WO2001091202A9 - Elektrisches bauelement und verfahren zu seiner herstellung - Google Patents
Elektrisches bauelement und verfahren zu seiner herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001091202A9 WO2001091202A9 PCT/EP2001/005820 EP0105820W WO0191202A9 WO 2001091202 A9 WO2001091202 A9 WO 2001091202A9 EP 0105820 W EP0105820 W EP 0105820W WO 0191202 A9 WO0191202 A9 WO 0191202A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- substituted
- component according
- unsubstituted
- polymer
- organic semiconductor
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 34
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- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- -1 biphthalocyanine Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KWHQDNKVVVTPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,8,17,23,31,32,33,34-octazaheptacyclo[22.6.1.13,7.19,16.118,22.010,15.025,30]tetratriaconta-1(31),2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16(33),17,19,21,23,25,27,29-hexadecaene Chemical compound N1=C(N=C2N3)C=CC=C1N=C(N1)C4=CC=CC=C4C1=NC([N]1)=CC=CC1=NC3=C1[C]2C=CC=C1 KWHQDNKVVVTPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- DNTPBBLMKKBYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,3]dithiolo[4,5-d][1,3]dithiole Chemical compound S1CSC2=C1SCS2 DNTPBBLMKKBYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- YUENFNPLGJCNRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(N)=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 YUENFNPLGJCNRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- QOLFEMKCEZYTMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound N1C(=NC(=C1)CC(=O)O)CC(O)=N QOLFEMKCEZYTMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001882 coronenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C(N=C3C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=C2C(C=CC=C2)=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C2C4=N1 LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KIZSMODMWVZSNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N perylene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C2=C(C(C(=O)O)=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)C(O)=O)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 KIZSMODMWVZSNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FMKFBRKHHLWKDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubicene Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC3=C2C1=C1C=CC=C2C4=CC=CC=C4C3=C21 FMKFBRKHHLWKDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 76
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- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 27
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 19
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 13
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- PJQYNUFEEZFYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N perylene maroon Chemical compound C=12C3=CC=C(C(N(C)C4=O)=O)C2=C4C=CC=1C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C4=CC=C3C1=C42 PJQYNUFEEZFYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007539 photo-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XKJCHHZQLQNZHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalimide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1 XKJCHHZQLQNZHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RKCAIXNGYQCCAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N porphin Chemical class N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 RKCAIXNGYQCCAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical class [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/0666—Polycondensates containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C08G73/0672—Polycondensates containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with only one nitrogen atom in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L101/00—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
- C08L101/12—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds characterised by physical features, e.g. anisotropy, viscosity or electrical conductivity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
- G01N27/125—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer
- G01N27/126—Composition of the body, e.g. the composition of its sensitive layer comprising organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/127—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising five-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polypyrroles, polythiophenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/128—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising six-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polyanilines, polyphenylenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
- H10K71/125—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using electrolytic deposition e.g. in-situ electropolymerisation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/311—Phthalocyanine
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/361—Polynuclear complexes, i.e. complexes comprising two or more metal centers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrical component with a layer which influences the electrical properties of the electrical component and contains at least one polymer.
- the object of the present invention is to improve a component of the type mentioned at the outset and to provide a method for its production.
- the invention provides a method for producing the component according to the invention.
- the advantages of the invention are, in particular, that the electrical properties of the polymer layer can be changed in a targeted manner due to the insertion of a molecular organic semiconductor.
- molecular organic semiconductors are understood to mean groups of molecules which work in pure substance as organic semiconductors. From US Pat. No. 5,120,610, polymers are already known which have been produced by polymerizing organic semiconductors, such as phthalocyanine; however, these polymers do not have the additional modification of the molecular organic semiconductors with the aid of at least one polymerizable group, as was realized in the invention. However, this modification of the molecular organic semiconductors with at least one polymerizable group enables the electrical properties of the component equipped in this way to be set particularly precisely in a particularly advantageous manner.
- the electrical component is a sensor
- a specific molecular organic semiconductor for example by selecting phthalocyanine
- a polymerizable group for example by aniline
- the Properties of a polymer formed in this way are set such that the sensor-active layer of the component built up with the aid of a polymer formed in this way is particularly sensitive to a very specific wavelength of light, while it is not so for other wavelengths. This is only an example.
- the at least one molecular organic semiconductor contains a macrocyclic ligand and / or its metal complexes, in particular substituted and / or unsubstituted phthalocyanines, substituted and / or unsubstituted porphyrins, substituted and / or unsubstituted porphyrazines, substituted and / or unsubstituted naphthalocyanines , substituted and / or unsubstituted bi-phthalocyanines, and / or substituted and / or unsubstituted chlorines, or a condensed aromatic, in particular substituted and / or unsubstituted perylene dyes and pigments and their derivatives, substituted and / or unsubstituted terrylenes and their derivatives, substituted and / or unsubstituted quaterrylenes and their derivatives, and / or substituted and / or unsubstituted coronenes and / or their
- dyes which have semiconducting properties as the pure substance, such as substituted and / or unsubstituted merocyanines.
- the merocyanines mentioned are used as a coating for a CD. The property of the merocyanines can be exploited to change the absorption behavior when irradiating laser beams of specific wavelengths.
- the at least one molecular organic semiconductor comprises at least one element from the amount of phthalocyanine, hemiporphyrazine, triazole hemiporphyrazine, biphthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, phorphyrin, perylene, perylenedicarboxylic acid anhydride, perylenedicarboximide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid, dianhydidonecarboxylic acid, dianhydidonecarboxylic acid, dianhydidonecarboxylic acid, dianhydidonecarboxylic acid, dianhydidonecarboxylic acid, dianhydidonecarboxylic acid, dianhydidonecarboxylic acid, and monoimide, coronene, Coronendicarbonklareanhydrid, Coronendicarbonklaimid, Coronentetracarbonklad, Coronentetracarbonklad, Coronentetracarbonkla- carbonkladmonoanhydridmonoimid
- Organic semiconductors have significantly lower conductivities than inorganic semiconductors. According to the classic classification, they would be isolators ( specifically ⁇ 10 "" ' u S / cm). However, they show the following properties that are characteristic of semiconductors:
- organic semiconductors are large-area, 77-electron-rich aromatic compounds, such as phorphyrins, perylenes and phthalocyanines.
- phthalocyanines can be produced with a purity of 10 'to 10 traps per cm become.
- these classes of compounds are thermally and chemically very stable and are only attacked by oxidizing acids. They also have an intensive absorption in the visible range, with extinction coefficients that are in some cases 10 cm 2 mol in solution.
- inorganic semiconductors which are covalently linked in the crystal structure, the organic molecules are only kept in the crystal structure via Van der Waals interactions.
- the distances between the individual atoms are correspondingly larger.
- the splitting of the molecular orbitals into broad bands advantageously does not take place in organic semiconductors due to the low interactions.
- the molecules therefore retain the properties of the individual molecules as far as possible even in the solid state structure.
- the mobility of the lead carriers in organic semiconductors is generally significantly lower than in inorganic semiconductors.
- the band model which is used in inorganic semiconductors to explain the conduction mechanism, plays a subordinate role in charge transport in organic semiconductors. Rather, the transport of charge carriers in organic crystals is mainly explained by hopping mechanisms such as "phonon assisted hopping" and by activated tunnel processes.
- conductive polymers due to their conductivity in the doped state (to the conductive polymer is made in more detail below position) (cm o r spec> 10 S /) are also referred to as electrical conductors or metals.
- electrical conductors or metals As with inorganic metals, their conductivity decreases with increasing temperature. These materials show no field effect and no thermal voltage.
- organic semiconductors the mechanism of charge transport is not described here using the classic band model. The charge transport takes place via so-called mid-gap states, which arise from the occurrence of solitons.
- Typical conductive polymers are therefore the polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyphenylene venylidene and polyacetylene, which are explained in more detail below, ie polymers which form a conjugating system along the polymer have chain.
- ie polymers which form a conjugating system along the polymer have chain.
- a wide range of specific conductivities can advantageously be covered by conductive polymers. This conductivity strongly depends on the doping of the polymer. The doping can thus be used in an advantageous manner to reinforce the properties of the inventive components according to the invention. With low doping, the conductive polymers behave like organic semiconductors. In the undoped state they can be called insulators due to their low conductivity.
- the phthalocyanines which can advantageously be used in the invention are first described on the basis of their synthesis and properties which are advantageous for the invention.
- the phthalocyanine can be prepared with or without a central metal. In the case of phthalocyanines with central metal, more than 70 different central metals have been represented in the prior art.
- the basic structure of the phthalocyanines has also been substituted symmetrically and asymmetrically with different substituents in the prior art.
- the metal-free phthalocyanine, ie without central metal can be prepared from metal-containing phthalocyanines whose central metals are unstable to acids, such as Ca and Li.
- the metal-free phthalocyanine can be synthesized directly from 1,3-diiminoisoindolenine 1.
- Phthalocyanines occur in various crystal structures. The three most important modifications are labeled a, ß and X.
- the -.- modification is obtained by evaporating a phthalocyaninato zinc onto a substrate in vacuo, provided the substrate temperature is between 50 ° C and 140 ° C. When the layer is heated to above 210 ° C, the ⁇ modification changes into the ß modification. However, if the point of recrystallization is cooled, amorphous films are formed.
- PTCDA 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride
- PTCDA can be used as the starting product for the preparation of the 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimides (hereinafter referred to as PTCDI).
- PTCDIs can be used advantageously for the invention because they are easily accessible and are easy to clean by sublimation or chromatography.
- the absorption maxima of the imides present in solution in monomer differ very little in the UV-Vis spectrum. The position of the absorption maxima is also very little influenced by the solvent used.
- Symmetrical PTCDIs can be synthesized by heating PTCDA with an amine and a water-releasing agent (eg Zn acetate) in high-boiling solvents (eg quinoline). However, only thermally stable amines can be used for this synthetic route. Amines with easily removable second substituents on the alkyl or aryl radical, such as carbon, sulfonic or sulfuric acid groups, can only be reacted under mild conditions. PTCDA can be reacted with glycine in a DMSO / H 2 0 mixture at 100 ° C. In this way, a uniform product can be obtained after about three hours. 4 schematically shows the representation of symmetrical perylenes.
- Phoryphins are prepared by cyclocondensation of pyrrole derivatives with aldehydes, preferably in an acidic environment. The conversion of pyrrole with formaldehyde to the unsubstituted porphin gives low yields.
- FIG. 5 shows the reaction scheme of the Rothermund reaction using the example of 5,10,1 5,20-tetrakis (p-phenylcarboxylic acid) porphirin.
- the central metal ion must be introduced subsequently in the reaction shown in FIG. 5.
- Another preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the group is polymerizable by electropolymerization.
- the polymerization and the application of the polymer can thus be carried out, for example, on a substrate of an electrical component with the aid of electropolymerization.
- the groups themselves contain at least one element from the set consisting of aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, ethylene, indole, paraphenylene, aminoanthracene, aminoaphthalene, aminophenol, carbazole, benzoquinone, acrylonitrile, pyrrolidones, phenylenediamine, tetrathiapentalene, acrylic acid and phenols and their derivatives and substituents.
- These polymerizable groups used to modify the molecular organic semiconductors are described in more detail below with regard to their polymerization. For clarification, the structures of aminophenol (Fig. 37), aminoanthracene (Fig. 38), aminoaphthalene (Fig. 39), acrylic acid (Fig.
- Conductive polymers are derivatives of polyenes, i.e. compounds with extensive conjugated systems. They have excess charges due to oxidation or reduction processes and can also be regarded as polymer salts.
- 6a to 6d are idealized chain structures of the polymers polyacetylene (FIG. 6a), Polyvinylidene (Fig. 6b), polypyrrole (Fig. 6c), and polyaniline (Fig. 6d) are shown. Crosslinking and branching occur during the actual polymerization. Pyrroles even form ring structures. Polyaniline and polypyrrole can be polymerized both chemically and electrochemically from their monomers, aniline and pyrrole, respectively.
- the combination according to the invention of the aforementioned conductive polymers and of building blocks of molecular organic semiconductors advantageously results in a combination of their respective properties.
- the inventive polymerization of the molecular organic semiconductors via the above-mentioned electropolymerizable groups first of all increases the conductivity of the materials produced in this way.
- the molecular organic semiconductors according to the invention form redox-active centers for catalysis, electrocatalysis and the sensor technology of electrical components according to the invention in the highly conductive basic structure of the conductive polymers.
- the polymers have the advantage that they can be separated from the respective reaction mixture as heterogeneous catalysts.
- the combinations of porphyrins and conductive polymers according to the invention offer possibilities for electron transfer processes to take place.
- the synthesis of the monomers is first discussed in this connection.
- p-conducting monomers for electropolymerization are pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines in which the polymerizable group is attached via a spacer in order to minimize the steric hindrance during the polymerization by the phthalocyanine.
- the synthesis concept should include the possibility of preparing pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines with different spacer lengths in order to make it possible to determine during production whether the reactivity of the monomers increases with the spacer length.
- the electrical properties of the polymers change when the phthalocyanines as conjugated systems are separated from the pyrroles by longer aliphatic spacers.
- pyrrol-1-alkylalkanol has been prepared.
- the N-alkylated compounds have the advantage that they are easy to prepare synthetically and the length of the alkyl group is easy to vary.
- the hydroxyl group offers possibilities for binding to the phthalocyanine.
- the connection to the phthalocyanine can be achieved by two synthesis concepts. One possibility is to introduce the desired substituent during the synthesis. This usually happens through the synthesis of an appropriately substituted phthalonitrile. 4-nitro-phthalonitrile is suitable as a starting substance since the nitro group can be substituted nucleophilically by aliphatic hydroxyl groups.
- the other way to introduce the electropolymerizable group is by substitution on phthalocyanines.
- an esterification of a tetrakis-4- Carboxy-phenoxy-phthalocyanine preferred.
- This concept has the advantage that the polymerizable group does not have a reactive group on the molecule over the entire course of the synthesis.
- tetrakis-4-carboxy-phenoxy-phthalocyanine has a low solubility in organic solvents, so that a direct esterification in organic solvents is not possible.
- esterifications via the acid chloride it has been shown that the reaction does not take place quantitatively on all substituents.
- the 4-nitro-phthalonitrile route was therefore preferred because it provides clean, tetrasubstituted phthalocyanines.
- the pyrrole-1-alkanol can be prepared from pyrrolyl potassium and the corresponding bromoalkanol by nucleophilic substitution in DMSO / THF. At 71%, this reaction had the highest yield for the preparation of the pyrrole-1-alkanols.
- the reaction is shown schematically in FIG. 7.
- the alcohol used is in the protolysis equilibrium with pyrrolyl potassium, which is due to the smaller pKa value of 2-bromoethanol on its side. Therefore, double the molar concentration of pyrrolyl potassium, based on the alcohol, is used.
- a product mixture of pyrrole and the desired pyrrole-1-yl-alkanol is formed.
- the required column chromatographic purification is relatively time consuming.
- the purification is carried out by distillation in an oil pump vacuum via a Vigreux column.
- a product mixture was likewise obtained, as in the synthesis explained above.
- a reaction of the unprotected hydroxyl group under the existing basic conditions with bromine-alkanol still present to ether was found.
- the ester cleavage is not complete after stirring overnight.
- the work-up should preferably be varied before the ester cleavage.
- the combined organic phases are washed three times with saturated potassium hydrogen carbonate solution.
- the reaction time of the subsequent ester cleavage is set at 20 hours.
- the yields are between 25 and 60% regardless of the chain length.
- the 4- (2-pyrrole-1-yl-ethoxy) phthalitrile and the 4- (3-pyrrole-1-yl-propoxy) phthalonitrile are prepared in accordance with the principle shown schematically in FIG. 9.
- the representation shown there is a nucleophilic substitution on the aromatic. Due to the -M effect of the cyano groups, the electron density at the C 4 position in the aromatic system is reduced. Nitrofunctions are good leaving groups and can therefore be substituted by hydroxyl groups. In this substitution reaction, aromatic hydroxyl groups show the highest reactivity. With aliphatic hydroxyl groups, the reactivity decreases with increasing chain length. The ratio of the educts is changed to simplify the processing.
- the alcohol and the nitrophthalonitrile are used in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the alcohol is used in at least a 1.3-fold excess, so that the chromatographic separation of the nitrophthalonitrile can advantageously be dispensed with.
- 4- (3-pyrrole-1-yl-propoxy) -phthalonitrile is prepared, the reaction time is additionally increased by 4d. In both cases, the raw products can only be precipitated after careful neutralization.
- the pyrrole begins in acidic solution polymerize, which leads to considerable losses in yield, so that acidification should be avoided. The crystals only form in ice-cold solution or after complete removal of impurities.
- the cyclotetramerization to give 2,9,16,23-tetrakis (pyrrol-1-yl-alkoxy) phthalocyanine is carried out according to the procedure shown schematically in FIG. 10.
- 0.2 g - 0.5 g dinitrile is dissolved in boiling pentanol under nitrogen.
- a spatula tip of lithium is added and stirring for three quarters of an hour.
- increasing the reaction time to one hour increases the yield.
- the pentanol is first removed completely in vacuo and the remaining oil is added to the methanol / water mixture (volume ratio 1: 1) to precipitate.
- tetrakis (pyrrole-1-alkoxy) phthalocyanine lithium as the central metal is removed by washing with the methanol / water mixture.
- the phthalocyanine is stirred in pH 5 buffer, then filtered off and neutralized with water. Treatment in acetic acid should be avoided as this leads to a high loss due to polymerization.
- the regulation is modified for the preparation of phthalocyanines containing central metal. The metalation is carried out without working up in pentanol by adding the corresponding metal salt to the cyclotetramerization batch. The product is checked using UV-Vis spectroscopy.
- Zinc and cobalt have been shown to have strong interactions with the complex.
- Nickel on the other hand, can be extracted from the phthalocyanine by washing with water. For this reason, the product is not worked up with a methanol / water mixture, but in pure methanol. The yields that can be achieved are well over 80%.
- basic skeletons are preferred as n-conductors, which - depending on the choice of the polymerizable group - can be polymerized both anodically and cathodically.
- 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarbodiimide is preferred as the n-type molecular organic semiconductor.
- the polymerizable groups should be attached in such a way that they have no influence on the conjugating system in order not to change the character of the conduction. Since there is a knot in the HOMO and LUMO on the nitrogen of the diimide, residues attached there do not vary the electronic properties of the system. Hydroxyphenyl substituent is preferred as the cathodically polymerizable group. An aminophenyl substituent is selected as the anodically polymerizable group.
- the syntheses can be broken down as follows:
- the syntheses of the perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarbodiimide and the 1, 6,7,12-tetrachloro-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarbodiimide are carried out according to FIG. 1 2.
- the diamino component is used in a 10-fold excess in order to reduce the probability of polycondensation. It is more preferably to take care to largely avoid carcinogenic solvents.
- toluene or xylene can be used instead of benzene if it is possible due to the solubility of the starting materials.
- the perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride cannot be completely converted.
- the anhydride groups of this compound can be converted into two carboxylic acid groups by boiling in potassium hydroxide.
- the perylene tetracarboxylic acid formed is soluble in potassium hydroxide and can thus be separated off.
- the resulting products are soluble in formic acid and could thus be separated from the resulting polymers.
- the products can also be prepared in a two-stage synthesis from the corresponding monoaminonitro compounds by synthesizing the perylene carbodiimides in a first reaction step and then reducing the nitro groups.
- the Pery! En-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide can be prepared from monoamino compounds.
- the reactivity of the perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide is greatly reduced by the introduction of the chlorine atoms.
- the chlorine atoms do not inhibit reactivity when reacting with diamino components.
- a one-compartment cell with a volume of 5 ml in which there is a 1 x 1 cm working electrode made of ITO (indium tin oxide), an equally large platinum mesh as counter electrode and a silver wire as reference electrode.
- the silver wire serves as a quasi reference electrode and should be calibrated against ferrocene after each measurement. If Hg / HgCI or Ag / AgCI is used as the reference electrode, traces of water can get into the solvent.
- a direct reference electrode should not be used.
- the electropolyme The separation can take place with two different deposition methods: the potentiostatic deposition and the potentiodynamic deposition. In the case of potentiostatic deposition, a constant potential is applied between the reference and the working electrode, while in the case of the potentiodynamic deposition, a cyclically varying potential is used. Another separation option is the reaction with a constant current flow (galvanostatic) or a specifically specified varying current flow (galvanodynamic).
- the polymerization conditions should be optimized for the maximum achievable layer thickness for both the potentiostatic and the potentiodynamic deposition.
- the inventors In addition to the pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines, the inventors also used tetraminophthalocyaninato-nickel as a comparative substance. Due to the low solubility of the monomers (3x10 to 9x10 mol / l), a saturated solution should be used. So that
- cyclic voltammetry triangular voltages are applied between the working and reference electrodes using a potentiostat. For this purpose, the potential between an initial and a reversal potential is continuously changed over time. The currents flowing between the working and counter electrodes are measured. The current densities are obtained by dividing the currents by the active electrode size. Cyclic voltammograms are the plots of the currents or current densities against the voltages resulting from this measuring technique. Reaction 1 shows a cyclic voltammogram of a substance which can react as follows in solution:
- the distance between the cathodic and anodic peak potential is between 57 and 60 mV.
- the theoretically calculated value of 59.2 mV is rarely measured because the resistance effects of the solution lead to small distortions.
- the amounts of charge q A and q k are of equal magnitude.
- the peak potential can be determined using the following formula:
- Equation 2 is mostly used to approximate the redox potential.
- every fifth cycle is plotted to show the saturation of the currents.
- the individual polymerization parameters are optimized beforehand.
- the potentiodynamic electropolymerizations shown here are carried out at a feed rate of 10 mV / s. Increasing the scanning speed leads to less pronounced oxidation and reduction peaks and to lower film thicknesses after the same deposition time.
- Acetonitrile, dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethylformamide (DMF) are used as solvents.
- DCM dichloromethane
- DMF dimethylformamide
- the pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines achieve the greatest layer thicknesses from DCM and the tetraamino-phthalocyaninato nickel from DMF.
- Tetrabutylaminonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4), tetrabutylamonium perchlorad (TBACIO4) and tetrabutylamonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPFg) are investigated as conductive salts, whereby the deposition of the tetraaminophthalocyaninato-nickel is optimal from a solution with 0.1 mol / l TBACIO4.
- the pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines achieve the greatest layer thicknesses when deposited from 0.1 mol / l TBAPFg.
- the potentiodynamic polymerization is terminated every two hours.
- the following table is intended to give an overview of the optimized reaction conditions according to the invention:
- the potentiodynamic electropolymerization of tetraaminophthalocyaninato-nickel is carried out in DMF with 0.1 mol TBACI0 4 as the conductive salt.
- the monomer has three oxidation peaks (0.29 V; 0.72 V; 0.98 V) and two reduction peaks (0.55 V; 0.95 V).
- the position of the oxidation peaks shifts significantly to more positive potentials during the transition from the monomer to the oligomer.
- the first Oxidation peak of the oligomer is 0.55 V and the second is 0.95 V.
- the third oxidation peak for the oligomer is outside the range of the voltage.
- the second reduction peak does not shift (0.87 V).
- the first reduction peak of the oligomer is slightly shifted to higher voltages at 0.35 V.
- Fig. 1 5 every fifth cycle is plotted. It can be seen that the oxidation and reduction peaks only increase in intensity, but then decrease from the 20th cycle.
- the potentiodynamic electropolymerization of tetrakis (2-pyrrol-1-yl-etoxy) phthalocyanine is carried out in DCM as a solvent. 0.1 mol / l TBAPFg is used as the conductive salt. 16 shows the corresponding CV.
- the central metal-free tetrakis (2-pyrrol-1-yl-etoxy) phthalocyanine shows two oxidation peaks (0.79 V; 1, 20 V) and one reduction peak (1, 03 V). The position of the reduction peak does not change during the polymerization.
- the oxidation peaks shift to more positive potentials (1, 2 V; 1, 38 V).
- the oxidation and reduction peaks decrease sharply after the first five cycles.
- the maximum current density at 1.4 V steadily decreases with increasing layer thickness.
- electropolymerization belongs to the group of electro-organic syntheses. Electron-rich aromatics can be brought to polymerization by electrochemical oxidation or reduction. Most conductive polymers are polymerized anodically (oxidatively). This method can also advantageously be used for non-conductive polymers. The cathodic polymerization of phenol to polyphenylidene oxide is also possible. The advantage of this method is the resulting homogeneous layers, the thickness of which can be controlled well over the deposition time. With this technique it is also advantageously possible to dope the layers already during the deposition.
- radical polymerization can also be carried out by generating radicals on modified electrodes using electricity.
- the preparation takes place in a 3-electrode arrangement, as is used for cyclovoitammetry.
- a 2-electrode arrangement could also be used.
- 17 shows a corresponding arrangement according to the invention as a schematic diagram.
- a silver wire or a silver wire with a silver chloride coating is used as the quasi-reference electrode (RE). It has the advantage that it does not have to be in contact with aqueous electrolytes, and thus traces of water can be excluded as impurities. However, it must be calibrated against ferrocene after each measurement.
- the arrangement according to FIG. 1 7 is a 2-compliment cell.
- the anode (AE) is separated from the cathode (GE) by a semi-permeable partition (ST).
- ST semi-permeable partition
- the cell shown in FIG. 1 7 additionally has two openings for purging inert gases.
- the counter electrode In order to achieve homogeneous layers, the counter electrode (GE) should have the same geometry and size as the working electrode and be aligned in parallel.
- the deposition can be carried out according to three different methods: with constant voltage (potentiostatic deposition), constant current (galvanostatic deposition) or with cyclically varying potential (potentiodynamic deposition).
- the type of deposition determines the morphology of the layers deposited in this way. It is thus possible, in particular in the case of potentiodynamic deposition, to achieve a higher porosity of the layers, ie an increased pore size.
- pyrrole is oxidized to the radical at the anode. This can then react either with another radical or with a pyrrole molecule.
- the first case is referred to here as radical-radical dimerization, while the second case is referred to here as radical-substrate dimerization, the first reaction path being more likely. In both cases, two protons are split off and one electron is released during the radical-substrate coupling. The progressive reaction gives polypyrrole.
- the electropolymerization of aniline and amino-substituted aromatics is to be illustrated using the example of the electropolymerization of tetraaminophthalocyaninato-nickel according to FIG. 19.
- the mechanism of electropolymerization of tetraaminophthalocyaninato-nickel shown in FIG. 19 is also an anodic polymerization. Radical-radical dimerization is also more likely in this reaction.
- the amounts of charge absorbed during the static and dynamic polymerization of P2 should be compared.
- the polymerization is terminated after various reaction times and the currents measured during the reaction are integrated against time.
- a CV which was recorded over 2 hours, is broken down into the individual cycles. The tensions are then converted into times using the feed rate. The resulting graphs (current versus time) are integrated to calculate the number of cycles that are excluded and given per cycle Charge. The amounts obtained are subtracted to obtain the charges remaining in the polymer.
- the total amounts of charges per cycle are determined by adding the respective previous cycles and plotted against the time until the respective cycle.
- the charge taken up in the potentiodynamic deposition is significantly greater than in the case of the potentiostatic.
- the layer thicknesses achieved are thicker for polymeric phthalocyanines with nickel as the central metal in potentiodynamic electropolymerization.
- the layer thicknesses achieved are similar by both preparation methods.
- the potentiostatically deposited films reach greater layer thicknesses. Layer thicknesses between 1 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m are advantageous for the invention.
- the monomers which only have a small layer thickness, have a low charge consumption. However, the charge consumption per layer thickness is different for the individual monomers.
- the maximum layer thickness depends clearly on the structure of the monomer.
- the pyrrole-substituted Phthalocyanines grow the central metal-free monomers significantly to higher layer thicknesses.
- the extension of the alkyl spacer between the phthalocyanine and the pyrrole substituent leads to greater layer thicknesses after the electropolymerization.
- the incorporation of the central metal in these compounds leads to lower layer thicknesses with the same polymerization time. The following are the main reasons for the different layer thicknesses achieved:
- the central metal-containing pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines have a lower solubility than the central metal-free ( ⁇ 10 "4 * : ⁇ 5x10). This explains why the central metal-containing monomers achieve lower layer thicknesses. Again, it cannot explain why the cobalt-containing phthalocyanine This is due to the fact that the redox-active central metal activates the polymerization.
- the polymerization behavior of the pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines differs from that of the tetraamino-substituted phthalocyanines. In the pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines, the cobalt contains the greatest layer thicknesses, followed by the nickel-containing one.
- the zinc-containing monomer grows the worst.
- the nickel-containing phthalocyanine grows to the greatest layer thicknesses, the zinc-containing one reaches the second thickest layer thickness ken and the cobalt-containing shows the lowest reactivity.
- Nickel-containing phthalocyanines show higher spec. Conductivities than other phthalocyanines. For this reason, growing up to high layer thicknesses can be explained. The reason for the different reaction behavior is the electron density of the radical cations.
- the tetraamino-substituted phthalocyanines have a higher electron density in the aromatic system than the pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines due to the mesomer-shifting amino groups.
- the monomer with the C 3 spacer between the pyrrole group and the phthalocyanine grows to a greater layer thickness than the monomer with the C 2 spacer. Since the solubilities are comparable, this reason for different growth behavior is excluded.
- the slight steric hindrance of the pyrrole group in the monomer with the C 3 spacer increases the reactivity of the polymerization. The conductivity of the resulting polymers is comparable.
- the polymer of the amino-substituted phthalocyanine has a significantly higher conductivity than the pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines.
- the electrode kinetics are similar for the monomers described here, since the size of the molecules and their polarity do not vary greatly. It can therefore be assumed that the diffusion constants and the interactions with the electrode are similar.
- the electropolymerization is carried out on the perylenes shown.
- the hydroxyphenoxy-substituted perylene 16 can be deposited at negative potentials with CaCl 2 as the conductive salt from DMF on ITO. Electropolymerization in the presence of TBAPFg as the conducting salt is not possible.
- the redox couple is striking at -0.56V. Since it does not occur with the electropolymerizable phthalocyanines, it can be assigned to the perylene backbone. The maximum shifts to less negative potentials.
- the growing polymer is more difficult to reduce than the monomer. 21 shows every fifth cycle of electropolymerization.
- the tetrachlorinated hydroxyphenoxy-substituted perylene 17 can only be deposited in very thin layers under the same conditions.
- the redox pair of the perylene backbone is 0.3 V and can only be seen during the first cycles. 22 also shows every fifth cycle of the potentiodynamic deposition.
- the current densities decrease rapidly after a few cycles.
- the aminophenoxy-substituted perylenes 11-15 cannot be deposited on ITO in DMF either with CaCl 2 or with TBAPFg as the conductive salt.
- platinum electrodes the polymerization of perylenes with di-aminophenyl ether as substituents (11, 12) starts with TBAPFg as the conductive salt. However, the films only grow to small layer thicknesses. 23 shows every fifth cycle of the potentiodynamic electropolymerization of FIG. 11.
- the PTCDA which are reacted with di-amino-diphenyl ether (11, 12), show the highest reactivity among the amino-substituted perylenes 11 -15.
- the steric hindrance can thus be reduced during the electropolymerization by a longer spacer.
- the increase in the electron density in the attacking aromatics by the oxygen as a heteroatom also favors the polymerization.
- the substitution of the PTCDA with methylene-para-diaminodiphenyl (13) does not lead to an increase in the reactivity.
- the steric hindrance during electropolymerization is also reduced in this case, but the electron density in the reacting aromatic is not increased. There is no difference in the reactivity between the meta- and para-di-aminophenyl-substituted PTCDAs (14 and 15).
- the polymerization parameters should be optimized for the p-di-amino-substituted PTCDA (14).
- the reactivity of the electropolymerization can be increased by adding perchloric acid as a catalyst.
- a potentiodynamic separation from 14 to ITO succeeds. 25 shows every fifth cycle of the electropolymerization of 14 in DMF with TBAPFg as the conducting salt with two drops of perchloric acid as the catalyst.
- a further preferred embodiment of the component according to the invention contains a preferably electrically conductive substrate, which may be microstructured further preferably in the form of interdigital electrodes.
- the layer containing the polymer is preferably polymerized onto this substrate.
- the digital electrodes are preferably designed as fingers, which can also be nested in a comb-like manner opposite one another. It is preferred if the distance between the digital electrodes of a comb is between 1 ⁇ m and 2 ⁇ m. A small distance between the digital electrodes is advantageous, since then the subsequently applied polymer layer can in any case be applied as a closed layer.
- the electrodes of the component according to the invention can be changed by electroplating another metal.
- the electrodes of the component according to the invention can be changed by electroplating another metal, so that two or more different metals are made available as electrodes in a microstructured manner on the component according to the invention.
- the polymer layer can then be polymerized onto these different electrodes.
- a heterogeneous polymer layer as will be described further below, can also be used here in order to improve the properties of the component according to the invention, for example tune the detecting gas.
- the component is a sensor for measuring the at least presence, preferably the concentration, of substances in gases and / or liquids and / or solids, preferably gases in air, the layer for measuring the presence being preferred the concentration that is sensorially active.
- the layer formed according to the invention thus forms the central section of a sensor.
- Such sensors can also be used as an array, i.e. connected in series, used for the quantitative and qualitative detection of gases and / or liquids.
- These sensors can be used, for example, for non-specific measurements in air quality monitoring in a motor vehicle, in sensor-controlled ventilation of closed rooms, for example in a bathroom, and in food quality tests, for example in fruit / meat departments and warehouses.
- the polymer sensor according to the invention it is advantageously possible to simultaneously detect several different gases which arise from the ripening process of the food. It is possible, for example, to integrate different polymers in a single polymer layer, so that the properties of the corresponding sensor can be tailored to the foodstuffs to be detected or monitored. But even with only one polymer, different gases can be detected, since the polymer reacts differently with different gases. These different reactions can then be compared in a computer unit with certain calibration values of the corresponding gases, so that these gases can then be determined accordingly by assigning the detected values to the calibration values.
- the layer containing a combination of a polymer and a molecular organic semiconductor according to the invention can also be an antistatic film, an organic field effect transistor (OFET), an organic light emission diode (OLED), a photovoltaic cell, a Schottky cell and / or a battery.
- OFET organic field effect transistor
- OLED organic light emission diode
- photovoltaic cell a Schottky cell and / or a battery.
- Antistatic films are mainly made from poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT).
- OLEDs The other application that is already ready for production is OLEDs. 26 shows the schematic structure.
- a reactive metal such as calcium or magnesium is used as the cathode.
- Typical organic layers as luminescent or emitting layers are PPV or Alq 3 .
- PEDOT is used on the one hand to smooth the substrate and on the other hand as a hole conductor layer.
- a typical anode material is indium tin oxide (ITO). It has a high conductivity and is transparent.
- conductive polymers can also be used, so that flexible OLEDs are formed. The principle of operation is identical to the inorganic LEDs. holes are injected through the anode and electrons through the cathode. Both migrate through the applied field into the luminescent layer, where they recombine with the emission of electromagnetic radiation.
- OLEDs are the physical reversal of the photovoltaic cell in which electricity is generated by the radiation of electromagnetic radiation.
- an organic n-semiconductor e.g. Me-PTCDI
- an organic p-semiconductor e.g. ZnPc
- Schottky cells from an organic semiconductor and a conductive polymer as a metal substitute.
- Fig. 27 shows typical structures of an organic photovoltaic cell and a Schottky cell.
- organic light-emitting diodes can compete with inorganic LEDs in terms of both their lifespan and their light intensity, organic photovoltaic cells have so far not achieved the efficiency of inorganic cells.
- the Efficiencies are 1% (MePTCDI / ZnPc) compared to 35.8% (GaAs / - GaSb).
- the functional principle of a photovoltaic cell is shown in FIG. 28.
- a combination of an OFET with an OLED is also conceivable.
- the collector currents of an OFET that increase in the presence of a substance to be detected are sent to an OLED.
- the applied currents combine charge carrier pairs in the luminescent layer and electromagnetic radiation is emitted. As a result, gases to be detected can be converted directly into a light signal.
- conductive polymers can be used in batteries. They are lighter than metals and therefore offer advantages. These batteries can be constructed from two differently doped polyacetylene layers, for example. One layer is doped with Li ions and the other with iodine. A filter paper impregnated with polypropylene carbonate and LiCI0 4 can be used as the electrolyte. The The structure of such a battery is shown in FIG. 30.
- pigment substances into the battery according to the invention achieves the advantage that the conductivity of such a polymer battery is maintained over a long period of time.
- the polymer batteries according to the invention are also less sensitive to small holes in the layers used to construct the battery.
- these are colored due to the pigment substances used.
- the pigment substances can be chosen such that the color changes, preferably in the course of the discharge process of the battery. For the user of such a battery, it is therefore possible - without the need to use an additional battery level indicator - to recognize from the color of the battery itself whether the battery is full or rather empty.
- the combination of pigment substances and polymer according to the invention makes it possible to achieve the increased mechanical stability of the batteries according to the invention compared to the prior art.
- the polymers according to the invention swell when doped. This expansion can be used in actuators.
- FIG. 31 shows a preferred embodiment of an organic field effect transistor (OFET) 10.
- OFET 10 has a metal substrate 5.
- An insulator 4 is arranged on the metal substrate.
- the polymer layer 3 according to the invention is located on the insulator 4.
- Two conductive layers are embedded in the polymer layer 3 as drain 1 and source 2.
- the substrate 5 serves as the gate of the transistor 10.
- drain 1 and source 2 are made of different metals.
- the polymer layer 3 is also divided into two areas 3a and 3b, which are different Have polymers. A diode is thus present between 3a and 3b.
- These different areas 3a and 3b are produced by first polymerizing a certain polymer onto conductors 1 and 2, and then further polymerizing only on one of areas 3a or 3b with another monomer, for example by changing the preparation bath for the polymerization , The change between different polymers can be repeated any number of times, so that the desired properties of the layer can be set exactly according to the requirements.
- different polymers are polymerized onto the conductors 1 and 2, which can be designed, for example, in the form of the interdigital electrodes mentioned above. A measurement between the different polymers is thus possible in this embodiment. This also allows the corresponding sensor to be set to a specific sensitivity for a specific gas.
- FIG. 36 shows another example.
- a transistor has been produced by using different metals in 1 and 2, while the regions 3a, 3b, and 3c have been doped differently.
- the regions 3a and 3c are p-conductive, while the region 3b is n-conductive.
- a transparent, electrically conductive, organic conductor for example PeDOT
- a transparent, electrically conductive inorganic conductor for example ITO
- the polymer 13 according to the invention is located on the organic conductor 1 2.
- An organic conductor 14 is in turn applied to the polymer.
- the arrangement of further layers made of metal, organic conductors or inorganic semiconductors can be provided.
- FIG. 33 shows a further preferred embodiment of a component 30 according to the invention.
- this component 30 there is an electrical conductor 22 on a glass substrate, which can alternatively also be made of metal or plastic.
- An inorganic semiconductor is applied to the electrical conductor 22. Examples include Ti0 2 or Sn0 2 .
- the polymer 24 according to the invention is then located on the inorganic semiconductor 23.
- FIG. 33 the surface of the inorganic semiconductor 23 is rough, so that the polymer layer 24 applied to this irregular layer likewise has an uneven surface 24a.
- This layer of liquid, gas mixture or electrolyte is designated by reference number 25.
- This layer 25 is delimited by a further layer of an electrical conductor 26.
- On the electrical conductor 26 there is again a glass substrate 27, which can alternatively be made of plastic.
- component 30 forms a photo-oxidation cell. If the layer 25 is formed as an electrolyte, the component 30 forms a photovoltaic cell, i.e. a solar cell.
- the polymer can be bonded to as well as in the inorganic semiconductor 23.
- the polymer layer according to the invention can also be used as a semipermeable membrane for sensory applications.
- 34a and 34e show the schematic structure of the polymers used for the polymerization of the polymer layer according to the invention. Both pure polymers and copolymers or graft polymers can be produced from these monomers.
- the polymerizable group is designated by the reference number 31.
- the spacer is designated by the reference numeral 32.
- the reference numeral 33 denotes the organic semiconductor.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
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AU2001274060A AU2001274060A1 (en) | 2000-05-22 | 2001-05-21 | Electric component and method for producing the same |
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DE10024993.0 | 2000-05-22 | ||
DE10024993A DE10024993A1 (de) | 2000-05-22 | 2000-05-22 | Elektrisches Bauelement und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
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WO2001091202A1 WO2001091202A1 (de) | 2001-11-29 |
WO2001091202A9 true WO2001091202A9 (de) | 2002-09-19 |
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PCT/EP2001/005820 WO2001091202A1 (de) | 2000-05-22 | 2001-05-21 | Elektrisches bauelement und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
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AU (1) | AU2001274060A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10024993A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001091202A1 (de) |
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DE10255964A1 (de) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-07-01 | Siemens Ag | Photovoltaisches Bauelement und Herstellungsverfahren dazu |
US7198977B2 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2007-04-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | N,N′-di(phenylalky)-substituted perylene-based tetracarboxylic diimide compounds as n-type semiconductor materials for thin film transistors |
FR2922310B1 (fr) * | 2007-10-15 | 2012-05-11 | Univ Pierre Et Marie Curie Paris Vi | Transducteur a semi conducteurs,et son utilisation dans un capteur d'especes donneuses ou acceptrices d'electrons. |
JP5452881B2 (ja) * | 2008-04-23 | 2014-03-26 | 出光興産株式会社 | 有機薄膜太陽電池用材料及びそれを用いた有機薄膜太陽電池 |
JP2010164344A (ja) | 2009-01-13 | 2010-07-29 | Nitto Denko Corp | 物質検知センサ |
WO2015178994A2 (en) * | 2014-03-02 | 2015-11-26 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Gas sensors based upon metal carbon complexes |
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US5151224A (en) * | 1988-05-05 | 1992-09-29 | Osaka Gas Company, Ltd. | Tetrasulfonated metal phthalocyanine doped electrically conducting electrochromic poly(dithiophene) polymers |
US5306443A (en) * | 1989-03-27 | 1994-04-26 | Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. | Method for the preparation of conductive polymer film |
US5603820A (en) * | 1992-04-21 | 1997-02-18 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Nitric oxide sensor |
US5504183A (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1996-04-02 | Motorola | Organometallic fluorescent complex polymers for light emitting applications |
DE19748814A1 (de) * | 1997-11-05 | 1999-05-06 | Hoechst Ag | Substituierte Poly(arylenvinylene), Verfahren zur Herstellung und deren Verwendung in Elektrolumineszenz |
-
2000
- 2000-05-22 DE DE10024993A patent/DE10024993A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-05-21 WO PCT/EP2001/005820 patent/WO2001091202A1/de active Application Filing
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DE10024993A1 (de) | 2001-11-29 |
WO2001091202A1 (de) | 2001-11-29 |
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