WO2001005980A1 - Compositions et procedes de detoxication de fumonisine - Google Patents

Compositions et procedes de detoxication de fumonisine Download PDF

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WO2001005980A1
WO2001005980A1 PCT/US1999/015824 US9915824W WO0105980A1 WO 2001005980 A1 WO2001005980 A1 WO 2001005980A1 US 9915824 W US9915824 W US 9915824W WO 0105980 A1 WO0105980 A1 WO 0105980A1
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Prior art keywords
nucleotide sequence
fumonisin
plant
enzyme
sequence
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PCT/US1999/015824
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English (en)
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Jonathan P. Duvick
Joyce Maddox
Jacob Gilliam
Otto Folkerts
Oswald R. Crasta
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Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
Curagen Corporation
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Priority to AU50996/99A priority Critical patent/AU5099699A/en
Priority to PCT/US1999/015824 priority patent/WO2001005980A1/fr
Priority to EP99935536A priority patent/EP1196601A1/fr
Publication of WO2001005980A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001005980A1/fr

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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0071—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/189—Enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
    • A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
    • A23K30/18—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging using microorganisms or enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
    • A23L5/25—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification using enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
    • A23L5/28—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification using microorganisms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/37—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/37—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi
    • C07K14/39—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi from yeasts
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/52—Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
    • C12N15/8282—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for fungal resistance
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0008—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2)

Definitions

  • the invention relates to compositions and methods for detoxification or degradation of fumonisin or API .
  • the method has broad application in agricultural biotechnology and crop agriculture and in the improvement of food grain quality.
  • Fungal diseases are common problems in crop agriculture. Many strides have been made against plant diseases as exemplified by the use of hybrid plants, pesticides, and improved agricultural practices. However, as any grower or home gardener can attest, the problems of fungal plant disease continue to cause difficulties in plant cultivation. Thus, there is a continuing need for new methods and materials for solving the problems caused by fungal diseases of plants. These problems can be met through a variety of approaches. For example, the infectious organisms can be controlled through the use of agents that are selectively biocidal for the pathogens. Another method is interference with the mechanism by which the pathogen invades the host crop plant.
  • fumonisins have been recognized as a potentially serious problem in maize-fed livestock. They are linked to several animal toxicoses including leukoencephalomalacia (Marasas et al. (1988) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 55:197-204; Wilson et al. (1990) American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians: Abstracts 33rd Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, Madison, Wisconsin, USA) and porcine pulmonary edema (Colvin et al. (1992) Mycopathologia 117:79- 82).
  • Fumonisins are also suspected carcinogens (Geary et al. (1971) Coord. Chem. Rev. 7:81; Gelderblom et al. (1991) Carcinogenesis 72:1247-1251; Gelderblom et al. (1992) Carcinogenesis 75:433-437). Fusarium isolates in section Liseola produce fumonisins in culture at levels from 2 to >4000 ppm (Leslie et al. (1992) Phytopathology 52:341-345). Isolates from maize (predominantly mating population A) are among the highest producers of fumonisin (Leslie et al., supra).
  • Fumonisin levels detected in field-grown maize have fluctuated widely depending on location and growing season, but both preharvest and postharvest surveys of field maize have indicated that the potential for high levels of fumonisins exists (Murphy et al. (1993) J. Agr. Food Chem. 47:263-266). Surveys of food and feed products have also detected fumonisin (Holcomb et al. (1993) J. Agr. Food Chem. 7:764-767; Hopmans et al. (1993) J. Agr. Food Chem. 47:1655-1658); Sydenham et al. (1991) J Agr. Food Chem. 39:2014-2018).
  • Fusarium ear mold The etiology of Fusarium ear mold is poorly understood, although physical damage to the ear and certain environmental conditions can contribute to its occurrence (Nelson et al. (1992) Mycopathologia 777:29-36). Fusarium can be isolated from most field grown maize, even when no visible mold is present. The relationship between seedling infection and stalk and ear diseases caused by Fusarium is not clear. Genetic resistance to visible kernel mold has been identified (Gendloff et al. (1986) Phytopathology 7(5:684-688; Holley et al. (1989) Plant Dis. 73:578- 580), but the relationship to visible mold to fumonisin production has yet to be elucidated.
  • Fumonisins have been shown in in vitro mammalian cell studies to inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis through inhibition of the enzyme sphingosine N-acetyl transferase, resulting in the accumulation of the precursor sphinganine (Norred et al. (1992) Mycopathologia 117:73-78; Wang et al. (1991) Biol Chem. 266A4486; Yoo et al. (1992) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 774:9-15; Nelson et al. (1993) Annu. Rev. Phytpathol. 37 :233-252).
  • Enzymes that degrade the fungal toxin fumonisin to the compound API have been identified in U.S. Patent No. 5,716,820 and pending U.S. Patent Application Serial Nos. 08/888,949 and 08/888,950, both filed July 7, 1997, and hereby incorporated by reference. Plants expressing a fumonisin esterase enzyme, infected by fumonisin producing fungus, and tested for fumonisin and API were found to have low levels of fumonisin but high levels of API. API is less toxic than fumonisin to plants and probably also animals, but contamination with API is still a concern. The best result would be complete detoxification of fumonisin to a non-toxic form. Therefore enzymes capable of degrading API are necessary for the further detoxification of fumonisin.
  • compositions and methods for catabolism and detoxification of fumonisin and fumonisin-degradation products as well as fumonisin-related toxins are provided.
  • proteins involved in catabolism and transmembrane transport of fumonisin and fumonisin catabolic products are provided.
  • Nucleotide sequences corresponding to the proteins are also included.
  • the compositions are useful in the detoxification and degradation of fumonisin.
  • the nucleotide sequences can be used in expression cassettes for transformation of host cells of interest.
  • the compositions and methods of the invention are steps in a catabolic pathway for fumonisin.
  • organisms can be genetically modified to provide for the catabolism and detoxification of fumonisin and fumonisin-related toxins.
  • Figure 1 sets forth the proposed pathway for fumonisin degradation by Exophiala spinifera.
  • Figure 2 schematically illustrates a plasmid vector comprising the gene for one of the fumonisin degradative enzymes of the invention operably linked to the ubiquitin promoter.
  • the catabolic pathway for detoxification and degradation of fumonisin is provided.
  • enzymes involved in the degradation of fumonisin from Exophiala spinifera (American Type Culture Collection Deposit No. 74269) and nucleotide sequences encoding such enzymes are disclosed.
  • Such enzymes and nucleotide sequences find use in the breakdown of fumonisin and fumonisin-related toxins as well as degradation products thereof.
  • enzymes can be synthesized and utilized or, alternatively, organisms can be transformed with the DNA sequences of the invention and used to detoxify fumonisin.
  • a proposed pathway for the degradation of fumonisin by Exophiala spinifera is provided in Figure 1.
  • the present invention encompasses enzymes and nucleotide sequences encoding the enzymes involved in this degradation pathway for fumonisin.
  • compositions of the invention include a flavin monooxygenase, an aldehyde dehydrogenase, a permease, and a p-glycoprotein.that are involved in the fumonisin degradation pathway.
  • the present invention provides for isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 8, and 11, or the nucleotide sequences encoding the DNA sequences obtained from the overlapping clones deposited in a bacterial host with the American Type Culture Collection and assigned Accession Number PTA-299.
  • DNA sequence obtained from the overlapping clones is intended that the DNA sequence of the fumonisin degrading enzymes can be obtained by sequencing the individual clones which together comprise the entire fumonisin degrading enzymes.
  • polypeptides having an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid molecule described herein for example those set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10, the DNA sequences obtained from the overlapping clones deposited in a bacterial host with the American Type Culture Collection and assigned Accession Number PTA-299, and fragments and variants thereof.
  • F_perm3.5 and F_perm4.4 contain common sequences at the regions were they overlap to form the nucleotide sequence encoding a permease.
  • the plasmids designated as F_p- glycolL4, F_p-glyco5.13, and F_p-glyco6.43 contain common sequences at the regions were they overlap to form the nucleotide sequence encoding a p- glycoprotein.
  • the plasmids designated F_Aldel .1 , F_Alde2.2, and F_Alde2.5 contain common sequences at the regions were they overlap to form the nucleotide sequence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  • One of skill in the art by sequencing the clones and aligning the overlap may obtain the entire sequence of the permease, the p-glycoprotein, and the aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  • These deposits will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. These deposits were made merely as a convenience for those of skill in the art and are not an admission that a deposit is required under 35 U.S.C. ⁇ 112.
  • the invention encompasses isolated or substantially purified nucleic acid or protein compositions.
  • An "isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule or protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
  • an "isolated" nucleic acid is free of sequences (preferably protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5' and 3' ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid is derived.
  • a protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of protein having less than about 30%>, 20%>, 10%>, 5%, (by dry weight) of contaminating protein.
  • culture medium represents less than about 30%), 20%), 10%, or 5% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein- of-interest chemicals.
  • Fragments and variants of the disclosed nucleotide sequences and proteins encoded thereby are also encompassed by the present invention.
  • fragment is intended a portion of the nucleotide sequence or a portion of the amino acid sequence and hence protein encoded thereby.
  • Fragments of a nucleotide sequence may encode protein fragments that retain the biological activity of the native protein and hence degrade or catabolize fumonisn.
  • fragments of a nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not encode fragment proteins retaining biological activity.
  • fragments of a nucleotide sequence may range from at least about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, and up to the full-length nucleotide sequence encoding the proteins of the invention.
  • a fragment of a fumonisin-degrading nucleotide sequence that encodes a biologically active portion of a fumonisin-degrading protein of the invention will encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1 ,000, 1,100, 1 ,200 contiguous amino acids, or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length fumonisin-degrading protein of the invention (for example, 545, 487, 525, 1,263 amino acids for SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, 8 and 11, respectively).
  • Fragments of a fumonisin-degrading nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes for PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of a fumonisin-degrading protein.
  • a fragment of a fumonisin-degrading nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of a fumonisin-degrading protein, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below.
  • a biologically active portion of a fumonisin- degrading protein can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the fumonisin-degrading nucleotide sequences of the invention, expressing the encoded portion of the fumonisin-degrading protein (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro), and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the fumonisin-degrading protein.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of a fumonisin-degrading nucleotide sequence comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, or 1,400, 1500, 1, 600, 1,800, 2,000, 2,200, 2,400, 2,600, 2,800, 3,000, 3,200, 3,400, 3,600, 3,800, 3,900 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length fumonisin-degrading nucleotide sequence disclosed herein (for example, 1,691, 1,638, 1,464, 1,764, 1,578, 3,999, 3,792 nucleotides for SEQ ID NOS:l, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 respectively).
  • variants are intended substantially similar sequences.
  • conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of one of the fumonisin-degrading polypeptides of the invention.
  • Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well- known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below.
  • Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode a fumonisin-degrading protein of the invention.
  • nucleotide sequence variants of the invention will have at least 40%), 50%>, 60%, 70%, generally, 80%, preferably 85%, 90%, up to 95%, 98% sequence identity to its respective native nucleotide sequence.
  • variant protein is intended a protein derived from the native protein by deletion (so-called truncation) or addition of one or more amino acids to the N-terminal and or C-terminal end of the native protein; deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein; or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein.
  • Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation.
  • the proteins of the invention may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants of the fumonisin-degrading proteins can be prepared by mutations in the DNA.
  • the genes and nucleotide sequences of the invention include both the naturally occurring sequences as well as mutant forms.
  • the proteins of the invention encompass both naturally occurring proteins as well as variations and modified forms thereof. Such variants will continue to possess the desired ablity to degrade or catabolize fumonisin.
  • the mutations that will be made in the DNA encoding the variant must not place the sequence out of reading frame and preferably will not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure. See, EP Patent Application Publication No. 75,444.
  • the deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the protein sequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the protein.
  • the effect will be evaluated by routine screening assays. That is, the activity can be evaluated by a decrease or loss in the toxic activity of fumonisin or API.
  • Variant nucleotide sequences and proteins also encompass sequences and proteins derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different fumonisin- degrading coding sequences can be manipulated to create a new fumonisin- catabolizing possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo.
  • sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between the fumonisin-degrading genes of the invention and other known fumonisin-catabolizing genes to obtain a new gene coding for a protein with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K m in the case of an enzyme.
  • Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 10747- 10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotech. 75:436-438; Moore et al (1997) J. Mol. Biol.
  • the enzymes and nucleotide sequences of the present invention provide a means for continued catabolism of the fumonisin-degradation products obtained after degradation with at least the carboxylesterase and amine oxidase.
  • microbe any microorganism (including both eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms), such as fungi, yeast, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae, and protozoa, as well as other unicellular structures.
  • a "fumonisin-producing microbe” is any microbe capable of producing the mycotoxin fumonisin or analogues thereof. Such microbes are generally members of the fungal genus Fusarium, as well as recombinantly derived organisms that have been genetically altered to enable them to produce fumonisin or analogues thereof.
  • degradation or catabolizing fumonisin is meant any modification to the fumonisin or API molecule that causes a decrease or loss in its toxic activity. Such a change can comprise cleavage of any of the various bonds, oxidation, reduction, the addition or deletion of a chemical moiety, or any other change that affects the activity of the molecule.
  • the modification includes hydrolysis of the ester linkage in the molecule as a first step and then oxidative deamination.
  • chemically altered fumonisin can be isolated from cultures of microbes that produce an enzyme of this invention, such as by growing the organisms on media containing radioactively-labeled fumonisin, tracing the label, and isolating the degraded toxin for further study.
  • the degraded fumonisin can be compared to the active compound for its phytotoxicity or mammalian toxicity in known sensitive species, such as porcines and equines.
  • toxicity assays are known in the art. For example, in plants a whole leaf bioassay can be used in which solutions of the active and inactive compound are applied to the leaves of sensitive plants. The leaves may be treated in situ or, alternatively, excised leaves may be used.
  • the relative toxicity of the compounds can be estimated by grading the ensuing damage to the plant tissues and by measuring the size of lesions formed within a given time period.
  • Other known assays can be performed at the cellular level, employing standard tissue culture methodologies, e.g., using cell suspension cultures.
  • the fumonisin or fumonisin degradation products will be degraded to at least about 50% to about 10%) or less of the original toxicity, preferably about 30% to about 5%> or less, more preferably about 20% to about 1% or less.
  • flumonisin esterase any enzyme capable of hydrolysis of the ester linkage in fumonisin.
  • ESP1 and BEST1 found in U.S. Patent Application No. 5,716,820 and pending U.S. Application Serial Nos. 08/888,949 and 08/888,950, both filed July 7, 1997.
  • structurally related mycotoxin any mycotoxin having a chemical structure related to a fumonisin such as fumonisin Bl, for example AAL toxin, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, fumonisin B4, fumonisin CI, fumonisin Al and A2, and their analogues, as well as other mycotoxins having similar chemical structures that would be expected to be detoxified by activity of the fumonisin degradative enzymes elaborated by Exophiala spinifera, American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 74269, Rhinocladiella atrovirens, American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 74270, or the bacterium of American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 55552.
  • fumonisin Bl for example AAL toxin, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, fumonisin B4, fumonisin CI, fumonisin Al and A2, and their analogues, as well as other mycotoxins having similar chemical structures that would be expected to be
  • amplified is meant the construction of multiple copies of a nucleic acid sequence or multiple copies complementary to the nucleic acid sequence using at least one of the nucleic acid sequences as a template.
  • Amplification systems include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system, ligase chain reaction (LCR) system, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA, Cangene, Mississauga, Ontario), Q-Beta Replicase systems, transcription-based amplification system (TAS), and strand displacement amplification (SDA). See, e.g., Persing et al., ed. (1993) Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.). The product of amplification is termed an amplicon.
  • host cell is meant a cell that contains a vector and supports the replication and/or expression of the expression vector.
  • Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect, amphibian, or mammalian cells.
  • host cells are monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant cells, including but not limited to maize, sorghum, sunflower, soybean, wheat, alfalfa, rice, cotton, and tomato.
  • a particularly preferred monocotyledonous host cell is a maize host cell.
  • hybridization complex includes reference to a duplex nucleic acid structure formed by two single-stranded nucleic acid sequences selectively hybridized with each other.
  • operably linked includes reference to a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence.
  • operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in the same reading frame.
  • polynucleotide includes reference to a deoxyribopolynucleotide, ribopolynucleotide, or analogues thereof that have the essential nature of a natural ribonucleotide in that they hybridize, under stringent hybridization conditions, to substantially the same nucleotide sequence as naturally occurring nucleotides and/or allow translation into the same amino acid(s) as the naturally occurring nucleotide(s).
  • a polynucleotide can be full-length or a subsequence of a native or heterologous structural or regulatory gene. Unless otherwise indicated, the term includes reference to the specified sequence as well as the complementary sequence thereof.
  • DNAs or RNAs with backbones modified for stability or for other reasons are "polynucleotides" as that term is intended herein.
  • DNAs or RNAs comprising unusual bases, such as inosine, or modified bases, such as tritylated bases, to name just two examples are polynucleotides as the term is used herein. It will be appreciated that a great variety of modifications have been made to DNA and RNA that serve many useful purposes known to those of skill in the art.
  • polynucleotide as it is employed herein embraces such chemically, enzymatically, or metabolically modified forms of polynucleotides, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells, including inter alia, simple and complex cells.
  • promoter includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription.
  • a "plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Exemplary plant promoters include, but are not limited to, those that are obtained from plants, plant viruses, and bacteria that comprise genes expressed in plant cells, such as Agrobacterium or Rhizobium. Examples are promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as "tissue preferred”.
  • a “cell type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves.
  • An “inducible” promoter is a promoter that is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light.
  • Another type of promoter is a developmentally regulated promoter. For example, a promoter that drives expression during pollen development.
  • Tissue-preferred, cell type specific, developmentally regulated, and inducible promoters constitute the class of "non-constitutive" promoters.
  • a “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental conditions.
  • Constitutive promoters are known in the art and include, for example, 35S promoter (Meyer et al. (1997) J. Gen. Virol. 75:3147-3151); ubiquitin; as well as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • recombinant includes reference to a cell or vector that has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified.
  • recombinant cells express genes that are not found in identical form within the native (nonrecombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, underexpressed, or not expressed at all as a result of deliberate human intervention.
  • the term “recombinant” as used herein does not encompass the alteration of the cell or vector by naturally occurring events (e.g., spontaneous mutation, natural transformation/transduction/transposition) such as those occurring without deliberate human intervention.
  • a "recombinant expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription of a particular nucleic acid in a target cell.
  • the recombinant expression cassette can be incorporated into a plasmid, chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA, virus, or nucleic acid fragment.
  • the recombinant expression cassette portion of an expression vector includes, among other sequences, a nucleic acid to be transcribed, and a promoter.
  • nucleotide sequences of the invention can be used to isolate corresponding sequences from other organisms. In this manner, methods such as PCR, hybridization, and the like can be used to identify such sequences based on their sequence homology to the sequences set forth herein. Sequences isolated based on their sequence identity to the entire fumonisin-degrading sequences set forth herein or to fragments thereof are encompassed by the present invention. In a PCR approach, oligonucleotide primers can be designed for use in
  • PCR reactions to amplify corresponding DNA sequences from cDNA or genomic DNA extracted from any organism of interest.
  • Methods for designing PCR primers and PCR cloning are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, New York). See also Innis et al., eds. (1990) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, New York); Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1995) PCR Strategies (Academic Press, New York); and Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1999) PCR Methods Manual (Academic Press, New York).
  • Known methods of PCR include, but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers, single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers, vector- specific primers, partially-mismatched primers, and the
  • hybridization techniques all or part of a known nucleotide sequence is used as a probe that selectively hybridizes to other corresponding nucleotide sequences present in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments or cDNA fragments (i.e., genomic or cDNA libraries) from a chosen organism.
  • the hybridization probes may be genomic DNA fragments, cDNA fragments, RNA fragments, or other oligonucleotides, and may be labeled with a detectable group such as P, or any other detectable marker.
  • probes for hybridization can be made by labeling synthetic oligonucleotides based on the fumonisin-degrading sequences of the invention.
  • the entire fumonisin-degrading sequences disclosed herein, or one or more portions thereof, may be used as a probe capable of specifically hybridizing to corresponding fumonisin-degrading sequences and messenger RNAs.
  • probes include sequences that are unique among fumonisin- degrading sequences and are preferably at least about 10 nucleotides in length, and most preferably at least about 20 nucleotides in length.
  • probes may be used to amplify corresponding fumonisin-degrading sequences from a chosen organism by PCR. This technique may be used to isolate additional coding sequences from a desired organism or as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of coding sequences in an organism.
  • Hybridization techniques include hybridization screening of plated DNA libraries (either plaques or colonies; see, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular
  • Hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under stringent conditions.
  • stringent conditions or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background).
  • Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances.
  • target sequences that are 100%> complementary to the probe can be identified (homologous probing).
  • stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing).
  • a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, preferably less than 500 nucleotides in length.
  • stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30°C for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60°C for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides).
  • Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.
  • Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37°C, and a wash in 0.5X to IX SSC at 55 to 60 °C.
  • Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1%> SDS at 37°C, and a wash in 0.1X SSC at 60 to 65°C.
  • T m 81.5°C + 16.6 (log M) + 0.41 (%GC) - 0.61 (% form) - 500 L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, %GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs.
  • the T m is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T m is reduced by about 1 °C for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T m , hybridization, and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with >90%> identity are sought, the T m can be decreased 10°C.
  • stringent conditions are selected to be about 5 °C lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH.
  • sequences that encode for a fumonisin-degradative protein and hybridize to the fumonisin-degrading sequences disclosed herein will be at least 40% to 50% homologous, about 60% to 70%> homologous, and even about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% to 98% homologous or more with the disclosed sequences. That is, the sequence similarity of sequences may range, sharing at least about 40% to 50%, about 60% to 70%, and even about 80%, 85%, 90%>, 95%o to 98%) sequence similarity.
  • sequence relationships between two or more nucleic acids or polynucleotides are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more nucleic acids or polynucleotides: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity”, (d) “percentage of sequence identity”, and (e) “substantial identity”.
  • reference sequence is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison.
  • a reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence.
  • comparison window makes reference to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
  • the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides in length, and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer.
  • Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith et al. (1981) Adv. Appl Math. 2:482; by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman et al. (1970) J Mol. Biol. 48:443; by the search for similarity method of Pearson et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 55:2444; by computerized implementations of these algorithms, including, but not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program by
  • preferred computer alignment methods also include the BLASTP, BLASTN, and BLASTX algorithms (see Altschul et al (1990) J. Mol Biol 275:403- 410). Alignments are performed using the default parameters of the above mentioned programs. Alignment is also often performed by inspection and manual alignment.
  • sequence identity or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window.
  • percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule.
  • sequences differ in conservative substitutions the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution.
  • Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have "sequence similarity" or "similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, California).
  • percentage of sequence identity means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
  • polynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%, compared to a reference sequence using one of the alignment programs described using standard parameters.
  • sequence identity preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%
  • a reference sequence using one of the alignment programs described using standard parameters.
  • Substantial identity of amino acid sequences for these purposes normally means sequence identity of at least 60%), more preferably at least 70%, 80%>, 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.
  • nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions.
  • stringent conditions are selected to be about 5°C lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
  • T m thermal melting point
  • stringent conditions encompass temperatures in the range of about 1 °C to about 20°C, depending upon the desired degree of stringency as otherwise qualified herein.
  • Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the polypeptides they encode are substantially identical. This may occur, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code.
  • nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is when the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid.
  • substantially identity in the context of a peptide indicates that a peptide comprises a sequence with at least 70% sequence identity to a reference sequence, preferably 80%, more preferably 85%, most preferably at least 90%> or 95%> sequence identity to the reference sequence over a specified comparison window.
  • optimal alignment is conducted using the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol 48:443.
  • a peptide is substantially identical to a second peptide, for example, where the two peptides differ only by a conservative substitution.
  • Peptides that are "substantially similar" share sequences as noted above except that residue positions that are not identical may differ by conservative amino acid changes.
  • the enzymes and nucleotide sequences encoding such enzymes are involved in the degradation of fumonisin and fumonisin-like compounds. Such enzymes and nucleotide sequences can be utilized alone or in combination to engineer microbes or other organisms to metabolize fumonisin and resist its toxic effects. Fumonisin is produced in the intercellular spaces (apoplast) of
  • the apoplast is the preferred location for esterase and deaminase, flavin amine oxidase and possibly other catabolic enzymes. It is possible that some fumonisin could diffuse or be transported into the maize cells before it is broken down by the apoplastic enzymes and may escape catabolism. Thus, it may be beneficial to express a fumonisin pump and reroute the fumonisin or degradation products in such cells. In this manner, any fumonisin entering the cell will be pumped out and reexposed to catabolic enzymes. Similar toxin pumps exist in other toxin-producing fungi that show resistance to toxins or antibiotics. Such a pump useful in the invention and disclosed herein is a P-glycoprotein homolog.
  • More complete catabolism of fumonisin in transgenic organisms may be provided by esterase and deaminase enzymes.
  • Exophiala enzymes that can further oxidize fumonisin breakdown-products are not detected extracellularly. Such enzymes in all likelihood exist in the cytoplasm, where adequate cofactors such as NAD+ or NADP are found.
  • the fumonisin-induced metabolite transporter is predicted to provide transport of degradation products into cells where they can be further broken down by other enzymes. In this manner, a permease enzyme may be utilized in a heterologous system to transport either API precursors or fumonisin degradation products into the cytoplasm.
  • the monooxygenase is expected to result in the oxidation of 2-OP to a compound that lacks a keto group, having instead a terminal aldehyde group, or possibly a carboxylate group. See, for example, Trudgill et al. (1984) in Microbial Degradation of Organic Compounds, ed. Gibson (Microbiology Series Vol. 13, Marcel Dekker, New York), Chapter 6; and Davey and Trudgill (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 74: 115.
  • This reaction is due to a type of enzymatic oxidation referred to as Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, in which monooxygen is inserted adjacent to a keto function, resulting in a lactone or ester linkage.
  • Baeyer-Villiger oxidation a type of enzymatic oxidation referred to as Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, in which monooxygen is inserted adjacent to a keto function, resulting in a lactone or ester linkage.
  • the metabolism of trans- cyclohexane-1,2 diol by Acinetobacter provides a model for the activity of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase on 2-OP. This diol is first oxidized to ortho hydroxy cyclohexanone and then a monooxygen is inserted between the quinone and hydroxy functions by the Baeyer-Villiger enzyme, cyclohexanone monooxygenase.
  • This intermediate spontaneously rearranges to a linear aldehyde carboxylic acid.
  • oxygen is inserted between carbons 2 and 3 followed by spontaneous cleavage to a C22 aldehyde and acetic acid.
  • Further oxidation by an aldehyde dehydrogenase would convert this compound to a carboxylic acid; other catabolic products would also be possible given the high reactivity of the aldehyde group.
  • Additional steps include the use of an aldehyde dehydrogenase to result in the oxidation of the aldehyde product of fumonisin to a hydroxy carboxylic acid.
  • the DNA sequences of the invention can be inserted into expression cassettes and used to transform a variety of organisms. Enzymes produced recombinantly may be tested for their ability to modify fumonisin or a fumonisin byproduct using labeled starting material and appropriate buffer and cofactor conditions. For example, to test aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, the aldehyde dehydrogenase produced in a recombinant manner would be incubated with cofactors, NAD+ or NADP, and 14 C-labeled 2-OP for various times and then an aliquot of the reaction mix spotted on TLC. Enzyme activity would be indicated by the appearance of a new radiolabeled spot at a different Rf on the TLC plate.
  • sequences of the invention can be introduced into any host organism.
  • the sequences to be introduced may be used in expression cassettes for expression in the host of interest where expression in the host is necessary for transcription.
  • expression cassettes will comprise a transcriptional initiation region linked to the coding sequence or antisense sequence of the nucleotide of interest.
  • Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions.
  • the expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes.
  • the marker gene confers a selectable phenotype on the transformed cells.
  • the selectable marker gene will encode antibiotic resistance, with suitable genes including genes coding for resistance to the antibiotic spectinomycin (e.g., the aada gene), the streptomycin phosphotransferase (SPT) gene coding for streptomycin resistance, the neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) gene encoding kanamycin or geneticin resistance; the hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene coding for hygromycin resistance, genes coding for resistance to herbicides which act to inhibit the action of acetolactate synthase (ALS), in particular the sulfonylurea-type herbicides (e.g., the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene containing mutations leading to such resistance in particular the S4 and/or Hra mutations), genes coding for resistance to herbicides which act to inhibit action of glutamine synthase
  • the transcriptional initiation region may be native or analogous or foreign or heterologous to the host as well as to the coding sequence. Additionally, the promoter may be the natural sequence or alternatively a synthetic sequence. By foreign is intended that the transcriptional initiation region is not found in the native plant into which the transcriptional initiation region is introduced.
  • a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.
  • the transcriptional cassette will include in the 5'-to-3' direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, a DNA sequence of interest, and a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in the host.
  • the termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the DNA sequence of interest, or may be derived from another source.
  • convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 2(52:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al.
  • Nucleotide sequences of the invention are provided in expression cassettes for expression in the host cell of interest.
  • the cassette will include 5 ' and 3 ' regulatory sequences operably linked to the sequence of interest.
  • the cassette may additionally contain at least one additional sequence to be cotransformed into the organism.
  • the additional sequence(s) can be provided on another expression cassette.
  • the gene(s) may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, the genes can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gowri (1990) Plant Physio I 92:1-11 for a discussion of host- preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant- preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,380,831, 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon- like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression.
  • the G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.
  • the expression cassettes may additionally contain 5' leader sequences in the expression cassette construct.
  • leader sequences can act to enhance translation.
  • Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5' noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) PNAS USA 5(5:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Allison et al. (1986); MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus); Virology 754:9-20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP), (Macejak et al.
  • EMCV leader Engelphalomyocarditis 5' noncoding region
  • potyvirus leaders for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Allison et al. (1986); MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus); Virology 754:9-20
  • the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame.
  • adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like.
  • in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions may be involved.
  • a plant can be transformed with the nucleotide sequences of the invention to provide complete detoxification of fumonisin in the transformed plant and plant products.
  • Such plants include, for example, species from the genera Cucurbita, Rosa, Vitis, Juglans, Fragaria, Lotus, Medicago, Onobrychis, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vigna, Citrus, Linum, Geranium, Manihot, Daucus, Arabidopsis, Brassica, Raphanus, Sinapis, Atropa, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Solanum, Petunia, Digitalis, Majorana, Ciahorium, Helianthus, Lactuca, Bromus, Asparagus, Antirrhinum, Heterocallis, Nemesis, Pelargonium, Panieum, Pennisetum, Ranunculus, Senecio, Salpiglossis, Cucumis, Browa
  • Phaseolus Lolium, Oryza, Zea, Avena, Hordeum, Secale, Triticum, Sorghum, Picea, Caco, and Populus.
  • transgenic plant includes reference to a plant that comprises within its genome a heterologous polynucleotide.
  • the heterologous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations.
  • the heterologous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant expression cassette.
  • Transgenic is used herein to include any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genotype of which has been altered by the presence of heterologous nucleic acid including those transgenics initially so altered as well as those created by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic.
  • transgenic does not encompass the alteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra- chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring events such as random cross-fertilization, nonrecombinant viral infection, nonrecombinant bacterial transformation, nonrecombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation. Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells and subsequent insertion into the plant genome include microinjection (Crossway et al.
  • the modified plant may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell. Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that the subject phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure the desired phenotype or other property has been achieved.
  • the degradative enzymes can be fermented in a bacterial host and the resulting bacteria processed and used as a microbial spray. Any suitable microorganism can be used for this purpose. See, for example, Gaertner et al. (1993) in Advanced Engineered Pesticides, Kim (Ed.).
  • the genes of the invention can be introduced into microorganisms that multiply on plants (epiphytes) to deliver enzymes to potential target crops.
  • Epiphytes can be gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, for example.
  • the microorganisms that have been genetically altered to contain at least one degradative gene and protein may be used for protecting agricultural crops and products.
  • whole, i.e., unlysed, cells of the transformed organism are treated with reagents that prolong the activity of the enzyme produced in the cell when the cell is applied to the environment of a target plant.
  • a secretion signal sequence may be used in combination with the gene of interest such that the resulting enzyme is secreted outside the host cell for presentation to the target plant.
  • Plant signal sequences including, but not limited to, signal-peptide encoding DNA/RNA sequences which target proteins to the extracellular matrix of the plant cell (Dratewka-Kos et al, (1989) J Biol. Chem.
  • At least one of the genes encoding a degradation enzyme of the invention may be introduced via a suitable vector into a microbial host, and said transformed host applied to the environment or plants or animals.
  • Microorganism hosts that are known to occupy the "phytosphere" (phylloplane, phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and/or rhizoplane) of one or more crops of interest may be selected for transformation. These microorganisms are selected so as to be capable of successfully competing in the particular environment with the wild-type microorganisms, to provide for stable maintenance and expression of the gene expressing the polypeptide pesticide, and, desirably, to provide for improved protection of the enzymes of the invention from environmental degradation and inactivation.
  • microorganisms include bacteria, algae, and fungi.
  • microorganisms such as bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Serratia, Klebsiella, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Methylius, Agrobacterium, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, Leuconostoc, and Alcaligenes; fungi, particularly yeast, e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia, Cryptococcus, Kluyveromyces, Sporobolomyces, Rhodotorula, and Aureobasidium.
  • phytosphere bacterial species as Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, Acetobacter xy linum, Agrobacteria,
  • Rhodopseudomonas spheroides Xanthomonas campestris, Rhizobium melioti, Alcaligenes entrophus, Clavibacter xyli, and Azotobacter vinlandii; and phytosphere yeast species such as Rhodotorula rubra, R. glutinis, R. marina, R. aurantiaca, Cryptococcus albidus, C. diffluens, C. laurentii, Saccharomyces rosei, S. pretoriensis, S. cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces rosues, S. odorus, Kluyveromyces veronae, and Aureobasidium pullulans.
  • Illustrative prokaryotes both Gram-negative and -positive, include Enter obacteriaceae, such as Escherichia, Erwinia, Shigella, Salmonella, and Proteus; Bacillaceae; Rhizobiaceae, such as Rhizobium; Spirillaceae, such as photobacterium, Zymomonas, Serratia, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Desulfovibrio, Spirillum; Lactobacillaceae; Pseudomonadaceae, such as Pseudomonas and Acetobacter; Azotobacteraceae; and Nitrobacteraceae.
  • Enter obacteriaceae such as Escherichia, Erwinia, Shigella, Salmonella, and Proteus
  • Bacillaceae Rhizobiaceae, such as Rhizobium
  • Spirillaceae such as photobacterium, Zymomonas, Serratia, Aeromonas, Vibrio,
  • fungi such as Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes, which includes yeast, such as Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces; and Basidiomycetes yeast, such as Rhodotorula, Aureobasidium, Sporobolomyces, and the like.
  • Characteristics of particular interest in selecting a host cell for purposes of production include ease of introducing the protein gene into the host, availability of expression systems, efficiency of expression, stability of the protein in the host, and the presence of auxiliary genetic capabilities. Other considerations include ease of formulation and handling, economics, storage stability, and the like.
  • expression cassettes can be constructed that include the DNA constructs of interest operably linked with the transcriptional and translational regulatory signals for expression of the DNA constructs, and a DNA sequence homologous with a sequence in the host organism, whereby integration will occur, and/or a replication system that is functional in the host, whereby integration or stable maintenance will occur.
  • Transcriptional and translational regulatory signals include but are not limited to promoter, transcriptional initiation start site, operators, activators, enhancers, other regulatory elements, ribosomal binding sites, an initiation codon, termination signals, and the like. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,039,523 and 4,853,331 ; EPO 0480762A2; Sambrook et al. supra; Maniatis et al, eds. (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York); Davis et al, eds. (1980) Advanced Bacterial Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York); and the references cited therein.
  • any means for assembling the enzymes of interest into an organism of interest is encompassed.
  • a single nucleotide sequence encoding all of the desired enzymes or multiples thereof may be transformed into the host organism.
  • several microorganisms, each transformed with one, two, three, or more nucleotide sequences of the invention may be utilized.
  • nucleotide sequences for an enzyme may be transformed into a plant and crossed with plants expressing a different enzyme. In this manner, progeny can be obtained having the entire sequence or enough of the sequence to detoxify fumonisin.
  • a plant can be transformed with nucleotides encoding several enzymes at the same time. In some tissue culture systems it is possible to transform callus with one nucleotide sequence, establish a stable culture line, and then transform the callus a second time with a second nucleotide sequence. The process may be repeated to introduce additional sequences.
  • fusion proteins may be created.
  • a spacer region is included between the proteins.
  • the spacer region may comprise a cleavage site for cleavage by an endogenous or introduced protease.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of detoxifying a fumonisin or a structurally related mycotoxin with the enzymes from Exophiala spinifera (American Type Culture Collection Assession No. 74269), during the processing of grain for animal or human food consumption, during the processing of plant material for silage, or in food crops contaminated with a toxin-producing microbe, such as but not limited to, tomato.
  • Exophiala spinifera (American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 74269), are presented to grain, plant material for silage, or a contaminated food crop, or during the processing procedure, at the appropriate stages of the procedure and in amounts effective for detoxification of fumonisins and structurally related mycotoxins. Detoxification by this method can occur not only during the processing, but also any time prior to or during the feeding of the grain or plant material to an animal or incorporation of the grain or food crop into a human food product, or before or during ingestion of the food crop.
  • the enzymes or microorganisms can be introduced during processing in appropriate manners, for example, as a wash or spray, or in dried or lyophilized form or powered form, depending upon the nature of the milling process and/or the stage of processing at which the enzymatic treatment is carried out. See generally, Hoseney, R.C. (1990) Principles of Cereal Science and Technology, American Assn. of Cereal Chemists, Inc. (especially Chapters 5, 6 and 7); Jones, J.M. (1992) Food Safety, Eagan Press, St. Paul, MN (especially Chapters 7 and 9); and Jelen, P. (1985) Introduction to Food Processing, Restan Publ. Co., Reston, VA.
  • Processed grain or silage to be used for animal feed can be treated with an effective amount of the enzymes in the form of an inoculant or probiotic additive, for example, or in any form recognized by those skilled in the art for use in animal feed.
  • the enzymes of the present invention are expected to be particularly useful in detoxification during processing and/or in animal feed prior to its use, since the enzymes display relatively broad ranges of pH activity.
  • the esterase from Exophiala spinifera (American Type Culture Collection Accession No.74269), showed a range of activity from about pH 3 to about pH 6, and the esterase from the bacterium of the American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 55552 showed a range of activity from about pH 6 to about pH 9 (US Patent No. 5,716,820, supra).
  • the APAO enzyme from Exophiala spinifera (American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 74269) has a pH range of activity from pH 6 to pH 9.
  • the active ingredients of the present invention are normally applied in the form of compositions and can be applied to the crop area or plant to be treated, simultaneously or in succession, with other compounds.
  • These compounds can be both fertilizers or micronutrient donors or other preparations that influence plant growth. They can also be selective herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, mollusicides, or mixtures of several of these preparations, if desired, together with further agriculturally acceptable carriers, surfactants, or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation.
  • Suitable carriers and adjuvants can be solid or liquid and correspond to the substances ordinarily employed in formulation technology, e.g., natural or regenerated mineral substances, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents, tackifiers, binders, or fertilizers.
  • the enzymes can be introduced during processing in appropriate manners, for example as a wash or spray, or in dried or lyophilized form or powered form, depending upon the nature of the milling process and/or the stage of processing at which the enzymatic treatment is carried out. See generally, Hoseney (1990) Principles of Cereal Science and Technology (American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc.), especially Chapters 5, 6, and 7; Jones (1992) Food Safety (Eagan Press, St. Paul, Minnesota), especially Chapters 7 and 9; and Jelen (1985) Introduction to Food Processing (Restan Publishing Company, Reston, Virginia).
  • Processed grain or silage to be used for animal feed can be treated with an effective amount of the enzymes in the form of an inoculant or probiotic additive, for example, or in any form recognized by those skilled in the art for use in animal feed.
  • the enzymes of the present invention are expected to be particularly useful in detoxification during processing and/or in animal feed prior to its use, since the enzymes display relatively broad ranges of pH activity.
  • the enzymes from Exophiala spinifera, American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 74269 showed a range of activity for esterase from about pH 3 to about pH 7 (U.S. Patent No. 5,716,820, supra).
  • the APAO enzyme from Exophiala spinifera. American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 74269 has a pH range of activity from pH 6 to pH 9.
  • ruminal microorganisms can be genetically engineered to contain and express at least one of the fumonisin degradation enzymes of the invention.
  • the genetic engineering of microorganisms is now an art-recognized technique, and ruminal microorganisms so engineered can be added to feed in any art-recognized manner, for example as a probiotic or inoculant.
  • microorganisms, plants, or other organisms or their cultured cells in vitro capable of functioning as bioreactors can be engineered so as to be capable of mass producing the degradative enzymes of Exophiala spinifera (American Type Culuture Collection Accession No. 74269).
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is the use of the enzymes of the present invention as detection reagents for fumonisins and related compounds.
  • the enzymes of the present invention can be used as detection reagents because of the high specificity of the esterase and deaminase enzymes, and the fact that hydrolysis followed by amine oxidation can be monitored by detection of hydrogen peroxide or ammonia using standard reagents (analogous to a glucose detection assay using glucose oxidase).
  • Hydrogen peroxide is often measured by linking a hydrogen peroxide-dependent peroxidase reaction to a colored or otherwise detectable peroxidase product (e.g., Demmano et al. (1996) European Journal of Biochemistry 238(3):785-789).
  • Ammonia can be measured using ion-specific electrodes: Fritsche et al. (1991) Analytica ChimicaActa 244(2): 179-182; West et al. (1992) Analytical Chemistry 64(5):533-540, and all herein incorporated by reference) or by GC or other chromatographic method.
  • recombinant or non-recombinant, active fumonisin esterase, APAO, and proteins of the invention are added in catalytic amounts to a sample tube containing an unknown amount of fumonisins (FBI, FB2, FB3, FB4, or partial or complete hydrolysis products of these).
  • the tube is incubated under pH and temperature conditions sufficient to convert any fumonisin in the sample to API, the API to 2-OP, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide, and to further degradation products.
  • suitable reagents are added for quantification of the hydrogen peroxide or ammonia that were generated stoichiometrically from fumonisins.
  • the amount of fumonisin present can be calculated in direct molar proportion to the hydrogen peroxide or ammonia detected, relative to a standard curve.
  • sample lanes were pre-wet with methanol to facilitate sample application.
  • the plates were air-dried and developed in MeOH:4%> KC1 (3 :2) or MeOH:0.2 M KOH (3 :2) and then sprayed successively with 0.1 M sodium borate (pH 9.5) and fluorescamine (0.4 mg/ml in acetonitrile). Plates were air-dried and viewed under long-wave UV.
  • Exophiala spinifera isolate 2141.10 was grown on YPD agar for 1 week, and conidia were harvested, suspended in sterile water, and used at 105 conidia per ml to inoculate sterile Fries mineral salts medium containing 1 mg/ml purified FBI (Sigma Chemical Co.). After 2 weeks incubation at 28°C in the dark, cultures were filtered through 0.45 micron cellulose acetate filters and rinsed with Fries mineral salts.
  • Fungal mycelium was suspended in 15 mL of 0.1% FBI, pH 5.2 + 1 mM EDTA + 3 ⁇ g/mL Pepstatin A + 1.5 ⁇ g/mL Leupeptin and disrupted in a Bead Beater using 0.1 mm beads and one minute pulses, with ice cooling. Hyphal pieces were collected by filtering through Spin X (0.22 ⁇ m), and both mycelial supernatant and original culture filtrates were assayed for fumonisin modification by methods outlined above.
  • Agar cultures grown as above were used to inoculate YPD broth cultures (500 ml) in conical flasks at a final concentration of 105 conidia per ml culture. Cultures were incubated 5 days at 28 ° C without agitation and mycelia harvested by filtration through 0.45 micron filters under vacuum.
  • the filtrate was discarded, and the mycelial mat was washed and resuspended in sterile carbon-free, mineral salts medium (1 g/liter NH 3 NO 4 ; 1 g/liter NaH 2 PO 4 ; 0.5 g/liter MgCl 2 ; 0.1 g/liter NaCl; 0.13 g/liter CaCl 2 ; 0.02 g/liter FeSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 0, pH 4.5) containing 0.5 mg/ml alkaline hydrolyzed crude FBI. After 3-5 days at 28 ° C in the dark with no agitation the cultures were filtered through low protein binding 0.45 micron filters to recover the culture filtrate.
  • mineral salts medium (1 g/liter NH 3 NO 4 ; 1 g/liter NaH 2 PO 4 ; 0.5 g/liter MgCl 2 ; 0.1 g/liter NaCl; 0.13 g/liter CaCl 2 ; 0.02 g/liter FeSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 0, pH 4.5
  • Phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride was added to a concentration of 2.5 mM and the culture filtrate was concentrated using an AmiconTM YM10 membrane in a stirred cell at room temperature and resuspended in 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.2 containing 10 mM CaCl .
  • the crude culture filtrate (approx. 200-fold concentrated) was stored at -20°C.
  • Liquid cultures of Exophiala spinifera isolate 2141.10 were prepared from YPD agar plates (Yeast Extract 10 gm, Bacto-Peptone 20 gm, Dextrose 0.5 gm, Bacto-Agar 15 gm per liter of water). Aliquots (400-500 uL) of a water suspension of E. spinifera cells from YPD agar were spread uniformly onto 150 x 15 mm YPD agar plates with 4 mm sterile glass beads. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 6-7 days.
  • the mycelia/conidia were transferred from the agar plates into Mineral Salts Medium (MSM) (Na 2 HPO 4 7H 2 O 0.2 gm, NH 4 C1 1.0 gm, CaCl 2 2H 2 O 0.01 gm, FeSO 4 7H 2 O 0.02 gm per liter of distilled water, pH 4.5) and centrifuged at 5000 x g, 4°C, 20 minutes to pellet the cells.
  • the cell pellet was rinsed once in 40 mL MSM and recentrifuged. The rinsed cell pellet was used to inoculate MSM at a 1 : 19 ratio of packed cells: MSM.
  • the culture was supplemented with API to a final concentration of 0.5- 1.0 mg/ml and incubated at 28 ° C, 100 rpm, in the dark to induce catabolic enzymes.
  • the supernatants were removed by filtration through 0.45 cellulose acetate. The remaining mycelial mat was washed with sterile MSM and then frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage.
  • Maize coleoptiles from 4 day dark-grown germinated maize seeds were excised above the growing point and placed in 96-well microliter plates in the presence of 60 microliters of sterile distilled water containing FBI or API at approximately equimolar concentrations of 1.5, .5, .15, .05, .015, .005, .0015, or .0005 millimolar, along with water controls. After 2 days in the dark at 28 s C the coleoptiles were placed in the light and incubated another 3 days. Injury or lack thereof was evaluated as follows:
  • the polynucleotides were identified using a proprietary transcript imaging method that compares transcript patterns in two samples and allows cloning of differentially expressed fragments. This technology was developed by CuraGen® (New Haven, Connecticut) (see Published PCT Patent Application No. WO 97/15690, published May 1 , 1997, and hereby incorporated by reference). Fluorescently-tagged, PCR amplified cDNA fragments representing expressed transcripts can be visualized as bands or peaks on a gel tracing, and the cDNA from differentially expressed (induced or suppressed) bands can be recovered from a duplicate gel, cloned, and sequenced. Known cDN As can be identified without the need for cloning, by matching the predicted size and partially known sequence of specific bands on the tracing.
  • RNA samples were obtained from cultures of E. spinifera grown for a specified period in a mineral salts medium containing either API (induced condition) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (ABA; non-induced condition) as a sole carbon source.
  • API induced condition
  • ABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • fumonisin esterase, amine oxidase, enzyme activities are detected, whereas in the non-induced condition these activities are not detected.
  • the methods used for induction of and detection of enzyme activity are described earlier (see Example 2 and Example 5).
  • the RNAs were submitted for CuraGen® transcript imaging to detect cDNA fragments that are induced specifically in the presence AP 1. In the resulting gel tracing several bands were found which showed induction of at least 10-fold in AP 1 -grown cells as compared to cells grown in ABA. One set of induced fragments can be matched to the fumonisin esterase cDNA.
  • Table 2 Highly induced bands and their likely function are provided in Tables 2 and 3.
  • RNA is transcribed to make first strand cDNA using a "lock-docking" poly T, cDNA synthesis primer, the second strand is synthesized, and the Marathon cDNA adaptor is ligated to both ends of the ds cDNA. Diluted template is then used with the Marathon adapter primer and in separate reactions either a 5 Gene Specific Primer (GSP) or a 3 GSP is used to produce the 3 ' or 5 ' RACE amplicon.
  • GSP Gene Specific Primer
  • 3 GSP 3 GSP is used to produce the 3 ' or 5 ' RACE amplicon.
  • full- length cDNAs may be generated by 1) end-to-end PCR using distal 5 and 3 GSPs with the adapter-ligated ds cDNA as template, or 2) the cloned 5 and 3 - RACE fragments may be digested with a restriction enzyme that cuts uniquely in the region of overlap, and the fragments isolated and ligated. Subsequently, the RACE-generated full-length cDNAs from 1) and 2) may be cloned into a suitable vector.
  • oligonucleotide primers were designed that contain a 22 bp overlap of the 5 end (sense strand) and 3 end (antisense strand), respectively of the open reading frame of the degradative nucleotide of interest, including the stop codon.
  • each oligo has a 5 extension with digestible restriction sites that allows cloning of the amplified insert in-frame both into EcoRI/Notl digested pPicZalphaA.
  • pPicZalphaA is an E.
  • Pichia can be transformed as described in Invitrogen Manual, Easy SelectTM Pichia Expression Kit, Version B, #161219, with the enzyme polynucleotide of interest with either an intron (negative control, no expression) or without an intron (capable of making an active protein).
  • Pichia culture fluids and pellets are assayed for enzyme activity as described earlier.
  • the six day culture fluids from the same cultures are used to spike with crude fungal enzyme for positive controls.
  • the sample 50 ⁇ l cell pellets are resuspended in 150 ⁇ l cold 50mM Na- phosphate, pH8.0 and divided into two fresh 500 UL tubes. One tube is kept on ice with no treatment, the pellet suspension, and one tube is used for lysis. An equal volume of 0.1 mm zirconia-silica beads is added to each tube. The tubes are BeadBeatTM for 15 seconds then cooled on ice 5 minutes. This is repeated three times. The crude lysate is then transferred to another tube for assay or lysate suspension.
  • TLC assays are performed as follows: - samples:
  • substrate control-used 50mM Na-phosphate, pH8.0; 10 uL
  • GST gene fusion vectors include the following features: a lac promoter for inducible, high-level expression; an internal lac Iq gene for use in any E. coli host; and the thrombin factor Xa or PreScission Protease recognition sites for cleaving the desired protein from the fusion product.
  • the insert of interest is cloned into the 5 EcoRI site and a 3 Notl site allowing in- frame expression of the fusion peptide. The generation of such an insert is described in the previous example.
  • E. coli is transformed with the vector containing the coding sequence for the degradative enzyme as described in BRL catalogue, Life Technologies, Inc., catalogue; Hanahan (1983) J. Mol Biol. 166:557; Jessee et al. (1984) J. Focus 6:4; King et al. (1986) Focus 8:1, and hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the transformed E. coli is induced by addition of IPTG (isopropyl b-D- thiogalactopyranoside). Samples of soluble extract and Samples of insoluble inclusion bodies are tested for enzyme activity as described in Example 7.
  • Example 8 Transformation and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants Immature maize embryos from greenhouse donor plants are bombarded with a plasmid containing the fumonisin-degradation/transporter enzyme nucleotide sequences operably linked to a ubiquitin promoter ( Figure 2).
  • This plasmid also contains the selectable marker gene PAT (Wohlleben et al. (1988) Gene 70:25-37) that confers resistance to the herbicide Bialaphos.
  • the preferred construct for expression in maize is the nucleotide sequence of the degradative enzyme either fused to the barley alpha amylase signal sequence or organellar targeting sequence, or left intact for expression in the cytoplasm.Transformation is performed as follows. All media recipes are in the Appendix. Preparation of Target Tissue
  • the ears are surface sterilized in 30% Chlorox bleach plus 0.5% Micro detergent for 20 minutes, and rinsed two times with sterile water.
  • the immature embryos are excised and placed embryo axis side down (scutellum side up), 25 embryos per plate, on 560Y medium for 4 hours and then aligned within the 2.5 -cm target zone in preparation for bombardment.
  • a plasmid vector comprising the fumonisin-degradation/transporter enzyme operably linked to the ubiquitin promoter is made.
  • This plasmid DNA also contains a PAT selectable marker.
  • the plasmid is precipitated onto 1.1 ⁇ m (average diameter) tungsten pellets using a CaCl 2 precipitation procedure as follows:
  • Each reagent is added sequentially to the tungsten particle suspension, while maintained on the multitube vortexer.
  • the final mixture is sonicated briefly and allowed to incubate under constant vortexing for 10 minutes.
  • the tubes are centrifuged briefly, liquid removed, washed with 500 ml 100% ethanol, and centrifuged for 30 seconds. Again the liquid is removed, and 105 ⁇ l 100% ethanol is added to the final tungsten particle pellet.
  • the tungsten/DNA particles are briefly sonicated and 10 ⁇ l spotted onto the center of each macrocarrier and allowed to dry about 2 minutes before bombardment.
  • sample plates are bombarded at level #4 in particle gun #HE34-1 or #HE34-2. All samples receive a single shot at 650 PSI, with a total often aliquots taken from each tube of prepared particles/DNA.
  • the embryos are kept on 560Y medium for 2 days, then transferred to 560R selection medium containing 3 mg/liter
  • Bialaphos Bialaphos, and subcultured every 2 weeks. After approximately 10 weeks of selection, selection-resistant callus clones are transferred to 288J medium to initiate plant regeneration. Following somatic embryo maturation (2-4 weeks). well-developed somatic embryos are transferred to medium for germination and transferred to the lighted culture room. Approximately 7-10 days later, developing plantlets are transferred to 272V hormone-free medium in tubes for 7-10 days until plantlets are well established. Plants are then transferred to inserts in flats (equivalent to 2.5" pot) containing potting soil and grown for 1 week in a growth chamber, subsequently grown an additional 1 -2 weeks in the greenhouse, then transferred to classic 600 pots (1.6 gallon) and grown to maturity. Plants are monitored for the expression of a fumonisin- degrading/transporter protein.
  • Thiamine.HCL & Pyridoxine.HCL are in Dark Desiccator. Store for one month, unless contamination or precipitation occurs, then make fresh stock.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions et procédés de détoxication complète de fumonisine et des produits de dégradation de celle-ci. L'invention concerne notamment des séquences nucléotidiques correspondant aux enzymes de détoxication, lesquelles séquences sont utiles dans la préparation de cassettes d'expression destinées à la transformation d'une grande diversité de cellules hôtes et organismes.
PCT/US1999/015824 1999-07-14 1999-07-14 Compositions et procedes de detoxication de fumonisine WO2001005980A1 (fr)

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CN109439640B (zh) * 2018-10-09 2021-07-20 天津科技大学 伏马毒素降解酶FumDSB及其基因和应用
CN109337886B (zh) * 2018-10-09 2021-07-20 天津科技大学 伏马毒素降解酶FumDXA及其基因和应用
CN109439639B (zh) * 2018-10-09 2021-07-20 天津科技大学 伏马毒素降解酶FumDPS及其基因和应用

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