WO2001037722A1 - Procede de mesure non invasive d'analytes de fluides corporels - Google Patents

Procede de mesure non invasive d'analytes de fluides corporels Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001037722A1
WO2001037722A1 PCT/DK2000/000645 DK0000645W WO0137722A1 WO 2001037722 A1 WO2001037722 A1 WO 2001037722A1 DK 0000645 W DK0000645 W DK 0000645W WO 0137722 A1 WO0137722 A1 WO 0137722A1
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Prior art keywords
analyte
wavelength
tissue
microns
electromagnetic radiation
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PCT/DK2000/000645
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English (en)
Inventor
P. S. Ramanujam
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Forskningscenter Risø
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Application filed by Forskningscenter Risø filed Critical Forskningscenter Risø
Priority to AU13833/01A priority Critical patent/AU1383301A/en
Publication of WO2001037722A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001037722A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the non-invasive measurement of analytes in body fluids. It further relates to an apparatus for the non-invasive meas- urement of the presence or absence of analytes in body fluids.
  • analytes such as glucose in blood is traditionally carried out by extracting a blood sample from the body followed by the measurement of a particular analyte.
  • Non-invasive optical measurement of a body fluid analyte can be performed by directing a beam of light onto the body. The light is modified by the tissue after transmission through the target area. The content of the tissue will be optically fingerprinted by the diffuse light that escapes the tissue it has penetrated. The absorbance of light by any tissue depends on the chemical components in the tissue.
  • Infrared spectroscopy measures the electromagnetic radiation that a substance absorbs at various wavelengths.
  • the atoms constituting the molecules of the tissue are not stationary, but vibrate constantly. Absorption of light of the appropriate energy causes the molecule to become excited to a higher vibrational state.
  • the excitation of the molecule oc- curs only at certain discrete energy levels, which are characteristic for a particular molecule.
  • the penetration of light at these wavelength intervals typically is less than 100 ⁇ m. This penetration depth has proven to be impractical for measurements through the skin tissue, and therefore previously described techniques have not been successful due to the lack of light penetrating through the tissue.
  • some researchers have measured glucose in the aqueous humor of the eye. In the eye light travels through the cornea. The cornea is contrary to all other tissues translucent, and more importantly there is substantially no scattering of light in the cornea.
  • the aqueous humor of the eye is a limped liquid characterised by having a content of urea and glucose lower than in the blood plasma.
  • Vibrational spectra of molecules can also be obtained through Raman scattering.
  • J. Lambert et al. disclose a method for the in vitro measurement of glucose in a rabbit aqueous humor model using Raman spec- trometry.
  • Raman spectrometry is used to determine the characteristics of a particular scattering material (the incident light differs in absorption band from that of the substance).
  • J. Lambert et al. measured glucose levels by applying laser emitting light to the artificial aqueous humor.
  • the Raman spectrum for principal analytes of the aqueous humor were determined. These analytes were glucose, lactate, ascor- bate, and urea.
  • a major problem for spectral analysis in the mid-infrared range is the lack of suitable light sources.
  • compact lead salt diode lasers at this particular wavelength have become available on the market.
  • these lasers have to be cryo- genically cooled for operation.
  • quantum cascade (QC) lasers using conventional GaAs technology operating in the mid- infrared spectrum.
  • Quantum cascade lasers are increasingly used in experimental mid-infrared optical systems, replacing lead-salt diode lasers.
  • High power quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature have been demonstrated by Namjou et al. (Opt. Lett. 23, 219, 1998).
  • the present invention presents a method of non-invasive measurement of a body fluid analyte using infra red and Raman spectrometry in the mid-infrared range.
  • the method is an improvement of the practical and frequent measurement of blood fluid analytes, and may be used by both private and professional individuals.
  • the inven- tion discloses a method of analyte measurement through a complex multi-layered tissue, such as the skin tissue, as opposed to prior art measurements in areas of significant anatomical difference to the skin tissue, such as the aqueous humor.
  • the present invention relates to a method for the non-invasive measurement of the presence or absence of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte, comprising the steps of:
  • the parameter is able to be correlated to the presence or absence of the at least one analyte
  • the invention describes an apparatus for the non-invasive measurement of the presence or absence of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte, comprising the means for:
  • the invention discloses the use of a method for the measurement of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte, and the use of an apparatus for the measurement of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte.
  • Fig.1 shows the visible absorption spectrum of a fingernail. The absorption is seen to decrease almost exponentially as a function of wavelength. A theoretical fit to the measured curve as an exponential decay predicts a value of the absorbance of 1.5 at a wavelength of 10 microns. The theoretical fit is also shown in the figure.
  • Fig. 2 shows a confocal Raman spectrum of the tissue through a fingernail.
  • the spectrum was recorded at a wavelength of 780 nm in order to avoid any excessive absorption or scattering at lower wavelengths.
  • Many of the absorption features of the spectra can be correlated with those found by Williams et al. ("Raman spectra of human keratotic biopolymers: Skin tissue, Callus, Hair and Nail", A. C. Williams, H. G. M. Edwards and B. W. Barry, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, vol. 25, 95-98
  • Fig. 3 is a mid-infrared laser. This can be a tunable laser covering the wavelength range 9.2 to 10.7 microns.
  • the light from the laser is shone at the finger through the fingernail, which is shown stylistically as (3).
  • the laser passes through a beamsplitter (2), in order to gather the scattered light from the nail and the tissue below the nail.
  • (4) is a detector to detect the scattered light
  • (5) is an electronic processing and display unit.
  • Fig. 4 is a modification of the set-up shown in Fig. 1.
  • a polariser (6) is placed in the path of the incident beam and another polariser (7), whose direction of polarization is orthogonally oriented to (6).
  • light is detected at the same wavelength. All the polarised light resulting from scattering from the nail can be eliminated by the polariser (7) and only depolarised scattering from the tissue and blood can be detected at the detector (4).
  • Fig. 5 is a simple set-up to detect Raman scattering from the nail and tissue.
  • a filter (8) is placed in the scattered light such that it only transmits those frequencies that are Raman shifted by the glucose molecules.
  • Fig. 6 is the same as Fig. 2 except the polariser (7) is mounted on rotation stage.
  • the rotation of the plane of incident radiation due to the glucose molecules can be detected.
  • Suitable precautions have to be taken in this case in order to eliminate the plane of rotation by other biologically active molecules, such as keratin, cholesterol etc.
  • a magnetic field may be applied.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for the non-invasive measurement of a body fluid analyte.
  • the present invention is based on the fact that absorbances of analytes of a body fluid may be accessible through the skin tissue.
  • the method according to the invention for the non-invasive measurement of the presence or absence of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte comprises the steps of:
  • This range of wave- lengths of particular interest to the invention is in the mid-infrared spectrum.
  • the at least one wavelength corresponds to a wavelength outside the absorption range of the analyte and thereby provides a reference.
  • the wavelength applied is dependent on the analyte of interest.
  • the analyte may have an absorbance in the wavelength of irradiation of more than 5 microns.
  • the wavelength of irradiation is more than 7 microns.
  • the wavelength of irradiation is more than 9 microns.
  • the absorbance spectrum of glucose is entailed in the latter wavelength range.
  • the irradiation of the tissue is performed with at least one wavelength.
  • the at least one wavelength corresponds to the absorption of an analyte.
  • the at least one wavelength corresponds to a wavelength outside the absorption range of the analyte and thereby provides a reference.
  • the tissue is irradiated for 1 to 60 seconds, such as from 1-30 seconds or 1-20 seconds, or 1-10 seconds, or 3-7 seconds. In a preferred em- bodiment the tissue is irradiated for approximately 5 seconds. The length of time of which the tissue is irradiated is dependent on the tissue type in question and of the nature of the analyte to be measured.
  • the parameter detected may be correlated to the presence or absence of the at least one analyte.
  • the parameters measured may be intensity, wavelength, and polarisation. Variations in intensity of the back scattered reflected light will be less due to scattering and absorption due to the constituent molecules in the tissue.
  • the scattered light may also occur at different wavelengths due to Raman scattering.
  • a change in the polarisation of the scattered light as well as a rotation of the plane of the incident polarised light may also occur due to fibres aligned in a particular direction in the tissue or due to the chirality of the molecules constituting the tissue, or due to an external magnetic field.
  • tissue is meant surface tissue, such as the skin tissue, nails, or mucosa. It does not cover volumes of fluid, such as the aqueous humor of the eye, nor artificial aqueous humor.
  • the body analyte is measured through at least one finger.
  • the light is shone on at least one finger, whereby the level of the desired analyte is determined.
  • different areas of tissue may be irradiated for the measurement of different analytes.
  • at least two different areas on at least one finger are irradiated. This may provide for the simultanous measurement of at least two different analytes.
  • At least two different areas of tissue on the at least two different fingers are irradiated.
  • At least one area of tissue on at least two different fingers are irradiated. This may serve to increase the significance of measurement of the level of the analyte.
  • the irradiated tissue is at least one fingernail.
  • Nails are composed of keratin fibres more or less aligned parallel to the direction of growth.
  • the nail itself is translucent and colourless, allowing the colour of the blood in the superficial capillaries in the nail bed to show through. Thus, it is possible to access the blood capillaries and other body fluids through optical means relatively easy.
  • the basis of at least one fingernail is irradiated.
  • the basis of the fingernail is thinner than the top of the fingernail, and therefore radiation directed towards the fingernail basis must travel a shorter distance before reaching the analyte in question, and the back scattered light may represent a more precise starting point for the analysis of the levels of the analyte.
  • tissue fibres of the invention are substantially parallel.
  • substantially parallel means that the fibres are aligned almost exclusively parallel.
  • the alignment of the tissue fibres is important for the direction the radiation will pursue once it has contacted the tissue, and is scattered back.
  • a preferred tissue area is an area where at least a part of the tissue comprises fibres substantially parallel.
  • the spectrum of keratin shows an absorption at 1087 cm “1 (corresponding to a wavelength of 9.2 microns).
  • the refractive index of keratin (hair) is 1.555. Since the absorption wavelengths for keratin and other analytes, such as glucose are different, it is possible to distinguish between keratin and glucose at a wavelength of 9.7 ⁇ m because keratin does not absorb at 9.7 ⁇ m.
  • the optical properties at a characteristic wavelength of keratin is measured. Furthermore, according to the invention this characteristic wavelength of keratin is 9.1-9.3 microns.
  • the optical properties at a characteristic wavelength of water is measured.
  • This characteristic wavelength of water according to the invention is between 10.6-10.8 microns. Since the absorption due to water in the 9 - 1 1 ⁇ m range is known, an interpolation may be performed for water absorption at 9.7 ⁇ m.
  • the characteristic wavelengths at which measurements are performed are those of the analyte, water and keratin. These characteristics are important to determine due to the high content of water in body fluids and the composition of a nail for example as described above.
  • the finger(s) is placed in a device designed to accommodate the finger prior to irradiation. However, if the finger is not positioned correctly inside the device an alarm will go off. This may enable the person carrying out the measurement and may also ensure the correct measurement of the analyte in question.
  • the analytes measured may be any body fluid analyte, such as glucose, urea, cholesterol, and alcohol.
  • the method of the invention may be applied to fields, wherein a need for the uncomplicated and fast determination of a body fluid analyte is impor- tant.
  • one application may be the determination of blood glu- cose, for example in patients with diabetes.
  • Another application may be in the general health care system for the determination of analytes, such as narcotics. This application may result in the rapid diagnose of patients who have overdosed.
  • a further application may be for the diagnostics of anaemia or cancer.
  • the analyte is alcohol whose absorption lies between 6 and 16 ⁇ m.
  • the invention measuring alcohol may be useful in law enforcement situations, such as when the instant determination of the blood alcohol percentage of motor vehicle drivers is required.
  • the present invention may be applied to determine a particular body fluid analyte in a transgene animal.
  • the transgene animal may have been manipulated in order to express a particular analyte, such as a protein.
  • the present invention provides for a method of determining the presence or absence of a particular analyte.
  • the analyte is glucose absorbing at a wavelength of between 6 and 14 microns and more specifically a wavelength of 9.6- 9.8 microns.
  • the analyte is urea having a wavelength of 6.8 microns.
  • the determination of the concentration of urea is important for diagnostic purposes, such as in certain diseases.
  • the analyte is cholesterol absorbing at a wavelength of between 6.5 and 10.5 microns, and having a wavelength of 7.3 microns.
  • the application of the present invention for the measurement of cholesterol may be beneficial in self examination situations, wherein a person wishes to obtain information on the status of the cholesterol levels.
  • the analyte may be present in any body fluid, such as serum and plasma.
  • the body fluid is blood.
  • Many important analytes of interest for diagnostic purposes are present in the blood.
  • the blood capillaries are vastly distributed in the body, some being in close proximity to the surface of the body, and thereby being accessible for irradiation.
  • tissue of even pigmentation is preferred for the irradiation.
  • the pigmentation of the tissue may be considered when analysing the data of measurement.
  • the presence or absence of the at least one body fluid analyte is measured quantitatively, by determining the amount of a given analyte.
  • Raman spectrometry may be one example of a quantitative analysis.
  • Infrared spec- trometry is another example of quantitative analysis.
  • the presence or absence of the at least one body fluid analyte is measured qualitatively. In many cases, it is enough just to determine whether a particular species is present in the tissue. In this case, a positive signal such as a signal at a particular wavelength is enough to show the presence of the species.
  • the temperature of the tissue is measured.
  • the temperature of the tissue may be measured prior to the irradiation or it may occur simultaneous to the irradiation. Additionally, the temperature may be measured after the irradiation of the tissue. Regardless of the time of the temperature measurement the temperature is considered when determining the absence and presence of the at least one analyte.
  • the measurement of the temperature is important due to individual differences in temperature.
  • the skin tissue temperature may vary greatly from individual to individual, and it is also dependent on the environment. It is mostly in the external body tissue layers that fluctuations occur.
  • the temperature differences may be compensated for.
  • filters are used for the measure- ment at shifted wavelength.
  • interference filters are used for the isolation of a band of wavelengths.
  • notch filters are used for the isolation of a band of wavelengths.
  • the filters used according to the invention may be any filter capable of filtering "noise" interfering with the detection of the band of the analyte measured.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide for an apparatus for the non- invasive measurement of the presence or absence of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte, comprising the means for:
  • the parameter is able to be correlated to the presence or absence of the at least one analyte
  • the preferred source of light according to the invention is a laser, such as a compact diode laser or a quantum cascade laser as mentioned above.
  • the apparatus has at least one detector which is a mid-infrared detector.
  • the apparatus may entail more than one detector depending on the nature of the components of the apparatus
  • the at least one detector of the apparatus is a HgCdTe detector.
  • the optical path length through the tissue may be less than 15 mm.
  • optical path length is meant the distance travelled by light through the tissue. There is no limit on the distance between the source and the detector. In one embodiment of the invention, the source and the detector may be placed directly on the tissue in question.
  • the electromagnetic radiation from a laser is shone at the tissue through a beamsplitter, and then detected, followed by electronic processing.
  • the apparatus optionally comprises at least one polarising filter in addition to the above mentioned components of the apparatus.
  • a first polariser is placed in the path of the laser electromagnetic radiation beam and a second polariser is placed orthogonally oriented to the first polariser, and further a filter is placed in the path of the scattered electromagnetic radiation.
  • analytes such as glucose using spectral analysis in the mid-infrared range is that it is obscured by water.
  • Water is a critical matrix component in that its absorption of light creates strong absorbance bands. This can be corrected for through a measurement of the back scattered light just outside the absorption of the analyte band, and from known absorbance tables in the literature.
  • the corrected absorption spectrum at 9.7 ⁇ m may resemble a correlation to a particular analyte concentration level in the blood, such as the glucose concentration level.
  • the apparatus may be applied with a magnetic field.
  • a magnetic field may be applied to enhance the optical rotation.
  • glucose molecules also show a magnetic optical rotatory effect.
  • a magnetic field is applied parallel to the direction of the incident radiation.
  • the magnetic field is modulated at a few hertz, and a lock-in detection mechanism may be employed. This effect may be enhanced when the irradiated light has a wavelength close to an absorption maximum of the analyte. This absorption can be due to the fundamental or harmonic frequencies of the analyte, and thus may also be measured in the near- infrared spectrum.
  • the magnetic field may be applied perpendicular to the light path.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a method as defined above for the measurement of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte, and the use of an apparatus for the measurement of at least one animal, including human, body fluid analyte.
  • Figure 1 is an illustration of the measurement of the back-scattered (reflected) intensity of light at 9.7 ⁇ m through the nail.
  • a reference measurement of the scattered light from the nail alone is made first at 9.2 ⁇ m, 9.7 ⁇ m and 10.7 ⁇ m, respectively. Then measurements are made through the nail from the blood capillaries at the same wavelengths. Measurements at 9.2 ⁇ m and 10.7 ⁇ m serve as reference measurements at wavelengths outside the glucose absorption band, by making use of the tunability of the laser, to eliminate interference due to keratin and water. Since the absorption due to water in the 9 - 11 ⁇ m range is known, an interpolation is performed for water absorption at 9.7 ⁇ m. The corrected absorption spectrum at 9.7 ⁇ m resembles a correlation with the glucose concentration level in the blood.
  • Figure 2 shows another embodiment of the invention.
  • the polarization properties of the aligned keratin fibres in the finger nail are utilised to eliminate the back scattered radiation from the nail. Since the keratin molecules grow along the length of the nail, the back scattered light will be polarised. This is eliminated by using another polariser oriented at 90° to the first, crossing out polarised light.
  • Figure 3 displays another embodiment of the invention.
  • Raman scattering from glucose molecules will be utilised for the detection.
  • Raman scattering occurs when molecular vibrations absorb part of the incident light and emit the rest as longer wavelength irradiation.
  • a filter specifically designed for the Raman shifted frequencies enhancement in the sensitivity is achieved.

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  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne la détection non invasive d'analytes de fluides corporels. L'invention concerne notamment un procédé de mesure non invasive de la présence ou de l'absence d'au moins un analyte de fluides corporels animal, y compris humain, au moyen d'un rayonnement électromagnétique doté d'une longueur d'onde supérieure à 2,5 microns, un des tissus au moins étant un ongle. L'invention concerne également un appareil permettant la mesure non invasive de la présence ou de l'absence d'au moins un analyte de fluides corporels animal, y compris humain. L'invention concerne, par ailleurs, l'utilisation de ce procédé et de cet appareil.
PCT/DK2000/000645 1999-11-23 2000-11-21 Procede de mesure non invasive d'analytes de fluides corporels WO2001037722A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU13833/01A AU1383301A (en) 1999-11-23 2000-11-21 A non-invasive method for the measurement of body fluid analytes

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DKPA199901677 1999-11-23
DKPA199901677 1999-11-23

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WO2001037722A1 true WO2001037722A1 (fr) 2001-05-31

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1795119A1 (fr) * 2005-11-30 2007-06-13 Keio University Dispositif de mesure non-invasif pour une substance présente dans le sang via un ongle et dispositif d'évaporation d'ongle
US9442065B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-09-13 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for synthesis of zyotons for use in collision computing for noninvasive blood glucose and other measurements
US9554738B1 (en) 2016-03-30 2017-01-31 Zyomed Corp. Spectroscopic tomography systems and methods for noninvasive detection and measurement of analytes using collision computing
WO2018122319A1 (fr) * 2016-12-30 2018-07-05 Swiss Spectral Ag Dispositif et procédé de détermination non-invasive d'analytes

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1795119A1 (fr) * 2005-11-30 2007-06-13 Keio University Dispositif de mesure non-invasif pour une substance présente dans le sang via un ongle et dispositif d'évaporation d'ongle
JP2007175487A (ja) * 2005-11-30 2007-07-12 Keio Gijuku 経爪無侵襲血中物質測定装置及び爪甲蒸散装置
US8145286B2 (en) 2005-11-30 2012-03-27 Keio University Noninvasive measuring device for substance in blood via nail and a nail evaporation device
US9453794B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-09-27 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for blood glucose and other analyte detection and measurement using collision computing
US9448165B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-09-20 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for control of illumination or radiation collection for blood glucose and other analyte detection and measurement using collision computing
US9448164B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-09-20 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for noninvasive blood glucose and other analyte detection and measurement using collision computing
US9442065B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-09-13 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for synthesis of zyotons for use in collision computing for noninvasive blood glucose and other measurements
US9459202B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-10-04 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for collision computing for detection and noninvasive measurement of blood glucose and other substances and events
US9459201B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-10-04 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for noninvasive blood glucose and other analyte detection and measurement using collision computing
US9459203B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-10-04 Zyomed, Corp. Systems and methods for generating and using projector curve sets for universal calibration for noninvasive blood glucose and other measurements
US9610018B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2017-04-04 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for measurement of heart rate and other heart-related characteristics from photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals using collision computing
US9554738B1 (en) 2016-03-30 2017-01-31 Zyomed Corp. Spectroscopic tomography systems and methods for noninvasive detection and measurement of analytes using collision computing
WO2018122319A1 (fr) * 2016-12-30 2018-07-05 Swiss Spectral Ag Dispositif et procédé de détermination non-invasive d'analytes

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