WO2001014918A1 - Ameliorations de dispositifs a fibres optiques et connexes - Google Patents

Ameliorations de dispositifs a fibres optiques et connexes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001014918A1
WO2001014918A1 PCT/GB2000/003206 GB0003206W WO0114918A1 WO 2001014918 A1 WO2001014918 A1 WO 2001014918A1 GB 0003206 W GB0003206 W GB 0003206W WO 0114918 A1 WO0114918 A1 WO 0114918A1
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Prior art keywords
fibre
fibres
coupler
fused
waists
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PCT/GB2000/003206
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English (en)
Inventor
George Kakarantzas
Timothy Eugene Dimmick
Timothy Adam Birks
Philip St. John Russell
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The University Of Bath
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Priority to AU67083/00A priority Critical patent/AU6708300A/en
Publication of WO2001014918A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001014918A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29331—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by evanescent wave coupling
    • G02B6/29332—Wavelength selective couplers, i.e. based on evanescent coupling between light guides, e.g. fused fibre couplers with transverse coupling between fibres having different propagation constant wavelength dependency
    • G02B6/29334—Grating-assisted evanescent light guide couplers, i.e. comprising grating at or functionally associated with the coupling region between the light guides, e.g. with a grating positioned where light fields overlap in the coupler
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
    • G02B6/2821—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals
    • G02B6/2835—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals formed or shaped by thermal treatment, e.g. couplers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29331—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by evanescent wave coupling
    • G02B6/29332—Wavelength selective couplers, i.e. based on evanescent coupling between light guides, e.g. fused fibre couplers with transverse coupling between fibres having different propagation constant wavelength dependency
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29346—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by wave or beam interference
    • G02B6/29347—Loop interferometers, e.g. Sagnac, loop mirror
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29346—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by wave or beam interference
    • G02B6/2935—Mach-Zehnder configuration, i.e. comprising separate splitting and combining means
    • G02B6/29352—Mach-Zehnder configuration, i.e. comprising separate splitting and combining means in a light guide
    • G02B6/29355—Cascade arrangement of interferometers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of single-mode optical fibres and, m particular, to the manufacture of optical fibre couplers and to the couplers themselves.
  • Single-mode optical fibres Glass optical fibres that support at most only a small number of modes (“single-mode” optical fibres) are widely used m applications such as telecommunications and sensing.
  • Examples of elementary devices include: directional couplers, for splitting light m an input fibre between two output fibres; spectral filters, to block, pass or re-route light according to its wavelength; and reflectors, to reverse the direction of propagation of a light wave.
  • More complex devices can be made by assembling a plurality of elementary devices, in the same way that an electronic circuit can be made from a plurality of electronic components .
  • Such fibre devices can be made from bulk optical components, or planar integrated optical devices, by "pigtailing” , wherein light leaving an input fibre or entering an output fibre is interfaced to a functional part of the device by a system of lenses. That usually results m a device that is large, environmentally unstable, mechanically weak and expensive to make. The interface can also introduce significant optical losses; so, it is often advantageous to employ all -fibre devices, which are made from fibres that have been processed m some way. In such a device, light never leaves the fibres and so there is no need for an interface and consequently far less loss.
  • One basic all-fibre device is the fused coupler*_ which acts as a fibre beam-splitter.
  • Light entering the device in an input fibre is divided, in some ratio, between two or more output fibres.
  • Variants of this device can act as filters, where the splitting ratio depends on the wavelength of the light, and switches, where the ratio can be controlled electrically.
  • Such devices are widely used m many technological applications.
  • a fused coupler is typically made from a pair of optical fibres. Their polymer coatings are removed over a suitable length, exposing the bare glass fibres. The fibres are held m substantially parallel contact. They are then heated using a heat source such as a gas flame, an electrical resistance heater or a laser and the two fibres are thereby fused together. At the same time, the fibres are stretched to reduce their diameter, a process called tapering. The result is a single fused structure with a cross-sectional area that is much smaller at the narrowest point (the "waist" of the coupler) than the cross-sectioned area of the original fibres. The four lengths of the two original fibres emerge from the waist via "taper transitions" . Two act as input fibres and the other two as output fibres.
  • Tapering of a single fibre causes light propagating in the core of a fibre to expand to fill the entire cross- section of the fibre. Therefore m a fused coupler, in broad terms, that allows the light in one fibre to leak across into the other fibre m the region where they are fused. More strictly, the light in an input fibre excites a number of electromagnetic modes of propagation that fill the waist of the coupler. The properties of these modes determines how the light is split between the output fibres. Modes like these, which fill the cladding of the coupler, are known as ; cladding modes .
  • one or both fibres is/are heated and stretched individually (a process known as pre-tapenng) , before being held m contact with the other fibre or fibres, then heated and stretched further.
  • pre-tapenng a process known as pre-tapenng
  • the fibres are then heated and stretched together m a second stage of the process, the diameter of the fibres being reduced by a greater ratio m that second stage than they were reduced during pre- tapering.
  • pre-tapenng does not proceed to the stage that the light originally m the core of the fibre becomes guided as a cladding mode at any point .
  • the waist of the coupler is typically between 5 and 10 mm in length, but the complete device is considerably longer because of the taper transitions, which generally contribute at least another 20 mm or so to the length of the device, both because of the constraints of the fabrication technique and also m order to keep the optical losses of the coupler to an acceptable level .
  • each fused coupler that is added to an assembly usually adds another length of 60 mm.
  • the assembly can be shortened by holding individual couplers in parallel and connecting them with fibre loops, but loops with a radius of curvature of less than about 10 mm tend to introduce bend losses of their own. There is, therefore, a limit to the miniaturisation that is possible with conventional fused couplers .
  • an optical fibre coupler comprising the following steps: providing a first optical fibre and a second optical fibre, at least one of the fibres being a single-mode fibre; reducing the local diameter of a region of each of the first and the second fibre to produce a tapered waist in each fibre; placing the waists of the first and second fibres m contact with each other; and, fusing the waists together.
  • single-mode fibre is a well-known term of the art and refers to a fibre that supports one or at most only a few transverse modes m a wavelength range of interest; for example at least one of the fibres may support ⁇ etween one and ten modes at at least one wavelength.
  • a "multi-mode fibre” is a fibre that supports many (perhaps hundreds of) transverse modes.
  • the length of the fused region (those parts of the waists that have been fused) , preferably to less than 2 mm. Indeed, the length is advantageously limited even more: to less than 1 mm or, more preferably, to less than 500 microns. More preferably, the length of the fused region is less than 200 microns and it may even be less than 100 microns.
  • a short fused region m a prior art fibre coupler has not been previously demonstrated.
  • the reduction m the local diameter of each of the fibres should be sucn that light (of whatever wavelength is to be passed through the fibre) is guided m the waist of each fibre as a cladding mode .
  • the invention therefore permits the manufacture of a coupler that is on a miniature scale (a "raicrocoupier" 1 ; that makes it possible to house a coupler m a very small volume and, also, to house complex devices m much smaller volumes than is customary.
  • the first and second optical fibres are single-mode fibres. Miniaturisation is of particular advantage m respect of couplers formed of single mode fibres; couplers embodying the invention and described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are formed of single mode fibres.
  • the fibres it is especially advantageous for at least one, and preferably both, of the fibres to be annealed by heating prior to fusion, m order to remove any stresses m the fibres, such as those due to the way the fibres are held. For example, even clamps intended to hold a fibre straight may m fact impose some bend, twist or stretch deformations.
  • regions that will be m a stressed state immediately prior to fusion are annealed.
  • Such an annealing step is not customary when manufacturing optical fibre couplers but we have found it to be especially advantageous m the present invention.
  • the annealing step is preferaoly carried out prior to fusion of the fibres but may be carried out instead, or m addition, after fusing of the fibres.
  • At least the waist of at least one of the fibres is annealed by heating prior to fusion.
  • at least the fused portions of the fibres are annealed by heating after fusion.
  • the annealing step preferably involves applying heat for a period of more than 2 minutes, that being a longer period than is generally used simply for fusion; the annealing step would usually be carried out by heating fibres to a temperature less than the temperature at which they fuse.
  • heating is not strong enough ⁇ to deform the bulk structure of the fibres but does allow stresses m the fibre to relax, for example by the microscopic internal rearrangement of interatomic bonds.
  • the local diameter of a region of each of the first and the second fibres should be reduced such that light is guided m the waist of each fibre as a cladding mode.
  • the narrowed regions may nave a ⁇ iameter of, for example, 20 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m or less.
  • the waists may be fused together over a substantially shorter length than the lengths of the waists of the fibres.
  • the radius of curvature of the waist of at least one of the fibres may be greater than 100 microns when the waists are fused together and may be greater than 600 microns, 1 mm, 2 mm, 1 cm or 5 cm.
  • the first and/or second fibre (s) may be bent by less than, for example, 180°, 90 °, 45 °, or 10 °.
  • the waist of at least one of the fibres, preferably each of the fibres may be substantially straight when the waists are fused together.
  • the waists of the fibres will usually be fused together with the waists substantially parallel to one another, but it may also be advantageous m some cases for the waists of the fibres to be fused together with the waists inclined to one another. In either case, the waists may be twisted around each other during their fusing together; for example, to help maintain contact between the fibres .
  • first and second fiores that are fused together are separate portions of the same optical fibre; m such a case it will be understood that the first optical fibre and the second optical fibre are separate portions of the same optical fibre, the portions being space ⁇ apart from one another longitudinally by an intermediate portion
  • the method may further include the steps of providing a further optical fibre, reducing the local diameter of a region of the further optical fibre to produce a tapered waist, placing the waist of the further fibre m contact with a waist of the first and/or second fibres and fusing the waists together.
  • the further fiores may be fused to tne first or second fibre at a location spaced from the fused joining of the first and second fibres.
  • the further fibre may be fused to the same waist of the first or second fibre as forms part of the fused coupling of the first and second fibres, or it may be fused to another waist of one of the first and second fibres.
  • the method may further comprise the step of stretching the fibres during the fusing of the waists so that the cross-sectional area of the waisted fibres is further reduced.
  • the further reduction would be of an amount which was small compared with the reduction prior to fusion.
  • the optical response of the coupler is monitored as the coupler is being manufactured. That can be achieved by launching light into one fibre and detecting the outputs at the far ends of the first and second fibres.
  • the reduction m diameter of at least one fibre to produce a tapered waist may be achieved by various means including neatmg and stretching, chemical etcning, for example, using hydrofluoric acid, or a combination of heating and stretching and chemical etching.
  • Other processes which could be used include: plasma etching, ion milling, solvent processing, grinding, and polishing, or any appropriate comhination of those processes.
  • the fibres may be fused together using, for example, light from a carbon dioxide laser, a flame, and electrical resistance heater or an electric arc discharge.
  • the present invention also provides a fibre coupler comprising a first optical fibre and a second optical fibre, at least one of the fibres being a smge-mode fibre, each having an elongate narrowed region, the first and second fibres being fused together along at least one portion of their narrowed regions, the length of the fused region being less than 2 mm.
  • the first and second optical fibres may be single-mode fibres.
  • the or each fused portion of the coupler may be of substantially shorter length than the lengths of the narrowed regions.
  • the radius of curvature of the narrowed region of the first and/or second fibre may be greater than 100 microns.
  • the first and/or second fibre may be bent by less than 180° m the narrowed region.
  • At least one of the fibres may be substantially straight m the narrowed region.
  • the fibres may be substantially parallel or inclined to one another m the narrowed region. At least one fibre may have been annealed.
  • the coupler may support light m a single transverse mode at at least one wavelength. At least two portions of the same fibre may be fused together.
  • the narrowed region may have a diameter of less than 30 microns. More than two fibres may be fused together.
  • One fibre may have a plurality of other fibres fused to it at respective locations spaced along the fibre. A plurality of other fibres may be fused to the same narrowed portion of said one fibre at respective locations spaced along the fibre.
  • optical devices may include at least one fibre coupler according to the invention.
  • Optical devices may include more than one fibre coupler according to the invention.
  • Such complex devices may, for example, be formed by repeating the contact and fusion steps at additional sites within the tapered region. Little extra space is taken up by each additional coupler; because the raw material is fibre that has already been narrowed, each component microcoupler m the complex device does not bring with it the overhead of its own taper transitions. Furthermore, since the fibres adjoining the coupler are themselves narrowed, they can be bent very tightly without loss, thus permitting further miniaturisation.
  • complex devices can be housed m a similar volume to that required for a single conventuonal component. Indeed, three-dimensional interconnections are possible. Being made entirely from fibre, there is generally no need for interfacing and so the loss is low. Hence an advantage of the coupler is that it can lead to miniature low-loss complex fibre devices.
  • An optical device made from the coupler might be, for example, a Sagnac mirror, a ring resonator, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a coupler array (comprising a plurality of fibre couplers according to the invention formed m a network of narrowed fibres) , or a four-port filter m which at least one fibre has been narrowed by chemical etching and at least one fibre grating has been inscribed m that fibre.
  • Fig. 1 shows a conventional fused coupler.
  • Fig. 2 shows the evolution of light through a low- loss tapered single-mode fibre.
  • Fig. 3 shows a microcoupler according to the invention.
  • Fig. 4 shows a Sagnac mirror including (a) a conventional coupler and (b) a microcoupler according to the invention.
  • Fig. 5 shows a ring resonator including a microcoupler according to the invention.
  • Fig. 6 shows a Mach-Zehnder filter including a microcoupler according to the invention.
  • Fig. 7 shows a coupler array including a microcoupler according to the invention.
  • Fig. 8 shows a four-port filter including a microcoupler according to the invention.
  • two lengths of standard single-mode glass fibre were reduced m diameter from 125 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m by stretching m a travelling flame.
  • the two narrowed fibres were laid across one another so that they were then held m substantially parallel contact over a short length.
  • the fibres were annealed m this position by further exposure to the flame, though at a lower temperature, for 10 minutes. They were then fused together using a high power beam from a 20W carbon dioxide laser (giving a 1 mm spot size) . Whilst being fused, the fibres were further stretched by an amount which resulted m a further reduction of their cross- sectional area of less than 20%.
  • the microcoupler was the fused region that acts as a beam-splitter.
  • the fused region was 200 ⁇ m long, the excess loss of the coupler was 0.2 dB, and the splitting ratio was 100% for light of a wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • the coupler was so short because the required interaction length varies approximately as the square of the coupler's width (F.P. Payne, CD. Hussey, M.S. Yataki , Electron. Letters 2JL (1985)461), and the fibre from which it was made was already very narrow.
  • the coupler can be formed from more than two portions of fibre .
  • a conventional fibre coupler (Fig. 1) , fibres 10 are brought into approximately parallel contact, stretched and simultaneously fused to produce a common waist 20. A large part of the length of the waist 20 is fused. Taper transition regions 30 result between the waist 20 and the remaining untapered fibre lengths 40 to 43. Light propagating along input fibres lengths 40, 41 exits through output fibres lengths 42, 43 m a ratio determined by the evolution of light as it propagates.
  • Fig. 2 shows a single tapered fibre: m the untapered regions 45, 46 the light is confined to the core region 50 by the cladding 60; m the waist 20, light spills out into the cladding 60 and is confined therein by total internal reflection at the interface between the cladding 60 and the environment surrounding the waist 20 of the fibre.
  • the fused region 70 occurs along only a short length of the fibre waist 80; that is, the region where the fibre is narrow and of a substantially constant diameter.
  • Figs. 4 to 8 show various examples of the devices that can be made incorporating a microcoupler.
  • a Sagnac mirror (Fig. 4)
  • a mirror is made by bending a fibre 90 by about 180° so that two portions of the fibre are brought into parallel contact.
  • a coupler 100 is used at the point of contact (Fig. 4a) ; however, m a narrowed fibre 91 a microcoupler 110 may instead be formed at the point of contact (Fig. 4b) .
  • the splitting ratio of the coupler is arranged to be 50% at the wavelength of interest (by control of the heating time, temperature and length) , the resulting structure acts as a mirror for that wavelength.
  • the fibre diameter is about 15 ⁇ m or less, the bend can be of diameter 2 mm or less, making the device very small.
  • a ring resonator (Fig. 5)
  • a fibre 120 is bent by about 360° so that two portions of the fibre lie m parallel contact.
  • a microcoupler 130 is formed with a splitting ratio that is close to 100%.
  • the resulting resonator can have a spectral response with a free spectral range of the order of 0.8 nm (the channel spacing m dense wavelength division multiplexed telecommunication systems) if the loop diameter is about 0.6 m .
  • a further important device is the Mach Zehnder interferometer (Fig. 6), m which two successive microcouplers 140, 141, with an unfused region 160 m between, are formed on the same pair of parallel narrowed fibres, 150, 151.
  • Fig. 6 Mach Zehnder interferometer
  • Coupler array (Fig. 7), in which microcouplers are formed m a network 170 of narrowed fibres, m such a way that the light split by the first coupler encountered 180 is itself split by a further coupler 190. This permits division of light from one input fibre between a number of output fibres.
  • a further important device is a four port filter (Fig. 8) . That device can be made by forming a microcoupler where a narrowed fibre 200 has been narrowed by chemical etching, for example, m hydrofluoric acid, and a fibre grating 210 has been inscribed m that fibre.
  • a Bragg grating can be written in that core; for example, by exposure to ultraviolet light.
  • the grating can be written within the fused region 220 of the microcoupler (as shown m Fig. 8) , and/or it can be written outside it.
  • Devices incorporating Bragg gratings can function as compact wavelength division multiplexing filters.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un procédé de fabrication de coupleurs de fibres optiques comportant les étapes suivantes: obtention d'une première et d'une deuxième fibre optique dont l'une ai moins du type monomode; réduction du diamètre local d'une zone de la première et de la deuxième fibre pour former une zone effilée (80) sur chacune des fibres; mise en contact puis fusion des zones effilées (80) des deux fibres pour former une zone fondue (70).
PCT/GB2000/003206 1999-08-20 2000-08-17 Ameliorations de dispositifs a fibres optiques et connexes WO2001014918A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU67083/00A AU6708300A (en) 1999-08-20 2000-08-17 Improvements in and relating to fibre optic devices

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GB9919822.8 1999-08-20
GBGB9919822.8A GB9919822D0 (en) 1999-08-20 1999-08-20 Improvements in and relating to fibre optic devices

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1489444A2 (fr) * 2003-06-18 2004-12-22 Fujikura Ltd. Fibre d'ordre élevé pour compensation de la dispersion et convertisseur de mode pour une telle fibre
WO2005040727A2 (fr) * 2003-10-13 2005-05-06 Cranfield University Ameliorations apportees a des detecteurs optiques de fibres
WO2007042761A1 (fr) * 2005-10-11 2007-04-19 Qinetiq Limited Ensemble de fibres optiques et son procédé de fabrication
CN105785510A (zh) * 2014-12-23 2016-07-20 北京邮电大学 基于拉锥方法的光纤耦合器及其制作方法
CN109752034A (zh) * 2019-03-18 2019-05-14 南昌航空大学 基于侧抛光纤马赫曾德干涉仪的折射率与温度传感器

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US4798438A (en) * 1986-10-15 1989-01-17 Gould Inc. Method of making a single-mode evanescent-wave coupler having reduced wavelength dependence
US4997247A (en) * 1987-09-17 1991-03-05 Aster Corporation Fiber optic coupler and method for making same
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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1489444A2 (fr) * 2003-06-18 2004-12-22 Fujikura Ltd. Fibre d'ordre élevé pour compensation de la dispersion et convertisseur de mode pour une telle fibre
EP1489444A3 (fr) * 2003-06-18 2005-01-05 Fujikura Ltd. Fibre d'ordre élevé pour compensation de la dispersion et convertisseur de mode pour une telle fibre
US7263267B2 (en) 2003-06-18 2007-08-28 Fujikura Ltd. Higher order mode dispersion compensating fiber and mode converter for higher order fiber
US7412128B2 (en) 2003-06-18 2008-08-12 Fujikura Ltd. Higher order mode dispersion compensating fiber and mode converter for higher order fiber
WO2005040727A2 (fr) * 2003-10-13 2005-05-06 Cranfield University Ameliorations apportees a des detecteurs optiques de fibres
WO2005040727A3 (fr) * 2003-10-13 2005-09-15 Univ Cranfield Ameliorations apportees a des detecteurs optiques de fibres
GB2407154B (en) * 2003-10-13 2007-01-10 Univ Cranfield Improvements in and relating to fibre optic sensors
WO2007042761A1 (fr) * 2005-10-11 2007-04-19 Qinetiq Limited Ensemble de fibres optiques et son procédé de fabrication
NO341367B1 (no) * 2005-10-11 2017-10-23 Optasense Holdings Ltd Fremgangsmåte ved fremstilling av en fiberoptisk pakke
CN105785510A (zh) * 2014-12-23 2016-07-20 北京邮电大学 基于拉锥方法的光纤耦合器及其制作方法
CN109752034A (zh) * 2019-03-18 2019-05-14 南昌航空大学 基于侧抛光纤马赫曾德干涉仪的折射率与温度传感器
CN109752034B (zh) * 2019-03-18 2021-03-12 南昌航空大学 基于侧抛光纤马赫曾德干涉仪的折射率与温度传感器

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