WO2000068428A1 - Methods for producing modified nucleic acid molecules - Google Patents
Methods for producing modified nucleic acid molecules Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000068428A1 WO2000068428A1 PCT/US2000/012103 US0012103W WO0068428A1 WO 2000068428 A1 WO2000068428 A1 WO 2000068428A1 US 0012103 W US0012103 W US 0012103W WO 0068428 A1 WO0068428 A1 WO 0068428A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
- C07K14/315—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Streptococcus (G), e.g. Enterococci
- C07K14/3156—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Streptococcus (G), e.g. Enterococci from Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/102—Mutagenizing nucleic acids
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to methods for generating modified nucleic acid molecules, and more particularly, to the use of polymerase chain reaction to generate gene knockouts and nucleic acid fusion molecules.
- the method of the invention provides a simple method for precisely generating a modified nucleic acid molecule to contain a deletion and/or an insertion.
- this method does not require ligation and is well suited for use in automated formats, including high throughput formats.
- the invention provides a three-stage method for inserting a cassette into a nucleic acid molecule to produce a modified nucleic acid molecule fusion without requiring ligation.
- the method involves amplifying two separate regions of a selected nucleic acid molecule and a cassette.
- the two regions of the nucleic acid molecule have nucleotide sequences flanking a site in the molecule targeted for disruption, whereby the amplification produces a first amplification product of nucleotide sequences upstream of the target site and a second amplification product of nucleotide sequences downstream of the target site.
- the cassette has sequences at its 5' and 3' ends which overlap with sequences of the two regions of the nucleic acid molecule.
- the amplified cassette product is mixed separately with the first or second amplification products resulting from amplification of the nucleic acid molecule.
- the cassette and first amplification product are amplified by PCR, thereby forming a first fusion product consisting of the first amplification product fused to the 5' end of the first strand of the cassette.
- the cassette is also mixed with the second amplification product and this mixture is amplified to form a second fusion product consisting of the second amplification product fused to the 3' end of the first strand of the cassette.
- the first and second fusion products are mixed and amplified by PCR, thereby producing a modified nucleic acid molecule comprising the cassette in the target site of the selected nucleic acid molecule.
- the resulting modified nucleic acid molecule is amplified via polymerase chain reaction.
- the invention provides a novel method for performing amplifying selected sequences by PCR, which is particularly well suited for use in the stage three of the method of the invention.
- a mixture containing the fusion products prepared according to stage 2 of the method of the invention is heated for about 5 minutes in the absence of polymerase or primers at about 94EC. cooled to 50EC over about 30 minutes, at which temperature it is maintained for about 5 minutes or longer.
- a thermostable polymerase is then added to the mixture, which is heated to about 72EC for about 5 minutes, and mixed with a forward primer PI for the first region and a reverse primer P4 for the second region.
- the resulting mixture is then amplified using PCR to produce a modified nucleic acid molecule comprising the first and second regions of the nucleic acid sequence flanking the cassette.
- the invention provides a two stage method of producing a modified nucleic acid moleucle without ligation.
- the method involves producing two separate regions of a nucleic acid molecule and a cassette as in stage 1 of the three stage method of the invention. Thereafter, the three products are mixed and subjected to amplification by PCR, as described in the aspect above.
- this embodiment of the invention permits elimination of stage 2 of the three-stage method.
- the invention provides modified nucleic acid sequences produced using the method of the invention.
- the present invention provides a method of high throughput preparation of disrupted Streptococcus DNA sequences without ligation.
- This method involves mixing (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising Streptococcus DNA sequences comprising a first region upstream of a site in the Streptococcus DNA targeted for disruption and a second region downstream of the target site, said first and second region each having a first and second end, (b) a cassette comprising at one end, nucleotide sequences which overlap with nucleotides at the second end of the first region, and at its other end, nucleotides which overlap with nucleotides of the first end of the second region, and (c) primers for the first and second regions in each of the wells of a plate containing a plurality of reaction wells.
- This mixture is then subjected to PCR, thereby amplifying the first and second regions of the selected Streptococcus DNA sequences.
- the cassette and the amplified first and second regions of the Streptococcus DNA sequences are then mixed and subjected to polymerase chain reaction to produce a nucleic acid fusion molecule comprising the first and second regions of the Streptococcus DNA sequence flanking the cassette.
- Fig. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the use of the three-stage PCR method of the invention to construct a modified nucleic acid molecule containing a selected cassette.
- the present invention provides a novel method for rapidly generating modified nucleic acid molecules, wherein the modification involves insertion of a cassette and/or deletion of desired sequences.
- This method eliminates the ligation steps required in known methods for generating knock-out genes, and permits precise targeting of the site in the nucleic acid molecule for insertion of a cassette or deletion of sequences. Further, the method of the invention is readily adapted for use in high throughput screening.
- the invention provides a method for modifying a nucleic acid molecule at a predetermined target site by insertion and/or deletion of nucleic acid sequences in the absence of ligation.
- the method of the invention may be used to make unmarked deletions by using primers having an overlap region.
- the method of the invention is used in the production of a modified nucleic acid molecule which is a nucleic acid-cassette fusion.
- this nucleic acid- cassette fusion may be a knock-out construct.
- a knock-out construct refers to a modified nucleic acid molecule in which the function of a selected gene in the molecule has been disrupted, either by its deletion (either partial of fully) or by the insertion of a cassette which eliminates its function. In certain instances, a knock-out construct may have both a deletion and an inserted cassette.
- a nucleic acid molecule is composed of nucleotide sequences of RNA or DNA. The RNA or DNA may be double- or single stranded and may be readily selected from the different subtypes of RNA (e.g. mRNA or tRNA) or DNA (e.g., genomic, chromosomal, or cDNA).
- nucleotides of these molecules may contain modifications, e.g., labels which are known in the art, methylation, "cap", substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, and intemucleotide modifications.
- modifications e.g., labels which are known in the art, methylation, "cap", substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, and intemucleotide modifications.
- a particular advantage of the method of the invention is that it can readily be applied to nucleic acid molecules regardless of whether they are linear or circular, e.g., plasmids.
- the nucleic acids used in the method of the invention may be obtained from any suitable source, including, for example, viruses, plasmids, yeast, gram positive and gram negative bacterial, eukaryotic cells, and the like.
- nucleic acid molecules is not a limitation of the present invention.
- a target site is a location within a nucleic acid molecule or sequence into which a cassette is to be inserted or from which sequences are to be deleted.
- a target site may be composed of two nucleotides, between which an insertion is to be made, or a group of nucleotides, e.g, from two to ten bases in length which are to be deleted and/or into which the cassette is to be inserted.
- the target site may be larger than 50 bases.
- the target site may range from 50 bp to 5000 bp, 500 bp to 3000 bp, 1000 bp to 2500 bp, or other suitable sizes within these ranges.
- the target site be a coding sequence.
- the target sequence may be selected particularly for use in essentiality testing or expression studies.
- a "cassette” is a nucleic acid sequence targeted for insertion into the target site of nucleic acid molecule and/or for fusion with two regions of the nucleic acid molecule.
- Such cassettes may be composed of single or double- stranded sequences, and may be linear or circular. While the size of a cassette useful in the invention is not a limitation, it is generally at least 10 nucleotides in length and as large as about 5000 nucleotides in length.
- the nucleic acid sequence is a DNA sequence which performs some function.
- the cassette may be readily selected from among known marker genes, including, e.g., antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., erythromycin, tetracylines, and chloramphenicols), reporter genes including those which are colorimetrically detectable, regulatory sequences including promoters, terminators, operators, and the like, and other functional DNA sequences, e.g., sequences encoding therapeutic or antigenic proteins.
- the cassette may be an oligonucleotide which introduces one or more base pair changes into the nucleic acid molecule to produce a desired effect in the resulting modified nucleic acid molecule.
- the cassette may simply be a non-functional DNA sequence which is inserted to interrupt translation and expression of a protein encoded by a sequence located downstream of the target site.
- the cassettes used in the invention are engineered to contain sequences at the 5' and 3' end which overlap with (i.e., are identical to) sequences of the regions of the nucleic acid molecule flanking the target site.
- a cassette of the invention composed of double-stranded DNA would have a first strand with, at its 5' end, nucleotide sequences which overlap with nucleotides of a stand of the upstream region and, at its 3 ' end, nucleotide sequences which overlap with nucleotides of a strand of the downstream region.
- the region of overlap in sequences is between about 10 nt to about 50 nt in length, and preferably about 15 nt to about 35 nt, and most preferably about 20 nt in length.
- the cassettes useful in the invention may be readily obtained by a variety of convention methods, including genetic engineering methods and chemical synthesis.
- upstream region refers to those sequences of nucleic acid which are located 5 ' to the target site, with reference to the coding strand of the nucleic acid molecule. However, the upstream region need not be composed of sequences which encode a desired protein, peptide or other gene product. Where the target site is located within an open reading frame (ORF), the upstream region preferably contains sequences flanking the targeted ORF.
- ORF open reading frame
- the upstream region contains sufficient homology to mediate homologous recombination between the modified nucleic acid molecule and the non-disrupted gene in a host cell into which the modified nucleic acid molecule is transformed.
- a length of about 100 nt to about 1000 nt. and preferably, at least about 500 nt, of homologous sequences is considered sufficient.
- these "homologous sequences" contain exact (i.e., 100%) identity of sequences.
- the "homologous sequences” may contain some degree of nonidentity. Where there is some degree of non-identity, the sequences suitably have at least 95% identity, more preferably 97% identity, and most preferably 98-99% identity.
- the size of the upstream region may be readily determined by one of skill in the art. For example, the upstream region may be as small as about 100 bp and as large as 500 kb, or more.
- downstream region refers to those sequences of nucleic acids which are located 3' to the target site, with reference to the coding strand of the nucleic acid molecule.
- the downstream region need not be composed of coding sequences; and, where the target site is located within an ORF, the downstream region preferably contains sequences flanking the targeted ORF.
- the size of the downstream region is determined by the factors described above with respect to the upstream region. However, it will be understood that the sizes of the downstream region and upstream region may be selected independently of one another. It should be noted that although the discussion refers in many locations to double-stranded DNA for purposes of convenience, it will understand that the method of the invention is useful with single-stranded nucleic acid sequences. Further, it will be recognized that even in situations where the nucleic acid molecule and the insertion cassette are double-stranded, single-stranded DNA may be added to the PCR mixture for use in obtaining the desired amplification product(s).
- identity means the degree of sequence relatedness between two polypeptide or two polynucleotide sequences as determined by the identity of the match between two lengths of such sequences. Both identity and homology can be readily calculated by methods extant in the prior art [See, e.g., COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Lesk, A.M.. ed., Oxford
- identity While there exist a number of methods to measure identity and homology between two polynucleotide sequences, the terms "identity”, “similarity” and homology are well known to skilled artisans [H. Carillo and D. Lipton. SIAM J. Applied Math., 48: 1073 (1988)]. Methods commonly employed to determine identity or homology between two sequences include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, and H. Carillo and D. Lipton, SIAM J. Applied Math., 48: 1073 (1988). Preferred methods to determine identity or homology are designed to give the largest match between the two sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computer programs.
- Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and homology between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the algorithm BESTFIT from the GCG program package [J. Devereux et al., Nucl. Acids Res., _12(1):387 (1984)], the related MACVECTOR program (Oxford), and the FASTA (Pearson) programs, which may be used at default settings or modified settings such as determined to be suitable by one of skill in the art.
- the methods of the invention may be readily performed using a high throughput format, i.e., the reactions may be performed on a plate containing a multiplicity of reaction chambers, e.g., 96, 384, or 1536 wells. Such plates are readily available from a variety of sources. However, the reactions may similarly be performed in a variety of other suitable reaction vessels, e.g., tubes. Selection of the reaction vessel is not a limitation of the present invention.
- primers are obtained for specifically amplifying the upstream and downstream regions flanking the target site
- Such primers may be readily generated, e g., by chemical synthesis or other suitable means, based on the knowledge of the sequences of the nucleic acid molecule, particularly in the area of the target site
- a set of two primers is generated for each of the two regions flanking the target site
- a forward primer, PI, and a reverse primer, P2 for the region upstream of the target site are obtained from commercial sources or generated using conventional techniques
- PI is about 20 nt to about 30 nt, and more preferably, about 20 nt in length
- this primer may contain restriction sites for use in molecular cloning
- a forward primer, P3 and a reverse primer, P4 are obtained for the region downstream of the target site
- P3 contains a nt tail which has a region of forward polarity to the 3' end of the cassette (i.e., is complementary) and forward sequences for homology to the sequences down-stream of the target site.
- the P3 primer is complementary to the 5 ' end of a first strand immediately upstream of the target site.
- the tail of P3 may be about 20 nt to 30 nt. and preferably 20 nt in length.
- P4 is about 20 nt to about 30 nt. and more preferably, about 20 nt in length.
- this primer may contain restriction sites for use in molecular cloning after generation of the modified nucleic acid molecule which is the final fusion product.
- P4 amplifies the sequences at the 5' end of the second strand (having reverse complementarity to the first strand) of the downstream region of the nucleic acid molecule. Most preferably, the P4 primer targets the extreme 5' end of the second strand. However, it may target sequences very distal (e.g., several nucleotides from the extreme 5' end) or sequences that use some of the actual coding region for homology, provided that a sufficient portion of the target site is deleted or disrupted to inactivate its function.
- the target site is a short sequence as defined above rather than a location between two nucleotide bases and the primers are designed to amplify the regions upstream and downstream of the sequences of the target site.
- the cassette is designed to contain sequences overlapping with the nucleotide bases flanking either side of the target sequence.
- two separate regions of the nucleic acid molecule flanking the target site are produced using the P1/P2 for the upstream homology and P3/P4 for the downstream homology.
- This amplification is performed using PCR.
- the PCR steps performed in the method of the invention are performed with a thermostable DNA or RNA polymerase and a polymerase having 3 -5' exonuclease activity to remove non-template bases at the 3' and 5' ends.
- a particularly suitable thermostable DNA polymerase is Taq DNA polymerase.
- the native enzyme may be purified from Thermus aquiticus or genetically engineered from the enzyme may be synthesized or obtained from a commercial source (e.g.. as AmpliTaq ).
- Taq is particularly desirable because it carries 5 ' polymerization-dependent exonuclease activity.
- this polymerase it is only necessary to include in the reaction mixture a proof-reading polymerase with 3' exonuclease activity.
- high fidelity polymerases are also desirable because the possess 3' and/or 5' exonuclease activity. Examples of high fidelity polymerases include Pfu (has 3' proof-reading activity), Pwu (has 5' proofreading activity), Vent. Deep Vent, Hot Tub, 7/7, and Thr polymerases.
- other suitable polymerases may be selected and obtained from a variety of commercial sources (e.g., Stratagene).
- DNA polymerases may be readily selected and 5' and/or 3' exonucleases added if these functions are not provided by the selected polymerase.
- Such polymerases and exonucleases may be readily selected by one of skill in the art and obtained from a variety of sources. Reaction conditions are as specified by the enzyme supplier with extension times adjusted for the expected product size. See, also, e.g., Sambrook et al, "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 2 nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1989), ch. 14.2-14.4 for a general discussion of suitable PCR reagents, buffers, and conditions.
- the upstream and downstream regions of the nucleic acid molecule may be generated in a single reaction, or in separate reactions, as desired.
- the final products are purified to homogeneity. This purification can be performed using conventional techniques, including spin dialysis performed in microconcentrators or polyacrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis. See, Sambrook et al, cited above.
- An example of a suitable system which is commercially available includes Qiagen's affinity matrix purfication systems. However, other commercially available systems may be readily selected.
- the cassette is also amplified via PCR using a proof-reading polymerase as described above for the upstream and downstream regions.
- the forward primer, Rl, and reverse primer, R2 for the cassette are obtained using conventional techniques such as those described above. These primers are generally about 20 to about 30 nt in length.
- the cassette may be amplified in a reaction which also contains the upstream region and downstream region.
- the cassette is amplified in separate reactions with the upstream region or the downstream region.
- the cassette is amplified prior to mixture with either the upstream or downstream region. Following amplification, the final product is purified to homogeneity as described herein.
- the product resulting from amplification of the cassette is mixed with an approximately equivalent amount of the product of the amplification of the upstream region or the product of the amplification of the downstream region.
- the amount of each amplification product mixed is about 0.1 ⁇ g. However, these amounts may be adjusted, e.g, from as low as 0.05 ⁇ g to as high as about 0.5 ⁇ g to about 1.0 ⁇ g.
- the appropriate primers are used. More particularly, for the mixture containing the upstream region and the cassette, primers PI and R2 are used.
- the resulting product is a fusion product having the 3' end of a first strand of the upstream region fused to the 5' end of the first strand of the cassette.
- primers Rl and P4 are used for the mixture containing the cassette and the downstream region.
- the resulting fusion product is the 3' end of the first strand of the cassette fused to the 5' end of the first strand of the downstream region.
- the resulting fusion products are purified to homogeneity.
- the purified fusion products generated as described above are then mixed and subjected to PCR in order to generate a modified nucleic acid molecule which contains the cassette in the target site of the selected nucleic acid molecule, flanked by the upstream region and the downstream region. While this PCR may be performed as above, using convention PCR steps with a proof-reading polymerase, it has been found that a modification to these standard techniques provides better yield.
- the third amplification stage involves the following procedure.
- a mixture containing the products to be amplified e.g.. the two fusion products obtained from stage 2 amplification, is heated in the absence of polymerase or primers.
- this may be performed in a standard buffering solution, e.g., 50 mM KC1, 10 mM Tris.Cl and 1.5 mM MgCl 2 .
- the heating step is performed for about 2 to about 8 minutes, preferably about 5 minutes, to a temperature of about 85EC to about 96EC, and preferably about 94EC.
- the heated mixture is then taken to a temperature of about 45EC to 55EC, and most preferably about 50EC, over an extended period of time.
- the cooling takes place over at least about 20 minutes, and preferably over at least 30 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture is maintained at about the same temperature, e.g., at about 50EC. for at least about 5 minutes. However, this temperature may be maintained for a longer period of time such as an hour, several hours, or overnight, if required for convenience.
- thermostable polymerase is added to the mixture.
- a suitable RNA or DNA polymerases may be readily selected. See, discussion of polymerases in section relating to stage 1 amplification.
- the mixture containing the products for amplification and the polymerase (and exonucleases) are heated to about 55EC to about 75EC for about 3 to about 20 minutes. Preferably, this heating is performed at about 72EC for about 5 minutes.
- the primer PI for the upstream region and the primer P4 for the downstream region are then added to the mixture which is subjected to a standard 30 cycles of PCR with an extension time appropriate for the expected full-length product.
- the resulting full-length product is a modified nucleic acid molecule containing the upstream region fused to the cassette which is fused to the downstream region.
- the product is purified to homogeneity prior to further amplification.
- the product may be subjected to further amplification via PCR prior to purification.
- the method of the invention provides a modified nucleic acid molecule containing the cassette in the target site which is flanked by the upstream and downstream region.
- the plates or tubes containing the final product, i.e., modified nucleic acid molecule may be stored in the freezer (e.g.. at -80EC) while awaiting further testing.
- the final product is purified using any of a variety of suitable means, e.g., agarose gel electrophoresis, and, optionally, a sample may be sequenced to confirm the identity of the product.
- the method of the invention also permits one to produce a modified nucleic acid molecule, which does not require separate generation of the upstream region/cassette and cassette/downstream region fusion products.
- stage 1 and stage 3 amplification are performed as described herein for the three-stage method, but stage 2 amplification is eliminated.
- this method may be performed in a multi-well plate, a tube, or in any other suitable reaction vessel.
- the upstream region, cassette and downstream region may be produced as described in stage 1 above.
- P1/P2 are used for the upstream region of the nucleic acid molecule and P3/P4 for the downstream region of the nucleic acid, using PCR with a high fidelity polymerase possessing 3 -5' exonuclease activity. These regions contain sufficient homology to mediate homologous recombination in a particular host cell.
- a fusion cassette, R is also amplified with Rl and R2. Reaction conditions are as specified by the enzyme supplier with extension supplier with extension times adjusted for the expected product size. Each final product is purified to homogeneity.
- modified nucleic acid molecules useful for a variety of purposes
- modified nuchec acid molecules may be intermediate products useful for subsequent molecular cloning of a desired construct
- a modified nucleic acid molecule of the invention may be engineered to contain restriction sites which permit rapid insertion of a digestion fragment containing a desired portion of the modified nucleic acid molecule and the cassette into a predetermined location in a desired plasmid or viral vector, or the like
- the modified nucleic acid molecules are constructed using primers containing the appropriate restriction sites to facilitate this molecular cloning
- the modified nucleic acid molecules generated according to the invention may represent a desired end-product, l e , for testing or for therapeutic or vaccinal use A Assay Formats
- the invention provides a method for generating modified nucleic acid molecules which are suitable for constructing gene knockouts for in vitro or in vivo testing of specific genes, and particularly for testing whether such specific genes are essential for a particular function It may be desirable in these embodiments for the cassettte inserted to contain a reporter or marker gene, as defined above However, in other embodiments, the use of a gene encoding a therapeutic protein is desirable and assays are performed to determine the effect of expression of the therapeutic protein on a selected host cell
- gene knockouts may be tested in vitro using a high throughput assay format
- the modified nucleic acid molecules containing the disrupted gene are constructed according to the three-stage or two- stage PCR method of the invention and contain a cassette with a marker gene Thereafter, a suitable host cell which contains a functional gene corresponding to the gene disrupted in the modified nucleic acid molecule of the invention is added to each of the wells
- a suitable host cell which contains a functional gene corresponding to the gene disrupted in the modified nucleic acid molecule of the invention is added to each of the wells
- the modified nucleic acid molecule is a plasmid or linear fragment containing sequences from Streptococcus pneumomae with a functional deletion in a selected gene
- Strep, pnewnoniae cells to wells containing the modified nucleic acid molecules produced according to the present invention.
- the plates are then incubated under conditions which promote transformation of the cells with the modified nucleic acid molecules.
- the cells used are "pre-competent" and are grown through the competent phase in the presence of the knock-out constructs.
- the competent phase by be induced by competence stimulating peptide (CSP).
- CSP competence stimulating peptide
- the plates are checked for the presence or absence of cell growth. Transformation of the cells is confirmed by detection of the marker. Where the presence of the marker is detectable, the absence of cell growth is an indication that the selected gene functionally deleted from the knockout is essential for cell growth. Positive cell growth indicates that the functionally deleted gene is non-essential for cell growth.
- a similar assay format may be used to determine the impact of a foreign gene on a selected host cell, where the modified nucleic acid construct of the invention contains a cassette encoding a heterologous gene product.
- the modified nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be used in vivo assays, many of which are known in the art. Selection of suitable in vitro and in vivo assays are not a limitation of the present invention.
- the method permits the rapid construction of fusion molecules encoding therapeutic or antigenic proteins for expression studies and the like. For example, this may provide a rapid method of generating vaccinal or therapeutic viral vectors, or modified bacterial vaccine candidates.
- the cassette may include a transgene under the direction of regulatory sequences which direct its expression in a host cell.
- the cassette may be engineered to contain a promoter, enhancer, transcription initiation or termination sequences, efficient RNA processing signals such as splicing and polyadenylation signals (which may contain splice donor and acceptor sites), sequences that stabilize cytoplasmic mRNA, sequences that enhance translation efficiency (i.e., Kozak consensus sequence), sequences that enhance protein stability and. when desired.
- the method of the invention may be used to place a chromosomal gene copy under the control of a regulatable promoter, or to place a foreign gene controlled by a regulatable promoter in a non-essential site on the chromosome.
- promoters may be constitutitive or inducible or regulatable. Selection of suitable promoters and other vector elements are conventional and many such regulatory and expression control sequences are available [see, e.g.. Sambrook et al, and references cited therein at, for example, pages 3.18-3.26 and 16.17-16.27 and Ausubel et al.. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989].
- the modified nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be useful for in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo delivery of a transgene to a selected host cell.
- the modified nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be useful in pharmaceutical compositions for ex vivo or in vivo delivery of a transgene for therapeutical or vaccinal purposes.
- Such pharmaceutical compositions contain the modified nucleic acid molecule produced according to the method of the invention formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such water, a saline solution, a vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such water, a saline solution, a vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof.
- suitable carriers may be readily selected by one of skill in the art and are not a limitation of the present invention.
- Still other components customarily employed in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions may be advantageously included, including, adjuvants, preserving agents, coloring agents, and the like.
- the molecules of the invention are combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, for examples, solvents, diluents and the like, and are administered in the form of sterile injectable solutions or suspensions containing the molecules in an isotonic medium.
- the modified nucleic acid molecules of the invention are delivered in an amount of about 0.01 g to 100 mg per kg body weight.
- the molecules may be suspended in a carrier, as identified above, and delivered in doses of from about 1 mL to about 30 mL by any suitable route, including, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral.
- the method of administration is not limited to the delivery routes specified herein. It is within the skill of one in the art to determine the appropriate dosage regimen, taking into consideration such factors as the condition to be treated, the age, weight, sex and condition of the patient, and the like.
- Example 1 Two-piece PCR method used to make an erythromycin-resistant knockout cassette which when transformed into Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated fabH essentially.
- S. pneumoniae gene identified as fabH primers to the gene sequence were designed follows. The bold underlined regions are complementary to Rl and R2 which in this experiment are designed to amplify up the ermAM erythromycin resistance gene; and the non-underlined regions are homologous to DNA sequences in or flanking bH: PI [SEQ ID NO: 1 ] 5 ' TAAGGGGCTAC ATTGACCGAGTTC 3 '
- the two-piece PCR reaction was performed using S. pneumoniae isolated chromosomal DNA as template.
- PI/ P2 were used to produce the upstream region
- P3/P4 were used to produce the downstream region using PCR with Taq polymerase [AmpliTaq] and Pfu proof-reading polymerase. Reaction conditions were as specified by the enyzme supplier with extension times adjusted for the expected product size.
- the cassette was produced using a similar PCR reaction. Each final product was purified to homogeniety on an agarose gel column.
- the Stage II purified modified nucliec acid molecule consisting of afabH knockout construct was sequenced to confirm its identity and used to transform S. pneumoniae R6 competent cells was transformed using standard techniques. Briefly, the DNA was incubated with pre-competent cells, which are allowed to grow to permit phenotypic expression of the marker, and transformants identified folowing growth under selective conditions. No colonies were obtained after 3 attempts, indicating that ih fabH gene is essential in S. pneumoniae.
- Example 2 Three-piece PCR method used to make an erythromycin-resistant knockout cassette which when transformed into Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated fabH essentiality.
- primers to the gene sequence were designed as follows. The bold underlined regions are complementary to Rl and R2 which in this experiment are designed to amplify up the ermAM erythromycin/ ⁇ bH: PI [SEQ ID NO: 10] 5' TAAGGGGCTACATTGACCAGTTC 3' P2 [SEQ ID NO: 11] 5 ' CCGCCATTCTTTGCTGTTTCGTTCC AGCTTTTGCC ATCAGTTTC 3'
- the three-piece PCR reaction was set up using S. pneumoniae isolated chromosomal DNA as template.
- the Stage I reactions were performed as described in Example 1 , using the primers of this example.
- the product sizes were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis: Pl/P2 413bp P3/P4 437bp R1/R2 941 bp
- Stage II two separate PCRs were performed using Taq polymerase as in the first stage reaction. In a first PCR, 0.1 ⁇ g of each of the products from PCR of the cassette and the upstream region of S. pneumoniae were mixed and in a second PCR reaction, 0.1 ⁇ g of each of the products from PCR of the cassette and the downstream region of S. pneumoniae were mixed.
- primers PI and R2 were used for the upstream reaction.
- primers Rl and P4 were used for the downstream reaction.
- the two resulting fusion products i.e., upstream region/cassette and cassette/downstream region, were purified to homogeneity prior to Stage m.
- Stage III was performed by mixing 0.5 ⁇ g of each the upstream region/cassette and cassette/downstream region in a standard Taq polymerase PCR without polyerase or primers. The reaction was held for 5 minutes at 94EC, and then taken to 50EC over a ramp period of 30 minutes. The reactions was then held at 50EC for 5 minutes. During this time, 2.5 U of Taq polymerase was added, and the reaction was taken to 72EC for an extension time of 5 minutes. After this period, PI and P4 are added, an the reaction was subjected to a standard 30 cycle PCR. The Stage III purified fabH knockout cassette was sequenced to confirm its identity and used to transform S. pneumoniae competent cells. No colonies were obtained after 3 attempts, indicating that the fabH gene is essential in S. pneumoniae.
- Example 3 Three-stage PCR method used to make a knockout cassette which was cloned into a Staphylococcus aureus plasmid for essentiality studies.
- primers to the gene sequence were designed as follows. The bold underlined regions are complementary to Rl and R2 which in this experiment are designed to amplify the ermC erythromycin resistance gene; and the non-underlined regions are homologous to
- the Stage HI purified knockout cassette was cloned into pBluescript-tetA at the BamHi site to produce pEra.
- pEra was introduced into S. aureus RN4220 by electroporation. Colonies were obtained that were dual Em R and Tc R , and represented plasmid insertion cointegrants at the era locus. Diagnostic PCR products were obtained with:
- Em and Tc clones would not be recovered.
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EP00937524A EP1179095A4 (en) | 1999-05-10 | 2000-05-04 | Methods for producing modified nucleic acid molecules |
US10/009,315 US6770462B1 (en) | 1999-05-10 | 2000-05-04 | Methods for producing modified nucleic acid molecules |
JP2000616393A JP2002543801A (en) | 1999-05-10 | 2000-05-04 | Methods for producing modified nucleic acid molecules |
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Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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NIKAWA ET AL.: "PCR- and ligation-mediated synthesis of marker cassettes with long flanking homology regions for gene disruption in saccharomyces cerevisiae", NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, vol. 26, no. 3, 1998, pages 860 - 861, XP002931027 * |
See also references of EP1179095A4 * |
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