WO2001064696A1 - Derives de carboxylate de complexes de (diamine)platine et leur application dans des compositions comme agents anticancereux - Google Patents
Derives de carboxylate de complexes de (diamine)platine et leur application dans des compositions comme agents anticancereux Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001064696A1 WO2001064696A1 PCT/CN2000/000290 CN0000290W WO0164696A1 WO 2001064696 A1 WO2001064696 A1 WO 2001064696A1 CN 0000290 W CN0000290 W CN 0000290W WO 0164696 A1 WO0164696 A1 WO 0164696A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- platinum
- derivative
- bis
- dicarboxylic acid
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- DWAFYCQODLXJNR-BNTLRKBRSA-L oxaliplatin Chemical compound O1C(=O)C(=O)O[Pt]11N[C@@H]2CCCC[C@H]2N1 DWAFYCQODLXJNR-BNTLRKBRSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229960001756 oxaliplatin Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 208000008443 pancreatic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/28—Compounds containing heavy metals
- A61K31/282—Platinum compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0086—Platinum compounds
- C07F15/0093—Platinum compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
Definitions
- Antitumor bis-dicarboxylic acid diammine platinum derivative and its pharmaceutical composition are provided.
- the present invention relates to a novel antitumor platinum derivative, in particular to a novel antitumor diaminoplatinate derivative; and the present invention also relates to the diaminoplatinate derivative.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies on platinum-based compounds, and unexpectedly found that diaminodiaminoplatinate derivatives can overcome the above-mentioned defects, have high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and stable properties in water, thereby achieving the present invention.
- the primary object of the present invention is to provide a novel antitumor bisaminodiaminoplatinum derivative capable of overcoming the defects of the prior art described above;
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a diaminoplatinum bisdicarboxylic acid derivative
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide an antitumor pharmaceutical composition containing the bisaminodiaminoplatinum derivative as an active ingredient;
- a further object of the present invention is to provide the application of the diaminoplatinum dibiscarboxylate derivative in the preparation of an antitumor drug.
- the present invention relates to an antitumor bisaminodiaminoplatinum derivative, which is characterized in that it has the following formula (I):
- R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different and independently represents hydrogen, ⁇ _ 12 hydrocarbon group, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy, acyl, phosphoryl or phosphorus acylamino,
- R 1 and R 2 are connected to each other and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3-12 membered saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring containing carbon atoms.
- the R 1 and R 2 are connected to each other and together with the carbon atoms to which they are connected, form a 3-6 membered saturated carbocyclic ring containing carbon atoms.
- the bis-dicarboxylic acid diamino platinum derivative is a bis 1,1-cyclopropane dicarboxylic acid diamino platinum or a bis 1, 1-cyclobutane dicarboxylic acid diamino platinum compound .
- the present invention provides bis 1, 1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid diamine of the following formula ( ⁇ ) Complex platinum compound (hereinafter also referred to as bicyclic platinum):
- the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a diamino complex platinum derivative of dicarboxylic acid, which is characterized in that:
- R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different, and each independently represents hydrogen, a 12- alkyl group, a halogen, an amino group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an acyl group, a phosphoryl group, or a phosphorylamino group;
- R 1 and R 2 are connected to each other and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-12 membered saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring containing carbon atom,
- the method is:
- a bisaminodiaminoplatinate derivative of formula (I) is formed.
- the reaction temperature in each step can be carried out in a relatively wide range. Generally, the reaction is carried out at a temperature between 0 ° C and 100 ° C, preferably between 10 ° C and 50 ° C.
- the reaction time for each step is generally 2-16 hours.
- the method of the present invention is usually carried out under normal pressure. However, the process according to the invention can also be carried out under elevated or reduced pressure-usually between 0.1 and 10 bar.
- diammonium platinum and dicarboxylic acid ligand derivatives are known substances, which can be prepared by known methods.
- the present invention also relates to an antitumor pharmaceutical composition, characterized in that the composition contains at least one bisdicarboxylic acid diamino complex of formula (I) at a concentration of 0.1 to 5 wt% as an active ingredient.
- the composition contains at least one bisdicarboxylic acid diamino complex of formula (I) at a concentration of 0.1 to 5 wt% as an active ingredient.
- the bis-dicarboxylic acid diamino complex platinum derivative of the formula (I) as an active component is that R 1 and R 2 are connected to each other in the formula (I).
- Those bis dicarboxylic acid diamino complex platinum derivatives of formula (I) which together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered saturated carbocyclic ring containing carbon atoms, more preferably bis 1,1-cyclopropanedi Platinum diammonium carboxylate or bis 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid diammine platinum compound of formula (II), most preferably formula (II) Bis 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid diammine platinum compound.
- the preparation of the antitumor pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is relatively simple, as long as the formula
- the bisaminodiaminoplatinate derivative (I) may be mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in the form of an injection or a capsule.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may include purified water, medical starch, and vitamins.
- the medicine can be made into injections with purified water, which can be injected subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously; the medicines can be made into oral capsules with medical starch and vitamin c. .
- Dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention generally its LD 5. Half the amount.
- the invention further relates to the use of the bisaminodiaminoplatinum derivative of formula (I) in the preparation of antineoplastic drugs.
- bicycloalkanedicarboxylic acid diammine platinum compounds of formula (I) such as bis 1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylic acid diammine platinum of formula (II)
- the results are as follows:
- X 1/20 the tumor inhibition rates were 90%, 95%, and 70%, respectively. Gavage with the same dose as described above, the tumor inhibition rate is slightly lower.
- Beijing Institute of Drug Control vaccinates human liver cancer H 22 nude mice Tumor inhibition rate experiment, intravenous injection, divided into large doses (LD 5. X 1/5), medium doses (LD 5. X 1 / 10-) and small doses (LD 5. X 1/20), and ring Phosphamide was compared for efficacy.
- Bicycloplatin was given in large, medium and small doses of 0.2ml / time, once a day, 7 consecutive injections, and killed by inoculating tumor-bearing nude mice for 30 days.
- the tumor inhibition rates of large, medium and small doses of bicycloplatin were 50.85%, 57.40% and 35.20%, respectively.
- Nude mice lived normally, their diet was normal, and none of the 10 nude mice in each group died.
- the cyclophosphamide group is based on its LD 5 .
- the minimum dose was administered only twice, with an inhibition rate of 73.15%, but most of the nude mice were near death.
- mice were used for intravenous pharmacokinetics of bicycloplatin, and mice were used for oral pharmacokinetics of bicycloplatin.
- the content of platinum in animal serum was measured according to time. The drug reached a peak in the blood from 45 to 60 minutes, and the content of blood in the blood tended to be 0 in 24 hours.
- This medicine shows a dose-effect relationship to visceral damage. Under the treatment dose, the symptoms are reduced after 1 month of discontinuation. The small dose group had little effect and returned to normal.
- Bicycloplatin inhibits the growth of human liver cancer BEL-7402 cells in vitro.
- the number of cells in the 10 g / ml and 20 g / ml bicycloplatin group was not significantly different from that in the control group. From 3 days after the administration, the number of viable cells in the medication group began to be significantly less than that in the control group. The number of cells in the treatment group gradually decreased, and the differences between the groups became more obvious with time, and the number of surviving cells in the 20 g / ml vs.
- bicyclic platinum group was less than the 10 ⁇ g / ml bicyclic platinum group.
- the above results show that bicycloplatin has a significant growth inhibitory effect on human liver BEL-7402 cells cultured in vitro and shows a dose-effect relationship (see Figure 4).
- Bicycloplatin has the function of selectively killing cancer cells within a certain dose range without harming normal cells.
- Hepatocellular carcinoma cells treated with bicycloplatin have different degrees of degenerative changes with increasing drug concentration, a large number of vacuoles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, until necrotic changes, nuclear shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, nuclear dissolution, The organelle completely disintegrates (see Figure 6-11).
- IC 50 of BGC-823 cells 14.80 ⁇ 1.34 g / ml concentration g / ml 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.13 1.56 0.78 Killing rate% 83.3 80.3 74.6 60.0 51,0 33.0 21.0 19.0 6.0 b) Apply the same method as above, dicycloplatin IC 5 measured on human oral cancer KB cells. value.
- mice Forty Kunming mice weighing 21-22 g, half male and half female, were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Right ventral liver cancer H 22 cells subcutaneously inoculated with a suspension of 0. 2 ml / only. The next day, three groups were injected intraperitoneally with bicycloplatin 30mg, 20mg, 10mg / kg, once a day for consecutive days, and the control group received IP saline. Mice were sacrificed the next day after drug withdrawal, weighing and tumor weight were calculated, and tumor suppression rate was calculated. As shown in Table 4, the mice in the administration group gained less weight, but none died, and bicycloplatin had a significant antitumor effect on H 22 . The tumor inhibition rates of 10mgg, 20mg and 30m / kg were 40.4% and 67.0%. 78.6%, respectively, and the intensity of tumor inhibition was positively correlated with the dose.
- Bicycloplatin vs. sarcoma S 18 was measured by the same method as the above test. The tumor suppression rate is shown in Table 5. It is shown that bicyclic platinum also has a significant inhibitory effect on S 18Q , and has a dose-response relationship.
- liver and spleen of the administration group had congestion and edema to varying degrees. There were no organic lesions caused by drugs in other organs.
- Bicyclic platinum was used to treat human normal fibroblasts, epidermal cells, lung cancer cells, and melanoma cells. The experimental results are shown in Figure 5. Within a certain dose range, normal fibroblasts and epidermal cells were not damaged, while lung cancer cells and melanoma were not damaged. Cells were killed by 50% and 80%, respectively, showing that bicycloplatin could selectively kill cancer cells without harming normal cells.
- An oral capsule consisting of bicycloplatin and excipients.
- the patient's oral capsule contains 20-30mg of bicycloplatin.
- Bicyclic platinum water injection 5 ml ampoule, bicyclic platinum content 1%, intravenous injection once every other day, 2 sticks each time.
- Bicycloplatin solution is dissolved in 100ml 5% glucose 0.9% sodium chloride injection. After dripping, 100 ml of sodium chloride injection solution was used for dripping, 6 times (12 ampoules) as a course of treatment. After two weeks, a second course of treatment was given. After 3 consecutive courses of treatment, a comprehensive examination was performed.
- bicyclic platinum injections were also infused at the same time, 2 tubes / time, once every other day, a total of 60 drugs were administered for several courses.
- the patient's mental state and appetite were good, and his weight increased from 59Kg to 61Kg.
- the contrast before and after hemogram treatment was little changed, and the treatment effect was good.
- Meng a 48-year-old male, was diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma stage IV by the 301 hospital. He received bicycloplatin injection and oral bicycloplatin capsules. All the symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and sputum had disappeared and he was basically cured.
- Figure 1 is the infrared spectrum of bicyclic platinum
- FIG. 2A is a -NMR spectrum of bicyclic platinum
- 2B and 2C are negative ion ESI-MS (electrospray mass spectrometry) diagrams of bicyclic platinum;
- FIG. 3 is an X-ray quaternary diffraction unit cell packing diagram of bicyclic platinum
- Figure 4 is a graph of the growth curve of human liver cancer BEL-7402 cells with bicycloplatin
- Fig. 5 is a graph showing the selective killing of cancer cells by bicycloplatin
- Figure 6 is the blank BEL-7402 monthly package (EM X 10000);
- Figure 7 is a blank control BEL-7402 fine monthly package (EM X 6000);
- Figure 8 shows the vacuolar transformation of BEL-7402 cells (EM X 12000);
- Figure 9 shows monthly degeneration of BEL-7402 cells (EM X 12000).
- Figure 10 shows the fragmentation of BEL-7402 nuclei (EM X 6000).
- Figure 11 shows the fragmentation of the BEL-7402 fine moon envelope (EM X 8000).
- 3291cm— 1 is the stretching vibration peak of Pt—NH3;
- the above infrared spectral data is a fingerprint characterization of 1,1-cyclobutyldicarboxydiammine platinum ( ⁇ ) (referred to as bicyclic platinum).
- Bicyclic platinum molecular weight 515.36.
- Figure 2B clearly shows the M-1 excimer ion peak m / 2 514. The fragments represented by all the peaks in Figure 2C are reasonable based on the structure of the organic compound.
- “ginseng” indicates a control group
- “ ⁇ ” indicates 10 ⁇ ⁇ / ⁇ 1
- “X” indicates 20 (g / ml.)
- “ ⁇ ” indicates normal human fibroblasts, and indicates normal human epidermal cells. Indicates a human melanoma cell
- " ⁇ " indicates a human liver cancer cell.
- bicycloplatin 50g was dissolved in 5000ml of purified water, 7.5g of medical charcoal was adsorbed and filtered, and it was filtered twice with a 2um filter membrane. It was divided into 1000 5ml ampoules, and the injection was sealed by burning.
- the bicyclic platinum of formula (II) prepared in the above Examples 1 3 4 and 7 are colorless needle-like crystals, and are made into white microcrystalline powder in micellar applications.
- the novel bisaminodiaminoplatinate derivative of formula (I) of the present invention has an unexpected effect in treating cancer.
- the bis (diaminocarboxylic acid) diamino complex platinum derivative of the present invention is characterized by:
- the compound forms a cage-like molecular scab through four hydrogen bonds in the molecule, and locks platinum atoms in the cage, which makes the compound have certain stability, weakens the attack of water molecules, and ensures stability in water. It well overcomes the fatal weakness of platinum-based compounds with high toxicity and instability in water, and retains the significant advantages of its medicinal effect. It greatly improves water solubility and stability in water. It can be used subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously and orally. Dosing. Not only has higher anticancer activity of platinum anticancer drugs, but also greatly reduces its toxicity. And overcome its instability in water. Its significant features are as follows, taking the bicyclic platinum compound of formula (II) as an example:
- High anti-cancer activity such as IC 5 for breast cancer cells.
- Carboplatin 9.30 ⁇ g / ml
- Bicycloplatin 2.80 g / ml
- carboplatin 8.45 ⁇ g / ml
- bicyclic platinum 1.30 ⁇ g / ml
- the broad anticancer spectrum has significant effects on secretory cancer, head and neck cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, bowel cancer, and lymphoma.
- the clinical trial toxicity was 0 to 1 degree (classified by WHO five degrees), and there was no adverse reaction in clinical patients.
- diammonium diaminoplatinate derivative is effective not only by injection but also by oral administration.
- capsules made of the bicyclic platinum compound of formula ( ⁇ ) as the main agent and supplemented with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients have undergone long-term, large-scale clinical oral trials and have significant curative effects.
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- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/019,150 US6699901B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-26 | Dicarboxylato diammine platinum derivatives and compositions comprising them as anti-tumor agents |
CA002370692A CA2370692C (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-26 | Antitumor derivative of double dicarboxylic acid diaminoplatin complex, process for the preparing thereof, the pharmaceutical composition containing the same and application of the derivative |
DE60006810T DE60006810T2 (de) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-26 | Dicarboxylato-diamin-platin-derivate und zusammensetzungen die diese als antitumormittel enthalten |
EP00963859A EP1186610B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-26 | Dicarboxylato diammine platinum derivatives and compositions comprising them as anti-tumor agents |
JP2001564191A JP3697210B2 (ja) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-26 | 二重ジカルボン酸ジアミノプラチン錯体の抗腫瘍誘導体、その調製方法、それを含む薬剤組成物及びその誘導体の適用方法 |
AU75038/00A AU777685B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-26 | An antitumor derivative of double dicarboxylic acid diaminoplatin complex and the pharmaceutical composition thereof |
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CN00103393 | 2000-03-03 | ||
CN00103393.X | 2000-03-03 | ||
CN00124864A CN1121380C (zh) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-20 | 一种抗肿瘤的双二羧酸二氨络铂衍生物及其药物组合物 |
CN00124864.2 | 2000-09-20 |
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PCT/CN2000/000290 WO2001064696A1 (fr) | 2000-03-03 | 2000-09-26 | Derives de carboxylate de complexes de (diamine)platine et leur application dans des compositions comme agents anticancereux |
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US (1) | US6699901B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1186610B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3697210B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100442096B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1121380C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU777685B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2370692C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60006810T2 (zh) |
PT (1) | PT1186610E (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2001064696A1 (zh) |
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WO2019161526A1 (zh) * | 2018-02-22 | 2019-08-29 | 昆明贵研药业有限公司 | 一锅法制备双二羧酸二氨络铂(ii)衍生物的方法 |
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US4657927A (en) * | 1978-05-04 | 1987-04-14 | Research Corporation | Malonato platinum compounds |
IL76889A0 (en) * | 1984-11-02 | 1986-02-28 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Solubilised platinum compound,method for the production thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same |
-
2000
- 2000-09-20 CN CN00124864A patent/CN1121380C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-26 EP EP00963859A patent/EP1186610B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-26 CA CA002370692A patent/CA2370692C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-26 AU AU75038/00A patent/AU777685B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-09-26 KR KR10-2001-7015663A patent/KR100442096B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2000-09-26 US US10/019,150 patent/US6699901B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-26 WO PCT/CN2000/000290 patent/WO2001064696A1/zh active IP Right Grant
- 2000-09-26 JP JP2001564191A patent/JP3697210B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-26 DE DE60006810T patent/DE60006810T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-26 PT PT00963859T patent/PT1186610E/pt unknown
Patent Citations (5)
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EP0275559A1 (en) * | 1986-12-29 | 1988-07-27 | LACHEMA, n.p. | Platinum cytostatic agent |
EP0282672A1 (en) * | 1987-02-19 | 1988-09-21 | Nippon Kayaku Kabushiki Kaisha | Novel platinum complexes |
EP0642792A1 (en) * | 1993-08-11 | 1995-03-15 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Stabilized solutions of platinum (II) antitumor agents |
WO1995020956A1 (en) * | 1994-02-07 | 1995-08-10 | Kiss Laboratories S.R.O. | Anti-tumour medical preparation on the basis of carboplatin and the method of its production |
JPH0820594A (ja) * | 1994-07-06 | 1996-01-23 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk | 抗腫瘍性シクロアルカンアミン誘導体白金(iv)錯体 |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2027853A2 (en) | 2004-06-18 | 2009-02-25 | GPC Biotech Inc. | Kinase inhibitors for treating cancers |
EP2298292A2 (en) | 2004-06-18 | 2011-03-23 | Agennix USA Inc. | Kinase inhibitors for treating cancers |
EP2298291A2 (en) | 2004-06-18 | 2011-03-23 | Agennix USA Inc. | Kinase inhibitors for treating cancers |
WO2010149666A1 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-12-29 | Medexis S.A. | Methods for treating neoplasia |
WO2011029639A2 (en) | 2009-09-08 | 2011-03-17 | Medexis S.A. | Compounds and methods for treating neoplasia |
WO2012013816A1 (en) | 2010-07-30 | 2012-02-02 | Medexis S.A. | Compounds and methods for treating neoplasia |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60006810T2 (de) | 2005-01-05 |
DE60006810D1 (de) | 2004-01-08 |
JP3697210B2 (ja) | 2005-09-21 |
AU7503800A (en) | 2001-09-12 |
JP2003529566A (ja) | 2003-10-07 |
AU777685B2 (en) | 2004-10-28 |
CA2370692C (en) | 2005-09-20 |
US6699901B1 (en) | 2004-03-02 |
EP1186610A1 (en) | 2002-03-13 |
EP1186610B1 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
PT1186610E (pt) | 2004-04-30 |
CA2370692A1 (en) | 2001-09-07 |
KR20020095022A (ko) | 2002-12-20 |
CN1121380C (zh) | 2003-09-17 |
KR100442096B1 (ko) | 2004-07-30 |
CN1311183A (zh) | 2001-09-05 |
EP1186610A4 (en) | 2002-07-10 |
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