WO2001022934A2 - Delivery of small doses of ingestible treatments - Google Patents

Abstract

Treatment of human or animal diseases, illnesses, and conditions may be effectively practiced by administering extremely small dosages of bioactive substances which cause a 'trigger effect'. By neurostimulating the human's or animal's brain one effects a positive physical manifestation by substantially solely influencing the human's or animal's gustatory, or gustatory and olfactory, receptors. This is typically accomplished using a delivery vehicle (such as a wafer, lozenge, or capsule) containing only between about 8 micrograms and 0.5 picograms (or about 5-10 microliters of about 6.7 x 10-8 to 2.5 x 10-15 molar solution) of the bioactive substance, and treatment is essentially as effective as if the same bioactive substance was used in conventional treatment of a patient, through the bloodstream.

Description

DELIVERY OF SMALL DOSES OF INGESTIBLE TREATMENTS

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is based upon provisional application serial no 60/155,586 filed September 24, 1999, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In co-pending application Serial No 09/270,820 filed March 18, 1999 (the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein), a novel method of delivering a medicinal or food supplement is described The delivery system involves a vehicle that may comprise a wafer that may be used in the practice of the method a method of making an approximately one hundred thousand-fold attenuation depending on the particular medicinal or food supplement, and a method of introducing the vehicle containing the attenuation As the active chemical constituents of an herbal formula are generally present in the range of about 0 1 % (for most herbs) - 80% (for certain herbs with a very high molecular weight bioactive substance) of the total weight of the herbal extracts, and the range of attenuation used in the preparation of the medicinal or food supplement ranges from between about 10 ³ to 10⁷, and the amount of diluted material applied to the delivery vehicle is 5-10 microliters, this invention delivers from 8 x 10⁵ to 5 x 10 ¹³ grams of an active substance or substances to a human or other mammal in order to get desirable results in the treatment of many illnesses, conditions and maladies The term coined herein (and it is a coined term, not previously known to have been used to describe small doses) to describe the delivery of these quantities of material to get the desirable results is nanodose It should be noted that because the molecular weights of the active constituents of the remedy are in the range of from 200 daltons to 15 000 daltons in the case of certain polysacchaπdes and glycoproteins, the molar concentration of the material in the 5-10 microliters delivered ranges from about 6 7 x 10⁸ molar to 2 5 x 10 ¹⁵ molar While in the practice of that method some active ingredient may be delivered to the bloodstream, it has been recognized that given the dilute nature of the active ingredient that is delivered, delivery by the bloodstream likely cannot account for the extremely successful results Therefore an evaluation was made as to what other mechanisms might be involved

According to the previous invention (co-pending application Serial No 09/270 820), it has been determined that by orally administering an amount of remedy that is similar to the amount found in a nanodose and using water or saliva as a pathway, and using sugar, or other carbohydrate delivery systems or the non-carbohydrate based wafer described in the above mentioned co-pending application, that effective treatment of many illnesses and conditions can be effected directly through the nervous system without any significant initial involvement by the bloodstream In that invention, Chinese hercs or other bioactive materials are present in a dilute enough form so that the structured water clusters formed from the ionic and dipolar properties of the biologically active substance exist in a stable form One can then stimulate gustatory receptors, which in turn results in nerve impulse propagation to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract, where the neural message is encoded, and the coded information is relayed to the gustatory or insular cortex where the information is further encoded Efferent signals from these areas are relayed to appropriate neurons in the mbic and hypothalamic regions, where neurotraπsmitters are released that affect cortical, endocrine, autonomic and other central nervous system pathways, so that without requiring initial involvement of the bloodstream, an illness disorder, or other malfunction may be treated and reversed It should be noted that there can be subsequent involvement of the bloodstream due to neural induction of biochemical production and secretions

The historic and technical background related to and explaining the taste stimuli, brain stem and cerebral cortex involvement, and subsequent modification of hypothalamic and mbic responses are set forth in the following discussions Some Chinese remedies that have been used clinically for convulsions and seizures contain chemical compounds that inhibit excitatory glutamate transmission via calcium channel blockage It is expected that a nanodose prepared from such a remedy would act by inhibiting the appropriate excitatory synapses, gaining access via gustatory neurophysiological pathways While, as stated above, the quantity of bioactive molecules in a nanodose preparation is on the order of from 8 micrograms to 0 5 picograms (10 ¹² gm ) The quantity of active water cluster structures in that preparation is perhaps much higher Because of the preparation procedure used for nanodoses, to be described below, it is likely that the nanodose solution that is applied to the delivery vehicle contains much higher concentrations of microcrystalline structures that are composed solely of water molecules. The structures reflect the electronic and geometric properties of the original bioactive molecule Such ice-like structures form under enormously high electrostatic pressures that are generally neglected when considering the hydratioπ of molecules and ions in aqueous solution. Such stable water clusters possess magnified electric dipole moments and contain considerable crystal lattice energy which may be imparted to cell membrane receptor molecules upon interaction The tongue is perhaps the first sensory organ that comes in contact with a dose of medicine Modern pharmacology, with its emphasis on delivery of bio-active substances through the bloodstream, has neglected the first therapeutic agency in the human body Indeed, the neural pathways from tongue and mouth to the brain are more direct than the humoral delivery of regular contemporary medicines and likely safer Nanodoses are typically applied according to the invention substantially directly to sensory receptors on the tongue, or elsewhere in the mouth, such that they reach the taste buds through the saliva

Stimulation of these gustatory receptors is known to cause either a change in ion flux or the activation of a G-protein coupled response in the membrane of the taste cell, depending on the stimuli This stimulation initiates signal transduction mechanisms which result in the propagation of nerve impulses along primary afferent nerve fibers

These primary afferents terminate in the rostral nucleus of the tractus solaπus (rNTS), in the brainstem The terminal synapse of the primary afferents when they converge at the rNTS is thought to be a glutamate synapse Glutamate synapses are excitatory synapses that function via balancing of the excitatory action of the glutamate with the inhibitory action of gamma ammo butyric acid (GABA)

If two different areas of the tongue are stimulated, l e , two different types of gustatory receptors are stimulated, the signal that reaches the rNTS at the glutamate/GABA synapse is a complex summation of the signal seen when the two areas are stimulated individually This accounts for the complex actions of the many nanodose preparations that are made from multiple components In the NTS there are also neurons containing adrenergic and mu-opioid synapses As these types of neurons are involved in sugar utilization and feeding behavior, respectively, they are expected to be responsive to gustatory cues given in nanodose form There is evidence of neural projections from the NTS to the amygdala The limbic area, which includes the amygdala and the hippocampus is known to be involved in depression, anxiety, emotions some types of learned behaviors, motivation, sexual and hedonistic behavior, feeding behavior, and fear

Some of the neural information coded in the rNTS is thought to be relayed to an area of the insular cortex sometimes referred to as the gustatory cortex, largely by glutamate/GABA coding In fact, the induction of magnetic fields in response to gustatory stimuli have been detected in this region of the brain

From the gustatory cortex, information is sent to mbic and hypothalamic areas of the brain Areas of the hypothalamus are known to be involved in maintaining circadian rhythms, control of autonomic function dietary behavior, control of blood pressure, electrolyte concentrations, thermoreguiation immune responses, reproduction, and pituitary secretion of endocrine hormones, among other things

As indicated above, the active chemical constituents of nanodose preparations have been diluted so that the quantity of bioactive molecules is on the order of about 8 micrograms - 0 5 picograms This is the approximate amount of the active substance that is applied to the caroohydrate or non-carbohydrate delivery vehicle (wafer, lactose pellet gelatin capsule) etc The only known substances active at this level in whole animal bloodstreams are extremely active neurotoxins, which are not in the class of inherently beneficial bioactive substances according to the invention

Thus substantially the only delivery mechanism for treatments according to the invention is influencing the gustatory (and possibly olfactory) receptors, which neurostimulate the brain so as to effect a positive physical manifestation in a human or animal (typically mammal) patient That is the bloodstream is not involved in the basic delivery mechanism according to the invention but rather there is a trigger effect provided by, relatively speaking, only a few molecules While in some circumstances treatment according to the invention may be followed up with more conventional treatments involving delivery through the bloodstream or nasal passageways, for many bioactive materials only treatment according to the invention need be employed

Treatment according to the invention has numerous advantages over conventional pharmacological or focd supplement treatments These advantages include much reduced expense (highly significant for some materials now costing on the order of S25-$100, or more per dose), wider-spread effective utilization of rare bioactive substances, speed of action, and significant reduction (if not elimination) of adverse side effects, while still obtaining at least substantially the same positive effectiveness of treatment

In the practice of the present invention it is believed that if too much bioactive substance is delivered at a single point in time that the "trigger effect" achieved according to the invention does not occur Therefore there is a practical limit as to the maximum amount of bioactive substance that can be delivered at one time to get the desired results according to the invention While this amount may be dependent upon the particular bioactive substance delivered, it is believed that for most, if not all, bioactive substances the upper limit is about 8 micrograms Tne minimum amount that will result in the ' trigger effect" also may be substance-dependent , but is believed to be about 0 5 picograms The "trigger effect' according to the invention results in at least substantially the same positive effectiveness of treatment for a particular bioactive substance as if the normal dose of the same bioactive substance was delivered through the bloodstream According to one aspect oτ the present invention there is provided a method of treating a human or animal by neurostimulating the human's or animal's brain to effect a positive physical manifestation by substantially solely influencing the human's or animal's gustatory or gustatory and olfactory receptors

The method as described above may be practiced so as to influence substantially only the gustatory receptors, by bringing the gustatory receptors into contact with only between about 8 micrograms and 0 5 picograms (or about 5-10 microliters of about 6 7 x 10⁸ to 2 5 x 10 ¹° molar solution) of a bioactive substance or any other narrower range within that broad range including (but not limited to) 1 x 10⁹ to 1 x 10 ¹¹ grams For example the bioactive substance may be applied on or incorporated with a delivery vehicle that is adapted to be dissolved in a human's or animal's mouth and brought into contact with the gustatory receptors on tne tongue and other portions of the mouth perhaps also with olfactory receptor involvement For example the bioactive substance may be produced by dilutions using conventional Chinese standards and formulations for dispensing herbal supplements, and then may be sprayed on or incorporated in a wafer, lozenge capsule or other conventional delivery vehicle The method may also be practiced by bringing the receptors into contact with a plurality of bioactive substance collectively in an amount of only between about 8 micrograms and 0 5 picograms, an effective amount of the at least one bioactive substance being brought into contact with the gustatory receptors foi example by using a delivery vehicle Alternatively for some treatments the diluted bioactive substance in the amounts indicated above can be sprayed onto the patient's tongue

Typically the method is practiced so that the positive effectiveness of treatment is substantially the same as if the human or animal was treated with a normal dose of the at least one bioactive substance delivered through the bloodstream

For example the method may be practiced to cure or relieve the symptoms of a disease, illness, or condition, and may further comprise also treating the human or animal with a normal dose of a bioactive substance delivered through the bloodstream to cure or relieve the symptoms of the same disease, illness, or condition

Alternatively or in addition the method may be practiced to cure or relieve the symptoms of a disease illness, or condition conventionally treatable by delivering a bioactive system to the human or animal through the bloodstream, and further practiced with at least substantially the same positive effectiveness as the conventional treatment The invention may be utilized so as to cure or relieve the symptoms of an almost unlimited number and type of conditions or illnesses, for example ADHD, ADD, nervousness, hot flashes, anxiety, insomnia, bone density loss, drug addiction, etc According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treating a human or animal with a disease illness, or condition, to cure or relieve the symptoms thereof by bringing into contact with the human's or animal's gustatory receptors at least one bioactive substance in the amount of only between about 8 x 10⁶ to 5 x 10 ¹³ grams, or 5-10 microliters of about 6 7 x 10 ^s to 2 5 x 10 ¹⁵ molar solution According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided an ingestible delivery vehicle containing only about 8 mιcrograms-0.5 picograms, or 6 7 x 10^"8 to 2.5 x 10^'15 molar of at least one bioactive substance.

In the delivery vehicles described above, the bioactive substances may be selected from the group consisting essentially of Chinese medicine herbal substances, mother of pearl, stimulants, and the other materials listed hereafter. The delivery vehicle may be selected from the group consisting essentially of carbohydrate-based wafers, non- carbohydrate-based wafers, lozenges including lactose pellets, and capsules including gelatin capsules. The bioactive substance may be sprayed onto the delivery vehicle, dripped on it, or otherwise provided on or in it.

The delivery vehicle may comprise only a single bioactive substance, or at least one bioactive substance comprises a plurality of bioactive substances collectively present in the amount of only about 8 micrograms - 0.5 picograms. The total amount of bioactive substance in the one, or plurality, of bioactive substances may be any narrower range within the broad range set forth above, such as about 1 x 10^"9 to 1 x 10^" grams, or about 5-10 microliters of about 1 x 10^"10 to 1 x 10^~13 molar solution. According to one specific example of the present invention, the at least one bioactive substance comprises a formulation comprising Acanthopenax Root Bark, Schizandπa Chinensis, Concha Margarita, and Peπcarpium Citrus Reticulata. It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a simple, advantageous and worthwhile delivery vehicle, and method of treating a human or animal, so as to optimize the treatment of illnesses, conditions, or diseases. This and other objects of the invention will become clear from an inspection of the detailed description of the invention and from the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGURE 1 is a schematic, block diagram showing a procedure for production and use of an ingestible delivery vehicle for a bioactive substance according to the invention and FIGURE 2 is a schematic view of a plurality of some of the exemplary delivery mechanisms according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The crude material for the production of nanodose treatments according to the invention is processed by typical Chinese standards and formulated for dispensing as an herbal supplement. The term "treatment" is used herein means any bioactive substance used in health care.

In one exemplary procedure according to the invention, seen schematically at 10 in FIGURE 1 , the raw material is placed in a mortar and ground until it's a fine powder (approx. 1 hour).

The bioactive material is then extracted (11 ). For example, the powder from 10 is placed in a well-sealed bottle in a proportion of one (1) part powder to four (4. parts distilled water and four (4) parts ethanol (95%) The preparation is sealed then placed in a warm water bath (e.g. about 37°C, so as to create a stable environment in which the active molecules are not over or under excited). This should be maintained for about one (1 ) hour The bottle should then be stored at normal room temperature (about 20-25^"C) for 1 to 8 weeks Before decanting and filtering the bottle is shaken vigorously (e.g. for 64 shakes) This preparation is labeled a nanodose extract (nDE) of the products name

The subsequent preparation is made by dilution (12). For example, by taking eight (8) parts of the nDE, adding sixty-four (64) parts 90% ethanol in a well-sealed bottle, and shaking vigorously (e g. for 64 shakes). This product is labeled 2nD which corresponds to 1.4 x 10 ³. Further dilutions (in 12) may be as described below

The third preparation is made by taking eight (8) parts of the 2nD adding sixty-four (64) parts 90% ethanol in a well-sealed bottle, and shaking vigorously (e g for 64 shakes) This product is labeled 3nD which corresponds to 1.5 x 10^"4.

The fourth preparation is made by taking eight (8) parts of the 3nD adding sixty-four (64) parts 90% ethanol in a well sealed bottle, and shaking vigorously for 64 shakes This product is labeled 4nD which corresponds to a 1 7 x 10⁵ The fifth preparation is made by taking eight (8) parts of the 4nD adding sixty-four (64) parts 90% ethanol in a well sealed bottle and shaking vigorously (e g for 64 shakes) This product is labeled 5nD which corresponds to a 1 9 x 10 ⁶

The sixth preparation is made by taking eight (8) parts of the 5nD adding sixty-four (64) parts 90% ethanol alcohol in a well sealed bottle and shaking vigorously (e g for 64 shakes) This product is labeled 6nD which corresponds to a 2 0 x 10⁷

Even though these numbers 8 - 64 correspond to Chinese philosophy additional ranges such as 1 -64 could also be effective The nD preparation is misted or otherwise applied (see 13 in FIGURE 1 ), onto the carrier or vehicle of choice, e g wafers sucrose or lactose pellets gelatin capsules or any other conventional ingestible delivery vehicle in a proportion of about 10% (v/w), and/or such as described in co-pending application serial no 09/270,820 For example the liquid from 12 can be (13) sprayed, dripped on or otherwise placed on or in a delivery vehicle such as a wafer (14 - see FIGURE 2) lozenge (such as a sucrose pellet 15), capsule (16) or any other suitable delivery vehicle that can be retained and dissolved in a human s or animal s mouth, so that the bioactive substance is brought into contact with the gustatory or gustatory and olfactory, receptors The amount of bioactive substance in the delivery vehicle (14-16) is only an amount effective to neurostimulate the human s or animal's brain to effect a positive physical ani.estatioπ in the human or animal by substantially solely influencing the gustatory or gustatory or olfactory receptors For example the amount of bioactive substance in the delivery vehicles (14-16) is only between about 8 micrograms to 5 picograms, or between 6 7 x 10^"8 to 2 5 x 10 ¹⁵ molar

More than one bioactive substance may be incorporated in the delivery vehicle (14- 16), and each bioactive substance or all the bioactive substances collectively may be in the 8 x 10 ⁶ - 5 x 10 ¹³ grams range

The delivery vehicle (14-16) is used for treatment (17 - FIGURE 1 ) of αiseases illnesses or conditions, that is to cure them or relieve the symptoms thereof Treatment according to the invention is typically at least substantially as effective as treatment with the same bioactive substances delivered through the bloodstream, and usually has much quicker action and there are less chances for side effects Two, of the many, bioactive substances that may be utilized in the practice of the present invention are the complex formulations disclosed in U S patents 5,874,084, 5,834,000, and 5,807,554 (the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein), although almost any pharmacological, herbal supplement, or other bioactive substance may be effectively utilized according to the present invention In the following examples a commercial version of the product disclosed and claimed in some of the claims of U S patent 5,807,554 has been utilized That composition is sold under the trade name "B- Quiet" and includes acanthopanex root bark schizandra chinensis, concha margaπta (mother of pearl obtained from fresh water mollusks), and peπcarpium citrus reticulata The B-Quiet formulation was prepared according to the αetailed example described above (and described with respect to FIGURE 1 ) While it was not possible to measure the exact amount of the bioactive substances within the formulation which was sprayed onto a single wafer, from calculation based upon the amount of the initial material in the preparation procedures set forth above, the amount of bioactive substance is clearly within the range of 8 micrograms - 0 5 picograms, and is most likely within the range of 1 x 10 ^s to 1 x 10 ¹¹ grams In each of the following examples the B-Quiet formulation, in the annotated dose form applied to a wafer, was substantially as effective as treatments with B-Quiet formulation delivered through the bloodstream for similar conditions in other patients EXAMPLE 1 An eleven-year-old white male was diagnosed with ADHD He was having an unusually bad day with environmental stresses, acting out, and throwing tantrums His mother gave him one wafer of a Chinese herbal formula called B-Quiet 3nD produced according to the above-described procedure It was applied to his tongue Within a short time he had settled down She repeated this on two other occasions with the same results EXAMPLE 2

A forty-nine-year-old white female M D was having a nervous and fidgety episode She took one B-Quiet 3nD wafer produced according to the above-described method, and was calm and relaxed within minutes EXAMPLE 3 A nine-year-old white male was having a stressful time with a school project that led to bouts of crying He was given a B-Quiet 3nD wafer and was calm within minutes Examples of other bioactive substances (therapeutic agents) that may be used according to the invention include ACE innibitors adenohypophoseal hormones, adrenergic neuron blocking agents, adrenocortical steroids, inhibitors of the biosynthesis of adrenocortical steroids, alpha-adrenergic agonists, alpha-adrenergic antagonists, selective alpha-two-adrenergic agonists, analgesics antipyretics and anti-infiammatory agents, aπdrogens local and general anesthetics antiaddictive agents, antiandrogens, antiarrhythmic agents, antiasthmatic agents, anticholinergic agents antichoiinesterase agents, anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents antidiarrheal agents antidiuretic, antiemetic and prokinetic agents, antiepileptic agents antiestrogens, antifungal agents, antihypertensive agents, antimicrobial agents antimigraine agents antimuscarinic agents, antineoplastic agents, antiparasitic agents antiparkinson's agents antiplatelet agents antiprogestins antithyroid agents antitussives, antiviral agents, atypical antidepressants, azaspirodecanediones, barbituates benzodiazepines, benzothiadiazides beta-adrenergic agonists, betaadrenergic antagonists selective beta-one-adrenergic antagonists, selective beta-two-adrenergic agonists bile salts agents affecting volume and composition of body fluids, butyrophenones, agents affecting calcification, calcium channel blockers, cardiovascular drugs, catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs cholinergic agonists, cholinesterase reactivators, dermatoiogical agents diphenylbutylpipeπdines diuretics, ergot alkaloids, estrogens, ganglionic blocking agents, ganglionic stimulating agents, hydantoins, agents for control of gastric acidity and treatment of peDtic ulcers, hematopoietic agents, histamines, histamine antagonists, 5-hydroxytryptamιne antagonists, drugs for the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia, hypnotics and sedatives, immunosupressive agents, laxatives methylxanthines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, neuromuscular blocking agents, organic nitrates, opiod analgesics and antagonists, pancreatic enzymes phenothiazines progestins prostaglandins agents for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, retinoids, sodium channel blockers, agents for spasticity and acute muscle spasms, succinimides, thioxanthines, thrombolytic agents thyroid agents tπcyciic antidepressants, inhibitors of tubular transport of organic compounds drugs affecting uterine motility, vasodilators, vitamins and the like Representative other bioactive substances are bepπdil, diltiazem, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine nimodipine nitredipine, verapamii doDutamine, isoproterenol, carterolol, labetalol, levobunolol, nadolol, penbutolol, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol. timolol. acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, esmoiol, metoprolol, albuterol, bitolterol, isoetharine, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, ritodrine. terbutaiine, alclometasone, aidosterone, amcinonide, beclomethasone dipropionate, betamethasone, clobetasol. ciocortolone, cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, desonide, desoximetasone, 1 1 -desoxycorticosterone, 1 1 -desoxycortisol, dexamethasone, diflorasone, fludrocortisoπe, flunisolide, fluocinolone, fluocinonide, fluorometholone, flurandrenolide. halcinonide, hydrocortisone. medrysone, 6.alpha.-methylprednisolone, mometasone, paramethasone, prednisoloπe, predπisone, tetrahydrocortisol, triamcinolone, benoxinate, benzocaine, bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, cocaine, dibucaine, dyclonine, etidocaine. Iidocaine. mepivacaine, pramoxine, prilocaine, procaine. proparacaine, tetracaine, alfeπtanil, choroform, clonidine, cyclopropane, desflurane, diethyl ether, droperidol, enflurane. etomidate, fentanyl, halothane, isoflurane, ketamine hydrochloride, meperidine, methohexital. methoxyfluraπe. morphine, propofol, sevoflurane, sufentanil, thiamylal, thiopental. acetaminophen, allopurinol, apazone, aspirin, auranofiπ. aurothioglucose, coichicine, diclofenac. diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, gold sodium thiomalate, ibuprofen. indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofeπamate, mefenamic acid, meselamine, methyl salicylate. nabumetone, naproxen, oxyphenbutazone, phenacetin, phenylbutazone. piroxicam, salicylamide. salicylate, salicylic acid, salsalate, sulfasalazine, sulindac. tolmetin, acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, mesoridazine, perphenazine, thioridazine, trifluorperazine, triflupromazine, disopyramide. encainide, flecainide, indecaiπide. mexiletine, moricizine, phenytoin, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, tocainide. cisapride, domperidone, dronabinol, haloperidol, metoclopramide, nabilone, prochlorperazine, promethazine, thiethylperazine, trimethobeπzamide, buprenorphine, butorphanol. codeine, dezocine, diphenoxylate, drocode, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levallorphan, levorphanol, loperamide, meptazinol, methadone, nalbuphine, nalmefene, nalorphine. naioxone, naltrexone, oxybutynin, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propoxyphene, isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin, theophyliine, phenylephrine, ephidriπe, pilocarpine. furosemide. tetracycline, chlorpheniramine, ketorolac, bromocriptine, guanabenz, prazosin, doxazosin, and flufenamic acid. Other representative bioactive substances include benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, demoxepam, diazepam, flumazenil flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam, tπazolam, and the like, an antimuscarinic agent such as anisotropine, atropine, clidinium, cyclopentolate, dicyclomme, flavoxate, glycopyrrolate hexocyc um, homatropine, ipratropium, isopropamide, mepenzolate. methantheline, oxyphencyc mine, pirenzepine, propantheline, scopolamine, teleπzepine, tπdihexethyl. tropicamide, and the like: an estrogen such as chlorotπanisene, siethylstilbestrol, methyl estradiol, estrone, estrone sodium sulfate, estropipate mestranol, quinestrol, sodium equilin sulfate, 17. beta. -estradiol (or estradiol), semi-synthetic estrogen derivatives such as the esters of natural estrogen, such as estradιol-17.beta -enanthate, estradιol-17.beta.-valerate, estradιol-3-benzoate, estradiol- 17.beta.-undecenoate, estradiol 16,17-hemιsuccιnate or estradιol-17.beta -cypionate, and the 17-alkylated estrogens such as ethinyl estradiol, ethinyl estradιol-3- isopropylsulphonate, and the like, an androgen such as danazol, fluoxymesterone, methandrostenolone, methyltestosterone, nandrolone, nandrolone decanoate, nandrolone phenpropionate, oxandrolone, oxymetholone, staπozolol. testolactone, testosterone, testosterone cypionate testosterone enanthate, testosterone propionate and the like; or a progestin such as ethynoαiol diacetate. gestodene, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, norethynodrel, norgestrel, and progesterone.

Among other bioactive substances are: adrenocortical steroid; adrenocortical suppressant, aldosterone antagonist ammo acid; anabolic: androgen; antagonist; anthelmintic; anti-acne agent, anti-adrenergic; anti-allergic; anti-amebic; anti-androgen; anti-anemic, anti-anginal, anti-arthritic; anti-asthmatic; anti-atherosclerotic antibacterial; anticholelithic, anttchoie thogenic. anticholinergic, anticoagulant, anticoccidal, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antidiuretic antidote; anti-estrogen; antifibπnolytic; antifungal, antiglaucoma agent; antihemophi c antihemorrhagic, antihistamine; antihyperlipidemia antihyperlipoproteinemic, antihypertensive, antihypotensive, anti-infective anti-infective, topical; anti-inflammatory: antikeratinizmg agent, antimalaπal; antimicrobial; antimitotic, antimycotic, antineoplastic, antineutropenic, antiparasitic, antipeπstaltic, antipneumocystic; antiproliferative; antiprostatic hypertrophy; antiprotozoal; antipruritic; antipsoriatic; antirheumatic; antischistosomal; antiseborrheic; aπtisecretory; antispasmodic; antithrombotic; antitussive; anti-ulcerative; anti-urolithic; antiviral; appetite suppressant; benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agent; bone resorption inhibitor; bronchodilator; carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; cardiac depressant; cardioprotectant; cardiotonic; cardiovascular agent; choleretic; choliπergic; cholinergic agonist; cholinesterase deactivator; coccidiostat; diagnostic aid: diuretic; ectoparasiticide; enzyme inhibitor; estrogen; fibrinolytic; free oxygen radical scavenger; glucocorticoid; gonad-stimulating principle; hair growth stimulant; hemostatic; hormone; hypocholesterolemic; hypogiycemic; hypolipidemic; hypotensive; immunizing agent; immunomodulator; immunoregulator; immunostimulant; imnunosuppressant; impotence therapy adjunct: inhibitor; keratolytic; LHRH agonist; liver disorder treatment, luteolysin; mucolytic; mydriatic; nasal decongestant; neuromuscular blocking agent; non-hormonal sterol derivative; oxytocic; plasminogen activator; platelet activating factor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor; potentiator; progestin; prostaglandin; prostate growth inhibitor; prothyrotropin; pulmonary surface; radioactive agent; regulator; relaxant; repartitioning agent; scabicide; sclerosing agent; selective adenosine A1 antagonist; steroid; suppressant; symptomatic multiple sclerosis; synergist; thyroid hormone; thyroid inhibitor; thyromimetic; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis agents; Paget's disease agents; unstable angina agents: uricosuric; vasoconstrictor; vasodilator; vulnerary; wound healing agent; xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

The following Chinese herbal preparations also may be used as bioactive substances. These substances are listed in alphabetical order by their scientific name followed by the Chinese name in pinyin:

Abrus precatorius, xiang si zi. Abutilon theophrastii, qing ma zi.

Acacia catechu, er cha.

Acanthopanax gracilistylus , wu jia pi

Acanthopanax senticosus, ci wu jia.

Acanthopanax -trifoliatus, ci san jia. Acalypha australis, tie xian cai.

Achillea alpina, A.(wilisoniana), shi cao. Achyranthis bidentiatae, niu xi

Aconitum carmichaeli, chuan wu, (fu zi)

Aconitum hemsieyanum, teng cao wu.

Aconitum kunezoffii, cao wu. Acorus calamus, bai chang pu

Acorus gramineus, shi chang pu.

Adenophora tetraphylia, nan sha shen

Aesculus chinensis, suo luo zi

Agastache rugosa, huo xiang Agkistrodon acutus, qi she

Agrimonia pilosa, xian he cao

Ailanthus altissima, chu bai pi

Ajuga decumbens, bai mao xia ku cao

Akebia quinata, ba yue sha (yu zhi zi) Akebia trifoliata, mu tong

Alangium chinense, ba jiao feng

Albizzia julibrissin, he huan pi

Alisma orientalis, ze xie

Allium tuberosum, jiu zi Allobophora caliginosa, (pheretima asperillum), di long

Aloe barbadensis, lu hui

Alpinia galanga, hong dou kou

Alpinia katsumadai, cao dou kou

Alpinia officinarum, gao liang jiang Alpinia oxyphylia, yi zhi ren

Amomum kravanh, bai dou dou

Amomum tsao-ko, cao guo

Amomum villosum, (xanthioides) sha ren

Amydae sinesis, bie jia, Ampelopsis japonica, bai lian

Andrographis paniculata, chuan xin lian Anemarrhena asphodeloides. zhi mu.

Anemone altaica, jiu jie chang pu

Anemone hupehensis, da po wan hua hua

Anemone rivularis, hu zhang cao Angelica dahuricae, bai zhu

Angelica pubescens, du huo

Angelica sinensis, dang gui

Aquilaria sinensis, cheng xiang

Aralia chinensis, cong mu Aralia cordata, jiu yan du huo

Arctium lappa, niu bang zi

Ardisia crenata, zhu sha gen

Ardisia japoni Ca, ai di cha

Areca catechu , bing lang Arisaema amurense, (consanguineum), tian nan xing.

Aristolochia cinnabrina, chuan zhu sha lian

Aristolochia contorta, (debilis), ma dou ling

Aristolochia fangchi, guang fang ji

Aristolochia heterophylla, han zhong fang ji Aristolochia manshuriensis. guan mu tong

Arnebia euchroma. zi cao

Artemisia annua, qing hao

Artemisia argyi, ai ye

Artemisia scoparia, (capillaris), yin chen hao Asarum forbesii, du heng

Asarum heterotropoides, xi xin

Asparagus cochinchinensis, tian men dong,

Asparagus officinalis, shi diao bai

Aspongopus chinensis, jiu xiang Chong Aster tataricus , zi wan

Astragalus complanatus, sha yuan zi Astragalus membranaceus, huang qi

Atractylodes laπcea (chinensis), caπg zhu

Atractylodes macrcophala, bai zhu

Aucklandia lappa, mu xiang Bambusa textilis, zhu huang

Bambusa tuldoides, zhu ru

Baphicacanthus cusia, ma Ian

Belamcanda chinensis, she gan

Beπincasa hispida, dong gua pi Berbeπs sou eana, san ke zhen

Bergenia purpurascens, yan bai cao

Bidens pilosa, gui zhen cao

Biota onentalis (Platycladus onentalis), ce bai ye and bai zi ren

Bletilla stπatae, bai JI Blumea basamifera, bing pian

Boehmeπa nivea, zhu ma gen

Bombyx mon, bai Jiang can

Bos taurus (bubalus bubalis) gmelin mu huang

Botrychium ternatum yin di jue Brassica juncea (sinapis alba) jie zi

Broussonetia papyπfera, chu shi zi

Brucea javanica, ya dan zi

Bubalus bubalis , shui niu jiao

Buddleja officinalis, mi meng hua Bufo bufo gargaπzans, chan su

Bungarus multicmctus multicmctus, jin qian bai hua she

Bupleurum chmense, chai hu

Buthus martensii, quan xie

Caesalpmia sappan, su mu Callicarpa macrophylla, da ye zi zhu

Calvatia gigaπtea (lilacma), ma bo Camellia japonica, shen chan hua

Camellia sinensis, cha ye

Camptotheca acuminata, xi shu guo

Canarium album, qing guo Cannabis sativa, huo ma ren

Carpesium abrotanoides, he shi

Carthamus tinctorins, hong hua

Carica papaya, fan mu gua

Capparis masaikai, ma bing lang Capselia bursa-pastoris, ji cia.

Cassia acutifolia, (angustifolia) fan xie ye.

Cassia obtusifolia, (tora), jue ming zi.

Cassia occidentalis, wang jiang nan.

Cayratia japonica, wu lian mei. Celosia argentea, qing xiang zi.

Celosia cristata, ji guan hua.

Centipeda minima, e bu shi cao.

Cervus elaphus, (macueilli), ma lu rong.

Cervus nippon, hua lu rong. Cephalotaxus fortunei, san jian shan.

Chaenomeles speciosa, mu gua.

Changium smyrnioides, ming dang shen.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, tu jing jie.

Chimonanthus praecox, tie kuai zi. Chinemys reevesii, gui ban.

Chloranthus serratus, ji ji

Chrysanthemum indicum, ye ju hua

Chrysanthemum morifolium, ju hua.

Cibotium barometz, gou ji. Cicada flammata, (cordyceps cicadae), chan hua.

Cimicifuga dahurica, (foetida), sheng ma. Cinnamomum cassia, (burmanni), rou gui.

Cinnamomum cassia, (chingii), gui pi.

Cinnamomum migao. da guo mu jiang zi. Cirsium japonicum, da ji.

Cirsium segetum, xiao ji. Cistanche saisa , rou cong rong

Citrus aurantium, zhi qiao.

Citrus aurantium, zhi shi.

Citrus aurantium, dai dai hua.

Citrus medica, xiang yuan. Citrus medica, (sarcodactylis) fo shou.

Citrus reticulate, chen pi.

Citrus reticulate, qing pi.

Citrullus lanatus, xi gua pi.

Clematis armandii, (montana). chuan mu tong. Clematis chinensis, (hexapetala), wei ling xian Clinopodium gracile, jian dao cao.

Clinopodium polycephalum, (chinense) duan xue liu.

Cnidium monnieri, she chang zi.

Cocculus trilobus, mu fang ji.

Codonopsis pilosula, dang shen. Codonopsis tubulosa, qian dang shen.

Coix lachryma-jobi, yi yi ren.

Commelina communis, ya zhi cao.

Coptis chinensis, (teeta) huang lian, (we lian). Coptis deltoidea, ya lian.

Cordyceps sinensis, dong chong xia cao. Cornus officinalis, shan zhu yu. Corydalis yanhusuo, yan hu suo.

Crataegus pinnatifida, shan zha.

Crocus sativus, fan hong hua.

Crotalaria ferruginea, xiang ling cao.

Croton tiglium, ba dou. Cucurbita moschata, nan gua zi.

Cryptotympana pustulate, chan tui. Curculigo orchioides, xian mao.

Curcuma zedoaria, e zhu.

Curcuma loπga, jiang huang.

Curcuma longa, (wenyulin), yu jin. Cuscuta chinensis, tu si zi.

Cyathula officinalis. chuan niu xi.

Cynanchum atratum, bai wei.

Cynanchum auriculatum, ge shan xiao.

Cynanchum paniculatum, xu chang qing. Cynanchum stauntonii, bai qian.

Cyperus rotundus, xiang fu.

Dalbergia odorifera, jiang xiang.

Dracaena cambodiana, xue jie.

Daphne genkwa, yuan hua. Datura metel, (innoxia). yang jin hua.

Daucus carota, nan he shi.

Davidia involucrata, gong tong.

Dendrobium nobile, (loddigesii), shi hu.

Descurainia sophia, ting li zi. Dianthus chinensis. (superbus), qu mai.

Dichroa febrifuge, chang shan.

Dictyophora indusieta, zhu sun.

Dictamnus dasycarpus, bai xia pi.

Dimocarpus longan, long yan rou. Dioscorea bulbifera, huang yao zi.

Dioscorea cirrhosa, shu hang.

Dioscorea hypoglauca, fen bi xie.

Dioscorea opposita , shan yao.

Diospyros kake, shi di. Dipsacus asper, Oaponicus), xu duan.

Dolichos lablab, bian dou. Dracaena cambodiana, xue jie.

Drynaria fortunei, (baronii), gu sui bu.

Dysosma pleinatha, (versipellis), ba jiao lian.

Eclipta prostrate, mo han lian. Elaeagnus pungens, hu tui zi ye.

Elaphe taeniura, (carinata), she tui.

Emilia sonchifolia, yi than hong,

Ephedra sinica, ma huang.

Epimedium grandiflorum, (brevicornum), yin yang huo. Equus asinus, e jiao.

Eretmochelys imbricate, dai mao.

Equisetum hiemale, mu zei.

Ericerus pela, chong bai la.

Eriobotrya japonica, pi pa ye. Erodium stephanianum, lao guan cao.

Eucalyptus globulus,(robusta), an ye.

Eucommia ulmoides, du zhong ye.

Eugenia caryophyliata, ding xiang.

Euonymus alata, gui jian yu. Eupatorium fortunei, pei lian.

Eupatorium lindleyanum, ye ma zhui.

Euphorbia helioscopia, ze qi.

Euphorbia hirta, da fei yang.

Euphorbia humifusa, di jin cao. Euphorbia kansui , gan sui.

Euphorbia lathyris, qian jin zi.

Euphorbia pekinensis, da ji.

Eupolyphaga sinensis, tu bie chong.

Euryale ferox, qian shi. Evodia rutaecarpa. wu zhu yu.

Fagopyrum cymosum, jin qiao mai. Ficus carica, wu hua gua.

Ficus tikoua, di gua teng.

Firmiaπa simplex, wu tong zi.

Foeniculum vulgare, xiao hui xiang. Forsythia suspensa, lian qiao.

Fraxinus chinensis, (rhynchophylla), qin pi.

Fritillaria cirrhosa, chuan bei mu.

Fritillaria delarayi, lu bei mu.

Fritillaria thunbergii, zhe bei mu. Fritillaria ussuriensis, ping bei mu.

Gallus gallus domesticus, ji nei jin.

Ganoderma japonicum, (lucidum), ling zhi.

Gardenia jasminoides, zhi zi.

Gastrodia elata, tian ma. Gaultheria yunnanensis, tou gu xiang.

Gekko gecko, ge jie.

Gentiana macrophylla,(dahurica), qin jiao.

Gentiana scabra, (manshurica),(triflora), long dan.

Gentiana rhodantha, qing yu dan cao. Geum japonicum, (chinense), [an bu zheng.

Ginkgo biloba, bai guo

Ginkgo biloba, ren shen ye.

Glechoma longituba, lian qian cao.

Gleditsia sinensis, zao jiao ci. Glehnia liftoralis, bei sha shen.

Glochidion puberum, suan pan zi.

Glycine max, dan dou chi.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis, gan cao.

Gynostemma pentaphylium, jiao gu Ian. Haliotis diversicolor, shi jue ming.

Hedyotis diffusa, bai hua she she cao. Hemiboea subcapitata, xiang long cao.

Hemerocallis fulva, (citrina) xuan caa gen.

Hemsleya amabilis (chinensis), xue dan.

Hibiscus mutabilis, fu rong hua. Hibiscus syriacus, mu jin hua.

Hippocampus, hai ma.

Hirudo πipponica, shui zhi.

Homalomena occulfa, qian nian jian.

Hordeum vulgare, mai ya. Houftuynia cordata, yu xing cao.

Hovenia dulcis, zhi ju zi.

Humulus lupulus, hu bu hua.

Hydrocarpus antheimintica, da fang zi.

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, tian hu sui. Hyoscyamus niger, tian xian zi.

Hypericum ascyron, hong tian lian.

Hypericum erectum, xiao lian qiao.

Hypericum japonicum di er cao.

Hypericum sampsonii, yan bao cao. Ilex cornuta, gou gu ye.

Illicum verum, ba jiao hui xiang.

Impatiens balsamina, feng xian tou gu cao.

Imperata cylindrical bai mao gen.

Indigofera tinctoria, mu Ian. Inula helenium, tu mu xiang.

Inula japonica, xuan fu hua.

Isatis indigotica, (tinctoria), ban Ian gen.

Isatis indigotica, (tinctoria), da qing ye.

Jasminum officiπale, su xin hua. Juglans regia, hu tao ren.

Juncus effusus. deng xin cao. Kaempferia galanga, shan nai.

Kalime s indica, ma Ian cao.

Knoxia valerianoides, hong da ji.

Kochia scoparia, di fu zi. Lagenaria siceraria, hu lu.

Lasiosphaera fenzlii, ma bo.

Leonurus heterophyllus, yi mu cao.

Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoidies, bao shi lian.

Lepidium apetalum, ting li zi. Ligusticum chuanxiong, chuan xiong.

Lugusticum sinense, gao ben.

Ligustrum lucidum, nu zhen zi.

Lilium lancifolium, (brownii), bai he.

Lindera stychnifolia, (aggregate), wu yao. Liquidambra taiwaniana, lu lu tong.

Litchi chinensis, li zhi he.

Lobelia chinensis, ban bian lian.

Lonicera japonica, jin yin hua.

Lonicera japonica, ren dong teng. Lophatherum gracile, dan zhu ye.

Luffa cylindrical si gua teng.

Luffa cylindrical si gua luo.

Lycium chinense, (barbarum), di gu pi.

Lycium barbarum, gou qi zi. Lycopodium japonicum, shen jin cao.

Lycopus lucidus, ze Ian.

Lycoris radiata, shi suan

Lygodium japonicum, hai jin sha.

Lygodium japonicum, hai jin sha cao. Lysimachia christinae, jin qian cao.

Lysimachia trientaloides, zhui feng san. Macaca mulatta, mi hou gu.

Macleaya cordata, bo luo hui.

Magnolia denudata, (liliflora), xin yi hua.

Magnolia offici nalis, (biloba), hou po, hou po hua. Magnolia rostrata, da ye mu Ian.

Mahonia bealei, (fortunei), shi da gong lao ye.

Manis pentadactyl, chuan shan jia.

Melaphis chinensis, wu bei zi.

Melia azedarach, (toosendan), ku lian pi. Melia toosendan, chuan lian zi.

Menispermum dauricum, bei dou gen.

Mentha haplocalyx, bo he.

Meretrix meretrix, ge qiao.

Milleftia dielsiana, ya dou ten. Momordica cochinchinensis, mu bie zi.

Morinda officinalis, ba ji tian.

Morus alba, sang shen, sang zhi, sang bai pi, sang ye.

Moschus moschiferus, she xiang.

Mosla chinensis, xiang ru. Mylabris phalerata, (cichorii) ban mao.

Myrica rubra, yang mei.

Myristica fragrans, rou dou kou

Myrrha. mo yao.

Nandina domestics, nan tian zhu. Nardostachys chinensis, gan song.

Nelumbo nucifera, lian xin, lian fang, lian zi, he ye, ou jie

Notopterygium incisum, qiang huo.

Olibanum gummi, ru xiang.

Omphalia lapidescens, lei wan. Ophioglossum vulgatum, ping er xiao cao.

Ophiopogon japonicus, mai men dong. Opuntia dillenii, xian ren zhang.

Origanum vulgare, niu zhi.

Oroxylum indicum, mu hu die.

Oryza sativa, gu ya. Osbeckia crinita, chao tian guan.

Osmunda japonica, zi qi guan zhong.

Ostrea gigas, mu li.

Paederia scandens, ji shi teng.

Paeonia lactiflora, bai shao. Paeonia lactiflora, (veitchii) , chi shao.

Paeonia suffruticosa, mu dan pi.

Panax ginseng, reh shen.

Panax japonicus, zhu jie shen.

Panax notoginseng, san qi. Panax quinquefolium, xi yang shen.

Panthera pardus, bao gu.

Papaver somniferum, yiπg su ke.

Paris poiyphylia, chong lou.

Patiris pectinifera. hai yan. Perilla frutescens, zi su ye. zi su zi. su geng.

Peripioca forrestii, hei gu teng.

Peristrophe japonica, jiu tou shi zi cao.

Peripioca sepium, xiang jia pi.

Peucedanum decursivum, zi hua qian hu. Peucedanum praeruptorum, bai hua qian hu.

Pharbitis nil, (purpurea), qian niu zi.

Phaseolus calcaratus, (angularis), chi xiao dou.

Phellodendron chinense, (amurense), huang bai.

Pheretima aspergillum. di long. Phoca vitulina, hai gou shen.

Phragmites communis, lu gen. Phyllanthus emblica, yu gan zi.

Phytolacca acinosa, (americans), shang lu.

Picrorhiza scrophulariifolia. hu huang lian.

Pinellia ternata, ban xia. Pinus tabulaeformis, (massoniana) song jie.

Piper longum, bi bo.

Piper nigrum, hu jiao.

Pittosporum illicoides, shan zhi cha.

Plantago asiatica, che qian cao , che qian zi. Platycladus orientalis, ce bai ye, bai zi ren.

Platycodon grandiflorum, yuan zhi.

Pleioblastus amarus, ku zhu ye.

Pogostemon cablin, guang huo xiang.

Polistes mandarinus, feng fang. Polygala japonica, gua zi jin.

Polygala tenuifola, yuan zhi.

Polygonatum odoratum, yu zhu.

Polygonatum sibiricum, huang jing.

Polygonum aviculare, bian xu. Polygonum capitatum, tou hua liao.

Polygonum chinense, hou tan mu.

Polygonum cuspidatum, hu zhang.

Polygonum hydropiper, la liao.

Polygonum multifiorum, he shou wu, shou wu teng. Polygonum orientate, hong cao.

Polygonum perfoliatum, gang ban gui.

Polygonum runcinatum, hua hu die.

Polyporus umbellatus, zhu ling.

Polytrichum commune, tu ma zong. Poria cocos, fu ling , su shen.

Portulaca oleracea, ma chi xian. Potentilla chinensis. wei ling cai.

Potentilla discolor,, fan bai cao.

Prinsepia Uniflora, rui ren.

Prunella vulgaris. xia ku cao. Prunus armeniaca, ku xing ren.

Prunus japonica. yu li ren.

Prunus mume, wu mei.

Prunus persica, tao ren.

Pseudostellaria heterophylla. tai zi shen. Pseudosciaeπa crocea, yu nao shi.

Psoralea corylifolia. bu gu zhi.

Pteria margaritifera. (martensii), zhen zhu.

Pteris multifida, feng wei cao.

Pueraria lobata, (thomsonii). ge gen. Pulsatilla chinensis. bai tou weng.

Punica granatum, shi liu pi.

Pyrola rotundifolia, (chinensis), lu xian cao.

Pyrrosia sheareri, shi wei.

Quisqualis indica. shi jun zi. Rana temporaria chensinensis, ha mo you.

Raphanus sativus, iai fu zi.

Ranunculus japonicus, mao gen.

Rauvolfia verticillata, lu fu mu.

Rehmannia glutinosa, sheng di huang, Rhamnus leptophylla, jiang li zi.

Rheum paimatum, (officinale), da huang.

Rhododendron molle, nao yang hua.

Ricinus communis, bi ma zi.

Rosa chinensis, yue ji hua. Rosa laevigata, jin yin zi.

Rosa roxburghii, ci li. Rubia cordifolia , qian cao gen.

Rubus chingii, fu pen zi.

Rumex chalepensis, tu da huang.

Rumex japonicus, yang ti. Saiga tatarica, ling yang jiao.

Salvia cavaleriei, xue pen cao.

Salvia miltiorrhiza, dan she.

Sanguisorba officinalis, di yu.

Santalum album, tan xiang. Saposhnikovia devaricata, fang feng.

Sarcandra glabra, jiu jie cha.

Sargassum pallidum, (fusiforme), hai zao.

Saussurea laniceps, xue lian hua.

Saussurea lappa, mu xiang. Saxifraga stolonifera, hu er cao.

Sargentodoxa cuneata, hong teng.

Schisandra chinensis, wu wei zi.

Schizonepeta tenuifolia, jing jie.

Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans, wu gong. Scrophularia ningpoensis, xuan shen.

Scutellaria baicalensis, huang qin.

Scutellaria barbata, ban zhi lian.

Sedum aizoon, jing tian san qi.

Sedum sarmentosum, chui pen cao. Selaginella tamriscina, juan bai.

Semiaquilegia adoxoides, tian kui zi.

Selenarctos thibetanus,(Ursus arctos), xiong dan.

Sepia esculenta,(sepielia maindroni), hai piao xiao.

Sesamum indicum, hei zhi ma. Senecio scandens, qian li guang.

Serissa serissoides, liu yue xue. Setaria viridis, gou wei cao.

Siegesbeckia pubescens,(orientalis), xi xian cao.

Sinapis alba, (Brassica juncea), jie zi.

Smilax glabra, tu fu ling. Solanum lyratum, bai ying.

Solanum nigrum, long kui.

Solenognathus hardwickii, hai long.

Solidago decurreus, yi zhi huang hua.

Sophora flavescens, ku shen. Sophora japonica, huai hua.

Sophora tonkinensis, shan dou gen.

Sparganium stoioniferum, san leng.

Spatholobus suberectus, ji xue teng.

Spiraea japonica, (blumei), xiu xian ju.. Stachyurus himalaicus, (chinensis), xiao tong cao.

Stalactitum, zhong ru shi.

Stellaria dichotoma, (lanceolata), yin chai hu.

Stellera chamaejasme. xi bei lang du.

Stemona tuberosa, (sessilifolia) , bai bu. Stephania sinica, shan wu gui.

Stephania tetrandra, fen fang ji.

Sterculia lychnophora, pang da hai.

Stichopus japonicus, hai shen.

Strobilanthes cusia, qing dai. Strychnos nox-vomica, ma qian zi.

Syneilesis aconitifolia, tu er san.

Talinum paniculatum, tu ren shen.

Tamarix chinensis, cheng liu.

Taraxacum mongolicum, (sinicum).pu gong ying. Taxillus chinensis, guangji sheng.

Taxillus sutchuenensis, sang ji shen. Tenodera sinensis, sang piao xiao.

Terminalia chebula, he zi.

Tetrapaπax papyriferus, tong cao.

Tinospora sagittata. jin guo Ian. Thalictrum glandulosissimum, ma wei huang lian.

Thamnolia vermicularis, xue cha.

Torricellia angulata. (intermedia), shui dong gua.

Toddalia asiatica, fei long xhang xue.

Torreya grandis, fei zi. Thesium chinense, bai rui cao.

Trachelospermum jasminoides. luo shi teng.

Tremella fuciformis, yin er.

Tribulus terrestris. bai ji li.

T chosanthes kiriiowii, tian hua fen, gua lou, gua lou pi. Trionyx sinensis, bie jia.

Trogopterus xanthipes, wu ling zhi.

Tussilago farfara. kuan dong hua.

Typha angustata, (latifolia). pu huang.

Typhonium giganteum, bai fu zi. Uncaria rhynchophylla, gou teng.

Usnea diffracta, lao jun xu.

Vaccaria segetaiis, wang bu liu xing.

Valeriana jatamansi, zhi zhu xiang.

Veronica peregrina, xian tao cao. Verbena officinalis, ma bian cao.

Veratrum nigrum, li lu.

Vespertilio superana, ye ming sha.

Vermiculite, jin jing shi.

Viola yedoensis, zi hua di ding. Viscum album, (coloratum), hu ji sheng.

Vitex negundo, (cannabifolia), mu jing. Vitex trifolia, (simplicifolia), man jing zi. Viadimiris souliei, chuan mu xiang. Wikstroemia indica, liao ge wang.

Woodwardia japonica, (unigemmata) gou ji guan zhong'Xanthium sibiricum, cang er g er cao.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum, hua jiao, jiao mu.

Zanthoxylum nitidum, liang mian zhen.

Zanthoxylum planispinum, zhu ye jiao.

Zaocys dhumnades, wu shao she.

Zingiber officinale, sheng jiang, gan jiang.

Zizyphus jujuba, da zao.

Zizyphus spinosa, suan zao ren.

Other bioactive substances that may be used include:

Abscess Root Polemonium reptaπs

Adonis Adonis vernalis

Adrue Cyperus articulatus

Aga Amanita muscaria

Agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria

Alfafa Medicago sativa

Alisma Alisma plantago-aquatica

Alkanet Alkanna tinctoria

Aloe Aloes species

Alpine Cranberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Amaranth Amaranthus species

Amargo Quassia amara

American Ivy Parthenocissus quinquefolia

American White Pond Lily Nymphaea odorata

Angelica Angelica archangelica

Anise Pimpinella anisum

Apple Tree Malus domestica

Areca Nut Areca catechu Artichoke Cynara scolymus

Ash Fraxinus excelsior

Asparagus Asparagus officinalis

Balmony Chelone glabra

Bamboo Arundinaria japonica

Barberry Berberis vulgaris

Barley Hordeum species

Basil Ocimum basilicum

Bean Pod Phaseolus vulgaris

Beet Beta vulgaris

Belladonna Atropa belladonna

Bennet's Root Geum urbanum

Betel Nut Piper betle

Beth Root Trillium erectum

Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus

Birch Betula species

Birthwort Aristolochia clematitis

Bishop's Weed Ammi visnaga

Bistort Persicaria bistorta

Bitter Apple Citrullus colocynthis

Bitter Orange Citrus aurantium

Bittersweet Nightshade Solanum dulcamara

Black Alder Alπus glutinosa

Black Bryony Tamus communis

Black Cohosh Cimicifuga racemosa

Black Currant Ribes nigrum

Black Haw Viburnum prunifolium

Black Hellebore Helleborus πiger

Black Horehound Ballota nigra

Black Mustard Brassica nigra

Black Nightshade Solanum nigrum Black Pepper Piper nigrum

Blackberry Rubus fruticosus

Bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris

Blessed Thistle Cnicus benedictus

Bog Bean Menyanthes trifoliata

Bog Bilberry Vaccinium uliginosum

Boldo Peumus boldus

Boneset Eupatorim perfoiiatum

Borage Borago officinalis

Boxwood Buxu sempervirens

Brooklime Veronica beccabunga

Buckthorn Rhamnus catharticus

Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum

Bugle Ajuga reptans

Bugleweed Lycopus virrginicus

Burdock Arctium lappa

Burning Bush Dictamnus albus

Burr Marigold Bidens tripartita

Butcher's Broom Ruscus aculeatus

Cabbage Brassoca oleracea

Cajuput Melaieuca leucadendra

Calamus Acorus calamus

California Poppy Eschscholtzia californica

Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora

Canadian Fleabane Erigeron canadensis

Caraway Carum carvi

Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum

Carob Ceratoπia siliqua

Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus purshiana

Cashew Anacardium occidentale

Castor Oil Plant Ricinus communis Catnip Nepeta cataria

Cat's Foot Antennaria dioica

Cayenne Capsicum annum

Celandine Chelidonium majus

Celery Apium graveolens

Centaury Ceπtaurium erythraea

Chaste Tree Vitex agnus-castus

Cherry Laurel Prunus laurocerasus

Chicory Cichorium intybus

Chinese Rhubarb Rheum palmatum

Chive Allium schoenoprasum

Cinnamon Cinnamomum verum

Cinquefoil Potentilla erecta

Clematis Clematis erecta

Clove Syzygium aromaticum

Cocoa Theobroma cacao

Coconut Palm Cocos nucifera

Coffee Coffea arabica

Colchicum Colchicum autumnale

Colt's Foot Tussilago farfara

Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris

Comfrey Symphytum officinale

Common Kidney Vetch Anthyllis vulneraria

Coolwort Tiarella cordifolia

Coriander Coriandrum sativum

Cornflower Centaurea cyanus

Cumin Cuminum cyminum

Cup Plant Silphium perfoiiatum

Curcuma Curcuma xanthorrhizia

Cypress Cupressus sempervirens

Cypress Spurge Euphorbia cyparissias Dandelion Taraxacum officinale

Date Palm Phoenix dactyiifera

Digitalis Digitalis purpurea

Dill Anethum graveolens

Dodder Cuscuta epithymum

Dog Rose Rosa canina

Dogwood Cornus florida

Duckweed Lemna minor

Dyer's Broom Genista tinctoria

Echinacea Purpurea Echinacea purpurea

Elecampane Inula helenium

Elm Bark Ulmus minor

English Chamomile Chamaemelum nobile

English Hawthorn Crataegus laevigata

English Horsemint Mentha longifolia

English Ivy Hedera helix

English Lavender Lavandula angustifolia

English Plantain Plantago lancelolata

Eryngo Eryngium campestre

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globuius

European Elder Sambucus nigra

European Five-Finger Grass Potentilla reptans

European Golden Rod Solidago virgaurea

European Mistletoe Viscum album

European Peony Paeonia officinalis

European Water Hemlock Cicuta virosa

Evening Primrose Oeπothera biennis

Fennel Foeπiculum vulgare

Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum

Feverfew Tanacetum parthenium

Field Scabious Knautia arvensis Figs Ficus carica

Figwort Scrophularia nodosa

Flax Linum usitatissimum

Fool's Parsley Aethusa cynapium

Forget-Me-Not Myosotis arvensis

Frangula Rhamnus frangula

French Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus

Fringetree Chionanthus virginicus

Frostwort Helianthemum canadense

Fumitory Fumaria officinalis

Gamboge Garcinia hanburyi

Garden Cress Lapidum sativum

Garlic Allium sativum

German Chamomile Marticaria recutita

Germander Teucrium chamaedrys

Ginger Zingiber officinale

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba

Globe Flower Trollius europaeus

Goat's Rue Galega officinalis

Golden Shower Tree Cassia fistula

Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis

Gotu Kola Centella asiatica

Goutweed Aegopodium podagraπa

Grains of Paradise Aframomum melegueta

Grape Vitis vinifera

Great Burπet Sanguisorba officinalis

Greater Bindweed Calystegia sepium

Green Tea Camellia sinensis

Ground Pine Ajuga chamaepitys

Heather Calluna vulgaris

Hedge-Hyssop Gratiola officinalis Hemlock Conium maculatum

Hemp Agrimony Eupatorim canπabinum

Hempnettle Galeopsis segetum

Henbane Hyoscyamus niger

Henna Lawsonia inermis

Herb Paris Paris quadrifolia

Herb Robert Geranium robertianum

Hibiscus Hibiscus sabdariffa

High Mallow Malva sylvestris

Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium

Holly Ilex aquifolium

Hollyhock Alcea rosea

Hops Humulus lupulus

Horehound Marrubium vulgare

Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum

Horseradish Armoracia rusticana

Horsetail Equisetum arvense

Houseleek Sempervivum tectorum

Hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens

Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis

Jaborandi Pilocarpus microphyllus

Jacob's Ladder Polemonium caeruleum

Jalap Ipomoea purga

Jasmine Jasminum officinale

Jimson Weed Datura stramonium

Jojoba Simmondsia chinesis

Juniper Juniperus communis

Kava Kava Piper methysticum

Knotweed Polygonum aviculare

Lady Fern Athyrium filix-femina

Lady's Bedstraw Galium verum Lady's Mantle Alchemilla vulgaris

Larch Larix decidua

Larkspur Delphinium consoiida

Laurel Laurus nobilis

Lavender Cotton Santolina chamaecyparissias

Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis

Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus

Levant Cotton Gossypium herbaceum

Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra

Lily-Of-The-Valley Convallaria majalis

Lime Citrus aurantifolia

Linden Tilia species

Lobelia Lobelia inflata

Loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris

Lotus Nelumbo nucifera

Lovage Levisiticum officinale

Luffa Luffa aegyptica

Lungwort Pulmonaria officinalis

Madder Rubia tinctorum

Ma-Huang Ephedra sinica

Malabar Nut Justicia adhatoda

Male Fern Dryopteris filix-mas

Mandrake Mandragora officinarum

Manna Fraxinus ornus

Marigold Calendula officinalis

Marijuana Cannabis sativa

Marsh Blazing Star Liatris spicata

Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris

Mastic Tree Pistacia lentiscus

Mate Ilex paraguariensis

Mayapple Podophylium peltatum Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria

Mercury Herb Mercurialis annua

Mezereon Daphne mezereum

Milk Thistle Silybum marianum

Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia

Monkshood Aconitum napellus

Motherwort Leonurus cardiaca

Mountain Ash Berry Sorbus aucuparia

Mountain Grape Mahonia aquifolium

Mountain Laurel Kalmia latifolia

Mugwort Artemesia vulgaris

Mullein Verbascum densiflorum

Myrrh Commiphora molmol

Myrtle Myrtus communis

Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus

Neem Aπtelaea azadirachta

Noni Morinda citrifolia

Nutmeg Myristica fragrans

Nux Vomica Strychnos nux vomica

Oak Quercus robur

Oats Avena sativa

Oilseed Rape Brassica napus

Oleander Leaf Nerium oleander

Olive Olea europaea

Onion Allium cepa

Oregano Origanum vulgare

Orris Iris species

Papaya Carica papaya

Parsley Petroselinum crispum

Parsnip Pastinaca sativa

Passion Flower Passiflora incarnata Patchouli Pogostemon cablin

Peppermint Mentha piperita

Petasites Petasites hybridus

Peyote Lophophora williamsii

Pimpinella Pimpinella major

Pinus Bark Tsuga canadensis

Pitcher Plant Sarracenia purpurea

Pleurisy Root Asclepias tuberosa

Poisonous Buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus

Poke Phytolacca americaπa

Pomegranate Punica granatum

Poplar Populus species

Poppyseed Papaver somniferum

Potentilla Potentilla ansesrina

Premorse Scabiosa succisa

Psyllim Seed Plantago afra

Pumpkin Cucurbita pepo

Purple Loosestrife Lythrum saiicaria

Quillaja Quillaja saponaria

Quinine Cinchona pubescens

Radish Raphanus sativus

Ragwort Senecio jacobaea

Raspberry Rubus idaeus

Red Clover Trifolium pratense

Red Currant Ribes rubrum

Red Maple Acer rubrum

Red-Spur Valerian Centranthus ruber

Rice Oryza sativa

Rosemary Rosemarinus offcinalis

Rosinweed Silphium laciniatum

Rue Ruta graveolens Rupturewort Hemiaria glabra

Saffron Crocus sativus

Sage Salvia offiiciiinalis

Sarsapariilla Smilax species

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Savin Tops Juniperus sabina

Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens

Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis

Scotch Broom Cytisus scoparius

Scotch Pine Pinus species

Scotch Thistle Onopordum acanthium

Scullcap Scultellaria lateriflora

Scurvy Grass Cochlearia officinalis

Sea Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides

Self-Heal Prunella vullgaris

Senna Cassia senna

Shepherd's Purse Capsella bursa-pastoris

Skirret Sium sisarum

Sloe Prunus spinosa

Soapwort Saponaria officinalis

Solomon's Seal Polygonatum multifiorum

Sourhern Bayberry Myrica cerifera

Soybean Glycine soja

Spearmint Mentha spiciata

Speedwell Veronica officinalis

Spikenard Aralia racemosa

Spinach Spinacia oleracea

Spiny Rest Harrow Ononis spinosa

Squill Urgingea maritima

St. John's Wort Hypericum perforatum

Star Anise lllicium verum Stinging Nettle Urtica dioica

Stone Root Collinsonia canadensis

Storax Liquidambar orientalis

Strawberry Fragaria vesca

Sumbul Ferula sumbul

Summer Savory Satureja hortensis

Sunflower Helianthus annus

Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Sweet Cicely Myrrhis odorata

Sweet Clover Melilotus officinalis

Sweet Gale Myrica gale

Sweet Marjoram Origanum majorana

Sweet Orange Citrus sinensis

Sweet Vernal Grass Anthoxanthum odoratum

Sweet Violet Viola odorata

Sweet Woodruff Galium odoratum

Tansy Tanacetum vulgare

Taumelloolch Lolium temulentum

Teazle Dipsacus silvestris

Thuja Thuja occidentalis

Thyme Thymus vulgaris

Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum

Tolu Balsam Myroxylon balsamum

Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum

Traveller's Joy Clematis vitalba

Triticum Agropyron repens

Uva-Ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Valerian Valeriana officinalis

Vervain Verbena officinalis

Wahoo Euoonymus atropurpurea

Wallflower Cheiranthus cheiri Walnut Juglans regia Water Avens Geum rivale Water Fennel Oenanthe aquatica White Bryony Bryonia alba White Hellebore Veratrum album White Mustard Sinapis alba White Nettle Lamium album White Willow Salix species Wild Carrot Daucus carota White Daisy Bellis perennis Wild Indigo Baptisia tinctoria Wild mint Mentha aquatica Wild Radish Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Thyme Thymus serpyllum Wild Yam Dioscorea villosa Willow Herb Epilobium angustifolium Winter Cherry Physalis alkekengi Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana Wood Betony Betonica officinalis Wood Sage Teucrium scorodonia Wormseed Oil Chenopodium ambrosioides Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Yarrow Achillea millefolium Yew Taxus baccata Zedoary Curcuma zedoaria

Appropriate combinations of these herbal and/or pharmaceutical formulations in a nanodose preparation may be used therapeutically to treat allergic disorders, cardiovascular system disorders, central nervous system disorders, dermatological conditions, ear disorders, endocrine system disorders, eye disorders, gastrointestinal tract disorders, immune system -disorders, infections, musculoskeletal disorders, neoplasms, obstetric/gynecological disorders, pain and pyrexia, drug dependence, respiratory tract disorders, surgical post-operative conditions, and urogenital system disorders.

While the invention has been herein shown and described in what is presently conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiment thereof it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications may be made thereof within the scope of the invention, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation of the appended claims so as to encompass all equivalent products and procedures.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An ingestible delivery vehicle containing only about 8 micrograms-0.5 picograms, or about 5-10 microliters of about 6.7 x 10^'8 to 2.5 x 10^"15 molar solution, of at least one bioactive substance.

2. An ingestible delivery vehicle as recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one bioactive substance is selected from the group consisting essentially of Chinese medicine herbal substances, mother of pearl, stimulants, and the other materials listed in the specification.

3. An ingestible delivery vehicle as recited in claim 1 wherein the delivery vehicle is selected from the group consisting essentially of carbohydrate-based wafers, non- carbohydrate-based wafers, lozenges including lactose pellets, and capsules.

4. An ingestible delivery vehicle as recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one bioactive substance is sprayed onto the delivery vehicle.

5. An ingestible delivery vehicle as recited in claim 1 wherein the delivery vehicle contains only one bioactive substance.

6. An ingestible delivery vehicle as recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one bioactive substance comprises a plurality of bioactive substances collectively present in the amount of only about 8 micrograms - 0.5 picograms.

7. An ingestible delivery vehicle as recited in claim 1 wherein the total amount of bioactive substance is between about 1 x 10^"9 to 1 x 10^"11 grams.

8. An ingestible delivery vehicle as recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one bioactive substance comprises a formulation comprising Acanthopenax Root Bark, Schizandria Chinensis, Concha Margarita, and Pericarpium Citrus Reticulata.

9. A method of treating a human or animal by neurostimulating the human's or animal's brain to effect a positive physical manifestation by substantially solely influencing the human's or animal's gustatory, or gustatory and olfactory, receptors.

10. A method as recited in claim 9 practiced so as to influence substantially only the gustatory receptors.

1 1. A method as recited in claim 10 practiced by bringing the gustatory receptors into contact with only between about 8 micrograms and 0.5 picograms, or about 5-10 microliters of about 6.7 x 10^"8 to 2.5 x 10^"15 molar solution, of a bioactive substance.

12. A method as recited in claim 9 practiced by bringing the receptors into contact with only between about 8 micrograms and 0.5 picograms, or about 5-10 microliters of about 6.7 x 10^"8 to 2.5 x 10^"15 molar solution, of a bioactive substance.

13. A method as recited in claim 9 practiced by bringing the receptors into contact with a plurality of bioactive substances collectively in an amount of only between about 8 micrograms and 0.5 picograms.

14. A method as recited in claim 14 practiced by bringing the receptors into contact with a plurality of bioactive substances collectively in an amount of only between about 1 x 10^"9 to 1 x 10^'11 grams.

15. A method as recited in claim 9 practiced by the human or animal bringing a delivery vehicle containing an effective amount of at least one bioactive substance into contact with the gustatory receptors.

16. A method as recited in claim 15 practiced so that the positive effectiveness of treatment is substantially the same as if the human or animal was treated with a normal dose of the at least one bioactive substance delivered through the bloodstream.

17. A method as recited in claim 15 practiced to cure or relieve the symptoms of a disease, illness, or condition; and further comprising also treating the human or animal with a normal dose of a bioactive substance delivered through the bloodstream to cure or relieve the symptoms of the same disease, illness, or condition.

18. A method as recited in claim 9 practiced to cure or relieve the symptoms of a disease, illness, or condition conventionally treatable by delivering a bioactive substance to the human or animal through the bloodstream; and further practiced with at least substantially the same effectiveness as the conventional treatment.

19. A method as recited in claim 18 practiced so as to cure or relieve the symptoms of one or more of ADHD, ADD, nervousness, hot flashes, insomnia, bone density loss, anxiety, and drug addiction.

20. A method of treating a human or animal with a disease, illness, or condition, to cure or relieve the symptoms thereof, by bringing into contact with the human's or animal's gustatory receptors at least one bioactive substance in the amount of only between about 8 x 10^"6 to 5 x 10^"13 grams, or about 5-10 microliters of about 6.7 x 10^'8 to 2.5 x 10^"15 molar solution.

21. Methods and products as shown and described.