WO2001028703A1 - Procede de fabrication d'une poutre a partir d'une feuille de metal - Google Patents

Procede de fabrication d'une poutre a partir d'une feuille de metal Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001028703A1
WO2001028703A1 PCT/CA2000/001205 CA0001205W WO0128703A1 WO 2001028703 A1 WO2001028703 A1 WO 2001028703A1 CA 0001205 W CA0001205 W CA 0001205W WO 0128703 A1 WO0128703 A1 WO 0128703A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flanges
metal sheet
another
unsplit
sheet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2000/001205
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Federico G. Jaekel
Original Assignee
Cosma International Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cosma International Inc. filed Critical Cosma International Inc.
Priority to CA002383890A priority Critical patent/CA2383890A1/fr
Priority to US10/110,342 priority patent/US6718812B1/en
Priority to AU77673/00A priority patent/AU7767300A/en
Priority to BR0014894-6A priority patent/BR0014894A/pt
Priority to EP00967487A priority patent/EP1224044A1/fr
Publication of WO2001028703A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001028703A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/15—Making tubes of special shape; Making tube fittings
    • B21C37/155—Making tubes with non circular section
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/08—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling structural sections, i.e. work of special cross-section, e.g. angle steel
    • B21B1/0815—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling structural sections, i.e. work of special cross-section, e.g. angle steel from flat-rolled products, e.g. by longitudinal shearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/15—Making tubes of special shape; Making tube fittings
    • B21C37/151—Making tubes with multiple passages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D47/00—Making rigid structural elements or units, e.g. honeycomb structures
    • B21D47/01—Making rigid structural elements or units, e.g. honeycomb structures beams or pillars
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E04C3/07—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/08—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling structural sections, i.e. work of special cross-section, e.g. angle steel
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/043—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the hollow cross-section comprising at least one enclosed cavity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0439—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the cross-section comprising open parts and hollow parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
    • E04C2003/0456—H- or I-shaped hollow flanged, i.e. "dogbone" metal beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0478—X-shaped

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for making a beam from a metal sheet.
  • the present invention relates to a method for making a tubular beam from a sheet wherein one or both of the edges of the sheet are split so as to form flanges, the flanges are then bent so as to provide one or more tubular portions along the edges of the beam.
  • Elongated metal beams are used throughout the frame of a motor vehicle.
  • One such beam for example, is the intrusion beam used in motor vehicle doors.
  • special attention must be paid to ensuring that the beam is sufficiently rigid to withstand the loads and impacts applied to it.
  • the beam should also be kept lightweight enough to ensure that the resulting vehicle is fuel efficient and easy to handle.
  • vehicle frame manufacturers have typically utilized I-beams and stamped or roll-formed metal beams.
  • the common desired feature among all of these known beam or frame members is that they have a relatively high resistance to bending and torsion without unnecessarily adding to the overall weight of the vehicle. While these known frame members have been viewed as satisfactory, it would be desirable to provide an alternative, cost-effective and relatively simple method for providing a frame member that achieves the desired bending and torsional resistance and weight characteristics for a vehicle frame.
  • a metal sheet is provided.
  • the metal sheet has first and second side edges extending longitudinally along opposing sides of the metal sheet and first and second generally parallel opposing face surfaces provided between the first and second side edges.
  • First and second integral flanges are formed from a portion of the metal sheet by splitting the portion of the metal sheet at one of the first and second side edges while leaving a portion of the metal sheet unsplit. Then the first and second flanges are bent so as to provide the metal sheet with a tubular portion extending along one side of and integrally formed with the unsplit portion. Then, the first and second flanges are fixed against movement relative to one another.
  • the thickness of the metal sheet may be split in the manner described above by using a splitting tool.
  • the manner in which the flanges are bent may be in one of two ways.
  • the first way is to bend the flanges so that the free ends are moved towards the unsplit portion of the sheet and then fix the free ends of the flanges to the first and second surfaces of the metal sheet by welding or the like.
  • the flanges will form two tubular portions. Where both edges on opposite sides of the metal sheet are split, two tubular portions are formed on both sides of the web, with a central unsplit web extending therebetween.
  • the second way to bend the flanges is to bring the free ends thereof into engagement with one another and then secure the free ends together by welding of the likes so as to provide the metal sheet with a single tubular portion. Where both edges on opposite sides of the metal sheet are split, a single tubular portion is formed on both sides of the web, with the web extending therebetween.
  • the method of the present invention is a simple and inexpensive way of forming a tubular beam from a metal sheet.
  • the tubular beam resulting from the method of the present invention may be used in the frame of the motor vehicle or may be used at any other point in the vehicle where the use of such a member (either straight or bent) would be desired.
  • the beam could be used in a vehicle door as an intrusion beam or in a vehicle roof for support.
  • the method of the present invention may be applied to other fields outside the automotive industry.
  • Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a metal sheet with a pair of splitting tools schematically shown and positioned adjacent to the side edges thereof in accordance with the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1 with the splitting tools moved inwardly relative to the sheet so as to create a pair of flanges on each side of the metal sheet;
  • Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the flanges formed in accordance with the splitting operation of Fig. 2 bent away from one another and secured to the opposing face surfaces of the metal sheet so as to create a beam with a cross-section similar to a four-leaf clover;
  • Fig. 4 is a perspective view showing the beam of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the flanges being attached to one another after the splitting operation of Fig. 2 so as to create a beam having two tubular portions, one tubular portion on each side;
  • Fig. 6 is a perspective view of the beam shown in Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 1 shows a metal sheet 10 having first and second side edges 12, 14 extending longitudinally with respect to the sheet 10 and a pair of generally parallel first and second face surfaces 16, 18 extending between the side edges 12, 14.
  • a pair of splitting tools 20, 22 are shown schematically in Fig. 1 and extend longitudinally alongside the sheet 10 adjacent edges 12, 14. These splitting tools 20, 22 have sharpened edges 24, 26 facing inwardly towards the side edges 12, 14 of the metal sheet 10. The sharpened edges 24, 26 are designed to split or cut the sheet as the splitting tools 20, 22 are engaged with the side edges 12, 14 of the sheet 10 and moved inwardly with respect to the sheet 10.
  • the splitting tools 20, 22 are shown schematically in Fig. 1 , it is to be understood that they may be of any type of tool suitable for splitting through the thickness of a metal sheet.
  • the tools 20, 22 each comprise a splitting wheel or roller rotatable about an axis a.
  • the tools 20, 22 may be mounted on reciprocating hydraulic rams or any other suitable device from moving the splitting tools 20, 22 towards one another and into engagement with the side edges 12, 14 of the metal sheet 10 and then through their inward splitting movement.
  • a stationary holding device (not shown) is provided for holding the metal sheet 10 between the splitting tools 20, 22 while the splitting operation is performed.
  • the holding device may be a single pair of clamping members that are located between the splitting tools 20, 22. These clamping members can be moved towards one another and brought into engagement with the centers of opposing face surfaces 16, 18 of the metal sheet 10 to hold the sheet 10 in place.
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows the splitting tools 20, 22 being brought into engagement with the side edges 12, 14 of the metal sheet 10 and moved inwardly towards one another (i.e., towards the center web of the metal sheet 10) to perform a splitting operation.
  • the splitting tools 20, 22 are moved towards one another, they split portions of the sheet 10 extending inwardly from the respective edges 12,14 thereof so that the split portions of the sheet 10 are divided into a pair of flanges while leaving an unsplit central web 44.
  • the use of two splitting tools one for each edge 12, 14, creates four flanges 28, 30, 32 and 34.
  • the flanges 28, 30, 32, 34 have free end 36, 38,40, 42, respectively. It is to be understood that it is within the scope of the present invention to split only one side edge of the metal sheet 10. However, it is preferred to split both side edges as shown in Fig. 2.
  • the flanges of each pair are bent away from one another so that the free ends thereof are moved inwardly towards the unsplit central web 44. Then, the free ends are fixed to the opposing face surfaces 16, 18 at the central web 44.
  • the free ends of the flanges 36, 38, 40, 42 are fixed to the first and second opposing face surfaces 16, 18 at the central web 44, preferably by welding.
  • pool welds 60, 62, 64, and 66 are illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • the free ends of the flanges may be bent and rivets or other suitable fasteners may be inserted through the bent free ends so as to fix the flanges to the central web 44.
  • the flanges 28, 30, 32, 34 may be bent so as to bring the free ends on the flanges of each pair into engagement with one another, as shown in Fig. 5. Then, the free ends are fixed to one another, preferably by welding. Seam welds 68 and 70 are illustrated in Fig. 5. Alternatively, the free ends of the flanges may be bent to form flanges and fasteners such as screws or rivets may be used to attach the bent free ends to one another.
  • a beam formed in accordance with this aspect of the invention has a cross-section as shown in Fig. 5 and an overall configuration as shown in the perspective view of Fig. 6. The cross-sectional appearance of the beam is similar to that of a bow-tie.
  • forming the beam in accordance with this aspect of the invention provides only one tubular portion on each side of the unsplit central web 44.
  • forming the beam in accordance with the earlier aspect of the invention (Figs. 3 and 4) provides the resulting beam with four tubular sections, two at each edge of the central web 44.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à un procédé de fabrication d'une poutre à partir d'une feuille de métal. Ledit procédé consiste à utiliser une feuille de métal présentant un premier et un second bord latéral, disposés longitudinalement sur les côtés opposés de la feuille de métal, et une première surface et une seconde surface opposées, généralement parallèles, situées entre les premier et second bords. Ces première et seconde surfaces opposées, généralement parallèles, définissent entre elles l'épaisseur de la feuille de métal. Cette épaisseur de la feuille de métal est divisée au niveau du premier ou du second bord latéral de manière à former une première et une seconde bride intégrée à partir d'une partie de la feuille de métal de sorte que les extrémités internes de ces première et seconde brides restent intégralement reliées à une partie non divisée de la feuille de métal. Ces première et seconde brides sont ensuite recourbées de sorte que la feuille de métal présente une partie tubulaire située le long d'un côté de la partie non divisée de laquelle elle est solidaire. Les première et seconde brides sont ensuite fixées de manière à interdire tout mouvement de l'une rapport à l'autre.
PCT/CA2000/001205 1999-10-19 2000-10-18 Procede de fabrication d'une poutre a partir d'une feuille de metal WO2001028703A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002383890A CA2383890A1 (fr) 1999-10-19 2000-10-18 Procede de fabrication d'une poutre a partir d'une feuille de metal
US10/110,342 US6718812B1 (en) 1999-10-19 2000-10-18 Method for making a beam from a metal sheet
AU77673/00A AU7767300A (en) 1999-10-19 2000-10-18 Method for making a beam from a metal sheet
BR0014894-6A BR0014894A (pt) 1999-10-19 2000-10-18 Método para fabricar uma viga a partir de uma chapa de metal
EP00967487A EP1224044A1 (fr) 1999-10-19 2000-10-18 Procede de fabrication d'une poutre a partir d'une feuille de metal

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16020899P 1999-10-19 1999-10-19
US60/160,208 1999-10-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001028703A1 true WO2001028703A1 (fr) 2001-04-26

Family

ID=22575956

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CA2000/001205 WO2001028703A1 (fr) 1999-10-19 2000-10-18 Procede de fabrication d'une poutre a partir d'une feuille de metal

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1224044A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU7767300A (fr)
BR (1) BR0014894A (fr)
CA (1) CA2383890A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001028703A1 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2033349A1 (fr) * 1969-02-18 1970-12-04 Bendix Corp
JPS5530334A (en) * 1978-08-25 1980-03-04 Nippon Kokan Kk <Nkk> Production of circular flange h-shape steel
JPH0484601A (ja) * 1990-07-25 1992-03-17 Nippon Steel Corp 連続継手型形鋼の圧延方法
WO1997027009A1 (fr) * 1996-01-26 1997-07-31 Cosma International, Inc. Profilage par technique de fendage

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2033349A1 (fr) * 1969-02-18 1970-12-04 Bendix Corp
JPS5530334A (en) * 1978-08-25 1980-03-04 Nippon Kokan Kk <Nkk> Production of circular flange h-shape steel
JPH0484601A (ja) * 1990-07-25 1992-03-17 Nippon Steel Corp 連続継手型形鋼の圧延方法
WO1997027009A1 (fr) * 1996-01-26 1997-07-31 Cosma International, Inc. Profilage par technique de fendage

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 004, no. 064 (M - 011) 14 May 1980 (1980-05-14) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 302 (M - 1275) 3 July 1992 (1992-07-03) *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU7767300A (en) 2001-04-30
BR0014894A (pt) 2002-06-18
CA2383890A1 (fr) 2001-04-26
EP1224044A1 (fr) 2002-07-24

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