the physical problems underlying all forms of frequency selective fading in communications radio transceivers.
  • Certain embodiments include methods of using, operating and apparatus supporting a communications radio transceiver possessing at least one carrier frequency with an associated carrier frequency tolerance.
  • the method is comprised of modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create a modified carrier frequency.
  • Such embodiments advantageously change the carrier frequency slightly, changing the fast fading zone location(s), in effect, providing slow moving or stationary radio users with the effect of motion while simultaneously complying with the radio communications protocol requirements involved.
  • Such embodiments advantageously solve the physical problem of Rayleigh fading for slow moving or stationary radio users. This is applicable to many if not most FDMA, TDMA and CDMA radio communications protocols.
  • Certain further embodiments include modifying the carrier frequency further comprising modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance by a fixed frequency offset to create the modified carrier frequency. Such embodiments advantageously change the carrier frequency by a fixed frequency offset.
  • Certain other further embodiments include modifying the carrier frequency further comprising modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance by a time-varying frequency offset to create the modified carrier frequency.
  • modifying the carrier frequency further comprising modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance by a time-varying frequency offset to create the modified carrier frequency.
  • Such embodiments advantageously change the frequency by a time varying frequency offset, which over time moves all rayleigh fading zones for each channel.
  • Certain further embodiments include modifying the carrier frequency by the time- varying frequency amount to create the modified carrier frequency further comprising modifying the carrier frequency by a constant frequency amount within at least one recurring time slot to create the modified carrier frequency.
  • Such embodiments advantageously change the carrier frequency by a fixed carrier frequency offset within at least one of many recurring time slots.
  • Certain further embodiments include the communications radio transceiver supporting a time division communications protocol comprised of the recurring time slots. Such embodiments advantageously support time division communications protocols. Such embodiments include TDMA radio communications protocols including GSM and certain versions of proposed third generation wireless communication protocols.
  • Certain further embodiments include the time slices being significantly shorter than the time slots in duration, so that more than one carrier frequency modification occurs within one time slot. Such embodiments in certain circumstances add to the removal of rayleigh fast fading zones, by shifting them more than once within the time slot. Also, since rayleigh fading is a predominantly multipath phenomena, changes in the carrier frequency offset will cause additional movement of the fast fading zones, when paths with differing phase overlap in what had been the fast fading zone.
  • Certain other further embodiments include modifying the carrier frequency by constant frequency offset within time slots further comprising using a carrier frequency offset sequence. Such embodiments advantageously prevent synchronization of fast fading with signal transmission. Note that in some cases, a burst may be time aligned with the fast fading zone generated by a specific constant frequency offset. By using a sequence of of such frequency offsets, this possibility is diminished. In a simulcast environment, different BTS or repeaters would optimally use distinct assigned carrier frequency offset sequences which would further reduce the fast fading zones.
  • Certain further embodiments include carrier frequency offset sequences, which are essentially psuedo-random. Such psuedo-random carrier frequency offsets are economically generated and provide readily decorrelated fading patterns when distinct BTS and/or repeaters in a simulcast environment use distinct psuedo-random sequences. Note that in improving the performance in fading situations, the channel to interference is also improved due to the improved signal strength. Certain other further embodiments include time varying offsets with a non-linear time varying offset component. Such embodiments cause rayleigh fading zones to continuously move.
  • Certain other further embodiments include modifying the carrier frequency further comprising determining a carrier offset frequency and generating the modified carrier frequency from the carrier offset frequency. Such embodiments advantageously support carrier frequency modification based upon determining a carrier frequency offset and generating the modified carrier frequency from the carrier offset frequency.
  • Certain further embodiments include determining the carrier offset frequency further comprising determining a signal quality support condition and determining the carrier offset frequency whenever the signal quality support condition occurs. Such embodiments advantageously support determimng the signal quality support condition and determimng the carrier offset frequency whenever the signal quality support condition occurs.
  • Certain further embodiments include determining the signal quality condition further comprising determining a received signal quality. Such embodiments advantageously support determining the received signal quality.
  • Certain other further embodiments include determining the signal quality condition further comprising determining a transmitted signal quality. Such embodiments advantageously support determining the transmitted signal quality.
  • Certain other further embodiments include determining the signal quality condition further comprising the following. Determining a received signal quality. Determining a transmitted signal quality. Determining the signal quality condition from the received signal quality and from the transmitted signal quality. Such embodiments advantageously support determining the signal quality condition from both the determined received signal quality and from the determined transmitted signal quality.
  • Certain other further embodiments include determining the carrier offset frequency whenever the signal quality support condition occurs further comprising the following. Determining whether the signal quality condition satisfies a predetermined quality condition. Selecting a new carrier offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition. And creating the carrier offset frequency from the new carrier offset frequency whenever the signal quality condition does not satisfy the predetermined quality condition.
  • Such embodiments advantageously support selecting a new carrier offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition whenever the signal quality condition does not satisfy the predetermined quality condition.
  • Certain further embodiments include the following. Determining whether the signal quality condition satisfies the predetermined quality condition further comprising altering a carrier frequency log based upon the carrier offset frequency and based upon the signal quality condition whenever determining whether the signal quality condition does not satisfy the predetermined quality condition. And selecting a new carrier offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition further comprising selecting a new carrier offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition and based upon the carrier frequency log.
  • Such embodiments advantageously support use of the carrier frequency log to aid in determining a new carrier offset frequency. Such embodiments further advantageously support altering the carrier frequency log at least when the signal quality condition does not satisfy the predetermined quality condition.
  • Certain further embodiments include accessing the carrier frequency log to create a summarized carrier frequency log. Such embodiments advantageously support creating summarized carrier frequency logs.
  • Certain further embodiments include altering the carrier frequency log based upon the summarized carrier frequency log. Such embodiments advantageously support altering the carrier frequency log based upon the summarized carrier frequency log.
  • Certain further embodiments include transmitting the carrier frequency log. Such embodiments advantageously support communication of the carrier frequency log.
  • Certain other further embodiments include the communications radio transceiver possessing a carrier frequency collection containing at least two ca ⁇ ier frequencies, each of the carrier frequencies with an associated carrier frequency tolerance. Modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create a modified carrier frequency further comprising at least one the following. Modifying a first frequency contained in the carrier frequency collection approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance of the first carrier frequency to create a modified first carrier frequency.
  • Such embodiments advantageously support modifying the first carrier frequency contained in the carrier frequency collection approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance of the first carrier frequency to create a modified first carrier frequency.
  • Certain further embodiments include for each the carrier frequencies contained in the carrier frequency collection, modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance of the carrier frequency to create a modified carrier frequency of the carrier frequency. Such embodiments advantageously support modifying each carrier frequency approximately within its associated carrier frequency tolerance.
  • Certain other further embodiments include modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency further comprising a local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency.
  • Such embodiments advantageously support the local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency.
  • Certain further embodiments include the local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency further comprising the following.
  • the local controller receiving a carrier frequency modification request from an external controller to create a received carrier frequency modification request.
  • the local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency based upon the received carrier frequency modification request.
  • Such embodiments advantageously support reception and processing a carrier frequency modification request from an external controller to modify the carrier frequency.
  • Certain further embodiments include the external controller coupled to a radio user communications transceiver. Such embodiments advantageously support carrier frequency modification requests from an external controller coupled to the radio user communications transceiver.
  • Certain other further embodiments include the external controller coupled to a base station communications transceiver. Such embodiments advantageously support carrier frequency modification requests from an external controller coupled to the base station communications transceiver (BTS).
  • BTS base station communications transceiver
  • Certain further embodiments include the external controller further coupled to the base station communications transceiver through a base station controller. Such embodiments advantageously support carrier frequency modification requests from an external controller coupled to the base station communications transceiver (BTS) through a base station controller (BSC).
  • BTS base station communications transceiver
  • BSC base station controller
  • Certain further embodiments include the external controller further coupled to the base station communications transceiver through a base station controller and through a mobile switching center. Such embodiments advantageously support carrier frequency modification requests from an external controller coupled to the base station (BTS) communications transceiver through a base station controller (BSC) and through a mobile switching center (MSC).
  • BTS base station
  • MSC mobile switching center
  • FIG. 1 depicts a typical radio communications situation involving a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 100 linked 110 to antenna site module 120, from which two radiative paths 150 and 152 operate to deliver signals between antenna site module 120 and radio user 200 residing in rayleigh fast fading zone 160;
  • BTS Base Transceiver Station
  • FIG. 2 depicts a typical radio communications situation involving a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 100 linked by 110 and 112 to antenna site modules 120 and 122, respectively, from which radiative paths 150 and 152 operate to deliver signals between antenna site module 120, as well as paths (not shown) between antenna site module 122 and radio user 200 residing in rayleigh fast fading zone 162 within fast fading zone 160;
  • BTS Base Transceiver Station
  • Figure 3 depicts a schematic of a GSM cellular telephone network as found in Figure 1 of U.S. Patent No. 5,905,962 entitled "Apparatus and method for data transmission to inhibit radio signal fading with sequential transmission of data groups based upon power levels" by Richardson;
  • Figure 4 depicts BTS 100 linked 514 to a repeater system interface 510 further communicating via link 512 to antenna pods 520 and 522 further communicating with repeaters 500 and repeaters 502 covering two cell areas;
  • Figure 5 depicts a block diagram of a radio receiver as found in Figure 12 of U.S. Patent No. 4,326,294 entitled "Space diversity reception system having compensation means of multipath effect", by Okamoto, et. al.;
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an FM receiver as found in Figure 1 of U.S. Patent No. 4,893,347, entitled "FM communication system with improved response to rayleigh- faded companded signals", by Eastmond, et. al.;
  • Figure 7A depicts a block diagram as found in Figure 2 of U.S. Patent No. 5,905,962 entitled "Apparatus and method for data transmission to inhibit radio signal fading with sequential transmission of data groups based upon power levels" by Richardson;
  • Figure 7B depicts a flowchart as found in Figure 2 of U.S. Patent No. 5,708,973 entitled "Radio system with frequency optimization” by Ritter;
  • Figure 8 depicts a block diagram of a communications radio system including a radio user unit as found in Figure 1 of U.S. Patent No. 6,023,615 entitled "Method for controlling a diversity receiver apparatus in a radio subscriber unit" by Bruckert, et. al.;
  • Figure 9A depicts a block diagram illustrating the introduction of phase delays into a baseband signal by rotation of the I and Q waveforms prior to modulation as found in Figure 5 of U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331 entitled "System for improving the quality of a received radio signal" by Chennakeshu, et. al;
  • Figure 9B depicts a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of receiving and delaying a signal as found in Figure 6 of U.S. Patent No. 5,991,331 entitled "System for improving the quality of a received radio signal" by Chennakeshu, et. al.;
  • Figure 10A depicts a flowchart performing a method of using a communications radio transceiver possessing at least one carrier frequency with an associated carrier frequency tolerance in accordance with certain embodiments
  • Figure 10B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A further performing modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create a modified ca ⁇ ier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure IIA depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2032 of Figure 10B performing modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance by the constant frequency amount within at least one of a multiple of recurring time slots to create the modified ca ⁇ ier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure IIB depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A further performing modifying the carrier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 12 A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2072 of Figure IIB further performing determining the carrier offset frequency in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 12B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A further performing determining the signal quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments
  • Figure 13A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A further performing determining the signal quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments
  • Figure 13B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A further performing determining the signal quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 14A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2096 of Figure 12A further performing determining the carrier offset frequency whenever the signal quality support condition occurs in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 14B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2096 of Figure 12 A performing determining whether the signal quality condition satisfies the predetermined quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 15A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2176 of Figure 14A performing selecting a new earner offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition and based upon the ca ⁇ ier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 15B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2000 of Figure 10A performing accessing the ca ⁇ ier frequency log to create a summarized carrier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 15C depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2000 of Figure 10A performing altering the carrier frequency log based upon the summarized carrier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 16A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2000 of Figure 10A performing transmitting the carrier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments
  • Figure 16B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A further performing modifying the carrier frequency of at least one carrier frequency of the carrier frequency collection in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 17A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A performing a local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance to create the modified earner frequency in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 17B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2312 of Figure 17A further performing local controller modifying the carrier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 18A depicts a communications radio transceiver 3100 coupled 3102 to a local computer 3000, which is also accessibly coupled 3012 to computer memory 3010, where program code segments of the program operating system 2000 supporting a method of carrier frequency modification resides, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • FIG 18B depicts the communications radio transceiver 3100 comprising carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200, which in certain further embodiments is controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 (as seen in Figure 18A), in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 19A depicts the raw frequency input signal 3110 generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments
  • Figure 19B depicts modified carrier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments
  • Figure 20A depicts the raw frequency input signal 3110 generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300 and modified carrier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 20B depicts the raw frequency input signal 3110 generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300 and modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 21 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprising raw frequency input signal 3110 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to first mixer 3210 creating first mixed signal 3212 and ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generator 3220 creating carrier offset frequency signal 3222 presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • FIG. 22 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprising ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generator 3220 creating carrier offset frequency signal 3224 and raw frequency input signal 3110 presented to first mixer 3210 creating first mixed signal 3212 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • FIG. 23 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprised of carrier offset generator 3220 creating carrier offset signal 3226 and local oscillator 3240 creating carrier frequency signal 3214 presented to carrier modification circuit 3250 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3252 presented with raw frequency input signal 3110 to mixer 3210 to create modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • FIG. 24A depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprised of local oscillator 3242 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3244 which is mixed 3210 with raw frequency input signal 3110 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 24B depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprised of frequency synthesizer 3260 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3262 which is mixed 3210 with raw frequency input signal 3110 to create modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 25 A depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 25B depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3402 to a second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 26A depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 26B depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3402 to a second antenna 3400 with first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 presented to filter 3270 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • FIG. 27A depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepting raw frequency input signals 3110, 3112 and presenting modified carrier mixed signals 3120 and 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 27B depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 27A with raw frequency input signals 3110 and 3112 and modified carrier mixed signal 3120 and 3122 where 3110 is coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and 3122 is coupled to a second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 28A depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 27A with raw frequency input signal 3110 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and modified carrier mixed signal 3122 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 28B depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of earner frequency presentation mechanism 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3402 to a second antenna 3400 as shown in Figure 28A with first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 presented to filter 3270 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 29 depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 as shown in Figure 26A where first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 is coupled 3304 to a second antenna 3400 and second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3404 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 30 depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 28A with raw frequency input signal 3110 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3122 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, further depicting raw frequency input signal 3112 coupled 3306 to a second antenna 3400 and modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3404 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 31 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure
  • raw frequency input signal 3112 and carrier offset frequency generator 3220 creating carrier offset frequency signal 3222 presented to first mixer 3280 creating first mixed signal 3282 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to second mixer 3284 to create second modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 32 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 31 with raw frequency input signal 3112 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to first mixer 3280 creating first mixed signal 3282 and carrier offset frequency signal 3222 presented to second mixer 3284 to create second modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 33 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure
  • Figure 34 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 24A further comprised modified carrier frequency signal 3244 mixed 3280 with second raw frequency input signal 3112 to create second modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 35 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 23 further comprised of ca ⁇ ier offset generator 3270 creating carrier offset signal 3272 and carrier frequency signal 3244 presented to ca ⁇ ier modification circuit 3254 creating modified ca ⁇ ier frequency signal 3256 presented with raw frequency input signal 3112 to mixer 3280 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments;
  • Figure 36 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprised of local oscillator 3242 generating reference frequency signal 3246 which is presented to frequency synthesizers 3290 and 3294 which generate modified carrier frequency signals presented with two raw input frequency signals to two mixers generating two modified carrier mixed signals 3120 and 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments; and
  • FIG 37 depicts ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 36 further comprised of local oscillator 3242 generating reference frequency signal 3248 presented to frequency synthesizer 3294 generating modified ca ⁇ ier frequency signal 3296 presented with raw input frequency signal to mixer 3280 generating modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Figure 10 A depicts a flowchart performing a method of using a communications radio transceiver possessing at least one carrier frequency with an associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • User operation 2000 starts the usage of this flowchart.
  • Arrow 2002 directs the usage flow from user operation 2000 to user operation 2004.
  • User operation 2004 performs modifying the ca ⁇ ier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create a modified carrier frequency.
  • a ⁇ ow 2006 directs usage from user operation 2004 to user operation 2008.
  • User operation 2008 terminates the usage of this flowchart.
  • certain embodiments include a method of operation supporting the usage as outlined in this flowchart.
  • Certain other embodiments include a program operating system, composed of program code segments residing in at least an accessibly coupled computer memory to a local computer controlling a communications radio transceiver supporting operations as outlined in this flowchart.
  • Operation 2000 starts the usage of this flowchart.
  • a ⁇ ow 2002 directs the flow of execution from operation 2000 to operation 2004.
  • Operation 2004 performs modifying the ca ⁇ ier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create a modified carrier frequency.
  • Arrow 2006 directs execution from operation 2004 to operation 2008.
  • Operation 2008 terminates the usage of this flowchart.
  • Certain other embodiments include a radio communications transceiver system supporting carrier frequency modification comprised of a local computer accessibly coupled to computer memory and controlling a communications radio transceiver possessing at least one carrier frequency with an associated carrier frequency tolerance.
  • a program operating system composed of program code segments residing in at least the accessibly coupled computer memory, and supporting the ca ⁇ ier frequency modification as outlined in this flowchart.
  • Certain other embodiments include a radio communications transceiver system supporting carrier frequency modification comprised of a carrier frequency presentation mechanism modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create a modified carrier frequency.
  • the modified carrier frequency is presented to the communications radio transceiver.
  • the carrier frequency presentation mechanism is an analog circuit.
  • the radio communications transceiver system includes a local computer controlling an embodiment of a carrier frequency presentation mechanism.
  • the associated carrier frequency tolerance of a ca ⁇ ier frequency refers to the actual ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance of the radio communications transceiver system. While such radio communications transceiver systems are based upon communications standards specifying standard carrier frequencies and standard ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerances, empirical tests reveal that for many radio communications transceivers, the actual carrier frequency tolerances are far greater than the standards. Thus, as used herein, the associated carrier frequency tolerance of a carrier frequency will at least contain the standard carrier frequency tolerance.
  • Figure 10B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A further performing modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create a modified carrier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2020 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2004 to operation 2022.
  • Operation 2022 performs modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance by a fixed frequency amount to create the modified carrier frequency.
  • a ⁇ ow 2024 directs execution from operation 2022 to operation 2026.
  • Operation 2026 terminates the usage of this flowchart.
  • Arrow 2030 directs the flow of execution from operation 2004 to operation 2032.
  • Operation 2032 performs modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance by a time-varying frequency amount to create the modified ca ⁇ ier frequency.
  • Arrow 2034 directs execution from operation 2032 to operation 2026.
  • Operation 2026 terminates the usage of this flowchart.
  • Certain embodiments include the usage and operations as depicted with regards to operation 2022. Certain other embodiments include the usage and operations as depicted with regards to operation 2032. Certain other embodiments include the usage and operations as shown in the entirety of this flowchart.
  • Figure IIA depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2032 of Figure 10B performing modifying the ca ⁇ ier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance by the constant frequency amount within at least one of a multiple of recurring time slots to create the modified carrier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • a ⁇ ow 2050 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2032 to operation 2052.
  • Operation 2052 performs modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance by the constant frequency amount within at least one of a multiple of recurring time slots to create the modified ca ⁇ ier frequency.
  • a ⁇ ow 2054 directs execution from operation 2052 to operation 2056. Operation 2056 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Certain embodiments include the communications radio transceiver supporting a time division communications protocol comprised of the recurring time slots. Such embodiments include but are not limited to TDMA radio communications protocols. Such embodiments include but are not limited to radio communications protocols including a TDMA signaling component.
  • Figure IIB depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A further performing modifying the ca ⁇ ier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2070 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2004 to operation 2072.
  • Operation 2072 performs determining a ca ⁇ ier offset frequency.
  • a ⁇ ow 2074 directs execution from operation 2072 to operation 2076.
  • Operation 2076 performs generating the modified carrier frequency from the ca ⁇ ier offset frequency.
  • Arrow 2078 directs execution from operation 2076 to operation 2080.
  • Operation 2080 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 12 A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2072 of Figure IIB further performing determining the ca ⁇ ier offset frequency in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2090 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2072 to operation 2092.
  • Operation 2092 performs determining a signal quality support condition.
  • a ⁇ ow 2094 directs execution from operation 2092 to operation 2096.
  • Operation 2096 performs determining the carrier offset frequency whenever the signal quality support condition occurs.
  • Arrow 2098 directs execution from operation 2096 to operation 2100.
  • Operation 2100 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 12B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A further performing determining the signal quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2110 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2092 to operation 2112.
  • Operation 2112 performs determining a received signal quality.
  • a ⁇ ow 2114 directs execution from operation 2112 to operation 2116.
  • Operation 2116 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 13A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A further performing determining the signal quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2130 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2092 to operation 2132. Operation 2132 performs determining a transmitted signal quality. Arrow 2134 directs execution from operation 2132 to operation 2136. Operation 2136 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 13B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A further performing determining the signal quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2150 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2092 to operation 2152.
  • Operation 2152 performs determining a received signal quality.
  • a ⁇ ow 2154 directs execution from operation 2152 to operation 2156.
  • Operation 2156 performs determining a transmitted signal quality.
  • a ⁇ ow 2158 directs execution from operation 2156 to operation 2160.
  • Operation 2160 performs determimng the signal quality condition from the received signal quality and from the transmitted signal quality.
  • a ⁇ ow 2162 directs execution from operation 2160 to operation 2164. Operation 2164 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 14A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A further performing determining the carrier offset frequency whenever the signal quality support condition occurs in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2170 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2092 to operation 2172.
  • Operation 2172 performs determining whether the signal quality condition satisfies a predetermined quality condition.
  • a ⁇ ow 2174 directs execution from operation 2172 to operation 2176.
  • Operation 2176 performs selecting a new carrier offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition.
  • Arrow 2178 directs execution from operation 2176 to operation 2180.
  • Operation 2180 performs creating the carrier offset frequency from the new ca ⁇ ier offset frequency whenever the signal quality condition does not satisfy the predetermined quality condition.
  • a ⁇ ow 2182 directs execution from operation 2180 to operation 2184.
  • Operation 2184 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 14B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2092 of Figure 12A performing determining whether the signal quality condition satisfies the predetermined quality condition in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2190 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2092 to operation 2192.
  • Operation 2192 performs altering a carrier frequency log based upon the ca ⁇ ier offset frequency and based upon the signal quality condition whenever determining whether the signal quality condition does not satisfy the predetermined quality condition.
  • a ⁇ ow 2194 directs execution from operation 2192 to operation 2196. Operation 2196 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 15A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2176 of Figure 14A performing selecting a new carrier offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition and based upon the ca ⁇ ier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2210 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2176 to operation 2212.
  • Operation 2212 performs selecting a new carrier offset frequency based upon the signal quality condition and based upon the carrier frequency log.
  • a ⁇ ow 2214 directs execution from operation 2212 to operation 2216.
  • Operation 2216 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 15B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2000 of Figure 10A performing accessing the ca ⁇ ier frequency log to create a summarized carrier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2230 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2000 to operation 2232.
  • Operation 2232 performs accessing the carrier frequency log to create a summarized carrier frequency log.
  • Arrow 2234 directs execution from operation 2232 to operation 2236.
  • Operation 2236 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 15C depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2000 of Figure 10A performing altering the carrier frequency log based upon the summarized carrier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • a ⁇ ow 2250 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2000 to operation 2252. Operation 2252 performs altering the carrier frequency log based upon the summarized carrier frequency log. A ⁇ ow 2254 directs execution from operation 2252 to operation 2256. Operation 2256 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • operation 2252 essentially replaces the ca ⁇ ier frequency log with the summarized carrier frequency log. In certain other further embodiments, operation 2252 removes entries older than a certain date by their co ⁇ esponding entries in the summarized carrier frequency log. In certain other further embodiments, operation 2252 removes all entries directly related to the summarized carrier frequency log. This last embodiment keeps the unusual episode entries, but replaces the common carrier frequency log entries with their entries from the summarized carrier frequency log.
  • Figure 16A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2000 of Figure 10A performing transmitting the carrier frequency log in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • a ⁇ ow 2270 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2000 to operation 2272. Operation 2272 performs transmitting the carrier frequency log. A ⁇ ow 2274 directs execution from operation 2272 to operation 2276. Operation 2276 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Certain embodiments include the communications radio transceiver possessing a ca ⁇ ier frequency collection containing at least two carrier frequencies, each of the ca ⁇ ier frequencies with an associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance.
  • the carrier frequency collection is comprised of a first, second and third carrier frequency.
  • Figure 16B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A further performing modifying the carrier frequency of at least one carrier frequency of the ca ⁇ ier frequency collection in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2290 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2004 to operation 2292.
  • Operation 2292 performs modifying the first carrier frequency approximately within the associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance of the first ca ⁇ ier frequency to create a modified carrier frequency of the first carrier frequency.
  • Arrow 2294 directs execution from operation 2292 to operation 2296.
  • Operation 2296 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Arrow 2300 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2004 to operation 2302.
  • Operation 2302 performs modifying the second carrier frequency approximately within the associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance of the second carrier frequency to create a modified carrier frequency of the second ca ⁇ ier frequency.
  • a ⁇ ow 2304 directs execution from operation 2302 to operation 2296.
  • Operation 2296 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Arrow 2310 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2004 to operation 2312.
  • Operation 2312 performs modifying the third carrier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance of the third carrier frequency to create a modified carrier frequency of the third carrier frequency.
  • a ⁇ ow 2314 directs execution from operation 2312 to operation 2316.
  • Operation 2316 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • only one of the operations 2292, 2302 and 2312 may be operationally employed. In certain further operations more than one but not all of these operations may be employed. In certain further operation all of these operations may be employed.
  • certain embodiments include the communications radio transceiver possessing a carrier frequency collection containing exactly two ca ⁇ ier frequencies, each of the carrier frequencies with an associated carrier frequency tolerance. Certain embodiments include the communications radio transceiver possessing a carrier frequency collection containing more than three carrier frequencies, each of the carrier frequencies with an associated carrier frequency tolerance. The above discussion of embodiments employing ca ⁇ ier frequency modification of one, several or all of these employed carrier frequency is applicable.
  • Figure 17A depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2004 of Figure 10A performing a local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the ca ⁇ ier frequency approximately within the associated carrier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • a ⁇ ow 2310 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2004 to operation 2312.
  • Operation 2312 performs a local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the ca ⁇ ier frequency approximately within the associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency.
  • Arrow 2314 directs execution from operation 2312 to operation 2316.
  • Operation 2316 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Figure 17B depicts a detail flowchart of operation 2312 of Figure 17A further performing local controller modifying the carrier frequency in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Arrow 2330 directs the flow of execution from starting operation 2312 to operation 2332.
  • Operation 2332 performs the local controller receiving a carrier frequency modification request from an external controller to create a received carrier frequency modification request.
  • Arrow 2334 directs execution from operation 2332 to operation 2336.
  • Operation 2336 performs the local controller coupled to the communications radio transceiver modifying the carrier frequency approximately within the associated ca ⁇ ier frequency tolerance to create the modified carrier frequency based upon the received carrier frequency modification request.
  • Arrow 2338 directs execution from operation 2336 to operation 2340.
  • Operation 2340 terminates the operations of this flowchart.
  • Certain further embodiments include the external controller coupled to a radio user communications fransceiver. In certain further embodiments, the coupling uses a wireline physical transport layer. In certain possibly other further embodiments, the coupling uses a wireless physical transport layer. Certain other further embodiments include the external controller coupled to a base station communications transceiver. Certain further embodiments include the external controller further coupled to the base station communications transceiver through a base station controller. Certain further embodiments include the external controller further coupled to the base station communications transceiver through a base station controller and through a mobile switching center. In certain further embodiments, these couplings may use wireline physical transport layers. In certain possibly other further embodiments, these couplings may use wireless physical transport layers.
  • Figure 18A depicts a communications radio transceiver 3100 controllably coupled 3102 to a local computer 3000, which is also accessibly coupled 3012 to computer memory 3010, where program code segments of the program operating system 2000 supporting a method of carrier frequency modification resides, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • a computer includes but is not limited to digital computers, analog computers and mixed digital and analog computer.
  • a digital computer includes but is not limited to an instruction processing computer, an inference engine and a neural network engine.
  • An instruction processing computer includes but is not limited to a Single Instruction Single Datapath (SISD), Single Instruction Multiple Datapath (SIMD), Multiple Instruction Single Datapath (MISD) and Multiple Instruction Multiple Datapath (MLMD) computer.
  • all instruction processing computers operate with accessibly coupled memory to fetch instructions which are processed to determine the subsequent state of the instruction processor and determine assertions made by the instruction processing computer to external circuitry.
  • the accessibly coupled memory may be physically located in the instruction processing computer package, or may be externally coupled to the instruction processing computer.
  • the externally accessibly coupled memory may or may not be continuously coupled to instruction processing computer.
  • the accessibly coupled memory may include volatile or nonvolatile memory components, or both volatile and nonvolatile memory components.
  • the individual instruction processors may or may not be the same architecture.
  • the outbound and/or inbound instruction processors may in turn possess concu ⁇ ently executing component instruction processors dedicated to specific components of the outbound or inbound communications tasks.
  • Inference engines include but are not limited to rule based and constraint base inference engines. Such engines act upon a fact database by utilizing an inference rule collection, which is sometimes contained in the fact database to resolve a truth value for an assertion or to alter the fact database given an assertion.
  • the resolved truth value may belong to a finite set, such as the set containing 0 and 1, or belong to set containing a range of values, for example, a set of numbers (fractions, floating point, etc.), between 0 and 1.
  • Certain assertions within such inference engines, when proven may trigger controls driving a system external to the computer.
  • the accessibly coupled memory may be physically located in the inference engine package, or may be externally coupled to the inference engine.
  • the externally accessibly coupled memory may or may not be continuously coupled to the inference engine.
  • the accessibly coupled memory may include volatile or nonvolatile memory components, or both volatile and nonvolatile memory components.
  • Analog computers include but are not limited to collections of analog circuits coupled together into one or more electrical or photonic circuits which possess an analog computer memory.
  • accessibly coupled memory includes but is not limited to switch settings and bootstrap configuration circuits using an accessibly coupled memory to drive specific nodes of the analog computer to specific conditions.
  • a computer as used herein may comprise an instruction processing computer, an inference engine and an analog computer, or any combination of the three.
  • Program code segments as used herein for instruction processing computers refer to collections of instructions performing a step or operation. Note that distinct program code segments may be formatted in different instruction formats, including but not limited to interpreted instruction formats including but not limited to JAVA, HTML and the native instruction set of the accessibly coupled instruction processor.
  • Program code segments as used herein for inference engines refer to collections of facts and/or inference rules which form the inference system used to carry out a step or operation.
  • distinct program code segments may include collections of facts and/or inference rules for distinct inference systems.
  • a fuzzy logic inference system and a constraint based inference engine may both be performed on the same inference engine, each with distinct program code segments using distinct formats.
  • Program code segments as used herein for inference engines refer to analog memory components supporting the operations or steps of various embodiments.
  • a program operating system as disclosed herein includes but is not limited to program code segments residing in accessibly coupled memory to at least one local computer.
  • accessibly coupled memory may include more than one accessibly coupled memory.
  • the coupling 3102 between local computer 3000 and communications radio transceiver 3100 includes but is not limited to analog and digital couplings of either an electronic or photonic physical transport layer.
  • Coupling 3102 further refers to communications protocols using the physical transport layer which may be either wireline or wireless in nature.
  • Coupling 3102 further refers to communications protocols supporting either serial or parallel communications schemes for the communication protocol implemented on the physical transport layer.
  • Coupling 3102 further refers to at least one controllably couplings within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • Figure 18B depicts the communications radio transceiver 3100 comprising carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200, which in certain further embodiments is controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 (as seen in Figure 18A), in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 presents a modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120.
  • modified carrier mixed signal 3120 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts a raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents a modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 is an analog circuit without digital control.
  • ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 is controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 (as seen in Figure 18A).
  • raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated outside of communications radio transceiver 3100. In certain further embodiments, raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated from the electromagnetic conditions of a first antenna. In certain further embodiments, the first antenna includes but is not limited to a single element antenna. In certain other further embodiments, the first antenna includes but is not limited to a multiple element antenna.
  • raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated within communications radio fransceiver 3100.
  • Coupling 3102 further refers to at least one controllably couplings within ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 communications radio transceiver 3100. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3102 further refers to at least two controllable couplings within ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 communications radio transceiver 3100. Note that in certain further embodiments, more than one physical transport layer may be employed. Note that in certain other further embodiments, more than one communications protocols may be employed. Note that in certain other further embodiments, both serial and parallel communications schemes may be employed. Note that in certain other further embodiments, multiple serial communication schemes may be employed. Note that in certain other further embodiments, multiple parallel communication schemes may be employed. Figure 19A depicts the raw frequency input signal 3110 generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • first antenna 3300 includes but is not limited to a single element antenna. In certain other further embodiments, first antenna 3300 includes but is not limited to a multiple element antenna.
  • generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and filtering based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and band pass filtering based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, band pass filtering and frequency conversion based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300.
  • Figure 19B depicts modified carrier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • second antenna 3400 includes but is not limited to a single element antenna. In certain other further embodiments, second antenna 3400 includes but is not limited to a multiple element antenna.
  • coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and filtering of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, filtering and frequency conversion of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, band pass filtering and frequency conversion of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400.
  • Figure 20A depicts the raw frequency input signal 3110 generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300 and modified carrier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • first antenna 3300 includes but is not limited to a single element antenna. In certain other further embodiments, first antenna 3300 includes but is not limited to a multiple element antenna.
  • generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and filtering based upon the elecfromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and band pass filtering based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, band pass filtering and frequency conversion based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300.
  • second antenna 3400 includes but is not limited to a single element antenna. In certain other further embodiments, second antenna 3400 includes but is not limited to a multiple element antenna.
  • coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and filtering of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, filtering and frequency conversion of modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, band pass filtering and frequency conversion of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving second antenna 3400.
  • Figure 20B depicts the raw frequency input signal 3110 generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300 and modified carrier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • first antenna 3300 includes but is not limited to a single element antenna. In certain other further embodiments, first antenna 3300 includes but is not limited to a multiple element antenna.
  • generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and filtering based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and band pass filtering based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, generator 3302 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, band pass filtering and frequency conversion based upon the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300.
  • coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification and filtering of modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 driving first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, filtering and frequency conversion of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving first antenna 3300. In certain further embodiments, coupling 3402 includes but is not limited to signal amplification, band pass filtering and frequency conversion of modified carrier mixed signal 3120 driving first antenna 3300.
  • Figure 21 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprising raw frequency input signal 3110 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to first mixer 3210 creating first mixed signal 3212 and ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generator 3220 creating carrier offset frequency signal 3222 presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3110 and carrier frequency signal 3214 are presented to first mixer 3210 to create first mixed signal 3212.
  • Second mixer 3230 is controllably coupled 3102 to said local computer 3000 of Figure 18A to create a carrier offset frequency signal 3222.
  • First mixed signal 3212 and earner offset frequency signal 3222 are presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • one or both of these mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both of these mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both of these mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • a local oscillator produces ca ⁇ ier frequency 3214.
  • a frequency synthesizer produces carrier frequency 3214.
  • a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A produces carrier frequency 3214.
  • the frequency synthesizer includes a phase locked loop.
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18 A.
  • the frequency synthesizer further includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • a single mixer with at least three inputs may be used to achieve essentially the same result.
  • Figure 22 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprising carrier offset frequency generator 3220 creating carrier offset frequency signal 3222 and raw frequency input signal 3110 presented to first mixer 3210 creating first mixed signal 3212 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generator 3220 is controllably coupled 3102 to said local computer 3000 of Figure 18A to create a carrier offset frequency signal 3224.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3110 and carrier offset frequency signal 3224 are presented to first mixer 3210 to create first mixed signal 3212.
  • First mixed signal 3212 and carrier frequency signal 3214 are presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120.
  • one or both of these mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both of these mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both of these mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • a local oscillator produces carrier frequency 3210.
  • a frequency synthesizer produces carrier frequency 3210.
  • a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A produces carrier frequency 3214.
  • the frequency synthesizer includes a phase locked loop.
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • the frequency synthesizer further includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • PLL Phase Locked Loop
  • ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • a single mixer with at least three inputs may be used to achieve essentially the same result.
  • Figure 23 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprised of carrier offset generator 3220 creating carrier offset signal 3226 and local oscillator 3240 creating carrier frequency signal 3244 presented to carrier modification circuit 3250 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3252 presented with raw frequency input signal 3110 to mixer 3210 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • mixer 3210 may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • mixer 3210 may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • mixer 3210 may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • the frequency synthesizer further includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • PLL Phase Locked Loop
  • ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • carrier modification circuit 3250 includes a mixer. In certain further embodiments, carrier modification circuit 3250 includes a mixer creating a frequency modulated carrier offset signal 3226. In certain further embodiments, carrier modification circuit 3250 includes a mixer creating a phase modulated carrier offset signal 3226. In certain further embodiments, carrier modification circuit 3250 includes a mixer creating an amplitude modulated carrier offset signal 3226.
  • carrier modification circuit 3250 includes a frequency synthesizer. In certain further embodiments, carrier modification circuit 3250 includes a frequency synthesizer creating a frequency modulated ca ⁇ ier offset signal 3226. In certain further embodiments, ca ⁇ ier modification circuit 3250 includes a frequency synthesizer creating a phase modulated carrier offset signal 3226. In certain further embodiments, carrier modification circuit 3250 includes a frequency synthesizer creating an amplitude modulated ca ⁇ ier offset signal 3226.
  • FIG 24A depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprised of local oscillator 3242 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3244 which is mixed 3210 with raw frequency input signal 3110 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Local oscillator 3242 is controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 300 of Figure 18A to create modified ca ⁇ ier frequency signal 3244.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3110 and modified carrier frequency signal 3244 are presented to mixer 3210 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • mixer 3210 may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, mixer 3210 may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, mixer 3210 may act to amplitude modulate the ' presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • Figure 24B depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprised of frequency synthesizer 3260 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3262 which is mixed 3210 with raw frequency input signal 3110 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Frequency synthesizer 3260 is controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 300 of Figure 18 A to create modified carrier frequency signal 3262.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3110 and modified carrier frequency signal 3262 are presented to mixer 3210 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • frequency synthesizer 3260 includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) controllably coupled to local computer 3000 of Figure 18 A. In certain further embodiments, frequency synthesizer 3260 includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) containing a voltage controlled oscillator and parallel coupled pre-scaler controllably coupled to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • PLL Phase Locked Loop
  • mixer 3210 may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, mixer 3210 may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, mixer 3210 may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • Figure 25A depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • First ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • Second carrier frequency presentation mechamsm 3222 accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122.
  • second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 may be further presented to a demodulator in communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • a modulator within communications radio transceiver 3100 may present second raw frequency input signal 3112 to second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222.
  • Figure 25B depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first carrier frequency presentation mechamsm 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3402 to a second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • First raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 19B.
  • first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222 accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122.
  • second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • certain further embodiments include first modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 further presented to a demodulator in communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • a modulator within communications radio transceiver 3100 may present second raw frequency input signal 3112 to second ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3222.
  • Figure 26A depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • First raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 20B.
  • first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222 accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 and presents second modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3122.
  • second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • certain further embodiments include first modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 further presented to a demodulator in communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • a modulator within communications radio transceiver 3100 may present second raw frequency input signal 3112 to second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222.
  • Figure 26B depicts commumcations radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3402 to a second antenna 3400 with first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 presented to filter 3270 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • first raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 19B.
  • First carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 to filter 3270 within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • Second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222 accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 from filter 3270 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122.
  • filter 3270 performs a band pass filtering of first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112. In certain further embodiments, filter 3270 performs a band pass filtering and amplification of first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112.
  • FIG. 27A depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepting raw frequency input signals 3110, 3112 and presenting modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signals 3120 and 3122 within communications radio fransceiver 3100, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts more than two raw frequency input signals 3110, 3112 and presents at least modified carrier mixed signals 3120 and 3122.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts at least two raw frequency input signals 3110, 3112 and presents more than two modified carrier mixed signals 3120 and 3122.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts a single raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents at least two modified carrier mixed signals 3120 and 3122. In certain other further embodiments, carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts at least two raw frequency input signals 3110, 3112 and presents modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 may be further presented to a demodulator in communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • a modulator within communications radio transceiver 3100 may present second raw frequency input signal 3112 to second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222.
  • Figure 27B depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 27A with raw frequency input signals 3110 and 3112 and modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 and 3122 where 3110 is coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and 3122 is coupled to a second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • First raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 19B.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechamsm 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • Carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122.
  • certain further embodiments include first modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 further presented to a demodulator in commumcations radio transceiver 3100.
  • a modulator within communications radio transceiver 3100 may present second raw frequency input signal 3112 to ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3100.
  • FIG 28A depicts commumcations radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 27A with raw frequency input signal 3110 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and modified carrier mixed signal 3122 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • First raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 20B.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120.
  • first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122.
  • second modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3122 is presented within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • certain further embodiments include first modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 further presented to a demodulator in communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • a modulator within communications radio transceiver 3100 may present second raw frequency input signal 3112 to carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200.
  • Figure 28B depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and a second ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechamsm 3202 coupled 3402 to a second antenna 3400 as shown in Figure 28A with first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 presented to filter 3270 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • first raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 19B.
  • Carrier frequency presentation mechamsm 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 to filter 3270 within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • Carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222 further accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 from filter 3270 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • filter 3270 performs a band pass filtering of first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112. In certain further embodiments, filter 3270 performs a band pass filtering and amplification of first modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 to create second raw frequency input signal 3112.
  • Figure 29 depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 as shown in Figure 26 A where first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 is coupled 3304 to a second antenna 3400 and second ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3202 coupled 3404 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • first raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 20B.
  • Second raw frequency input signal 3112 is generated 3404 from the electromagnetic conditions of second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • First modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 is coupled 3304 to second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 20B.
  • first carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • Second carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3222 accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 further presented to a demodulator in communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • a modulator within communications radio transceiver 3100 may present second raw frequency input signal 3112 to second ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechamsm 3222.
  • Figure 30 depicts communications radio transceiver 3100 comprised of a ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 28A with raw frequency input signal 3110 coupled 3302 to a first antenna 3300 and modified carrier mixed signal 3122 coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, further depicting raw frequency input signal 3112 coupled 3306 to a second antenna 3400 and modified ca ⁇ ier mixed signal 3120 coupled 3404 to second antenna 3400, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • first raw frequency input signal 3110 is generated 3302 from the electromagnetic conditions of first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • Second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 is coupled 3402 to first antenna 3300, as previously discussed in Figure 20B.
  • Second raw frequency input signal 3112 is generated 3404 from the electromagnetic conditions of second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 19A.
  • First modified carrier mixed signal 3120 is coupled 3304 to second antenna 3400, as previously discussed in Figure 20B.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 accepts first raw frequency input signal 3110 and presents first modified carrier mixed signal 3120 within communications radio fransceiver 3100.
  • Ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 further accepts second raw frequency input signal 3112 and presents second modified carrier mixed signal 3122 within communications radio transceiver 3100.
  • Figure 31 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 21 further comprising raw frequency input signal 3112 and carrier offset frequency generator 3220 creating carrier offset frequency signal 3222 presented to first mixer 3280 creating first mixed signal 3282 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to second mixer 3284 to create second modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • raw frequency input signal 3110 and carrier frequency signal 3210 are presented to first mixer 3210 to create first mixed signal 3212.
  • Carrier offset frequency generator 3220 is controllably coupled 3102 to said local computer 3000 of Figure 18A to create a carrier offset frequency signal 3222.
  • First mixed signal 3212 and carrier offset frequency signal 3222 are presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3112 and carrier offset frequency signal 3222 are presented to third mixer 3280 creating third mixed signal 3282.
  • Third mixed signal 3282 and carrier frequency 3214 are presented to fourth mixer 3284 to create fourth modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • one or more of these mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or more of these mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or more of these mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • a local oscillator produces ca ⁇ ier frequency 3214.
  • a frequency synthesizer produces carrier frequency 3214.
  • a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A produces carrier frequency 3214.
  • the frequency synthesizer includes a phase locked loop.
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • the frequency synthesizer further includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • PLL Phase Locked Loop
  • ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A. Note that in certain embodiments, rather than two two-input mixers such as 3210 and 3230 being used to mix three input signals, a single mixer with at least three inputs may be used to achieve essentially the same result.
  • Figure 32 depicts ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 31 with raw frequency input signal 3112 and carrier frequency 3214 presented to first mixer 3280 creating first mixed signal 3282 and carrier offset frequency signal 3222 presented to second mixer 3284 to create second modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • raw frequency input signal 3110 and carrier frequency signal 3210 are presented to first mixer 3210 to create first mixed signal 3212.
  • Carrier offset frequency generator 3220 is controllably coupled 3102 to said local computer 3000 of Figure 18A to create a carrier offset frequency signal 3222.
  • First mixed signal 3212 and carrier offset frequency signal 3222 are presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3112 and carrier frequency 3214 are presented to third mixer 3280 creating third mixed signal 3282.
  • Third mixed signal 3282 and carrier offset frequency signal 3222 are presented to fourth mixer 3284 to create fourth modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • one or more of these mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or more of these mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or more of these mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • a local oscillator produces carrier frequency 3214.
  • a frequency synthesizer produces ca ⁇ ier frequency 3214.
  • a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A produces carrier frequency 3214.
  • the frequency synthesizer includes a phase locked loop.
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • the frequency synthesizer further includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • PLL Phase Locked Loop
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • Figure 33 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 22 further comprising carrier frequency 3214 and raw frequency input signal 3112 presented to third mixer 3280 creating third mixed signal 3282 and ca ⁇ ier offset frequency signal 3222 presented to fourth mixer 3284 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 is controllably coupled 3102 to said local computer 3000 of Figure 18A to create a carrier offset frequency signal 3224.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3110 and carrier offset frequency signal 3224 are presented to first mixer 3210 to create first mixed signal 3212.
  • First mixed signal 3212 and carrier frequency signal 3214 are presented to second mixer 3230 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • Carrier frequency 3214 and second raw frequency input signal 3112 are presented to third mixer 3280 creating third mixed signal 3282.
  • Third mixed signal 3282 and ca ⁇ ier offset frequency signal 3222 are presented to fourth mixer 3284 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3122,
  • one or more of these mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or more of these mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or more of these mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • a local oscillator produces ca ⁇ ier frequency 3214. In certain other further embodiments, a frequency synthesizer produces ca ⁇ ier frequency 3214. In certain further embodiments, a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A produces ca ⁇ ier frequency 3214. In certain other further embodiments, the frequency synthesizer includes a phase locked loop.
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • the frequency synthesizer further includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • carrier offset frequency generator 3220 includes a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • Figure 34 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 24A further comprised modified carrier frequency signal 3244 mixed 3280 with second raw frequency input signal 3112 to create second modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • local oscillator 3242 is controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 300 of Figure 18A to create modified carrier frequency signal 3244.
  • Raw frequency input signal 3110 and modified carrier frequency signal 3244 are presented to mixer 3210 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • the modified carrier frequency signal 3244 is further mixed 3280 with second raw frequency input signal 3112 to create second modified carrier mixed signal 3122.
  • one or both mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created .signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • local oscillator 3242 includes a frequency synthesizer. In certain other further embodiments, local oscillator 3242 includes a phase locked loop (PLL).
  • PLL phase locked loop
  • Figure 35 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechamsm 3200 as shown in Figure 23 further comprised of carrier offset generator 3270 creating carrier offset signal 3272 and carrier frequency signal 3244 presented to carrier modification circuit 3254 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3256 presented with raw frequency input signal 3112 to mixer 3280 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • carrier offset generator 3220 creates carrier offset signal 3226.
  • Local oscillator 3240 creates carrier frequency signal 3244.
  • the signals carrier offset signal 3226 and carrier frequency signal 3244 are presented to carrier modification circuit 3250 creating modified ca ⁇ ier frequency signal 3252.
  • the ca ⁇ ier frequency signal 3252 is presented with raw frequency input signal 3110 to mixer 3210 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3120.
  • Carrier offset generator 3270 creates ca ⁇ ier offset signal 3272.
  • the ca ⁇ ier offset signal 3272 and carrier frequency signal 3244 are presented to carrier modification circuit 3254 creating modified carrier frequency signal 3256.
  • the modified ca ⁇ ier frequency signal 3256 is presented with raw frequency input signal 3112 to mixer 3280 to create modified carrier mixed signal 3122.
  • carrier offset generator 3270 is controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 as shown in Figures 18A and 18B.
  • one or both mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • one or both carrier offset frequency generators include a frequency synthesizer controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A. In certain further embodiments, the frequency synthesizer further includes a Phase Locked Loop (PLL). In other certain further embodiments, one or both ca ⁇ ier offset frequency generators include a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • one or both ca ⁇ ier modification circuits include a mixer.
  • one or both carrier modification circuits include a mixer creating a frequency modulated ca ⁇ ier offset signal.
  • one or both carrier modification circuits include a mixer creating a phase modulated carrier offset signal.
  • one or both ca ⁇ ier modification circuits include a mixer creating an amplitude modulated carrier offset signal.
  • one or both ca ⁇ ier modification circuits include a frequency synthesizer.
  • one or both carrier modification circuits include a frequency synthesizer creating a frequency modulated carrier offset signal.
  • one or both ca ⁇ ier modification circuits include a frequency synthesizer creating a phase modulated carrier offset signal.
  • one or both ca ⁇ ier modification circuits include a frequency synthesizer creating an amplitude modulated carrier offset signal.
  • Figure 36 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechamsm 3200 comprised of local oscillator 3242 generating reference frequency signal 3246 which is presented to frequency synthesizers 3290 and 3294 which generate modified carrier frequency signals presented with two raw input frequency signals to two mixers generating two modified carrier mixed signals 3120 and 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Local oscillator 3242, frequency synthesizer 3290 and frequency synthesizer 3294 are controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 as shown in Figures 18A and 18B.
  • local oscillator 3242 generates reference frequency signal 3246 which is presented to frequency synthesizer 3290 and frequency synthesizer 3294.
  • Frequency synthesizer 3290 generates modified carrier signal 3292, which is presented with raw frequency input signal 3110 to create modified carrier mixed signals 3120.
  • Frequency synthesizer 3294 generates modified carrier signal 3296, which is presented with raw frequency input signal 3112 to create modified carrier mixed signals 3122.
  • one or both mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • frequency synthesizers further include a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • PLL Phase Locked Loop
  • one or both frequency synthesizers include a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18A.
  • Figure 37 depicts carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 as shown in Figure 36 further comprised of local oscillator 3242 generating reference frequency signal 3248 presented to frequency synthesizer 3294 generating modified carrier frequency signal 3296 presented with raw input frequency signal to mixer 3280 generating modified carrier mixed signal 3122, in accordance with certain embodiments.
  • Local oscillator 3242 generates two reference frequency signals 3236 and 3248. In certain further embodiments, local oscillator 3242 generates more than two reference frequency signals.
  • At least one of the reference frequency signals is presented to more than one frequency synthesizer.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprises more than two frequency synthesizers.
  • carrier frequency presentation mechamsm 3200 comprises more than one local oscillator.
  • ca ⁇ ier frequency presentation mechanism 3200 comprises more than one local oscillator controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000. As in Figure 36, local oscillator 3242, frequency synthesizer 3290 and frequency synthesizer 3294 are controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 as shown in Figures 18A and 18B.
  • Frequency synthesizer 3290 generates modified ca ⁇ ier signal 3292, which is presented with raw frequency input signal 3110 to create modified carrier mixed signals 3120.
  • Frequency synthesizer 3294 generates modified carrier signal 3296, which is presented with raw frequency input signal 3112 to create modified carrier mixed signals 3122.
  • one or both mixers may act to frequency modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to phase modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal. In certain other further embodiments, one or both mixers may act to amplitude modulate the presented signals to produce their created signal.
  • frequency synthesizers further include a Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
  • PLL Phase Locked Loop
  • one or both frequency synthesizers include a voltage controlled oscillator and a parallel coupled pre-scaler further controllably coupled 3102 to local computer 3000 of Figure 18 A.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur des procédés d'utilisation et d'exploitation d'un émetteur/récepteur radio présentant au moins une fréquence de porteuse et des tolérances de fréquence associées. Lesdits procédés consistent à modifier la fréquence de la porteuse en restant à peu près dans les tolérances associées pour créer une nouvelle fréquence.
PCT/US2000/014135 2000-05-23 2000-05-23 Appareil reduisant dans des systemes de radiocommunication les effets d'evanouissement rapide des signaux radio propages pour postes stationnaires, et mobiles a deplacements lents WO2001091333A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2000252824A AU2000252824A1 (en) 2000-05-23 2000-05-23 Methods of reducing fast fading radio propagation effects for stationary and slow moving mobiles in radio communication systems
PCT/US2000/014135 WO2001091333A1 (fr) 2000-05-23 2000-05-23 Appareil reduisant dans des systemes de radiocommunication les effets d'evanouissement rapide des signaux radio propages pour postes stationnaires, et mobiles a deplacements lents
AU2001213620A AU2001213620A1 (en) 2000-05-23 2000-11-04 System for reducing fast fading effects in radio communications systems
PCT/US2000/030530 WO2001091335A1 (fr) 2000-05-23 2000-11-04 Attenuation des effets de propagation d'evanouissement rapide dans des systemes de communication radio
AU2001214681A AU2001214681A1 (en) 2000-05-23 2000-11-04 Methods of reducing fast fading effects in radio communication systems
PCT/US2000/030531 WO2001091336A1 (fr) 2000-05-23 2000-11-04 Attenuation des effets d'evanouissement rapide dans des systemes de communication

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US2000/014135 WO2001091333A1 (fr) 2000-05-23 2000-05-23 Appareil reduisant dans des systemes de radiocommunication les effets d'evanouissement rapide des signaux radio propages pour postes stationnaires, et mobiles a deplacements lents

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WO2001091333A1 true WO2001091333A1 (fr) 2001-11-29

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2842650A1 (de) * 1978-09-29 1980-04-10 Siemens Ag Schaltungsanordnung zur erzeugung und uebertragung von sinusschwingungen unterschiedlicher frequenz
US5283780A (en) * 1990-10-18 1994-02-01 Stanford Telecommunications, Inc. Digital audio broadcasting system
EP0801473A2 (fr) * 1996-04-10 1997-10-15 Lucent Technologies Inc. Procédés et dispositifs de transmission à haut débit pour des canaux radio-mobile à bande étroite
DE19621199A1 (de) * 1996-05-25 1997-11-27 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren und Verringerung von Schwund
WO1999023772A1 (fr) * 1997-11-04 1999-05-14 Motorola Inc. Procede et appareil servant a reduire l'effet d'une condition d'evanouissement dans un systeme de communication
EP0942538A2 (fr) * 1998-03-10 1999-09-15 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dispositif et procédé de transmission et réception utilisant le balayage en fréquence

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2842650A1 (de) * 1978-09-29 1980-04-10 Siemens Ag Schaltungsanordnung zur erzeugung und uebertragung von sinusschwingungen unterschiedlicher frequenz
US5283780A (en) * 1990-10-18 1994-02-01 Stanford Telecommunications, Inc. Digital audio broadcasting system
EP0801473A2 (fr) * 1996-04-10 1997-10-15 Lucent Technologies Inc. Procédés et dispositifs de transmission à haut débit pour des canaux radio-mobile à bande étroite
DE19621199A1 (de) * 1996-05-25 1997-11-27 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren und Verringerung von Schwund
WO1999023772A1 (fr) * 1997-11-04 1999-05-14 Motorola Inc. Procede et appareil servant a reduire l'effet d'une condition d'evanouissement dans un systeme de communication
EP0942538A2 (fr) * 1998-03-10 1999-09-15 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dispositif et procédé de transmission et réception utilisant le balayage en fréquence

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