WO2001014702A1 - Convertisseur de combustible a plasma compact faible puissance - Google Patents

Convertisseur de combustible a plasma compact faible puissance Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001014702A1
WO2001014702A1 PCT/US2000/040677 US0040677W WO0114702A1 WO 2001014702 A1 WO2001014702 A1 WO 2001014702A1 US 0040677 W US0040677 W US 0040677W WO 0114702 A1 WO0114702 A1 WO 0114702A1
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Prior art keywords
plasma
fuel converter
plasma fuel
converter
fuel
Prior art date
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PCT/US2000/040677
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English (en)
Inventor
Alexander Rabinovich
Leslie Bromberg
Daniel R. Cohn
Original Assignee
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
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Publication date
Application filed by Massachusetts Institute Of Technology filed Critical Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
Priority to CA002391851A priority Critical patent/CA2391851A1/fr
Priority to JP2001518551A priority patent/JP2003507321A/ja
Publication of WO2001014702A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001014702A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
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    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/342—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents with the aid of electrical means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, or particle radiations
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B43/00—Engines characterised by operating on gaseous fuels; Plants including such engines
    • F02B43/10—Engines or plants characterised by use of other specific gases, e.g. acetylene, oxyhydrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
    • B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
    • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
    • B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
    • B01J2219/0826—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear
    • B01J2219/0828—Wires
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
    • B01J2219/0881—Two or more materials
    • B01J2219/0883—Gas-gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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    • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
    • B01J2219/0892—Materials to be treated involving catalytically active material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
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    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
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    • C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
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    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
    • C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0811—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
    • C01B2203/0816—Heating by flames
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    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0838—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel
    • C01B2203/0844—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel the non-combustive exothermic reaction being another reforming reaction as defined in groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/0294
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
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    • C01B2203/085—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by electric heating
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
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    • C01B2203/0861—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by plasma
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0866—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combination of different heating methods
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0872—Methods of cooling
    • C01B2203/0883—Methods of cooling by indirect heat exchange
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    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1005—Arrangement or shape of catalyst
    • C01B2203/1023—Catalysts in the form of a monolith or honeycomb
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
    • C01B2203/1052—Nickel or cobalt catalysts
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    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1082—Composition of support materials
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    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1276—Mixing of different feed components
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/16—Controlling the process
    • C01B2203/1604—Starting up the process
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    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
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    • C01B2203/1642—Controlling the product
    • C01B2203/1671—Controlling the composition of the product
    • C01B2203/1676—Measuring the composition of the product
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    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/16—Controlling the process
    • C01B2203/1695—Adjusting the feed of the combustion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/82—Several process steps of C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/08 integrated into a single apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a plasma fuel converter and more particularly to a low power compact plasma fuel converter employing high voltage and low current.
  • Plasma fuel converters such as plasmatrons reform hydrocarbons to produce a hydrogen rich gas.
  • DC arc plasmatrons have received particular attention in the prior art. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,425,332 and 5,437,250.
  • DC arc plasmatrons typically operate at low voltage and high current. By operating at high currents and lower voltages, the arc current is high enough that precautions are required to minimize electrode erosion and even melting. High flow rates of cooling water are required to keep the erosion in check. Air flow is required to simultaneously center the discharge on the cathode tip (made of hafnium or other specialized material, embedded in a copper plug) and to move the root of the arc at the anode to minimize erosion at the anode.
  • a constriction is also required to increase the impedance of the discharge (i.e., to operate at high voltages and lower currents than free-flowing arcs).
  • the air flows and the constriction are likely to require operation at elevated pressure (as much as 0.5 bar above ambient pressure), and thus a compressor is likely to be required. Even with these precautions, it is often difficult to extend the lifetime of the electrodes beyond approximately 1,000 hours of operation.
  • DC plasmatrons also require relatively sophisticated power supplies for stabilization of the arc discharge. Further, DC plasmatrons have a limited capability for low power operation. In some reforming applications, the minimum operating power can be significantly greater than needed resulting in unnecessary power loss. DC arc plasmatrons are typically operated at power levels of one kilowatt or more.
  • the plasma fuel converter of the invention includes an electrically conductive structure forming a first electrode A second electrode is disposed to create a gap with respect to the first electrode in a reaction chamber A fuel air mixture is introduced into the gap and a power supply connected to the first and second electrodes provides voltage in the range of approximately 100 volts to 40 kilovolts and current in the range of approximately 10 milhamperes to one ampere to generate a discharge to reform the fuel
  • the discharge can be a "glow type" discharge, a silent discharge and/or a breakdown discharge
  • a preferred range for voltage is 200 volts to 20 kilovolts
  • the plasma fuel converter includes a reaction extension region to increase residence time in a high temperature zone An insert in the reaction extension region and in the reaction chamber is provided to increase the temperature of operation The insert may be metallic or ceramic A heat exchanger may also be provided to decrease power needed from the power supply
  • the power supply be a current controlled, high voltage power supply such as a power supply including a saturable inductor to limit current
  • the saturable inductor power supply may be a neon transformer power supply
  • the fuel-air mixture is selected for operation between stoichiomet ⁇ c partial oxidation and full combustion depending on conditions and applications
  • An additional power supply may be provided for simultaneous operation in a low voltage, high current DC arc mode and a high voltage, low current glow discharge mode
  • the plasma fuel converter may include a plurality of plasma regions to increase hydrogen generation rate
  • the hydrogen rich gas output of the plasma fuel converter may be brought into contact with a catalyst such as for nitrogen oxide catalyst regeneration
  • the plasma fuel converter of the invention reduces or removes the disadvantages associated with DC arc plasmatrons known in the prior art
  • the disadvantages are overcome by the specially controlled high voltage, low current plasma fuel converter operation
  • the voltage and current vary over time in such a manner as to limit the current flowing in the plasma
  • the elect ⁇ cal characteristics of the plasma operation are a voltage range from a few hundred volts and up to 40 kilovolts, and a current range from 10 milhamperes to hundreds of milhamperes
  • the corresponding ranges for DC arc plasmatron fuel reformers are a voltage of around 100 volts and currents starting at 3-5 amperes
  • a representative high voltage, low current discharge of the plasma fuel converters of the invention has "glow discharge" type features Typically, this type of atmospheric pressure, high voltage, low current discharge can be made to operate at tens to hundreds of watts of average power
  • DC arc plasmatrons known m the prior art are typically operated at power levels of one kilowatt or more
  • Neon transformer power supplies use a saturable inductor to limit the current to a relatively low value, on the order of tens to hundreds of milhamps
  • Such power supplies are also capable of producing open circuit voltages of tens of kilovolts
  • the capacitive-based power supply delivers a high voltage, short pulse that breaks down the electrode-to- electrode gap and results in a discharge This breakdown phase is followed by a lower voltage, lower power discharge Most of the energy is delivered during the relatively long low voltage, low power part of the discharge The energy delivered per pulsed discharge is small, on the order of tens of millyoules Average power levels are typically around a few watts which is generally too low for hydrogen production applications
  • the power that is provided by the discharge can be on the order one-tenth of the minimum power of a compact DC arc plasmatron known in the prior art
  • the reformer of the invention is therefore appropriate for low hydrogen production rates where it provides enough power to increase substantially the enthalpy of the reactants Such low rates may be appropriate for some applications, such as catalyst regeneration
  • High hydrogen production rates are possible by using multiple units
  • a further increase in hydrogen production rate is possible by increasing the air/fuel ratio and the fuel throughput
  • the low power, high- voltage low-current plasma is used as an expanded volume igniter and a source of radicals to enhance the partial oxidation reaction with the necessary enthalpy increase provided by other means
  • These other means include air-fuel chemical reactions and/or heat provided by a heat exchanger
  • substantially all of the enthalpy (at least 80% and preferably 90% or more) is provided by these other means This mode of operation makes possible higher hydrogen production rates than would otherwise be allowed by constrain
  • the partial oxidation reaction with additional oxygen (. e , partial oxidation with an oxygen-to-fuel ratio greater than that for stoichiomet ⁇ c partial oxidation)
  • the oxygen is generally provided by additional air
  • the hydrogen yield (defined as the fraction of the hydrogen in the fuel that is released m the process) is reduced, but the elect ⁇ cal power requirement is decreased
  • the partial oxidation reaction is facilitated by fully oxidizing a fraction of the fuel and partially oxidizing the rest of the fuel
  • the additional required fuel does not impact substantially the overall fuel efficiency
  • the reduced power requirements for the plasma coupled with a much longer lifetime of the electrodes and a much simpler overall system reduces the complexity and cost of the
  • the power to the plasmatron is adjusted by changing the frequency of operation of the power supply
  • dielectrics cover one or both of the electrode surfaces so that microdischarges are generated across the gas It is also preferred that the fuel and air be introduced in a region such that the flow carries the reagents to a region close to the discharge.
  • Fig 1 is a cross-sectional view of a high voltage, low current discharge plasma fuel converter according to the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is such a plasma fuel converter including a reaction extension cylinder
  • Fig 3 is a cross-sectional view of a high voltage, low current glow-discharge plasmatron with thermal insulation
  • Fig 4 is a cross-sectional view of a high voltage, low current glow-discharge plasmatron including a heat exchanger.
  • Fig 5 is a cross-sectional view of another glow-discharge plasmatron with a heat exchanger.
  • Fig 6 is a circuit diagram of a high voltage, low current microplasmatron connected to a power supply with one grounded electrode.
  • Fig 7 is a circuit diagram of a high voltage, low current microplasmatron connected to a power supply with both electrodes connected to the microplasmatron.
  • Fig. 8 is a circuit diagram of a high voltage, low current microplasmatron connected to a power supply with a single electrode connected to the microplasmatron.
  • Fig 9 is a cross-sectional view of the a plasmatron of the invention using a conventional spark plug as one of the electrodes.
  • Fig. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment with dielectric covering on the electrodes.
  • Fig. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention employing a f ⁇ t.
  • Figs. 12 and 13 are cross-sectional views of other embodiments of the invention.
  • Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention employing a heat exchanger and a water-shift reactor.
  • Figs. 15 and 16 are cross-sectional views of embodiments of the invention with electrically heated reaction extension zones.
  • a plasma fuel converter 10 includes a conductive structure 12 and an electrode 14.
  • the conductive structure 12 and the electrode 14 form a gap 16 within a reaction chamber 18.
  • An air fuel mixture is introduced into the reaction chamber 18 through a conduit 20 which results in a radial introduction.
  • a discharge 22 occurs across the gap 16.
  • the energy in the discharge 22 serves to reform the fuel portion of the air- fuel mixture to generate hydrogen rich gas.
  • the electrode 14 is electrically isolated from the conductive structure 12 by an insulator 24.
  • Figure 2 shows the embodiment of Fig. 1 but including a reaction extension cylinder 26 which increases the residence time of the reactants in the high temperature zone thereby increasing the hydrogen rich gas yields. It is possible to increase yields further by minimizing heat losses downstream from the plasma discharge 22. As shown in Fig. 3, minimizing heat losses can be achieved by the use of a thermal shield 28 in the region immediately downstream from the plasma and in the reaction extension cylinder 26 that is further downstream.
  • the thermal shield 28 may be a thin metallic barrier with low thermal capacity (and therefore short thermal response time) to minimize radiation losses.
  • the thermal shield 28 may be a ceramic barrier having low thermal conductivity but with increased thermal capacity and therefore increased thermal response time.
  • a compact heat exchanger 30 can be used to preheat part of the air and/or part of the fuel in a counter- flow heat exchanger configuration.
  • Fig. 6 shows one circuit arrangement.
  • a saturable core transformer 32 draws power from power mains 34, which can carry either AC or DC current.
  • the AC power can be obtained from a conventional AC power source, or it can be generated from DC (for example, onboard vehicles) by the use of a DC-AC converter.
  • the saturable core transformer has one grounded electrode 36 and another electrode 38 is connected to the electrode 14 of the plasmatron 10.
  • the conductive structure 12 of the plasmatron 10 is also grounded.
  • Another circuit arrangement is shown in Fig. 7 in which both power supply 32 electrodes 36 and 38 are connected to the plasmatron 10.
  • a second method is by operating a number of plasma fuel converter units in either a parallel or a series configuration, increasing the power by increasing the number of units operating.
  • a third method of adjusting the power is by changing the frequency of operation of the power supply.
  • the power to the plasma discharges is time varying. The higher power occurs at the discharge initiation time, when the voltage is very high and the current low, and during which gas breakdown occurs. At this time, the high voltage generates relatively energetic electrons that very efficiently generate radicals and efficiently couple their energy into the gas, with minimal voltage drops (sheaths) near the electrodes. The power decreases as the discharge approaches the glow-like regime. Frequencies as high as 100-200 kHz and even higher can be achieved using state of the art solid state components, such as IGBT's.
  • the frequency of a resonant inverter can be controlled and by simply varying the frequency, the power can be altered.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic of the experimental plasmatron 10.
  • One electrode of a conventional spark plug 40 was used in these experiments as the electrode 14.
  • the other electrode is a steel tube 42 which is maintained at ground potential (the ground electrode from the spark plug 40 has been removed).
  • This experimental plasmatron was operated with gasoline in the high voltage-low current mode of the invention.
  • the power supply was a saturable transformer (neon transformer). Two such units, of 50 watts each, were connected in parallel.
  • the actual power input into the plasmatron 10 may actually be less than 100 watts.
  • the power supply was AC, operating at line frequency.
  • the plasmatron was connected to a conventional reaction extension cylinder 26 to increase the residence time and increase conversion efficiency.
  • the present invention may also be very useful for operation at higher pressures.
  • High pressure increases the required voltages for both breakdown and for glow discharge sustenance.
  • High pressure operation with low voltage DC arc plasmatrons is very difficult, due to very high electrode wear.
  • the high voltage, low current operation of the plasmatron removes this difficulty.
  • the increased voltage with increasing pressure at some point requires sophisticated high voltage insulators and feedthroughs.
  • a possible application could be hydrogen addition in gas turbines, injecting the hydrogen rich gas downstream from the turbine compressor at or before the main fuel injection. This could have the benefit of extending the lean burn limit of the turbine, further decreasing the emissions and possibly increasing the turbine efficiency.
  • the type of electrical power supply that is being considered can be combined with a conventional DC arc power supply.
  • the neon transformer power supply can be used to stabilize the arc and during transients, such as start up, power variations or variations, in throughput through the plasma of fuel, air or other flows.
  • the requirements on stability that are imposed on the DC power supply can be eliminated, making it cheaper.
  • One possibility is to use a plasmatron that is connected directly to a rotating generating unit (such as an automobile generator) to provide the bulk of the power, and then to utilize the other power supply to provide the stabilization and the turn-on requirements.
  • the plasmatron With either power supply on.
  • the DC plasmatron power When the DC plasmatron power is on, it operates at high power, while when operating in the glow-like mode with the DC plasmatron power supply not providing any electricity, it operates at low power.
  • a large dynamic variation of power from tens of watts to 1-2 kW can be achieved in this manner.
  • This dynamic range can be used for load following of the engine, or for a different mission
  • the gas throughputs required for engine exhaust catalyst regeneration can be substantially lower than the throughputs required for hydrogen additive operation or cold start In this manner, if the momentary hydrogen requirements call for small throughput, the plasma fuel reformer can operate in a glow-like discharge mode, while for higher hydrogen requirements, it can operate in a combination of both modes
  • Each high voltage, low current glow-discharge plasmatron may operate with only about 100 watts It is possible to increase the power by placing several high voltage, low current discharges in the plasma fuel reformer
  • the high voltage, low current glow-discharge plasma sources can be connected to a single power supply, either in a series or in a parallel configuration
  • the preferred embodiment is for each high voltage, low current glow plasmatron to be connected to its own power supply
  • applications include cold start emissions reduction m spark ignition internal combustion engines and nitrogen oxides reduction during the entire driving cycle
  • Other applications include hydrogen production for diesel engines, fuel cells and gas turbines, and for small hydrogen sources for industrial applications
  • the stand alone, low power, low current plasma fuel converter devices may be particularly useful for small power engines (with generated power levels m the 1-40 kW range)
  • oxygen concentration of the reformate is very low, usually less than 1%. Higher concentrations in the reformate indicate poor reforming. Oxygen detection, by the use of conventional oxygen sensors can therefore be used to monitor the reforming process and to control the plasmatron operation (power and oxygen/fuel ratio).
  • the operation of the plasmatron in the high- voltage low current mode allows operation of the fuel reformer at high pressures.
  • upstream air and fuel compressors are needed (which, for the case of a turbine driven by hydrogen-rich gas, are built into the system).
  • mixing downstream from the plasmatron In order to maximize the throughput and the conversion yield of hydrocarbon into hydrogen, it is attractive to introduce mixing downstream from the plasmatron. In this way the size and number of pockets that are either of elevated or reduced (with respect to the average) hydrocarbon content are substantially decreased, allowing for higher yield of hydrogen and decreased energy consumption.
  • a frit 52 or comparable material consisting of increased surface area
  • the frit 52 can be either a conventional frit that is used just to increase the mixing, or it can be made of a material that provides a catalytic reaction. In the latter case, the frit 50 is made of a catalytic material on a substrate, such as nickel catalyst on an alumina substrate (ideal for steam reforming).
  • the preferred method of air injection is to inject some of the air upstream from the plasma. Some of the fuel can be injected into the discharge either prior to the plasma, which is the preferred method for the case of the low power plasma fuel converter (or downstream from the plasma for the high power DC arc plasma fuel converter described in previous patents and patent applications of the present inventors). This is done in order to prevent soot formation across the small cathode- anode gap.
  • the flow is such that the flame propagates in the same direction as the bulk air flows.
  • the flame propagates at least partially against the main direction of the flow. Having the flow be in the same direction as the flame results in more stable reforming.
  • the desired flame and flow pattern in the present invention is achieved by having a small region where some or all of the air, and some, all or none of fuel are introduced, upstream from the discharge, and having a region of expansion where the air/fuel mixture propagates at much reduced velocity because of the increased cross section of the expansion region.
  • the expansion region can be followed by a reaction extension region that increases the residence time in the plasma fuel converter. Both the expansion region as well as the reaction extension region are well insulated thermally to minimize enthalpy loss, increasing the yield of hydrogen rich gas.
  • Figs 12 and 13 illustrate preferred embodiments with respect to air/fuel flow
  • Air and fuel 54 are introduced into the region of the discharge 22 and pass into an expanded region 56
  • air and fuel 54 are introduced alongside the electrode 14 m the vicinity of the discharge 22 and proceeds into the expanded region 56
  • the reaction occurs at oxygen-to-carbon ratios of 1 2-2 5 Under these conditions, the product gas has a substantial water content This water (or steam) can be used to increase the hydrogen production rates by changing (shifting) the carbon monoxide produced in the partial oxidation reaction to hydrogen by a water-gas shift reaction
  • Fig 14 illustrates the addition of a heat exchanger and a water-shift catalytic reactor
  • a heat exchanger 60 is placed downstream from the reaction extension cylinders 26 to decrease the reformate temperature before entry into a water-shift catalytic reactor 62 so as to increase the hydrogen concentration in the reformate
  • the water-shift catalytic reactor includes a suitable catalyst 63 to promote the water-shift reaction
  • the embodiment of Fig 14 both increases hydrogen concentration and decreases unwanted carbon monoxide
  • electrically heated walls 64 are energized through electrical leads 66 and 68 with high temperature insulation 70 provided adjacent to the electrically heated wall 64 Alternatively, as shown in Fig 16, an electrically conducting frit or an electrically conducting honeycomb structure 72 is placed in the reaction extension cylinder 26 The frit or metallic honeycomb 72 is heated by driving electricity through electrical leads 74 and 76
  • the honeycomb structure may have a catalyst on its surface such as the water-shift or steam reforming catalyst as shown in Fig 14

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Abstract

Ce convertisseur de combustible au plasma comporte une structure électro-conductrice permettant de former une première électrode, une seconde électrode étant disposée de façon à créer un intervalle par rapport à la première électrode dans une chambre de réaction. Un mélange de combustible et d'air est introduit dans l'intervalle, l'alimentation électrique étant connectée aux deux électrodes de façon à fournir une tension comprise approximativement entre 100 V et 40 kV de façon à produire une décharge luminescente permettant le reformage du combustible. Le plasmatron haute tension faible intensité de l'invention est peu coûteux, permet une longue durée des électrodes, utilise une régulation et alimentation électrique simple, et permet de se dispenser de la présence d'un compresseur d'air.
PCT/US2000/040677 1999-08-23 2000-08-18 Convertisseur de combustible a plasma compact faible puissance WO2001014702A1 (fr)

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002076884A1 (fr) * 2001-03-21 2002-10-03 Accentus Plc Production d'hydrogene
US6651597B2 (en) 2002-04-23 2003-11-25 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Plasmatron having an air jacket and method for operating the same
WO2004027526A2 (fr) * 2002-09-17 2004-04-01 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Système de contrôle du reformeur de combustible
WO2004026444A1 (fr) * 2002-09-18 2004-04-01 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Appareil et procede permettant d'eliminer du nox des gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne
US6715452B1 (en) 2002-11-13 2004-04-06 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for shutting down a fuel reformer
US6758035B2 (en) 2002-09-18 2004-07-06 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for purging SOX from a NOX trap
US6843054B2 (en) 2003-01-16 2005-01-18 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for removing NOx and soot from engine exhaust gas
US6903259B2 (en) 2002-12-06 2005-06-07 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Thermoelectric device for use with fuel reformer and associated method
US7014930B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2006-03-21 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to generate multiple reformate gases
WO2007054574A1 (fr) 2005-11-14 2007-05-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Ensemble catalyseur dans une installation de post-traitement de gaz d'echappement
WO2007054571A1 (fr) 2005-11-14 2007-05-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Installation de post-traitement de gaz d'echappement et procede de fonctionnement associe
DE102006061692A1 (de) 2006-12-28 2008-07-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Stickoxid
US7559195B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2009-07-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procedure and device to heat a reducing agent generation system
US7614220B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2009-11-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procedure for controlling the reducing agent in an exhaust gas post-processing system
US7678352B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-03-16 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and procedure for the production of ammonia
US7690193B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-04-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procedure and device to control a reducing agent generation system
US7731925B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-06-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Process for reducing agent control in an exhaust gas aftertreatment system
US7776280B2 (en) 2005-05-10 2010-08-17 Emcon Technologies Llc Method and apparatus for selective catalytic reduction of NOx
US8263011B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2012-09-11 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Reactor
EP3238817A1 (fr) * 2016-04-27 2017-11-01 Blueplasma Power, S.L. Procédé pour l'oxydation partielle de carburants et dispositif d'exécution dudit procédé

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US8044319B2 (en) * 2005-02-07 2011-10-25 Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. Variable arc gap plasma igniter
EP1933975B1 (fr) * 2005-10-10 2011-12-07 Korea Institute Of Machinery & Materials Appareil de réaction au plasma et procédé de réaction au plasma utilisant ledit appareil
KR101581235B1 (ko) * 2015-04-14 2015-12-30 고천일 개질연료 제조장치 및 제조방법

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002076884A1 (fr) * 2001-03-21 2002-10-03 Accentus Plc Production d'hydrogene
US7014930B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2006-03-21 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for operating a fuel reformer to generate multiple reformate gases
US6651597B2 (en) 2002-04-23 2003-11-25 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Plasmatron having an air jacket and method for operating the same
WO2004027526A2 (fr) * 2002-09-17 2004-04-01 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Système de contrôle du reformeur de combustible
WO2004027526A3 (fr) * 2002-09-17 2004-09-16 Arvin Technologies Inc Système de contrôle du reformeur de combustible
WO2004026444A1 (fr) * 2002-09-18 2004-04-01 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Appareil et procede permettant d'eliminer du nox des gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne
US6758035B2 (en) 2002-09-18 2004-07-06 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for purging SOX from a NOX trap
US6715452B1 (en) 2002-11-13 2004-04-06 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for shutting down a fuel reformer
US6903259B2 (en) 2002-12-06 2005-06-07 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Thermoelectric device for use with fuel reformer and associated method
US6843054B2 (en) 2003-01-16 2005-01-18 Arvin Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for removing NOx and soot from engine exhaust gas
US7776280B2 (en) 2005-05-10 2010-08-17 Emcon Technologies Llc Method and apparatus for selective catalytic reduction of NOx
WO2007054574A1 (fr) 2005-11-14 2007-05-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Ensemble catalyseur dans une installation de post-traitement de gaz d'echappement
US7559195B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2009-07-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procedure and device to heat a reducing agent generation system
US7614220B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2009-11-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procedure for controlling the reducing agent in an exhaust gas post-processing system
US7678352B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-03-16 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and procedure for the production of ammonia
US7690193B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-04-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procedure and device to control a reducing agent generation system
US7731925B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2010-06-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Process for reducing agent control in an exhaust gas aftertreatment system
WO2007054571A1 (fr) 2005-11-14 2007-05-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Installation de post-traitement de gaz d'echappement et procede de fonctionnement associe
USRE44753E1 (en) 2005-11-14 2014-02-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Procedure and device to heat a reducing agent generation system
DE102006061692A1 (de) 2006-12-28 2008-07-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Stickoxid
US8263011B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2012-09-11 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Reactor
EP3238817A1 (fr) * 2016-04-27 2017-11-01 Blueplasma Power, S.L. Procédé pour l'oxydation partielle de carburants et dispositif d'exécution dudit procédé
US11013098B2 (en) 2016-04-27 2021-05-18 Blueplasma Power, S.L. Process for the partial oxidation of fuels and the device for applying said process

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