Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
  • C07D239/47—One nitrogen atom and one oxygen or sulfur atom, e.g. cytosine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
  • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
  • C07D239/52—Two oxygen atoms
  • C07D239/54—Two oxygen atoms as doubly bound oxygen atoms or as unsubstituted hydroxy radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
  • C07D473/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two nitrogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
  • C07D473/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 one oxygen and one nitrogen atom, e.g. guanine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
  • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
  • C07D473/34—Nitrogen atom attached in position 6, e.g. adenine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/645—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07F9/6503—Five-membered rings
  • C07F9/6506—Five-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
  • C07F9/65616—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings containing the ring system having three or more than three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members, e.g. purine or analogs

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to novel purine and pyrimidine compounds which have antiviral activity and methods of making and using same.
• herpes viruses such as herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1 ), herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV 6) which are associated with many common viral illnesses.
• HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections are characterized by cold sores of skin, mouth or genital region. After primary infection the virus is harbored in neural cells and can reappear later in the life of a patient.
• HCMV infection Human CMV (HCMV) infection is a life-long affliction which can result in morbidity and mortality. These pathologies include microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, encephalitis, infections of the newborn infants or fetuses in utero, and infections of immunocompromised hosts.
• the HCMV infection is responsible for retinitis, gastritis and pneumonitis in AIDS patients and HCMV-induced pneumonias or hepatitis are frequent and serious complications of bone marrow transplants.
• EBV causes infectious mononucleosis and it is considered as the etiologic agent of nasopharyngeal cancer, immunoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and hairy leukoplakia.
• VZV causes chicken pox and shingles. Although in children the chicken pox is usually a non-fatal disease, the recurrent form of this infection, shingles, may in advanced stage lead to paralysis, convulsions and ultimately death. Again, in immunocompromised patients the infection with VZV is a serious complication.
• Human herpes virus 6 which is commonly associated with children's rash was also identified in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and it may be a cofactor in the pathogenesis of AIDS in hosts infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• HIV human immunodeficiency virus
• Levine, A.J. Viruses, Ch. 4, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, pp. 67-85 (1992); Human Herpesvirus Infections, Raven Press, New York (1986).
• HIV is the underlying cause of AIDS, a world-wide epidemic with fatal consequences. According to the World Health Organization, over 4.5 million AIDS cases were recorded by late 1994 and 19.5 million people had been infected with HIV. It is estimated that by the year 2000, 30 to 40 million will have been infected with HIV with 10 million cases of full-blown AIDS. Estimates of Global AIDS Policy Coalition are considerably higher - up to 110 million HIV infections and 25 million AIDS cases. The Relationship between the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 1 -3 (1995).
• acyclovir Zovirax
• ganciclovir Cytovene belonging to this group of compounds are approved drugs for infections caused by HSV-1 , HSV-2, VZV and HCMV.
• Acyclovir Therapy for Herpesvirus Infections Baker, Ed.), M. Dekker, New York, (1990); Ganciclovir Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Infection (Spector, S. S., Ed.), M. Dekker, New York (1991 ).
• the present ii .vention provides novel 2-hydroxymethylcy opropylidenemethyl- derivatives of heterocyclic compounds, prodrugs and pharmacologically acceptable acid salts thereof. These compounds have been found to be useful antiviral agents and are effective against HCMV, HSV-1 , HSV-2, HHV-6, HIV, EBV and HBV, as well as against other mammalian viruses.
• the compounds of the present invention have the following Formulas:
• the purine moieties include 6-aminopurine (adenine), 2,6- diaminopurine, 2-amino-6-azidopurine, 2-amino-6-thiopurine, 2-amino-6- alkylaminopurines such as 2-amino-6-cyclopropylaminopurine, 6-hydroxypurine (hypoxanthine), 2-amino-6-halo substituted purines, such as 2-amino-6-chloropurine, 2-amino-6-alkoxy substituted purines, such as 2-amino-6-methoxypuhne, 2-amino-6- hydroxypurine (guanine), 3-deazapurines, 7-deazapurines, 8-azapurines, cytosine, 5- halo substituted cytosines, 5-alkyl substituted cytosines, thymine, uracil and 6- azapyr
• Prodrugs of the antiviral nucleoside analogues of the present invention include lipophilic phosphate esters or amidates capable of penetrating the cell membrane. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the aim of prodrugs is to provide effective therapeutic agents for resistant strains of viruses (McGuigan, C, et al., J Med. Chem. 36:1048-1052 (1993)) or activate inactive analogues. Franchetti, P., et al., J Med. Chem. 37:3534-3541 (1994).
• the compounds of the present invention therefore also include prodrugs of the novel compounds, wherein the prodrugs have the following Formulas:
• B is a heterocyclic ring as defined above for Formulas 1 and 2; X is O; and
• R, and R 2 are alkyl or aryl.
• the R,X or R 2 X may also be amino acid residues with X as NH.
• compositions useful for treating viral infections such as HCMV, HSV-1 , HSV- 2, HHV-6, HIV, EBV and HBV contain an effective amount of at least one compound - of Formulas 1 to 4 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention also includes methods for synthesizing compounds of Formulas 1 and 2 wherein B is a heterocyclic ring derived from purine or pyrimidine moiety such as 6-aminopurine (adenine), 2,6-diaminopurine, 2-amino-6-azidopurine, 2-amino-6-thiopurine, 2-amino-6-alkylaminopurines such as 2-amino-6- cyclopropylaminopurine, 6-hydroxypurine (hypoxanthine), 2-amino-6-halo substituted purines, such as 2-amino-6-chloropurine, 2-amino-6-alkoxy substituted purines, such as 2-amino-6-methoxypurine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine (guanine), 3- and 7- deazapurines, such as 3- and 7-deazaadenine, 8-azapuhnes such as 8-azaadenine, cytosine, 5-halocytosine (wherein hal
• the present invention also provides methods for synthesizing prodrugs of the compounds as set forth in Formulas 3 and 4.
• the present invention also provides methods for synthesizing essentially enantiomerically pure R- and S-enantiomers of the compounds of the present invention. Additional objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
• Figure 1 shows the synthesis of the mixture of c/s-ethyl 2-bromo-2-bromo- methylcyclopropane 1 -carboxylate (6) and trans-ethyl 2-bromo-2-bromomethylcyclo- propane 1 -carboxylate (7);
• Figure 2 shows the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine 2-hydroxymethyl- cyclopropylidenemethylpurines and -pyrimidines of Formulas 1 and 2;
• B represents a heterocyclic ring derived from purine or pyrimidine moiety such as 6-aminopurine (adenine), 2,6-diaminopurine, 2- amino-6-azidopurine, 2-amino-6-thiopurine, 2-amino-6-alkylaminopurines such as 2- amino-6-cyclopropylaminopurine, 6-hydroxypurine (hypoxanthine), 2-amino-6-halo substituted purines, such as 2-amino-6-
• the preferred compounds of the present invention are syn-N 9 -(2-hydroxy- methylcyclopropylidenemethyl)adenine (synadenol), wherein in Formula 1, B is adenin-N 9 -yl, syn-N 9 -(2-hydroxymethylcyclopropylidenemethyl)guanine (synguanol), wherein B is guanin-N 9 -yl, syn-N 1 -(2-hydroxymethylcyclopropylidenemethyl)cytosine (syncytol) wherein in Formula 1, B is cytosin-N 1 -yl, syn-2,6-diamino-N 9 -(2- hydroxymethyicyclopropylidenemethyl)purine wherein in Formula 1, B is 2,6- diaminopurine, syn-2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino-N 9 -(2- hydroxymethylcyclopropylidenemethyl)purine wherein in Formula 1 , B is 2-amin
• Preferred compounds of the present invention also include the R- and S- enantiomers of the compounds of Formulas 1 through 4.
• the compounds described by Formulas 1 through 4 contain an asymmetric carbon atom marked in the Formulas 1 and 2 by an asterisk.
• Compounds of Formula 1 and 2 of the present invention are therefore racemic mixtures of two optical antipodes which may be resolved by conventional methods such as chromatography or fractional crystallization of suitable diastereoisomeric derivatives such as salts or esters with optically active acids (camphor 10-sulfonic acid, methoxyacetic acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, 6-methoxy-2- naphthyl-2-propanoic acid, etc.), by an enantioselective enzymic synthesis of esters of one antipode such as acetates or butyrates or by an enantioselective enzymic hydrolysis of esters of compounds of Formulas 1 and 2 such as acetates or butyrates.
• optically active acids camphor 10-sulfonic acid, methoxyacetic acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, 6-methoxy-2- naphthyl-2-propanoic acid, etc.
• the suitable enzymes include, but are not limited to, lipases such as lipase AK, lipase P30 or esterases such as pig liver esterase. Racemic compounds containing adenine moiety may also be resolved by the action of adenosine deaminase. Alternatively, the ft- and S-enantiomers can be obtained by synthetic methods utilizing enantiomerically pure starting materials as described in Examples 20 through 25.
• Compounds 3 and 4 derived from racemic analogues 1 and 2 are mixtures of four diastereoisomers provided that R,X is not the same as R ⁇ .
• an appropriate base e.g., potassium carbonate or sodium hydride
• organic solvent e.g., N,N- dimethylformamide
• a strong base e.g., potassium tert.-butoxide in an appropriate solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide as shown in Figure 2.
• the alkylation and elimination can be combined into a single step.
• a suitable benzoylating agent such as benzoic anhydride
• an appropriate solvent such as ethanol
• a suitable catalyst e.g., N- methylimidazole
• compositions within the scope of invention include those comprising a novel compound of the present invention in an effective amount to achieve an intended purpose. Determination of an effective amount and intended purpose is within the skill of the art.
• Preferred dosages which are dependent for example, on the severity of the infection and the individual patient's response to the treatment, can range from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight to give a blood concentration ranging from about 0.05 ⁇ g to about 5 mg per mL of whole blood.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts is intended to mean salts of the compounds of the present invention with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, e.g., inorganic acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, etc. or organic acids such as acetic.
• pharmaceutically acceptable acids e.g., inorganic acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, etc. or organic acids such as acetic.
• compositions of the present invention may also include suitable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which may be used pharmaceutically.
• suitable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which may be used pharmaceutically.
• Such preparations preferably those which can be administered orally, include tablets, dragees and capsules.
• Further preferred preparations are those which can be administered rectally, such as suppositories, as well as suitable solutions for administration by injection or orally, contain from about 0.1 to about 99%, preferably about 25 to about 85%, of the active compound of the present invention, together with the excipient.
• compositions of the present invention are manufactured in a manner which is itself known, e.g., using the conventional mixing, granulating, dragee-making, dissolving or lyophilizing processes.
• pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by combining the active compounds with solid excipients, optionally grinding a resulting mixture and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired or necessary, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, e.g., lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, e.g., tricalcium diphosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders such as starch paste, using, e.g., maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• fillers such as sugars, e.g., lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, e.g., tricalcium diphosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders such as starch paste, using, e.g., maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth,
• disintegrating agents may be added such as the above-mentioned starches and also carboxymethyl starch, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.
• Auxiliaries are, above all, flow-regulating agents and lubricants, e.g., silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycol.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings which, if desired, are resistant to gastric juices.
• concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and/ortitanium dioxide, lacquersolutions and suitable organic solvent or solvent mixtures.
• suitable cellulose preparations such as acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, are used.
• Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings, e.g., for identification or in order to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
• Other pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• the push-fit capsules may contain the active compounds in the form of granules which may be mixed with fillers such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds are preferably dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• stabilizers may be used.
• Possible pharmaceutical preparations which can be used rectally include, e.g., suppositories, which consist of a combination of the active compounds with a suppository base.
• Suitable suppository bases are, e.g., natural or synthetic triglycerides, paraffin hydrocarbons, polyethylene glycols or higher alkanols.
• gelatin rectal capsules which consist of a combination of the active compounds with a base.
• Possible base materials include, e.g., liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols or paraffin hydrocarbons.
• Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form, e.g., water-soluble salts.
• suspension of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered.
• Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, e.g., ethyl oleate or triglycerides.
• Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran.
• the suspension may also contain stabilizers.
• the active compounds of the present invention may be administered in the form of liposomes, pharmaceutical compositions wherein the active compound is contained either dispersed or variously present in corpuscles consisting of aqueous concentrate layers adherent to hydrophobic lipidic layer.
• the active compound may be present both in the aqueous layer and in the lipidic layer or in the non-homogeneous system generally known as a lipophilic suspension.
• the active compounds of the present invention may be administered in combination with known antiviral agents, e.g., acyclovir, ganciclovir, zidovudine, AZT, ddl, ddC, 3TC and d4T.
• EI-MS 288 (M, 0.3), 286 (M, 1.9) and 284 (M, 0.5), 256 (1.6), 258 (2.6) and 260 (1.2), 243 (5.0), 241 (10.2) and 239 (5.3), 211 (7.0), 213 (13.8) and 215 (7.4), 205 (52.2) and 207 (51.0), 177 (96.7) and 179 (94.4), 159 (7.1) and 161 (7.0), 131
• FAB-MS thioglycerol matrix 341 and 343 (M+2H , 20.3, 18.6), 340 and 342 (M + H, 98.4, 100.0), 262 (8.0), 214 (4.3), 188 (5.9), 136 (25.2).
• FAB-MS thioglycerol matrix 341 and 343 (M + 2H, 19.0, 18.2), 340 and 342 (M + H, 96.3, 100.0), 262 (32.1), 214 (12.1 ), 188 (12.5), 136 (78.3).
• Solid potassium tert.-butoxide (505 mg, 4.5 mmol) was added into a solution of bromoesters 9 and 10 from Example 2 (1.02 g, 1.023 mmol) in DMF (35 mL) at 0°C with stirring under nitrogen. The stirring continued for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then added dropwise into saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (20 mL) at 0°C with stirring. After 15 minutes, the solvents were removed by evaporation in vacuo at room temperature.
• 6-chloropurin-N 9 -yl) and anf;-2-Amino-6-chloro-N 9 -(2- hydroxymethylcyclopropylidenemethyl)purine (1, B 2- amino-6-chloropurin-N 9 -yl).
• EI-MS 251 and 253 (M, 36.1, 12.3), 234 and 236 (84.0, 29.7), 222 and 224 (8.6, 3.4), 198 (24.6), 170 and 172 (100.0, 37.8).
• FAB-MS thioglycerol matrix 342 (M + thioglycerol + H, 10.4), 234 (M + H, 3.9), 233 (M, 0.9), 232 (M - H, 3.9), 216 (6.6), 197 (15.3), 181 (52.0).
• FAB-MS thioglycerol matrix 342 (M + thioglycerol + H, 44.5), 234 (M + H, 35.5), 216 (9.6), 197 (10.3), 181 (41.8), 152 (46.0), 91 (64.8), 73 (100.0).
• EI-MS 232 (M, 45.2), 215 (39.7), 202 (18.5), 198 (10.8), 173 (7.9), 163 (10.9), 159 (9.5), 150 (100.0).
• the mixture was cooled to 50°C and methanol (10 mL) was added with stirring which was continued at 50°C for another hour.
• the insoluble portion was filtered off using a Celite bed and it was washed with dichloromethane - methanol (4 : 1 , 3 30 mL).
• IR (KBr) 3360 and 31 10 cm “1 (NH 2 ), 1750 cm “1 (C O, ester), 1670, 1635 and
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After removal of solvents, the residue was dissolved in methanol (1 mL) and it was partitioned between ethyl acetate (250 mL) and water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted once with ethyl acetate (60 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water (4 x 80 mL) and brine (80 mL). They were dried over Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated to leave a syrup.
• HFF human foreskin fibroblasts
• MRC-5 medium consisting of MEM(E) with 10% fetal bovine serum.
• HBS HEPES buffered salt solution
• HCMV Virological procedures.
• Stock HCMV was prepared by infecting HFF cells at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of ⁇ 0.01 plaque-forming units (p.f.u.) per cell. Cell growth medium was changed every four days until cytopathology was evident in all cells (approximately 21 days). Supernatant fluids were retained as the virus stock.
• High titer HSV-1 stocks were prepared by infecting KB cells at an m.o.i. of ⁇ 0.1 as detailed previously. Turk, S.R., et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31 :544-550 (1987).
• Virus titers were determined using monolayer cultures of HFF cells for HCMV and monolayer cultures of BSC-1 cells for HSV-1 as described earlier. Prichard, M.N., et al., J. Virol. Methods 28:101-106 (1990). Briefly, HFF or BSC-1 cells were planted as described above in 96-well cluster dishes and incubated overnight at 37°C in a humidified 3% CO 2 - 97% air atmosphere. The next day cultures were inoculated with HCMV or HSV-1 and serially diluted 1 : 3 across the remaining eleven columns of the 96-well plate.
• Cultures were incubated at 37°C for 2 hr to permit virus adsorption and then virus inoculum was replaced with 0.2 mL of fresh medium. Cultures were incubated for seven days for HCMV, two or three days for HSV-1 , medium was removed, and the cell sheets were stained with 0.1% crystal violet in 20% methanol. Plaques were enumerated under 20-fold magnification in wells having the dilution which gave 5 to 20 plaques per well.
• HCMV HCMV.
• the effect of compounds on the replication of HCMV has been measured using a plaque reduction assay.
• HFF cells in 24-well cluster dishes were infected with approximately 100 p.f.u. of HCMV per cm 2 cell sheet using the procedures detailed above. Following virus adsorption, compounds dissolved in growth medium were added to duplicate wells in three to six selected concentrations. Following incubation at 37°C for 7 to 10 days, cell sheets were fixed, stained with crystal violet and microscopic plaques enumerated as described above. Drug effects were calculated as a percentage of reduction in number of plaques in the presence of each drug concentration compared to the number observed in the absence of drug. Ganciclovir (DHPG) was used as a positive control in all experiments.
• DHPG DHPG
• HFF cells were planted as described above in 96-well cluster dishes, incubated overnight, medium removed and the cultures were inoculated with HCMV at a m.o.i. of 0.5 to 1 p.f.u. per cell as reported elsewhere. After virus adsorption, inoculum was replaced with 0.2 mL of fresh medium containing test compounds. The first row of 12 wells was left undisturbed and served as virus controls. Each well in the second row received an additional 0.1 mL of medium with test compound at three times the desired final concentration. The contents of the 12 wells were mixed by repeated pipetting and then serially diluted 1 : 3 along the remaining wells.
• 96-well cluster dishes were planted with BSC-1 cells at 10,000 cells per well, in a total volume of 200 ⁇ L per well of MEM(E) plus 10% calf serum. After overnight incubation at 37°C, drug and HSV-1 was added at the rate of 100 PFU/well.
• ELISA plates were blocked with 200 ⁇ L per well of 10% calf serum and 0.05% tween in HBS. After incubation for 30 minutes, the blocking agent was rinsed two times with HBS-T. A 1 : 400 dilution of AP conjugated rabbit anti-HSV-1 antibody in HBS-F was added. Plates were sealed with adhesive sheet, and incubated on rocker for one hour at 37°C.
• HHV-6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• covalent amine plates Costar, Cambridge, MA
• the plates were activated by the addition of a homobifunctional crosslinking agent, bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate, which was dissolved at 1 mg/mL in 30 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS: 137 mM NaCI, 2.7 mM KCI, 4.3 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1.4 mM KH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.4) and 300 ⁇ L of the crosslinker was added to each well in the covalent plate.
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• the antigen solution was decanted and the plate was washed six times in HEPES buffered saline (Shipman, O, Jr., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 130:305-310 (1969)) with 0.05% Tween 20 (HBS-T ), soaking for three min for each wash. Unbound sites on the plate were blocked with 300 ⁇ L per well of 2% lowfat dry milk in PBS (blocker) for 30 min at room temperature on a shaker. The blocker was decanted and 50 ⁇ L of the diluted primary monoclonal antibody, specific for HHV-6 (GS) glycoprotein gp116, was added.
• HEPES buffered saline Chipman, O, Jr., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 130:305-310 (1969)
• HBS-T Tween 20
• the antibody solution consisted of antibody diluted 1 : 400 in equal volumes of blocker and 10% Triton X-100 in coating buffer. The presence of both blocker and detergent in the antibody solutions was necessary to reduce background signal.
• the plate was then covered and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. The plate was washed again, as described above, then blocker was added again, as before. Next, each well received 100 ⁇ L of a solution of the secondary antibody, horse radish peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-mouse antibody, diluted to 1 : 400 (as above). The plate was incubated for 1 h at 37°C.
• the plate was washed again as described above, and .developed using 100 ⁇ L/well of TMB-Turbo (Pierce, Rockford, IL) for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction was stopped with 50 ⁇ L/well 2 M H 2 SO 4 . Absorbance in each well was determined at 450/570 nm.
• RT Reverse transcriptase
• This assay measured the presence of HIV in supernatants of CEM cells infected with strain lll B of HIV-1 by the amount of RT activity. Cells were grown, infected, and incubated in the presence of seven concentrations (one-half log 10 dilutions) beginning at 1 or 100 ⁇ M of compounds to be assayed. Procedures and the RT assay were performed as detailed previously. Kucera, L.S., et al., AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses 9:307-314 (1993); White, E.L., et al., Antiviral Res. 16:257-266 (1991 ).
• Cytotoxicity assays Two different assays were used to explore cytotoxicity of selected compounds as we have detailed previously, (i) Cytotoxicity produced in stationary HFF cells and in growing CEM cells was determined by microscopic inspection of cells used in plaque and RT assays which were not affected by the virus. Turk, S.R., et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31 :544-550 (1987). (ii) The effect of compounds during two population doublings of KB cells was determined by crystal violet staining and spectrophotometric quantitation of dye eluted from stained cells. Prichard, M.N., et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1060-1065 (1991 ).
• Compounds of the present invention also strongly inhibit HHV 6 to a greater extent than current drug foscarnet (Foscavir) as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in HSB-2 cells by the method described above.
• current drug foscarnet Foscavir
• ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• Compounds of the present invention also inhibit HIV-1 when tested in a reverse transcriptase assay as described above. - 36 -
• MCMV murine cytomegalovirus
• Compound 1 (B adenin-N 9 -yl) reduced mortality from 100% in placebo treated mice to 33% in mice treated with 50 mg/kg of the drug. Decreasing effects were noted at lower doses and when drug administration was delayed until 24 or 48 hours after infection. No deaths were observed in uninfected mice that received only drug.
• EXAMPLE 20 Synthesis of Ethyl-(/?)-Methylenecyclopropanecarboxylate.
• ( ?)- and (S)-Methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic acids were prepared as described. Lai, M.-T., Liu, L.-D., Liu, H.-W. J Am. Chem. Soc. 1 13: 7388-7397 (1991 ).
• the S-enantiomer was prepared by the same procedure starting from
• B 2-amino-6-chloropurin-N 9 -yl
• B guanin-N 9 -yl or 2,6-diamino-purin-N 9 -yl or 2-amino-6-cyclopropyl- aminopurin-N 9 -yl or 2-amino-6-methoxypurin-N 9 -yl
• compound 2 2-amino-6-chloropurin-N 9 -yl.
• Adenosine deaminase from calf intestine (Type II, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis,
• the mixture was lyophilized and the resultant product was sonicated with several portions of dichloromethane - methanol (1 : 1 , first 100 mL and then 40 mL) until no UV absorption was detectable in the solvent.
• the filtrate and washings were combined and evaporated.
• the residue was adsorbed on silica gel (4 g) and loaded on a column made of the same material.
• EXAMPLE 26 In vitro Antiviral Activity. In vitro antiviral activity was determined using the methods described in
• B adenine

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