WO2000025788A1 - Inhibitors of prenyl-protein transferase - Google Patents

Inhibitors of prenyl-protein transferase Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000025788A1
WO2000025788A1 PCT/US1999/024948 US9924948W WO0025788A1 WO 2000025788 A1 WO2000025788 A1 WO 2000025788A1 US 9924948 W US9924948 W US 9924948W WO 0025788 A1 WO0025788 A1 WO 0025788A1
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substituted
unsubstituted
aryl
heterocycle
alkyl
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PCT/US1999/024948
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French (fr)
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Jeffrey M. Bergman
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Merck & Co., Inc.
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Priority claimed from GBGB9900148.9A external-priority patent/GB9900148D0/en
Application filed by Merck & Co., Inc. filed Critical Merck & Co., Inc.
Priority to EP99971320A priority Critical patent/EP1158984A4/en
Priority to JP2000579229A priority patent/JP2002528504A/en
Priority to AU12288/00A priority patent/AU762440B2/en
Priority to CA002348703A priority patent/CA2348703A1/en
Publication of WO2000025788A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000025788A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D498/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
    • C07D498/14—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D498/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • Ras proteins are part of a signalling pathway that links cell surface growth factor receptors to nuclear signals initiating cellular proliferation.
  • Biological and biochemical studies of Ras action indicate that Ras functions like a G-regulatory protein.
  • Ras In the inactive state, Ras is bound to GDP.
  • Ras Upon growth factor receptor activation Ras is induced to exchange GDP for GTP and undergoes a conformational change.
  • the GTP-bound form of Ras propagates the growth stimulatory signal until the signal is terminated by the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras, which returns the protein to its inactive GDP bound form (D.R. Lowy and D.M.
  • Mutated ras genes (Ha-r s, Ki4a-r s, Ki4b-r ⁇ s and N-ras) are found in many human cancers, including colorectal carcinoma, exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, and myeloid leukemias. The protein products of these genes are defective in their GTPase activity and constitutively transmit a growth stimulatory signal.
  • Ras must be localized to the plasma membrane for both normal and oncogenic functions. At least 3 post-translational modifications are involved with Ras membrane localization, and all 3 modifications occur at the C-terminus of Ras.
  • the Ras C-terminus contains a sequence motif termed a "CAAX” or "Cys-Aaa -Aaa -Xaa” box (Cys is cysteine, Aaa is an aliphatic amino acid, the Xaa is any amino acid) (Willumsen et al, Nature 520:583-586 (1984)).
  • this motif serves as a signal sequence for the enzymes farnesyl-protein transferase or geranylgeranyl-protein transferase, which catalyze the alkylation of the cysteine residue of the CAAX motif with a C15 or C20 isoprenoid, respectively.
  • Ras protein transferases Such enzymes that transfer an isoprenoid moiety to the cysteine sulfur of a protein may be generally termed perenyl-protein transferases.
  • the Ras protein is one of several proteins that are known to undergo post-translational farnesylation. Other farnesylated proteins include the Ras-related GTP-binding proteins such as Rho, fungal mating factors, the nuclear lamins, and the gamma subunit of transducin. James, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 14182 (1994) have identified a peroxisome associated protein Pxf which is also farnesylated.
  • Farnesyl-protein transferase utilizes farnesyl pyrophosphate to covalently modify the Cys thiol group of the Ras CAAX box with a farnesyl group (Reiss et al, Cell, 62:81-88 (1990); Schaber et al, J. Biol. Chem., 265:14101-14104 (1990); Schafer et al, Science, 545:1133-1139 (1990); Manne et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 87:7541- 7545 (1990)).
  • Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase blocks Ras membrane localization in cultured cells.
  • direct inhibition of farnesyl-protein transferase would be more specific and attended by fewer side effects than would occur with the required dose of a general inhibitor of isoprene biosynthesis.
  • FPTase farnesyl-protein transferase
  • FPP farnesyl diphosphate
  • Ras protein substrates
  • the peptide derived inhibitors that have been described are generally cysteine containing molecules that are related to the CAAX motif that is the signal for protein prenylation.
  • Such inhibitors may inhibit protein prenylation while serving as alternate substrates for the farnesyl-protein transferase enzyme, or may be purely competitive inhibitors (U.S. Patent 5,141,851, University of Texas; N.E. Kohl et al, Science, 260: 1934- 1937 (1993); Graham, et al., J. Med. Chem., 37, 725
  • deletion of the thiol from a CAAX derivative has been shown to dramatically reduce the inhibitory potency of the compound.
  • the thiol group potentially places limitations on the therapeutic application of FPTase inhibitors with respect to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity. Therefore, a functional replacement for the thiol is desirable.
  • farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors are inhibitors of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and are therefore useful in the prevention and therapy of arteriosclerosis and diabetic disturbance of blood vessels (JP H7-112930).
  • an object of this invention to develop peptidomimetic compounds that inhibit a prenyl-protein transferase and thus, the post-translational prenylation of proteins. It is a further object of this invention to develop chemotherapeutic compositions containing the compounds of this invention and methods for producing the compounds of this invention.
  • the present invention comprises peptidomimetic piperazine- containing macrocyclic compounds which inhibit a prenyl-protein transferase. Further contained in this invention are chemotherapeutic compositions containing these prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors and methods for their production.
  • the compounds of this invention are useful in the inhibition of a prenyl-protein transferase and the prenylation of the oncogene protein Ras.
  • the inhibitors of a prenyl- protein transferase are illustrated by the formula A:
  • Rla, Rlb ; RIC an( j Rid are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl,
  • R b an( j R3a are independently selected from: H; unsubstituted or substituted C1-8 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C2-8 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C2-8 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle,
  • substituted group is substituted with one or more of:
  • R ⁇ a an d R ⁇ a are attached to the same C atom and are combined to form - (CH2)u - wherein one of the carbon atoms is optionally replaced by a moiety selected from: O, S(0) m , -NC(O)-, and -N(COR 10 )- ;
  • R ⁇ a nd R ⁇ a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom
  • R 4 is selected from: C ⁇ -4 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl. heterocycle, aryl. unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen. d) HO.
  • R5, R6 and R ' are independently selected from: H; Ci-4 alkyl, C3.6 cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
  • R 6 and R ⁇ may be joined in a ring; and independently, R5 and R ⁇ may be joined in a ring;
  • R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl,
  • R9 is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br,
  • RHOC(0)NR 10 - and c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br, RlOO-, RHS(0) m -, R 10 C(O)NR 10 -, (R 10 )2NC(O)-, R 10 2N-C(NR 1 0)-, CN, Rl0C(O)-, R 10 OC(O)-, N3, -N(R 10 )2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
  • RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C -CQ alkyl, benzyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
  • RU is independently selected from C -CQ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
  • Al is selected from: a bond, -C(0)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRIOC(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(O) 2 N(Rl0)-, -N(RlO)S(0) 2 -, and S(0) m ;
  • A2 is selected from: a bond, -C(0)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NR 10 C(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(O)2N(Rl0)., -N(R10)S(0)2-, S(0) m and Gl> G ⁇ and G ⁇ are independently selected from: H2 and 0;
  • W is heterocycle
  • V is selected from: a) heterocycle, and b) aryl;
  • Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or more of:
  • Ci-4 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7 c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0) m R 4 or g) -C(0)NR 6 R 7 , 2) aryl or heterocycle,
  • Z ⁇ is selected from L: a bond, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or more of:
  • 3 Z is selected from: 1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: Ci-4 alkoxy, NR R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR 6a , or -C(0)NR 6 R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR 6 - e) NR 6 R7, f) CN, g) N0 2 , h) CF 3 ; i) -S(0) m R4 j) -C(0)NR 6 R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; or 2) unsub
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • p 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • q is l or 2
  • r is 0 to 5
  • s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3
  • u is 4 or 5;
  • Rla and R °- are independently selected from: hydrogen and Ci-C ⁇ alkyl
  • Rib and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl wherein the substitutent on the substituted C -CQ alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, Rl°0- and -N(RlO)2;
  • R2 D and R ⁇ are independently selected from: H and CH3; R2 1S independently selected from H;
  • R ⁇ a and R ⁇ a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom
  • R 4 is selected from:
  • Ci-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C 1-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle
  • R 6 and R7 are independently selected from: H; C1.4 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocycle, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
  • R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, Ci-C ⁇ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-C ⁇ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, R1°C(0)NR10-, CN, NO2, (Rl°)2N-C(NRl°)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(R10) 2 , or
  • R9 is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C6 perfluoroalkyl,
  • RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
  • RU is independently selected from Ci-C ⁇ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
  • Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRlOC(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(0) 2 N(RlO)-, -N(RlO)S(0) 2 -, and S(0) m ;
  • A2 is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NR1°C(0)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(0)2N(RlO)-, -N(Rl°)S(0)2- ; S(0) m and -C(Rld) 2 -;
  • Gl' G ⁇ and G ⁇ are independently selected from: H 2 and O;
  • V is selected from: a) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, and b) aryl;
  • W is a heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl;
  • Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is independently substituted with one or two of: 1) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, b) NR 6 R 7 , c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0) m R4 or g) -C(0)NR 6 R7,
  • Z ⁇ is selected from .: a bond, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted indep endently with one or two of:
  • a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, NR R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0) m R 6a , or -C(0)NR 6 R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR 6 ' e) NR R7, f) CN, g) N0 2 , h) CF3;
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • p 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • q is l or 2
  • r is 0 to 5
  • s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3
  • u is 4 or 5; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Rla is selected from: hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl
  • Rib and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, RlOO-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(R 10 )2.
  • R ⁇ a is selected from H and CH3; R2a is selected from H;
  • Ci-5 alkyl unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of: 1) aryl,
  • R4 is selected from:
  • Ci-4 alkyl and C3..6 cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
  • R 6 and R are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C ⁇ -C-6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C-6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, Rl0C(O)NRl -, CN, N0 2 , (RlO) 2 N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, RlO ⁇ C(O)-, -N(Rl ) 2 , or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl substituted by Ci-C ⁇ perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, (RlO) 2 N-C(NRl )-, RlOC(O)-, Rl°OC(0)-, -N(RlO) 2 , or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
  • R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C ⁇ -C6 alkyl, C 2 -C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C ⁇ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, R10C(O)NR10-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, R10C(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-, and c) C ⁇ -C6 alkyl substituted by: unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C ⁇ -C ⁇ perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R10C(0)NR10-, (RlO) 2 N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(RlO) 2 , or RHOC(O)NRl0-;
  • R is hydrogen or methyl
  • Rl is independently selected from hydrogen, C -CQ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • RU is independently selected from C ⁇ -C6 alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and O;
  • Gl' G ⁇ and G ⁇ are independently selected from: H and O;
  • V is selected from: a) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, and b) aryl;
  • Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is independently substituted with one or two of:
  • a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • p 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • r 0 to 5
  • s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • Rla is selected from: hydrogen and C ⁇ -C6 alkyl
  • Rib and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, RlOO-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(Rl°)2;
  • R ⁇ a is selected from H and CH3; R ⁇ is selected from H;
  • R ⁇ a and R ⁇ a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
  • R 4 is selected from:
  • C ⁇ -4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
  • R 6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) Ci-C ⁇ alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C 6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, N0 2 ,
  • R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C ⁇ -C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl O-,
  • R9 is hydrogen or methyl
  • RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • RU is independently selected from C ⁇ -C6 alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and 0;
  • G and G ⁇ are independently selected from: H2 and 0, provided that at least one and only one of Gl and G ⁇ are O;
  • Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of: 1) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, b) NR 6 R 7 , c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0) m R4 ( or g) -C(0)NR 6 R7, 2) aryl or heterocycle,
  • a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a ) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • p 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • r 0 to 5
  • s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • Rl a is selected from: hydrogen and C ⁇ -C6 alkyl
  • Ri and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl°) 2 or C -C6 alkenyl, and c) C ⁇ -C(, alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, Rl°0-, or -N(RlO) 2;
  • R ⁇ a is selected from H and CH3; R ⁇ a is selected from H; and C ⁇ -5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of: 1) aryl, 2) heterocycle,
  • R ⁇ and R ⁇ are optionally attached to the same carbon atom
  • R4 is selected from:
  • R 6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C 6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, RlO ⁇ C(O)-, -N(Rl°)2, or R110C(0)NR10-, and c) C ⁇ -C6 alkyl substituted by C ⁇ -C ⁇ perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-,
  • Rl°C(O)NRl0- (RlO) 2 N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, RlO ⁇ C(O)-, -N(Rl )2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
  • R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C ⁇ -C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, R10C(O)-, -N(RlO) 2 , or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) C ⁇ -C6 alkyl substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C ⁇ -C6 perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R1°C(0)NR10-, (RlO) 2 N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(Rl ) 2 , or RH0C(0)NR1°-;
  • R9 is hydrogen or methyl
  • Rl is independently selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • RU is independently selected from C ⁇ -Cg alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and 0;
  • X is a bond
  • Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of:
  • Ci-4 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, b) NR 6 R 7 , c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0) m R4 or g) -C(0)NR 6 R 7 ,
  • a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • p 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • r 0 to 5
  • s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • Rla is selected from: hydrogen and Cx-C ⁇ alkyl
  • Rib and R ° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(R 10 )2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) C -CQ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(R 10 )2;
  • R3a is selected from H and CH3;
  • R2 a is selected from H
  • R ⁇ and R ⁇ are optionally attached to the same carbon atom
  • R4 is selected from:
  • R 6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C 6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2,
  • R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C ⁇ -C6 alkyl, C -C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C ⁇ -C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl°C(O)NRl0-, CN, N0 2 , (R10) 2 N
  • R9 is hydrogen or methyl
  • RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -C6 alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • RU is independently selected from C ⁇ -CQ alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
  • Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and O;
  • X is a bond
  • Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of: 1) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, b) NR 6 R 7 , c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0) m R 4 , or g) -C(0)NR 6 R7,
  • 3 Z is selected from: 1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) C ⁇ -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: C ⁇ -4 alkoxy, NR 6 R 7 , C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0) m R 6a , or -C(0)NR R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR 6 - e) NR 6 R7, f) CN, g) N0 ) h) CF3; i) -S(0) m R4, j) -C(0)NR 6 R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • p 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • r 0 to 5
  • s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • the compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual enantiomers, with all possible isomers, including optical isomers, being included in the present invention.
  • any variable e.g. aryl, heterocycle, R , R ⁇ etc.
  • its definition on each occurence is independent at every other occurence.
  • combinations of substituents/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • alkyl is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms; “alkoxy” represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge.
  • Halogen or “halo” as used herein means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • aryl is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl.
  • heterocycle or heterocyclic represents a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or stable 8- to 11-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring.
  • the heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • heterocycle or heterocyclic includes heteroaryl moieties.
  • heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl,
  • heteroaryl is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and wherein from one to four carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.
  • heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolin
  • the substituted group intended to mean a substituted C ⁇ -8 alkyl, substituted C 2 -8 alkenyl, substituted C 2 -8 alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle from which the substitutent(s) R ⁇ and R ⁇ are selected.
  • substituted C ⁇ _8 alkyl, substituted C3-6 alkenyl, substituted aroyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaroyl, substituted arylsulfonyl, substituted heteroarylsulfonyl and substituted heterocycle include moieties containing from 1 to 3 substitutents in addition to the point of attachment to the rest of the compound.
  • cyclic moieties When R2 and R ⁇ are combined to form - (CH 2 ) U -, cyclic moieties are formed. Examples of such cyclic moieties include, but are not limited to:
  • cyclic moieties may optionally include a heteroatom(s).
  • heteroatom-containing cyclic moieties include, but are not limited to:
  • Lines drawn into the ring systems from substituents indicate that the indicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ring carbon atoms.
  • Rla and Ri are independently selected from: hydrogen. -N(Rl°) , R1°C(0)NR10- or unsubstituted or substituted C ⁇ -Cc alkyl wherein the substituent on the substituted C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl -N RlO) 2 , R O- and
  • Rlc is independently selected from: hydrogen, or unsubstituted or substituted C ⁇ -Cc alkyl wherein the substituent on the substituted C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl. -N(R 10 )2, R 10 O- and R10C(O)NR10-.
  • R ⁇ a is selected from H,
  • substituted group selected from C ⁇ -8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl and C -8 alkynyl; wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of:
  • R3a and R3b are independently selected from: hydrogen and C ⁇ -C6 alky
  • R4 and R° are hydrogen.
  • R and R /a are selected from: hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C ⁇ -Cc alkyl. unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • R a is unsubstituted or substituted C ⁇ -C ⁇ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • R is hydrogen or methyl. Most preferably, R is hydrogen.
  • RlO is selected from H. C ⁇ -Co alkyl and benzyl.
  • Al and A ⁇ are independently selected from: a bond, -C(0)NR 10 -. -NRl C(O)-, O. -N(R 10 )-, -S(0)2N(RlO). and
  • one of Gl and G ⁇ is O and the other is H2-
  • G ⁇ is H .
  • V is selected from heteroaryl and aryL More preferably. V is phenyl.
  • Zl and Z ⁇ are independently selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted naphthyl, unsubstituted or substituted pyridyl, unsubstituted or substituted furanyl and unsubstituted or substituted thienyl. More preferably, Zl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and unsubstituted or substituted naphthyl. More preferably, Z2 is selected from a bond and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.
  • W is selected from imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazoly], pyrazolyl, pyyrolidinyl, thiazolyl and pyridyl. More preferably, W is selected from imidazolyl and pyridyl.
  • n is 0, 1, or 2.
  • r is 1 or 2.
  • p is 1, 2 or 3.
  • s is 0 or 1.
  • the moiety is 0 or 1.
  • R9 a and R b are independently selected R9. It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable (e.g., Rla, R , n, etc.) at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule.
  • -N(RlO) 2 represents -NHH, -NHCH3, -NHC2H5, etc. It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily available starting materials.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include the conventional non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention as formed, e.g., from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
  • such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like: and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxy-benzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, trifluoroacetic and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention can be synthesized from the compounds of this invention which contain a basic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, the salts are prepared either by ion exchange chromatography or by reacting the free base with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acid in a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents.
  • Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in the Schemes 1-16, in addition to other standard manipulations such as ester hydrolysis, cleavage of protecting groups, etc., as may be known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures.
  • Substituents R, R a , Rb and R su b as shown in the Schemes, represent the substituents R ⁇ , R3 ( R4, and R° ⁇ and substituents on Zl and Z ⁇ ; however their point of attachment to the ring is illustrative only and is not meant to be limiting.
  • Boc-protected amino acids such as I can be coupled to N-arylmethyl acetal amines using a variety of dehydrating agents such as DCC (dicyclohexycarbodiimide) or EDC-HC1 (l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride) in a solvent such as methylene chloride , chloroform, dichloroethane, or in dimethylformamide.
  • dehydrating agents such as DCC (dicyclohexycarbodiimide) or EDC-HC1 (l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride) in a solvent such as methylene chloride , chloroform, dichloroethane, or in dimethylformamide.
  • the product II is then deprotected and cyclized with acid, for example hydrogen chloride in chloroform or ethyl acetate, or trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride, to give the 5,6-unsaturated piperazinone III.
  • acid for example hydrogen chloride in chloroform or ethyl acetate, or trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride
  • Catalytic hydrogenation of III over palladium on carbon gives the piperazinone IV, which may then be reacted with a suitably substituted benzyloxybenzyl bromide in the presence of a strong base to give intermediate VI.
  • the ring carbonyl of intermediate VI may then be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride and the benzyl protecting groups catalytically removed to provide intermediate VII.
  • the piperidine nitrogen may be reacted with an activated ester to provide the naphthylamide VIII, which can then be deprotected under acidic conditions to provide intermediate IX.
  • the piperidine nitrogen can then be reductively alkylated with a suitably substituted fluorobenzyl- imidazolyl aldehyde X to provide XL
  • Cesium carbonate nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction conditions result in an intramolecular cyclization to yield compound XII of the instant invention.
  • This cyclization reaction and other cyclization reactions shown below that are mediated by cesium carbonate depend on the presence of an electronic withdrawing moiety (such as nitro, cyano, and the like) either ortho or para to the fluorine atom.
  • Scheme 2 illustrates the synthesis of instant macrocyclic compounds which comprise a piperazinone in the ring.
  • the protected piperazinone XIII is alkylated with a naphthylmethyl bromide having a suitably positioned benzyloxy moiety.
  • Removal of the Boc protecting group provided intermediate XIV, which may be coupled to a suitably substituted 1-benzylimidazole aldehyde XV to give intermediate XVI.
  • Removal of the benzyl protecting group followed by intramolecular cyclization as previously described using the cesium carbonate conditions to provide instant compound XVII.
  • Scheme 3 illustrates the preparation of instant compounds which incorporate a piperazinone moiety in the macrocyclic ring wherein the macrocycle is incorporated in the 4- and 5-position of the piperazinone.
  • N-protected m-tyrosine XVIII is converted to the corresponding aldehyde XIX.
  • Aldehyde XIX is reacted with a suitably substituted amine to provide intermediate XX, which is then treated with bromoacetyl bromide to provide, after base mediated cyclization piperazinone XXI.
  • Scheme 5 illustrates incorporation of an indole moiety into the macrocyclic ring.
  • the synthesis starts with commercially available 5- hydroxytyrosine XXIX which is converted to the coresponding suitably protected aldehyde XXX.
  • the aldehyde then undergoes the reactions described in Scheme 3 hereinabove to provide compound XXXI of the instant invention.
  • Scheme 7 illustrates the synthetic strategy that is employed when the R8 substitutent is not an electronic withdrawing moiety either ortho or para to the fluorine atom.
  • the intramolecular cyclization can be accomplished via an Ullmann reaction.
  • protected imidazolyl- methylacetate is treated with a suitably substituted halobenzylbromide to provide the 1-benzylimidazolyl intermediate XXXII.
  • Coupling under standard Ullmann conditions provided compound XXXIV of the instant invention.
  • Scheme 8 illustrates the incorporation of a sulfur containing sidechain into the piperazinone ring component of the instant macrocyclic compounds.
  • Illustrative examples of the preparation of compounds of the instant invention that incorporate a 2,5-diketopiperazine moiety is shown in Scheme 9.
  • Intermediate XXXVI, shown in Scheme 9 may also be used to synthesize a number of other macrocycles that incorporate other heterocyclic "W" moieties, such as illustrated in Scheme 10.
  • Scheme 11 illustrates the preparation of macrocyclic compounds of the instant invention that incorporate a 2,3- diketopiperazine moiety.
  • Amino acids of the general formula XXXVII which have a sidechain not found in natural amino acids may be prepared by the reactions illustrated in Scheme 12 starting with the readily prepared imine XL VI.
  • the compounds of the invention are selective inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase.
  • a compound is considered a selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase, for example, when its in vitro farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitory activity, as assessed by the assay described in Example 3, is at least 100 times greater than the in vitro activity of the same compound against geranylgeranyl-protein transferase-type I in the assay described in Example 4.
  • a selective compound exhibits at least 1000 times greater activity against one of the enzymatic activities when comparing geranylgeranyl-protein transferase -type I inhibition and farnesyl-protein transferase inhibition.
  • the selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase is further characterized by: b) an IC5 Q (a measure of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibition of the prenylation of newly synthesized K-Ras protein more than about 100-fold higher than the IC50 for the inhibition of the farnesylation of hDJ protein.
  • IC5 Q a measure of in vitro inhibitory activity
  • the selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase is further characterized by: c) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibition of K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells at least 100-fold greater than the IC50 for inhibition of the farnesylation of the protein hDJ in cells.
  • the selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase is further characterized by: d) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against H-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells at least 1000 fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against H-r ⁇ s-CVLL
  • the compounds of the invention are dual inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I. Such a dual inhibitor may be termed a Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor and will exhibit certain characteristics when assessed in in vitro assays, which are dependent on the type of assay employed.
  • the dual inhibitor compound has an in vitro inhibitory activity (IC50) that is less than about 12 ⁇ M against K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells.
  • the Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may also be characterized by: a) an IC5 Q (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibiting K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells between 0J and 100 times the IC5 Q for inhibiting the farnesylation of the protein hDJ in cells; and b) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibiting K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than 5-fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against expression of the SEAP protein in cells transfected with the pCMV-
  • SEAP plasmid that constitutively expresses the SEAP protein.
  • the Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may also be characterized by: a) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against H-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than
  • IC50 inhibitory activity against H-ms-CVLL (SEQ.ID.NO.: 1) dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells; and b) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against H-r ⁇ s-CVLL dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than 5-fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against expression of the SEAP protein in cells transfected with the pCMV- SEAP plasmid that constitutively expresses the SEAP protein.
  • the Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may also be characterized by: a) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against
  • H-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than 10-fold lower but less than 2,500 fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against H-ras-CVLL (SEQ.ID.NO.: 1) dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells; and b) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against IC50 against H-ras-CVLL (SEQ.ID.NO.: 1) dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells; and b) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against
  • IC50 inhibitory activity
  • a method for measuring the activity of the inhibitors of prenyl-protein transferase, as well as the instant combination compositions, utilized in the instant methods against Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells is described in Example 7.
  • the instant compounds are useful as pharmaceutical agents for mammals, especially for humans. These compounds may be administered to patients for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • Examples of the type of cancer which may be treated with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, colorectal carcinoma, exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, myeloid leukemias and neurological tumors. Such tumors may arise by mutations in the ras genes themselves, mutations in the proteins that can regulate Ras activity (i.e., neurofibromin (NF-1), neu, src, abl, lck, fyn) or by other mechanisms.
  • NF-1 neurofibromin
  • neu src
  • abl abl
  • lck lck
  • the compounds of the instant invention inhibit farnesyl- protein transferase and the farnesylation of the oncogene protein Ras.
  • the instant compounds may also inhibit tumor angiogenesis, thereby affecting the growth of tumors (J. Rak et al. Cancer Research, 55: 4575-4580 (1995)).
  • Such anti-angiogenesis properties of the instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment of certain forms of vision deficit related to retinal vascularization.
  • the compounds of this invention are also useful for inhibiting other proliferative diseases, both benign and malignant, wherein Ras proteins are aberrantly activated as a result of oncogenic mutation in other genes (i.e., the Ras gene itself is not activated by mutation to an oncogenic form) with said inhibition being accomplished by the administration of an effective amount of the compounds of the invention to a mammal in need of such treatment.
  • a component of NF-1 is a benign proliferative disorder.
  • the instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment of certain viral infections, in particular in the treatment of hepatitis delta and related viruses (J.S. Glenn et al. Science, 256:1331-1333 (1992).
  • the compounds of the instant invention are also useful in the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by inhibiting neointimal formation (C. Indolfi et al. Nature medicine, 1:541-545(1995).
  • the instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment and prevention of polycystic kidney disease (D.L. Schaffner et al. American Journal of Pathology, 142:1051-1060 (1993) and B. Cowley, Jr. et a FASEB Journal, 2.A3160 (1988)).
  • the instant compounds may also be useful for the treatment of fungal infections.
  • the instant compounds may also be useful as inhibitors of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and therefore useful in the prevention and therapy of arteriosclerosis and diabetic vascular pathologies.
  • the compounds of this invention may be administered to mammals, preferably humans, either alone or, preferably, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition, according to standard pharmaceutical practice.
  • the compounds can be administered orally or parenterally, including the intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes of administration.
  • compositions containing the active ingredient may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
  • Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to mask the unpleasant taste of the drug or delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a water soluble taste masking material such as hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose, or a time delay material such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate buryrate may be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • Aqueous suspensions contain the active material in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethylene-oxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan mono
  • the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame.
  • preservatives for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • flavoring agents such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame.
  • sweetening agents such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame.
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.
  • Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation.
  • These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisol or alpha-tocopherol.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of an oil-in- water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavouring agents, preservatives and antioxidants.
  • Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.
  • sweetening agents for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
  • Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.
  • compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous solutions.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable oil-in-water microemulsion where the active ingredient is dissolved in the oily phase.
  • the active ingredient may be first dissolved in a mixture of soybean oil and lecithin. The oil solution then introduced into a water and glycerol mixture and processed to form a microemulation.
  • the injectable solutions or microemulsions may be introduced into a patient's blood-stream by local bolus injection.
  • a continuous intravenous delivery device may be utilized.
  • An example of such a device is the Deltec CADD-PLUSTM model 5400 intravenous pump.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butane diol.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
  • Compounds of Formula A may also be administered in the form of a suppositories for rectal administration of the drug.
  • These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non- irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable non- irritating excipient include cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.
  • topical use creams, ointments, jellies, solutions or suspensions, etc., containing the compound of Formula A are employed. (For purposes of this application, topical application shall include mouth washes and gargles.)
  • the compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles and delivery devices, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
  • composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specific amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specific ingredients in the specified amounts.
  • the daily dosage will normally be determined by the prescribing physician with the dosage generally varying according to the age, weight, sex and response of the individual patient, as well as the severity of the patient's symptoms.
  • a suitable amount of compound is administered to a mammal undergoing treatment for cancer.
  • Administration occurs in an amount between about 0J mg/kg of body weight to about 60 mg/kg of body weight per day, preferably of between 0.5 mg/kg of body weight to about 40 mg/kg of body weight per day.
  • the compounds of the instant invention may also be co-administered with other well known therapeutic agents that are selected for their particular usefulness against the condition that is being treated.
  • the compounds of the instant invention may also be co-administered with other well known cancer therapeutic agents that are selected for their particular usefulness against the condition that is being treated. Included in such combinations of therapeutic agents are combinations of the instant farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors and an antineoplastic agent. It is also understood that such a combination of antineoplastic agent and inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase may be used in conjunction with other methods of treating cancer and/or tumors, including radiation therapy and surgery.
  • antineoplastic agent examples include, in general, microtubule-stabilizing agents (such as paclitaxel (also known as Taxol®), docetaxel (also known as Taxotere®), epothilone A, epothilone B, desoxvepothilone A, desoxvepothilone B or their derivatives); microtubule- disruptor agents; alkylating agents, anti-metabolites; epidophyllotoxin; an antineoplastic enzyme; a topoisomerase inhibitor; procarbazine; mitoxantrone; platinum coordination complexes; biological response modifiers and growth inhibitors; hormonal/anti-hormonal therapeutic agents and haematopoietic growth factors.
  • microtubule-stabilizing agents such as paclitaxel (also known as Taxol®), docetaxel (also known as Taxotere®), epothilone A, epothilone B, desoxvepothilone A, desoxvepot
  • Example classes of antineoplastic agents include, for example, the anthracycline family of drugs, the vinca drugs, the mitomycins, the bleomycins, the cytotoxic nucleosides, the taxanes, the epothilones, discodermolide, the pteridine family of drugs, diynenes and the podophyllotoxins.
  • Particularly useful members of those classes include, for example, doxorubicin, carminomycin, daunorubicin, aminopterin, methotrexate, methopterin, dichloro-methotrexate, mitomycin C, porfiromycin, 5-fl.uorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, gemcitabine, cytosine arabinoside, podophyllotoxin or podo-phyllotoxin derivatives such as etoposide, etoposide phosphate or teniposide, melphalan, vinblastine, vincristine, leurosidine, vindesine, leurosine, paclitaxel and the like.
  • antineoplastic agents include estramustine, cisplatin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, tamoxifen, ifosamide, melphalan, hexamethyl melamine, thiotepa, cytarabin, idatrexate, trimetrexate, dacarbazine, L-asparaginase, camptothecin, CPT-11, topotecan, ara-C, bicalutamide, flutamide, leuprolide, pyridobenzoindole derivatives, interferons and interleukins.
  • the preferred class of antineoplastic agents is the taxanes and the preferred antineoplastic agent is paclitaxel.
  • Radiation therapy including x-rays or gamma rays which are delivered from either an externally applied beam or by implantation of tiny radioactive sources, may also be used in combination with the instant inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase alone to treat cancer. Additionally, compounds of the instant invention may also be useful as radiation sensitizers, as described in WO 97/38697, published on October 23, 1997, and herein incorporated by reference.
  • the instant compounds may also be useful in combination with other inhibitors of parts of the signaling pathway that links cell surface growth factor receptors to nuclear signals initiating cellular proliferation.
  • the instant compounds may be utilized in combination with farnesyl pyrophosphate competitive inhibitors of the activity of farnesyl-protein transferase or in combination with a compound which has Raf antagonist activity.
  • the instant compounds may also be co-administered with compounds that are selective inhibitors of geranylgeranyl protein transferase.
  • co-administration with a compound(s) that is a selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl protein transferase may provide an improved therapeutic effect.
  • such administration can be orally or parenterally, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes of administration. It is preferred that such administration be orally. It is more preferred that such administration be orally and simultaneously.
  • the protein substrate- competitive inhibitor and farnesyl pyrophosphate-competitive inhibitor are administered sequentially, the administration of each can be by the same method or by different methods.
  • the instant compounds may also be useful in combination with an integrin antagonist for the treatment of cancer, as described in U.S. Ser. No. 09/055,487, filed April 6, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • an integrin antagonist refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to an integrin(s) that is involved in the regulation of angiogenisis. or in the growth and invasiveness of tumor cells.
  • the term refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin, which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the ⁇ v ⁇ integrin, which antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to both the ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin and the ⁇ v ⁇ integrin, or which antagonize, inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s) expressed on capillary endothelial cells.
  • the term also refers to antagonists of the ⁇ l ⁇ l, ⁇ 2 ⁇ l, ⁇ l, ⁇ 6 ⁇ l and ⁇ 6 ⁇ 4 integrins.
  • the term also refers to antagonists of any combination of ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin, ⁇ v ⁇ integrin, ⁇ l ⁇ l, ⁇ 2 ⁇ l, ⁇ l, ⁇ 6 ⁇ l and ⁇ 6 ⁇ 4 integrins.
  • the instant compounds may also be useful with other agents that inhibit angiogenisis and thereby inhibit the growth and invasiveness of tumor cells, including, but not limited to angiostatin and endostatin.
  • the instant compounds may also be useful in combination with an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) for the treatment of cancer.
  • HMG-CoA reductase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and “inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase” have the same meaning when used herein.
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors examples include but are not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see US Patent No. 4,231,938; 4,294,926; 4,319,039), simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see US Patent No. 4,444,784; 4,820,850; 4,916,239), pravastatin (PRAVACHOL®; see US Patent Nos. 4,346,227; 4,537,859; 4,410,629; ⁇ ,030,447 and 5, 180,589), fluvastatin (LESCOL®; see US Patent Nos.
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention.
  • An illustration of the lactone portion and its corresponding open-acid form is shown below as structures I and II.
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor In HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor's where an open-acid form can exist, salt and ester forms may preferably be formed from the open-acid, and all such forms are included within the meaning of the term "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor" as used herein.
  • the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from lovastatin and simvastatin, and most preferably simvastatin.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" with respect to the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor shall mean non-toxic salts of the compounds employed in this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free acid with a suitable organic or inorganic base, particularly those formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc and tetramethylammonium, as well as those salts formed from amines such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine, l-p-chlorobenzyl-2-pyrrolidine-l'-yl-methylbenzimidazole, diethylamine, piperazine, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
  • a suitable organic or inorganic base particularly those formed from c
  • salt forms of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may include, but are not limited to, acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynapthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, pamao
  • Ester derivatives of the described HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor compounds may act as prodrugs which, when absorbed into the bloodstream of a warm-blooded animal, may cleave in such a manner as to release the drug form and permit the drug to afford improved therapeutic efficacy.
  • the instant compounds may be useful in combination with agents that are effective in the treatment and prevention of NF-1, restenosis, polycystic kidney disease, infections of hepatitis delta and related viruses and fungal infections. If formulated as a fixed dose, such combination products employ the combinations of this invention within the dosage range described above and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) within its approved dosage range.
  • Combinations of the instant invention may 5 alternatively be used sequentially with known pharmaceutically acceptable agent(s) when a multiple combination formulation is inappropriate.
  • the compounds of the instant invention are also useful as a component in an assay to rapidly determine the presence and
  • FPTase farnesyl-protein transferase
  • composition to be tested may be divided and the two portions contacted with mixtures which comprise a known substrate of FPTase (for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus) and farnesyl pyrophosphate and, in one of the mixtures, l ⁇ a compound of the instant invention.
  • FPTase for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus
  • farnesyl pyrophosphate for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus
  • the chemical content of the assay mixtures may be determined by well known immunological, radiochemical or chromatographic techniques. Because
  • a 30 invention may be used in an active site titration assay to determine the quantity of enzyme in the sample.
  • a series of samples composed of aliquots of a tissue extract containing an unknown amount of farnesyl- protein transferase, an excess amount of a known substrate of FPTase (for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus) and farnesyl pyrophosphate are incubated for an appropriate period of time in the presence of varying concentrations of a compound of the instant invention.
  • FPTase for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus
  • concentration of a sufficiently potent inhibitor i.e., one that has a Ki substantially smaller than the concentration of enzyme in the assay vessel
  • concentration of a sufficiently potent inhibitor i.e., one that has a Ki substantially smaller than the concentration of enzyme in the assay vessel
  • Step A Preparation of l-triphenylmethyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)- imidazole
  • Step E Preparation of l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzy ⁇ )-5-(acetoxymethyl)- imidazole hvdrobromide
  • Step F Preparation of l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzy ⁇ )-5-
  • Step G Preparation of l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)-5- imidazolecarboxaldehvde
  • the amine hydrochloride from Step H (ca. 282 mmol, crude material prepared above) was taken up in 600 mL of THF and ⁇ OO mL of sat. aq. NaHC03 soln., cooled to 0°C, and di-tert-butylpyrocarbonate (61.6 g, 282 mmol) was added. After 30 h, the reaction was poured into EtOAc, 2 ⁇ washed with water and brine, dried (Na2S ⁇ 4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the titled carbamate as a brown oil which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • Step K Preparation of 4-(ter- butoxycarbonyl)-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-2- piperazinone
  • Step N Preparation of 4-(tert-butylcarbonyl)-3-( 2-(benzyloxy)benzyl)- l-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-piperazinone
  • a solution of the product from Step K in dry THF was cooled to -78 °C.
  • a solution of Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in THF (1M, 3.2 mL, 3.2 mmol) was added slowly and the reaction stirred for 4 ⁇ minutes.
  • a solution of the product from Step M (8 ⁇ 9 mg, 3.2 mmol) in 1 mL of THF was added slowly and the reaction stirred for 2. ⁇ hours.
  • reaction was quenched at -78 °C by the addition of H 2 0, warmed to room temperature and diluted with EtOAc. The layers were seperated and the organic portion washed with sat. NaHC0 3 solution and brine, dried (Na2S ⁇ 4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide of the alkylated piperazinone.
  • Step P Preparation of 3-[2-(benzyloxy)benzyl]-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-4- [l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)-5-imidazolimidazolylmethyl]-2- piperazinone
  • Step Q Preparation of l-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-[l-(4-cyano-3- fluorobenzyl)- ⁇ -imidazolimidazolylmethyl]- of 3-[2- (hydroxy)benzyl]-2-piperazinone
  • Step R Preparation of ( ⁇ )18-(3-c-alorophenyl)-16,16a,17, 18, 19,20- hexahydro-17-oxo- ⁇ H-6,10-metheno-22H-benzo- [&]pyrazino[2,l-e]imidazo[4,3-b][l,6,9]oxadiaza- cyclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile dihydrochloride
  • cesium carbonate 106 mg, 0.30 mmol
  • the reaction was warmed to 50°C under argon for one hour, then heated to 80°C for 1.5 hours, allowed to cool to 50°C and stir for 2 hours more. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature. The solution was poured into EtOAc and washed with water and brine, dried (Na2SO- ⁇ ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting product was purified on four O. ⁇ mm preperative TLC plates run in CHCl 3 :MeOH:NH 4 OH (90:10:1) The compound was converted to the HCI salt by dissolving in a minimal amount of CH2CI2 and treating with
  • the titled compound was isolated as a product of Step R of example 1 as a white powder.
  • Isoprenyl-protein transferase activity assays are carried out at 30°C unless noted otherwise.
  • a typical reaction contains (in a final volume of ⁇ O ⁇ L): [ 3 H]farnesyl diphosphate, Ras protein , ⁇ O mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM dithiothreitol, 10 ⁇ M ZnCl 2 , 0.1% polyethyleneglycol (PEG) (15,000-20,000 mw) and isoprenyl-protein transferase.
  • PEG polyethyleneglycol
  • the FPTase employed in the assay is prepared by recombinant expression as described in Omer, C.A., Krai, A.M., Diehl, R.E., Prendergast, G.C., Powers, S., Allen, CM., Gibbs, J.B. and Kohl, N.E. (1993) Biochemistry 32: ⁇ l67- ⁇ l76. After thermally pre-equilibrating the assay mixture in the absence of enzyme, reactions are initiated by the addition of isoprenyl-protein transferase and stopped at timed intervals (typically ⁇ l ⁇ min) by the addition of 1 M HCI in ethanol (1 mL).
  • the quenched reactions are allowed to stand for l ⁇ m (to complete the precipitation process). After adding 2 mL of 100% ethanol, the reactions are vacuum- filtered through Whatman GF/C filters. Filters are washed four times with 2 mL aliquots of 100% ethanol, mixed with scintillation fluid (10 mL) 10 and then counted in a Beckman LS3801 scintillation counter.
  • compositions or inhibitors are prepared as concentrated solutions in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide and then diluted 20-fold into the enzyme assay mixture.
  • Substrate concentrations for composition or inhibitor IC ⁇ O determinations l ⁇ are as follows: FTase, 6 ⁇ 0 nM Ras-CVLS (SEQ.ID.NO.: 1), 100 nM farnesyl diphosphate.
  • Modified-ZVi vitro GGTase inhibition assay 2 ⁇ The modified geranylgeranyl-protein transferase inhibition assay is carried out at room temperature.
  • a typical reaction contains (in a final volume of ⁇ O ⁇ L): [ 3 H]geranylgeranyl diphosphate, biotinylated Ras peptide, ⁇ O mM HEPES, pH 7.5, a modulating anion (for example 10 mM glycerophosphate or 5mM ATP), 5 mM MgCl 2 ,
  • the GGTase- type I enzyme employed in the assay is prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,832, incorporated by reference.
  • the Ras peptide is derived from the K4B-Ras protein and has the following sequence: biotinyl-
  • GKKKKKKSKTKCVIM single amino acid code
  • Reactions are initiated by the addition of GGTase and stopped at timed intervals (typically l ⁇ min) by the addition of 200 ⁇ L of a 3 mg/mL suspension of streptavidin SPA beads (Scintillation Proximity Assay beads, Amersham) in 0.2 M sodium phosphate, pH 4, containing ⁇ O ⁇ mM EDTA, and 0.5% BSA. The quenched reactions are allowed to stand for 2 hours before analysis on a Packard TopCount scintillation counter.
  • compositions or inhibitors are prepared as concentrated solutions in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide and then diluted 25-fold into the enzyme 0 assay mixture.
  • IC50 values are determined with Ras peptide near KM concentrations. Enzyme and substrate concentrations for inhibitor IC 50 determinations are as follows: 75 pM GGTase-I, 1.6 ⁇ M Ras peptide, 100 nM geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
  • the cell line used in this assay is a v-ras line derived from either Ratl or NIH3T3 cells, which expressed viral Ha-ras p21.
  • the 0 assay is performed essentially as described in DeClue, J.E. et al., Cancer Research ⁇ l:712-717, (1991). Cells in 10 cm dishes at ⁇ 0-7 ⁇ % confluency are treated with the test compound or composition (final concentration of solvent, methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide, is 0.1%).
  • the cells are labeled in 3 ml methionine-free DMEM supple-mented with ⁇ 10% regular DMEM, 2% fetal bovine serum and 400 mCi[3 S]methionine (1000 Ci/mmol). After an additional 20 hours, the cells are lysed in 1 ml lysis buffer (1% NP40/20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5/5 mM MgCl2/lmM DTT/10 mg/ml aprotinen/2 mg/ml leupeptin/2 mg/ml antipain/0.5 mM PMSF) and the lysates cleared by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 4 ⁇ min.
  • 1 ml lysis buffer 1% NP40/20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5/5 mM MgCl2/lmM DTT/10 mg/ml aprotinen/2 mg/ml leupeptin/2 mg/ml antipain/0.5 mM PMSF
  • the immunoprecipitates are washed four times with IP buffer (20 nM HEPES, pH 7.5/1 mM EDTA/1% Triton X- 100.0.5% deoxycholate/0J%/SDS/0J M NaCl) boiled in SDS-PAGE sample buffer and loaded on 13% acrylamide gels. When the dye front reached the bottom, the gel is fixed, soaked in Enlightening, dried and autoradiographed. The intensities of the bands corresponding to farnesylated and nonfarnesylated ras proteins are compared to determine the percent inhibition of farnesyl transfer to protein.
  • IP buffer (20 nM HEPES, pH 7.5/1 mM EDTA/1% Triton X- 100.0.5% deoxycholate/0J%/SDS/0J M NaCl
  • Rat 1 cells transformed with either v-ras, v-raf, or v-mos are seeded at a density of 1 x 10 4 cells per plate (3 ⁇ mm in diameter) in a 0.3% top agarose layer in medium A (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum) over a bottom agarose layer (0.6%). Both layers contain 0.1% methanol or an appropriate concentration of the compound or instant composition (dissolved in methanol at 1000 times the final concentration used in the assay).
  • the cells are fed twice weekly with 0.5 ml of medium A containing 0.1% methanol or the concentration of the instant compound. Photomicrographs are taken 16 days after the cultures are seeded and comparisons are made.
  • SEAP reporter plasmid pDSElOO The SEAP reporter plasmid, pDSElOO was constructed by ligating a restriction fragment containing the SEAP coding sequence into the plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI.
  • the SEAP gene is derived from the plasmid pSEAP2-Basic (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA).
  • the plasmid pCMV- ⁇ RE-AKI was constructed by Deborah Jones (Merck) and contains ⁇ sequential copies of the 'dyad symmetry response element' cloned upstream of a 'CAT-TATA' sequence derived from the cy tome alo virus immediate early promoter.
  • the plasmid also contains a bovine growth hormone poly-A sequence.
  • the plasmid, pDSElOO was constructed as follows. A restriction fragment encoding the SEAP coding sequence was cut out of the plasmid pSEAP2-Basic using the restriction enzymes EcoRl and Hpal. The ends of the linear DNA fragments were filled in with the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA Polymerase I. The 'blunt ended' DNA l ⁇ containing the SEAP gene was isolated by electrophoresing the digest in an agarose gel and cutting out the 1694 base pair fragment. The vector plasmid pCMV- RE-AKI was linearized with the restriction enzyme Bgl-II and the ends filled in with Klenow DNA Polymerase I. The SEAP DNA fragment was blunt end ligated into the pCMV-RE-AKI vector
  • the SEAP repotrer plasmid, pDSElOl is also constructed by 30 ligating a restriction fragment containing the SEAP coding sequence into the plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI.
  • the SEAP gene is derived from plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP.
  • the plasmid pDSElOl was constructed as follows: A restriction fragment containing part of the SEAP gene coding sequence was cut out of the plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP using the restriction enzymes Apa I and Kpnl. The ends of the linear DNA fragments were chewed back with the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA Polymerase I. The "blunt ended" DNA containing the truncated SEAP gene was isolated by 5 electrophoresing the digest in an agarose gel and cutting out the 1910 base pair fragment. This 1910 base pair fragment was ligated into the plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI which had been cut with Bgl-II and filled in with E. coli Klenow fragment DNA polymerase.
  • the plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI is derived from plasmid pCMVIE- AKI-DHFR (Whang , Y., Silberklang, M., Morgan, A., Munshi, S., Lenny, A.B., Ellis, R.W., and Kieff, E. (1987) J. Virol., 61, 1796-1807) by removing an EcoRI fragment containing the DHFR and Neomycin markers.
  • the plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP was constructed as follows.
  • the SEAP 0 gene was PCRed, in two segments from a human placenta cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligos.
  • Sense strand N-terminal SEAP ⁇ ' GAGAGGGAATTCGGGCCCTTCCTGCAT ⁇ GCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGGGC 3' (SEQ.ID.N0..3)
  • Antisense strand N-terminal SEAP ⁇ ' GAGAGAGCTCGAGGTTAACCCGGGT GCGCGGCGTCGGTGGT 3' (SEQ.ID.NO. :4) 0
  • Sense strand C-terminal SEAP ⁇ ' GAGAGAGTCTAGAGTTAACCCGTGGTCC CCGCGTTGCTTCCT 3' (SEQ.ID.N0..5)
  • Antisense strand C-terminal SEAP ⁇ ' GAAGAGGAAGCTTGGTACCGCCACTG GGCTGTAGGTGGTGGCT 3' (SEQ.ID.N0..6)
  • the N-terminal oligos (SEQ.ID.NO.: 4 and SEQ.ID.NO.: ⁇ ) were used to generate a l ⁇ 60 bp N-terminal PCR product that contained EcoRI and Hpal restriction sites at the ends.
  • the Antisense N-terminal oligo (SEQ.ID.NO.: 4) introduces an internal translation STOP codon within the SEAP gene along with the Hpal site.
  • pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP contains the coding sequence for the SEAP gene from amino acids.
  • a constitutively expressing SEAP plasmid pCMV-SEAP 2 ⁇ An expression plasmid constitutively expressing the SEAP protein was created by placing the sequence encoding a truncated SEAP gene downstream of the cy tome galo virus (CMV) IE-1 promoter.
  • the expression plasmid also includes the CMV intron A region ⁇ ' to the SEAP gene as well as the 3' untranslated region of the bovine growth hormone 30 gene 3' to the SEAP gene.
  • the plasmid pCMVIE-AKI-DHFR (Whang et al, 1987) containing the CMV immediate early promoter was cut with EcoRI generating two fragments. The vector fragment was isolated by agarose electrophoresis and re ligated. The resulting plasmid is named pCMV- AKI.
  • the cytomegalovirus intron A nucleotide sequence was inserted downstream of the CMV IE1 promter in pCMV-AKI.
  • the intron A sequence was isolated from a genomic clone bank and subcloned into pBR322 to generate plasmid pl6T-286.
  • the intron A sequence was mutated at nucleotide 1856 (nucleotide numbering as in Chapman, B.S., Thayer, R.M., Vincent, K.A. and Haigwood, N.L., Nuc.Acids Res. 19, 3979-3986) to remove a Sad restriction site using site directed mutagenesis.
  • the mutated intron A sequence was PCRed from the plasmid pl6T-287 using the following oligos.
  • Sense strand 5' GGCAGAGCTCGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAG 3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 7)
  • Antisense strand 5' GAGAGATCTCAAGGACGGTGACTGCAG 3' l ⁇ (SEQ.ID.NO.: 8)
  • the SEAP gene is cut out of plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP (described above) using EcoRI and Hindlll. The fragment is filled in with Klenow DNA polymerase and the 1970 base pair fragment isolated from the vector fragment by agarose gel electrophoresis.
  • the pCMV-AKI-InA vector is
  • pCMV-SEAP contains a modified SEAP sequence downstream of the cytomegalovirus immediately early promoter IE-1 and intron A sequence and upstream of the bovine growth hormone poly-A sequence.
  • the plasmid expresses SEAP in a constitutive manner when transfected into mammalian cells.
  • a DNA fragment containing viral-H-r ⁇ s can be PCRed from plasmid "H-l” (Ellis R. et al. J. Virol. 36, 408, 1980) or "HB-11 (deposited in the ATCC under Budapest Treaty on August 27, 1997, and designated ATCC 209,218) using the following oligos.
  • the sense strand oligo also optimizes the 'Kozak' translation initiation sequence immediately 5' to the ATG start site.
  • cysteine 186 would be mutated to a serine by substituting a G residue for a C residue in the C- terminal antisense oligo.
  • the PCR primer oligos introduce an Xhol site at the ⁇ ' end and a Xbal site at the 3'end.
  • the Xhol-Xbal fragment can be ligated into the mammalian expression plasmid pCI (Promega) cut with Xhol and Xbal. This results in a plasmid in which the recombinant myr- viral-H-ras gene is constitutively transcribed from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector. Cloning of a viral-H-r ⁇ s-CVLL expression plasmid
  • a viral-H-r ⁇ s clone with a C-terminal sequence encoding the amino acids CVLL can be cloned from the plasmid "H-l” (Ellis R. et al. J. Virol. 36, 408, 1980) or "HB-11 (deposited in the ATCC under Budapest Treaty on August 27, 1997, and designated ATCC 209,218) by PCR using the following oligos.
  • Antisense strand
  • the sense strand oligo optimizes the 'Kozak' sequence and adds an Xhol site.
  • the antisense strand mutates serine 189 to leucine and adds an Xbal site.
  • the PCR fragment can be trimmed with Xhol and Xbal and ligated into the Xhol -Xbal cut vector pCI (Promega). This results in a plasmid in which the mutated viral-H-r ⁇ s-CVLL gene is constitutively transcribed from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector.
  • the human c-H-r ⁇ s gene can be PCRed from a human cerebral cortex cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligonucleotide primers.
  • Antisense strand 5'-GAGAGTCGACGCGTCAGGAGAGCACACACTTGC-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.:
  • the primers will amplify a c-H-r ⁇ s encoding DNA fragment with the primers contributing an optimized 'Kozak' translation start sequence, an EcoRI site at the N-terminus and
  • c-H-ras fragment can be ligated ligated into an EcoRI -Sal I cut mutagenesis vector pAlter-1 (Promega). Mutation of glutamine-61 to a leucine can be accomplished ⁇ using the manufacturer's protocols and the following oligonucleotide:
  • the mutated c-H-r ⁇ s-Leu61 can be excised from the pAlter-1 vector, using EcoRI and Sal I, and be directly ligated into the vector pCI
  • the human c-N-r ⁇ s gene can be PCRed from a human cerebral cortex cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligonucleotide primers. 0
  • the primers will amplify a c-N-r ⁇ s encoding DNA fragment with the primers contributing an optimized 'Kozak' translation start 0 sequence, an EcoRI site at the N-terminus and a Sal I stite at the C- terminal end.
  • the c-N-ras fragment can be ligated into an EcoRI -Sal I cut mutagenesis vector pAlter-1 (Promega). Mutation of glycine-12 to a valine can be accomplished using the manufacturer's protocols and the following ⁇ oligonucleotide:
  • the mutated c-N-r ⁇ s- Val- 12 can be excised from the pAlter-1 vector, using EcoRI and Sal I, and be directly ligated into the vector pCI 5 (Promega) which has been digested with EcoRI and Sal I.
  • the new recombinant plasmid will constitutively transcribe c-N-r ⁇ s-Val-12 from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector.
  • the human c-K-r ⁇ s gene can be PCRed from a human cerebral cortex cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligonucleotide primers.
  • Antisense strand ⁇ '-CTCTGTCGACGTATTTACATAATTACACACTTTGTC-3' 20 (SEQ.ID.NO.: 20)
  • the primers will amplify a c-K-r ⁇ s encoding DNA fragment with the primers contributing an optimized 'Kozak' translation start sequence, a Kpnl site at the N-terminus and a Sal I site at the C- 2 ⁇ terminal end.
  • the c-K-r ⁇ s fragment can be ligated into a Kpnl -Sal I cut mutagenesis vector pAlter-1 (Promega). Mutation of cysteine-12 to a valine can be accomplished using the manufacturer's protocols and the following oligonucleotide:
  • the mutated c-K-r ⁇ s- Val- 12 can be excised from the pAlter-1 3 ⁇ vector, using Kpnl and Sal I, and be directly ligated into the vector pCI (Promega) which has been digested with Kpnl and Sal I.
  • the new recombinant plasmid will constitutively transcribe c-K-r ⁇ s-Val-12 from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector.
  • the cells are washed with PBS and trypsinized with 1ml of 0.0 ⁇ % trypsin.
  • the 1 ml of trypsinized cells is diluted into 10ml of phenol red free DMEM + 0.2% 2 ⁇ charcoal stripped calf serum + IX (Pen Strep, Glutamine and NEAA ).
  • Transfected cells are plated in a 96 well microtiter plate (lOO ⁇ l/well) to which drug, diluted in media, has already been added in a volume of lOO ⁇ l. The final volume per well is 200 ⁇ l with each drug concentration repeated in triplicate over a range of half-log steps.
  • the heat treated media is assayed for alkaline phosphatase by a luminescence assay using the luminescence reagent CSPD®D (Tropix, Bedford, Mass.).
  • a volume of ⁇ O ⁇ l media is combined with 200 ⁇ l of CSPD cocktail and incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature.
  • Luminesence is monitored using an ML2200 microplate luminometer (Dynatech). Luminescence reflects the level of activation of the fos reporter construct stimulated by the transiently expressed protein.
  • PSN-1 human pancreatic carcinoma
  • Subconfluent cells in 100 mm dishes are fed with 3. ⁇ ml of media (methionine-free RPMI supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum or cysteine-free/methionine-free DMEM supplemented with 0.03 ⁇ ml of 200 mM glutamine (Gibco), 2% fetal bovine serum, respectively) containing the desired concentration of l ⁇ test compound, lovastatin or solvent alone.
  • Cells treated with lovastatin ( ⁇ -10 ⁇ M), a compound that blocks Ras processing in cells by inhibiting a rate-limiting step in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway serve as a positive control.
  • Test compounds or compositions are prepared as lOOOx concentrated solutions in DMSO to yield a final solvent concentration of
  • the cells After introducing the label amino acid mixture, the cells are incubated at 37°C for an additional period of time (typically 6 to 24 hours). The media is then removed and the cells are washed once with
  • the cells are scraped into 1 ml of cold PBS, collected by centrifugation (10,000 x g for 10 sec at room temperature), and lysed by vortexing in 1 ml of lysis buffer (1% Nonidet P-40, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 160 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM DTT, 10 ⁇ g/ml AEBSF, 10 ⁇ g/ml aprotinin, 2 ⁇ g/ml
  • lysis buffer 1% Nonidet P-40, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 160 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM DTT, 10 ⁇ g/ml AEBSF, 10 ⁇ g/ml aprotinin, 2 ⁇ g/ml
  • the appropriate volume of lysate is brought to 1 ml with lysis buffer lacking DTT and 8 ⁇ g of the pan Ras monoclonal antibody, Y13-259, added.
  • the protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice at 4°C for 24 hours.
  • the immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) coated with rabbit antiserum to rat IgG (Cappel) ⁇ by tumbling at 4°C for 4 ⁇ minutes.
  • the pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in 100 ⁇ l elution buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1% SDS).
  • the Ras is eluted from the beads by heating at 9 ⁇ °C for ⁇ minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation (l ⁇ ,000 x g for 30 sec. 0 at room temperature).
  • the supernatant is added to 1 ml of Dilution Buffer 0.1% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris pH 7.4) with 2 ⁇ g Kirsten-ras specific monoclonal antibody, c-K-ras Ab-1 (Calbiochem).
  • the second protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice 5 at 4°C for 1-2 hours.
  • the immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) coated with rabbit antiserum to rat IgG (Cappel) by tumbling at 4°C for 45 minutes.
  • the pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in Laemmli sample buffer.
  • the Ras is eluted from the beads by heating at 0 95°C for 5 minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation.
  • the supernatant is subjected to SDS-PAGE on a 12% acrylamide gel (bis-acrylamide:acrylamide, 1:100), and the Ras visualized by fluorography.
  • PSN-1 cells are seeded in 24-well assay plates. For each compound to be tested, the cells are treated with a minimum of seven concentrations in half-log steps. The final solvent (DMSO) concentration is 0.1%. A vehicle-only control is included on each 0 assay plate. The cells are treated for 24 hours at 37°C / 5% C0 2 .
  • the growth media is then aspirated and the samples are washed with PBS.
  • the cells are lysed with SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing 5% 2-mercaptoethanol and heated to 95°C for ⁇ minutes. After cooling on ice for 10 minutes, a mixture of nucleases is added to reduce viscosity of the samples.
  • the plates are incubated on ice for another 10 minutes.
  • the samples are loaded onto pre-cast 8% acrylamide gels and ⁇ electrophoresed at l ⁇ mA gel for 3-4 hours.
  • the samples are then transferred from the gels to PVDF membranes by Western blotting.
  • the membranes are blocked for at least 1 hour in buffer containing 2% nonfat dry milk.
  • the membranes are then treated with a monoclonal antibody to HDJ-2 (Neomarkers Cat. # MS-22 ⁇ ), washed, 10 and treated with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody.
  • the membranes are then treated with a fluorescent detection reagent and scanned on a phosphorimager.
  • the percent of total signal corresponding to the unprenylated species of HDJ is l ⁇ calculated by densitometry.
  • Dose-response curves and IC ⁇ O values are generated using 4-parameter curve fits in SigmaPlot software.
  • PSN-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cells are used for analysis of protein processing.
  • Subconfluent cells in l ⁇ O mm dishes are fed with 20 ml of media (RPMI supplemented with l ⁇ % fetal bovine serum) containing the desired concentration of test composition, prenyl-
  • the cells are incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, the media is then removed and the cells are washed twice with cold PBS.
  • the cells are scraped into 2 ml of cold PBS, collected by centrifugation (10,000 x g for 5 min at 4°C) and frozen at -70 °C Cells are lysed by thawing and
  • lysis buffer 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, ⁇ O mM NaCl, 1% CHAPS, 0.7 ⁇ g/ml aprotinin, 0.7 ⁇ g/ml leupeptin 300 ⁇ g/ml pefabloc, and 0.3 mM EDTA.
  • the lysate is then centrifuged at 100,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C and the supernatant saved. The supernatant may be subjected to SDS- PAGE, HPLC analysis, and/or chemical cleavage techniques.
  • the lysate is applied to a HiTrap-SP (Pharmacia Biotech) column in buffer A ( ⁇ O mM HEPES pH 7.2) and resolved by gradient in buffer A plus 1 M NaCl. Peak fractions containing Ki4B-Ras are pooled, diluted with an equal volume of water and immunoprecipitated with the pan Ras monoclonal antibody, Yl3-2 ⁇ 9 linked to agarose.
  • the protein/antibody mixture is incubated at 4°C for 12 hours.
  • the immune complex is washed 3 times with PBS , followed by 3 times with water.
  • the Ras is eluted from the beads by either high pH conditions (pH>10) or by heating at 95°C for 5 minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation.
  • the supernatant may be subjected to SDS-PAGE, HPLC analysis, and/or chemical cleavage techniques.
  • Rapl For immunoprecipitation of Rapl, samples of lysate supernatant containing equal amounts of protein are utilized. Protein concentration is determined by the bradford method utilizing bovine serum albumin as a standard. The appropriate volume of lysate is brought to 1 ml with lysis buffer lacking DTT and 2 ⁇ g of the Rapl antibody, Rapl/Krevl (121) (Santa Cruz Biotech), is added. The protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice at 4°C for 1 hour. The immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) by tumbling at 4°C for 45 minutes.
  • the pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in 100 ⁇ l elution buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1% SDS).
  • the Rapl is eluted from the beads by heating at 9 ⁇ °C for 5 minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation (l ⁇ ,000 x g for 30 sec. at room temperature).
  • the supernatant is added to 1 ml of Dilution Buffer (0.1% Triton X-100, ⁇ mM EDTA, ⁇ O mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris pH 7.4) with 2 ⁇ g Rapl antibody, Rapl/Krevl (121) (Santa Cruz Biotech).
  • the second protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice at 4°C for 1-2 hours.
  • the immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) by tumbling at 4°C for 45 minutes.
  • the pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in Laemmli sample buffer.
  • Rapl is eluted from the beads by heating at 95°C for ⁇ minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation. The supernatant is subjected to SDS-PAGE on a 12% acrylamide gel (bis- acrylamide: acrylamide, 1:100), and the Rapl visualized by fluorography.
  • PSN-1 cells are passaged every 3-4 days in 10cm plates, splitting near-confluent plates 1:20 and 1:40. The day before the assay is set up, 5x 10 6 cells are plated on 15cm plates to ensure the same stage of confluency in each assay.
  • the media for these cells is RPM1 1640 (Gibco), with l ⁇ % fetal bovine serum and lx Pen/Strep antibiotic mix.
  • the day of the assay cells are collected from the 15cm plates by trypsinization and diluted to 400,000 cells/ml in media. 0.5ml of these diluted cells are added to each well of 24-well plates, for a final cell number of 200,000 per well. The cells are then grown at 37 C overnight.
  • the compounds or compositions to be assayed are diluted in DMSO in 1/2-log dilutions. The range of final concentrations to be assayed is generally 0.1-100 ⁇ M. Four concentrations per compound is typical. The compounds are diluted so that each concentration is lOOOx of the final concentration (i.e., for a lO ⁇ M data point, a lOmM stock of the compound is needed).
  • each lOOOx compound stock is diluted into 1ml media to produce a 2X stock of compound.
  • a vehicle control solution (2 ⁇ L DMSO to 1ml media), is utilized.
  • 0.5 ml of the 2X stocks of compound are added to the cells.
  • the media is aspirated from the assay plates.
  • Each well is rinsed with 1ml PBS, and the PBS is aspirated.
  • 180 ⁇ L SDS- PAGE sample buffer (Novex) containing 5% 2-mercaptoethanol is added to each well.
  • the plates are heated to 100°C for ⁇ ⁇ minutes using a heat block containing an adapter for assay plates.
  • the plates are placed on ice.
  • 20 ⁇ L of an RNAse/ DNase mix is added per well. This mix is lmg/ml DNasel (Worthington
  • Each assay plate (usually 3 compounds, each in 4-point titrations, plus controls) requires one l ⁇ -well 14% Novex gel. 2 ⁇ l of each sample is loaded onto the gel. The gel is run at 15mA for about 3.5 hours. It is important to run the gel far enough so that there will l ⁇ be adequate separation between 21kd (Rapl) and 29kd (Rab6).
  • the blocking solution is discarded and 20ml fresh blocking solution containing the anti Rap la antibody (Santa Cruz Biochemical SC1482) at 1:1000 (diluted in Western blocking buffer) and the anti
  • each of two alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibodies (Alkaline phosphatase conjugated Anti-goat IgG and Alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-rabbit IgG [Santa Cruz Biochemical]) is then added.
  • the membrane is incubated for one hour and washed 3x as above.
  • About 2ml per gel of the Amersham ECF detection reagent is placed on an overhead transparency (ECF) and the PVDF membranes are placed face-down onto the detection reagent.
  • ECF overhead transparency
  • Rapla Minimum Inhibitory Concentration is determined from the lowest concentration of compound or composition that produces a detectable Rapla Western signal.
  • the Rapla antibody used recognizes only unprenylated/unprocessed Rapla, so that the precence of a detectable Rapla Western signal is indicative of inhibition of Rapla prenylation.
  • mice 10 human Ha-r ⁇ s or Ki-r ⁇ s (10 cells/animal in 1 ml of DMEM salts) are injected subcutaneously into the left flank of 8-12 week old female nude mice (Harlan) on day 0.
  • the mice in each oncogene group are randomly assigned to a vehicle, compound or combination treatment group. Animals are dosed subcutaneously starting on day 1 and daily for l ⁇ the duration of the experiment.
  • the test combination composition or prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may be administered by a continuous infusion pump.
  • Compound, compound combination or vehicle is delivered in a total volume of 0.1 ml. Tumors are excised and weighed when all of the vehicle-treated animals exhibited lesions of

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Abstract

The present invention is directed to peptidomimetic piperazine-containing macrocyclic compounds which inhibit a prenyl-protein transferase (FTase) and the prenylation of the oncogene protein Ras. The invention is further directed to chemotherapeutic compositions containing the compounds of this invention and methods for inhibiting prenyl-protein transferase and the prenylation of the oncogene protein Ras.

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTION
INHIBITORS OF PRENYL-PROTEIN TRANSFERASE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The Ras proteins (Ha-Ras, Ki4a-Ras, Ki4b-Ras and N-Ras) are part of a signalling pathway that links cell surface growth factor receptors to nuclear signals initiating cellular proliferation. Biological and biochemical studies of Ras action indicate that Ras functions like a G-regulatory protein. In the inactive state, Ras is bound to GDP. Upon growth factor receptor activation Ras is induced to exchange GDP for GTP and undergoes a conformational change. The GTP-bound form of Ras propagates the growth stimulatory signal until the signal is terminated by the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras, which returns the protein to its inactive GDP bound form (D.R. Lowy and D.M. Willumsen, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 6*2:851-891 (1993)). Mutated ras genes (Ha-r s, Ki4a-r s, Ki4b-rαs and N-ras) are found in many human cancers, including colorectal carcinoma, exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, and myeloid leukemias. The protein products of these genes are defective in their GTPase activity and constitutively transmit a growth stimulatory signal.
Ras must be localized to the plasma membrane for both normal and oncogenic functions. At least 3 post-translational modifications are involved with Ras membrane localization, and all 3 modifications occur at the C-terminus of Ras. The Ras C-terminus contains a sequence motif termed a "CAAX" or "Cys-Aaa -Aaa -Xaa" box (Cys is cysteine, Aaa is an aliphatic amino acid, the Xaa is any amino acid) (Willumsen et al, Nature 520:583-586 (1984)). Depending on the specific sequence, this motif serves as a signal sequence for the enzymes farnesyl-protein transferase or geranylgeranyl-protein transferase, which catalyze the alkylation of the cysteine residue of the CAAX motif with a C15 or C20 isoprenoid, respectively. (S. Clarke., Ann.
Rev. Biochem. 67:355-386 (1992); W.R. Schafer and J. Rine,
Ann. Rev. Genetics 50:209-237 (1992)). Such enzymes that transfer an isoprenoid moiety to the cysteine sulfur of a protein may be generally termed perenyl-protein transferases. The Ras protein is one of several proteins that are known to undergo post-translational farnesylation. Other farnesylated proteins include the Ras-related GTP-binding proteins such as Rho, fungal mating factors, the nuclear lamins, and the gamma subunit of transducin. James, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 14182 (1994) have identified a peroxisome associated protein Pxf which is also farnesylated. James, et al., have also suggested that there are farnesylated proteins of unknown structure and function in addition to those listed above. Inhibition of farnesyl-protein transferase has been shown to block the growth of Ras-transformed cells in soft agar and to modify other aspects of their transformed phenotype. It has also been demonstrated that certain inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase selectively block the processing of the Ras oncoprotein intracellularly (N.E. Kohl et al, Science, 560:1934-1937 (1993) and G.L. James et al., Science,
260:1931-1942 (1993). Recently, it has been shown that an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase blocks the growth of rαs-dependent tumors in nude mice (N.E. Kohl et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A., -92:9141-9145 (1994) and induces regression of mammar and salivary carcinomas in ras transgenic mice (N.E. Kohl et al, Nature Medicine, 1:792-797 (1995).
Indirect inhibition of farnesyl-protein transferase in vivo has been demonstrated with lovastatin (Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ) and compactin (Hancock et al, ibid; Casey et al, ibid; Schafer et al, Science 245:319 (1989)). These drugs inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme for the production of polyisoprenoids including farnesyl pyrophosphate. Farnesyl-protein transferase utilizes farnesyl pyrophosphate to covalently modify the Cys thiol group of the Ras CAAX box with a farnesyl group (Reiss et al, Cell, 62:81-88 (1990); Schaber et al, J. Biol. Chem., 265:14101-14104 (1990); Schafer et al, Science, 545:1133-1139 (1990); Manne et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 87:7541- 7545 (1990)). Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase blocks Ras membrane localization in cultured cells. However, direct inhibition of farnesyl-protein transferase would be more specific and attended by fewer side effects than would occur with the required dose of a general inhibitor of isoprene biosynthesis.
Inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase) have been described in two general classes. The first are analogs of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), while the second class of inhibitors is related to the protein substrates (e.g., Ras) for the enzyme. The peptide derived inhibitors that have been described are generally cysteine containing molecules that are related to the CAAX motif that is the signal for protein prenylation. (Schaber et al, ibid; Reiss et. al, ibid; Reiss et al, PNAS, 88:732-73Q (1991)). Such inhibitors may inhibit protein prenylation while serving as alternate substrates for the farnesyl-protein transferase enzyme, or may be purely competitive inhibitors (U.S. Patent 5,141,851, University of Texas; N.E. Kohl et al, Science, 260: 1934- 1937 (1993); Graham, et al., J. Med. Chem., 37, 725
(1994)). In general, deletion of the thiol from a CAAX derivative has been shown to dramatically reduce the inhibitory potency of the compound. However, the thiol group potentially places limitations on the therapeutic application of FPTase inhibitors with respect to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity. Therefore, a functional replacement for the thiol is desirable.
It has recently been reported that farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors are inhibitors of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and are therefore useful in the prevention and therapy of arteriosclerosis and diabetic disturbance of blood vessels (JP H7-112930).
It has recently been disclosed that certain tricyclic compounds which optionally incorporate a piperidine moiety are inhibitors of FPTase (WO 95/10514, WO 95/10515 and WO 95/10516). Imidazole- containing inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase have also been disclosed (WO 95/09001 and EP 0 675 112 Al).
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to develop peptidomimetic compounds that inhibit a prenyl-protein transferase and thus, the post-translational prenylation of proteins. It is a further object of this invention to develop chemotherapeutic compositions containing the compounds of this invention and methods for producing the compounds of this invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention comprises peptidomimetic piperazine- containing macrocyclic compounds which inhibit a prenyl-protein transferase. Further contained in this invention are chemotherapeutic compositions containing these prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors and methods for their production.
The compounds of this invention are illustrated by the formula A:
Figure imgf000006_0001
A
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The compounds of this invention are useful in the inhibition of a prenyl-protein transferase and the prenylation of the oncogene protein Ras. In a first embodiment of this invention, the inhibitors of a prenyl- protein transferase are illustrated by the formula A:
Figure imgf000007_0001
A
wherein:
Rla, Rlb; RIC an(j Rid are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl,
C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, perfluoro C1-C6 alkyl, Rl^O-, RllS(0)m-, RlOcCOJNRiO-, (RlO)2N-C(0)-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NR10)-, R10C(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, N3, -N(R10)2, or
RllOC(0)NR10-, c) unsubstituted or substituted Cχ-C6 alkyl wherein the substitutent on the substituted Cχ-C6 alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocyclic, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, perfluoro Ci-Cβ alkyl, RlOO-, RHS(0)m-, R1°C(0)NR1°-, (RlO)2N-C(0)-, CN, (R!0)2N-C(NR10)-, R10C(O)-, R10OC(O)- , N3, -N(RlO)2, and RHOC(O)-NRl0-;
R2a. R b an(j R3a are independently selected from: H; unsubstituted or substituted C1-8 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C2-8 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C2-8 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle,
Figure imgf000008_0001
wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl or heterocycle, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cι-4 alkyl,
Figure imgf000008_0002
c) (CH2)PNR6R7 d) halogen, e) CN,
2) C3-6 cycloalkyl,
3) OR6,
4) SR4, S(0)R4 S02R4,
6°DR7
5) NR
Figure imgf000008_0003
-0^ -. NR6R7
8) Y O
Figure imgf000009_0001
10) \ -. NR6R7 0
11 ) — S02-NR6R
Figure imgf000009_0002
14)
ORfc o
15) N3, or
16) F; or
R^a and R^a are attached to the same C atom and are combined to form - (CH2)u - wherein one of the carbon atoms is optionally replaced by a moiety selected from: O, S(0)m, -NC(O)-, and -N(COR10)- ;
and R^ and R^a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R4 is selected from: Cχ-4 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl. heterocycle, aryl. unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cι-4 alkoxy, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen. d) HO.
R1 1
O
f) — S02R11 , or
g) N(RlO)2;
R5, R6 and R ' are independently selected from: H; Ci-4 alkyl, C3.6 cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) HO, e, ,R 11
o
f) — S02R11 , or
g) N(RlO)2; or
R6 and R^ may be joined in a ring; and independently, R5 and R^ may be joined in a ring;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl,
C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br, RIOQ-, R S(0)m- Rl0C(O)NRl°-, (R10)2NC(O)-,
Figure imgf000011_0001
N, NO2, R10C(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, N3, -N(Rl°)2, or RUOC(0)NR10-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br, RlOO-, RHS(0)m-, Rl0C(O)NH-,
(RlO)2NC(0)-, Rl02N-C(NRlO)-, CN, Rl0C(O)-, R10OC(O)-,
N3, -N(RlO)2, or Rl°OC(0)NH-;
R9 is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br,
R!0O-, R S(0)m-, R10C(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2NC(0)-, R102N-C(NR10)-, CN, NO2, R10C(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, N3, -N(Rl°)2. or RHOC(0)NR10-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br, RlOO-, RHS(0)m-, R10C(O)NR10-, (R10)2NC(O)-, R102N-C(NR10)-, CN, Rl0C(O)-, R10OC(O)-, N3, -N(R10)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C -CQ alkyl, benzyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
RU is independently selected from C -CQ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(0)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRIOC(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(O)2N(Rl0)-, -N(RlO)S(0)2-, and S(0)m;
A2 is selected from: a bond, -C(0)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NR10C(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(O)2N(Rl0)., -N(R10)S(0)2-, S(0)m and
Figure imgf000011_0002
Gl> G^ and G^ are independently selected from: H2 and 0;
W is heterocycle;
V is selected from: a) heterocycle, and b) aryl;
X and Y are independently selected from: a bond, -C(=0)- or -S(=0)m-;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or more of:
I) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7 c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4 or g) -C(0)NR6R7, 2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6'
5) NR6R7>
6) CN, 7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
II) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; Z^ is selected from L: a bond, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or more of:
1) C -4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6>
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) NO2,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from: 1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: Ci-4 alkoxy, NR R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR6a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6- e) NR6R7, f) CN, g) N02, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4 j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; or 2) unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted Ci-Cβ alkyl, unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the substituted Ci-Cβ alkyl and substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl is substituted with one or two of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) -NR6C(0)R7, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, g) halogen, or h) perfluoroalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4: q is l or 2; r is 0 to 5; s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; and u is 4 or 5;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
In a second embodiment of this invention, the compounds are illustrated by the formula A:
Figure imgf000015_0001
A
wherein:
Rla and R °- are independently selected from: hydrogen and Ci-Cρ alkyl;
Rib and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl wherein the substitutent on the substituted C -CQ alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, Rl°0- and -N(RlO)2;
R2D and R^ are independently selected from: H and CH3; R2 1S independently selected from H;
Figure imgf000016_0001
or Cχ-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl,
2) heterocycle,
3) OR6,
4) SR , SO2R4 or
5) \ ^NR6R7
O and R^a and R^a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R4 is selected from:
Ci-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C 1-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle
R6 and R7 are independently selected from: H; C1.4 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocycle, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, R1°C(0)NR10-, CN, NO2, (Rl°)2N-C(NRl°)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(R10)2, or
R110C(0)NR10-, and c) Ci-Cρ alkyl substituted by: unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R10C(0)NR1°-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-,
Rl°C(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(O)NR10-;
R9 is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl,
F, CI, Rl°0-, RllS(0)m-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRl°)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, RHS(0)m-, R10C(0)NR10-, CN,
(RlO)2N-C(NRl°)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(Rl°)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-;
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
RU is independently selected from Ci-Cβ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRlOC(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(0)2N(RlO)-, -N(RlO)S(0)2-, and S(0)m;
A2 is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NR1°C(0)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(0)2N(RlO)-, -N(Rl°)S(0)2-; S(0)m and -C(Rld)2-;
Gl' G^ and G^ are independently selected from: H2 and O; V is selected from: a) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, and b) aryl;
W is a heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl;
X is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Y is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is independently substituted with one or two of: 1) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4 or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen, 4) OR6-
5) NR6R7>
6) CN,
7) Nθ2,
8) CF3; 9) -S(0)mR4,
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
Z^ is selected from .: a bond, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted indep endently with one or two of:
1) C1-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C1.4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6'
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
ID C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from t:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: Cχ-4 alkoxy, NR R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR6a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6' e) NR R7, f) CN, g) N02, h) CF3;
1) -S(0)mR4 j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; or 2) unsubstituted Ci-Cβ alkyl, substituted C1-C6 alkyl, unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the substituted C1-C6 alkyl and substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl is substituted with one or two of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) -NR6C(0)R7, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, g) halogen, or h) perfluoroalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is l or 2; r is 0 to 5; s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; and u is 4 or 5; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
In a third embodiment of this invention, the compounds are illustrated by the formula B:
Figure imgf000021_0001
B
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
Rib and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, RlOO-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(R10)2.
R^a is selected from H and CH3; R2a is selected from H;
Figure imgf000022_0001
and Ci-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of: 1) aryl,
2) heterocycle,
3) OR6,
4) SR6a, S02R , or
5) \ NR6R7
Y O ; and any two of ^a and R^a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R4 is selected from:
Ci-4 alkyl and C3..6 cycloalkyl. unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R6 and R are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) Cι-C-6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cι-C-6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, Rl0C(O)NRl -, CN, N02, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(Rl )2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl substituted by Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2N-C(NRl )-, RlOC(O)-, Rl°OC(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, R10C(O)NR10-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, R10C(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-, and c) Cχ-C6 alkyl substituted by: unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R10C(0)NR10-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(O)NRl0-;
R is hydrogen or methyl;
Rl is independently selected from hydrogen, C -CQ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
RU is independently selected from Cχ-C6 alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and O;
Gl' G^ and G^ are independently selected from: H and O;
V is selected from: a) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, and b) aryl;
X is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Y is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is independently substituted with one or two of:
1) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6'
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
ID C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
Cχ-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6' e) NR6R7> f) CN, g) N02. h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4, j) -C(0)NR R7; or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; or 2) unsubstituted Cχ-C6 alkyl, substituted Cχ-C6 alkyl, unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the substituted Cχ-C6 alkyl and substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl is substituted with one or two of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) -NR6C(0)R7, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, g) halogen, or h) perfluoroalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof. A preferred embodiment of the compounds of this invention is illustrated by the formula C:
Figure imgf000026_0001
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen and Cχ-C6 alkyl;
Rib and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, RlOO-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) Cχ-Cρ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(Rl°)2;
R^a is selected from H and CH3; R^ is selected from H;
Figure imgf000026_0002
and Cχ.5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of: 1) aryl,
2) heterocycle,
3) OR6,
4) SR6a Sθ2R4, or
5) \ . NR6R7
0 π
and any two of R^a and R^a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R4 is selected from:
Cχ-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl. unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) Ci-Cβ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, N02,
(RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Cχ-C6 alkyl substituted by Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-; RlOC(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or R11OC(O)NR10-;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl O-,
Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, N02, (RlO) N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Cχ-C6 alkyl substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R1 C(0)NR1 -, (R10)2N-C(NR10)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-;
R9 is hydrogen or methyl;
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, Cχ-Cβ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
RU is independently selected from Cχ-C6 alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and 0;
G and G^ are independently selected from: H2 and 0, provided that at least one and only one of Gl and G^ are O;
X is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Y is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of: 1) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4( or g) -C(0)NR6R7, 2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6-
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
ID C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
Cχ-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR a, or
-C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6- e) NR6R7, ) CN, g) N02, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4, j) -C(0)NR6R7, or ) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
In another preferred embodiment of this invention, the compounds are illustrated by the formula D:
Figure imgf000030_0001
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen and Cχ-C6 alkyl;
Ri and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl°)2 or C -C6 alkenyl, and c) Cχ-C(, alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, Rl°0-, or -N(RlO)2;
R^a is selected from H and CH3; R^a is selected from H;
Figure imgf000031_0001
and Cχ-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of: 1) aryl, 2) heterocycle,
3) OR6,
4) SR6a S02R4, or
Figure imgf000031_0002
and any two of R^ and R^ are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R4 is selected from:
Cχ_4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or hete oc cle;
R6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) Cχ-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(Rl°)2, or R110C(0)NR10-, and c) Cχ-C6 alkyl substituted by Cχ-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-,
Rl°C(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(Rl )2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, R10C(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Cχ-C6 alkyl substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R1°C(0)NR10-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(Rl )2, or RH0C(0)NR1°-;
R9 is hydrogen or methyl;
Rl is independently selected from hydrogen, Cχ-Cβ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
RU is independently selected from Cχ-Cg alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and 0;
X is a bond;
Y is a bond;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of:
1) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4 or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6 '
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 . is selected from:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
Cχ-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR6a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6' e) NR6R7, f) CN, g) N02, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4, j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
In further preferred embodiment of this invention, the compounds are illustrated by the formula E:
Figure imgf000034_0001
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen and Cx-Cρ alkyl;
Rib and R ° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(R10)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) C -CQ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(R10)2; R3a is selected from H and CH3;
R2a is selected from H;
Figure imgf000035_0001
and Cχ-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl,
2) heterocycle,
3) OR6,
4) SR6 S02R4, or
5) \ ^ NR6R7
o
and any two of R^ and R^ are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R4 is selected from:
Cχ-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) Cχ-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2,
(RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Cχ-Cβ alkyl substituted by Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-, Rl0c(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, RlOOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-; R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-C6 alkyl, C -C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Cχ-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl°C(O)NRl0-, CN, N02, (R10)2N-C(NR10)-, RlOc(O)-, -N(RlO) , or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Cχ-C6 alkyl substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Cχ-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R10C(O)NR10-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(O)NR10-;
R9 is hydrogen or methyl;
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, Cχ-C6 alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
RU is independently selected from C\-CQ alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and O;
X is a bond;
Y is a bond;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of: 1) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle
3) halogen,
4) OR6'
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from: 1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Cχ-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: Cχ-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR6a, or -C(0)NR R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6- e) NR6R7, f) CN, g) N0 ) h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4, j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
Specific examples of compounds of this invention are:
(±)18-(3-Chlorophenyl)-16,16aJ7J8J9,20-hexahydro-17-oxo-5H-6J0- metheno-22H-benzo[6]pyrazino[2,l-e]imidazo[4,3- /ι][l,6,9]oxadiazacyclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile
Figure imgf000038_0001
(±)16J6aJ7J8,19,20-Hexahydro-17-oxo-18-phenyl-5H-6J0-metheno- 22H-benzo [b]pyrazino [2, l-e]imidazo [4,3- b][l,6,9]oxadiazacyclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile
Figure imgf000039_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
The compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual enantiomers, with all possible isomers, including optical isomers, being included in the present invention. When any variable (e.g. aryl, heterocycle, R , R^ etc.) occurs more than one time in any constituent, its definition on each occurence is independent at every other occurence. Also, combinations of substituents/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
As used herein, "alkyl" is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms; "alkoxy" represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. "Halogen" or "halo" as used herein means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. As used herein, "aryl" is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl.
The term heterocycle or heterocyclic, as used herein, represents a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or stable 8- to 11-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure. The term heterocycle or heterocyclic includes heteroaryl moieties. Examples of such heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperdinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thienofuryl, thienothienyl, and thienyl.
As used herein, "heteroaryl" is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and wherein from one to four carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. Examples of such heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienofuryl, thienothienyl, and thienyl.
As used herein in the definition of R^ and R^, the term "the substituted group" intended to mean a substituted Cχ-8 alkyl, substituted C2-8 alkenyl, substituted C2-8 alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle from which the substitutent(s) R^ and R^ are selected.
As used herein in the definition of R6, R and R7a; the substituted Cχ_8 alkyl, substituted C3-6 alkenyl, substituted aroyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaroyl, substituted arylsulfonyl, substituted heteroarylsulfonyl and substituted heterocycle include moieties containing from 1 to 3 substitutents in addition to the point of attachment to the rest of the compound.
When R2 and R^ are combined to form - (CH2)U -, cyclic moieties are formed. Examples of such cyclic moieties include, but are not limited to:
Figure imgf000041_0001
In addition, such cyclic moieties may optionally include a heteroatom(s). Examples of such heteroatom-containing cyclic moieties include, but are not limited to:
Figure imgf000041_0002
Lines drawn into the ring systems from substituents (such as from R2, R3; R4 etc.) indicate that the indicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ring carbon atoms.
Preferably. Rla and Ri are independently selected from: hydrogen. -N(Rl°) , R1°C(0)NR10- or unsubstituted or substituted Cχ-Cc alkyl wherein the substituent on the substituted Cχ-Cβ alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl -N RlO)2, R O- and
Figure imgf000042_0001
Preferably. Rlc is independently selected from: hydrogen, or unsubstituted or substituted Cχ-Cc alkyl wherein the substituent on the substituted Cχ-Cβ alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl. -N(R10)2, R10O- and R10C(O)NR10-.
Preferably, R^a is selected from H,
Figure imgf000042_0002
and an unsubstituted or substituted group, the group selected from Cχ-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl and C -8 alkynyl; wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl or heterocycle, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cχ-4 alkyl, b) (CH2)pOR6, c) (CH2)PNR6R7, d) halogen,
2) C3-6 cycloalkyl, 3) OR6,
4) SR a, S(0)R6a Sθ2R6a
5) — NR6R7
Figure imgf000042_0003
8) -°γNR6R7
0
Figure imgf000043_0001
15) N3, or
16) F.
Preferably. R2b. R3a and R3b are independently selected from: hydrogen and Cχ-C6 alky
Preferably, R4 and R° are hydrogen.
Preferably, R6. R and R /a are selected from: hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted Cχ-Cc alkyl. unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl.
Preferably. R a is unsubstituted or substituted Cχ-Cβ alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl. Preferably. R is hydrogen or methyl. Most preferably, R is hydrogen.
Preferably, RlO is selected from H. Cχ-Co alkyl and benzyl.
Preferably. Al and A^ are independently selected from: a bond, -C(0)NR10-. -NRl C(O)-, O. -N(R10)-, -S(0)2N(RlO). and
-N(RlO)S(0)2-.
Preferably, one of Gl and G^ is O and the other is H2- Preferably, G^ is H .
Preferably. V is selected from heteroaryl and aryL More preferably. V is phenyl.
Preferably, X and Y are independently selected from: a bond and -C(=0)-. More preferably, X and Y are a bond.
Preferably. Zl and Z^ are independently selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted naphthyl, unsubstituted or substituted pyridyl, unsubstituted or substituted furanyl and unsubstituted or substituted thienyl. More preferably, Zl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and unsubstituted or substituted naphthyl. More preferably, Z2 is selected from a bond and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl. Preferably, W is selected from imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazoly], pyrazolyl, pyyrolidinyl, thiazolyl and pyridyl. More preferably, W is selected from imidazolyl and pyridyl. Preferably, n is 0, 1, or 2. Preferably, r is 1 or 2. Preferably p is 1, 2 or 3.
Preferably s is 0 or 1. Preferably, the moiety
Figure imgf000045_0001
is selected from:
Figure imgf000045_0002
wherein R9a and R b are independently selected R9. It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable (e.g., Rla, R , n, etc.) at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. Thus, -N(RlO)2 represents -NHH, -NHCH3, -NHC2H5, etc. It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily available starting materials.
The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include the conventional non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention as formed, e.g., from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like: and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxy-benzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, trifluoroacetic and the like.
The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention can be synthesized from the compounds of this invention which contain a basic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, the salts are prepared either by ion exchange chromatography or by reacting the free base with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acid in a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents.
Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in the Schemes 1-16, in addition to other standard manipulations such as ester hydrolysis, cleavage of protecting groups, etc., as may be known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures. Substituents R, Ra, Rb and Rsub, as shown in the Schemes, represent the substituents R^, R3( R4, and R°\ and substituents on Zl and Z^; however their point of attachment to the ring is illustrative only and is not meant to be limiting.
These reactions may be employed in a linear sequence to provide the compounds of the invention or they may be used to synthesize fragments which are subsequently joined by the alkylation reactions described in the Schemes.
Synopsis of Schemes 1-16:
The requisite intermediates are in some cases commercially available, or can be prepared according to literature procedures. In Scheme 1, for example, the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds of the instant invention containing suitably substituted piperazines and the preferred benzylimidazolyl moiety is outlined. Preparation of the substituted piperazine intermediate is essentially that described by J. S. Kiely and S. R. Priebe in Organic Preparations and Proceedings Int., 1990, 22, 761-768. Boc-protected amino acids such as I, available commercially or by procedures known to those skilled in the art, can be coupled to N-arylmethyl acetal amines using a variety of dehydrating agents such as DCC (dicyclohexycarbodiimide) or EDC-HC1 (l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride) in a solvent such as methylene chloride , chloroform, dichloroethane, or in dimethylformamide. The product II is then deprotected and cyclized with acid, for example hydrogen chloride in chloroform or ethyl acetate, or trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride, to give the 5,6-unsaturated piperazinone III. Catalytic hydrogenation of III over palladium on carbon gives the piperazinone IV, which may then be reacted with a suitably substituted benzyloxybenzyl bromide in the presence of a strong base to give intermediate VI. The ring carbonyl of intermediate VI may then be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride and the benzyl protecting groups catalytically removed to provide intermediate VII. The piperidine nitrogen may be reacted with an activated ester to provide the naphthylamide VIII, which can then be deprotected under acidic conditions to provide intermediate IX. The piperidine nitrogen can then be reductively alkylated with a suitably substituted fluorobenzyl- imidazolyl aldehyde X to provide XL Cesium carbonate nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction conditions result in an intramolecular cyclization to yield compound XII of the instant invention. This cyclization reaction and other cyclization reactions shown below that are mediated by cesium carbonate depend on the presence of an electronic withdrawing moiety (such as nitro, cyano, and the like) either ortho or para to the fluorine atom.
Scheme 2 illustrates the synthesis of instant macrocyclic compounds which comprise a piperazinone in the ring. Thus, the protected piperazinone XIII is alkylated with a naphthylmethyl bromide having a suitably positioned benzyloxy moiety. Removal of the Boc protecting group provided intermediate XIV, which may be coupled to a suitably substituted 1-benzylimidazole aldehyde XV to give intermediate XVI. Removal of the benzyl protecting group followed by intramolecular cyclization as previously described using the cesium carbonate conditions to provide instant compound XVII.
Scheme 3 illustrates the preparation of instant compounds which incorporate a piperazinone moiety in the macrocyclic ring wherein the macrocycle is incorporated in the 4- and 5-position of the piperazinone. Thus N-protected m-tyrosine XVIII is converted to the corresponding aldehyde XIX. Aldehyde XIX is reacted with a suitably substituted amine to provide intermediate XX, which is then treated with bromoacetyl bromide to provide, after base mediated cyclization piperazinone XXI. Removal of the Boc protecting group followed by reductive N-alkylation of intermediate XXII with a suitably substituted 1-benzylimidazole aldehyde XV provides intermediate XXIII, which, after removal of the benzyl protecting group, can undergo intramolecular cyclization under the cesium carbonate conditions to give compound XXIV of the instant invention. Synthesis of compounds of formula A characterized by "X" as a carbonyl moiety is illustrated in Scheme 4. The suitably substituted 3-fluorobenzylimidazol-4-yl acetic acid XXV, prepared from imidazol-4-yl acetic acid, is reacted with piperazinone XXVI to provide intermediate XXVII. Deprotection, followed by intramolecular cyclization provides compound XXVIII of the instant invention.
Scheme 5 illustrates incorporation of an indole moiety into the macrocyclic ring. The synthesis starts with commercially available 5- hydroxytyrosine XXIX which is converted to the coresponding suitably protected aldehyde XXX. The aldehyde then undergoes the reactions described in Scheme 3 hereinabove to provide compound XXXI of the instant invention.
Expansion of the macrocyclic ring by incorporation of a phenoxy moiety is illustrated in Scheme 6.
Scheme 7 illustrates the synthetic strategy that is employed when the R8 substitutent is not an electronic withdrawing moiety either ortho or para to the fluorine atom. In the absence of the electronic withdrawing moiety, the intramolecular cyclization can be accomplished via an Ullmann reaction. Thus, protected imidazolyl- methylacetate is treated with a suitably substituted halobenzylbromide to provide the 1-benzylimidazolyl intermediate XXXII. The acetate functionality of intermediate XXXII was converted to an aldehyde which was then reductively coupled to compound XXXIII, which is obtained by a hydrogenation of intermediate XXVI (wherein R = H), illustrated in Scheme 4. Coupling under standard Ullmann conditions provided compound XXXIV of the instant invention.
Scheme 8 illustrates the incorporation of a sulfur containing sidechain into the piperazinone ring component of the instant macrocyclic compounds. Illustrative examples of the preparation of compounds of the instant invention that incorporate a 2,5-diketopiperazine moiety is shown in Scheme 9. Intermediate XXXVI, shown in Scheme 9, may also be used to synthesize a number of other macrocycles that incorporate other heterocyclic "W" moieties, such as illustrated in Scheme 10. Scheme 11 illustrates the preparation of macrocyclic compounds of the instant invention that incorporate a 2,3- diketopiperazine moiety.
Amino acids of the general formula XXXVII which have a sidechain not found in natural amino acids may be prepared by the reactions illustrated in Scheme 12 starting with the readily prepared imine XL VI.
Schemes 13-16 illustrate syntheses of suitably substituted aldehydes useful in the syntheses of the instant compounds wherein the variable W is present as a pyridyl moiety. Similar synthetic strategies for preparing alkanols that incorporate other heterocyclic moieties for variable W are also well known in the art.
SCHEME 1
NaBH(OAc)3 ArCHO + NH2CH2CH(OC2H5)2 - -
Ar CH2NHCH2CH(OC2H5)2 >L0 V . .OH
H O
EDC . HCI, HOBT DMF, Et3N, pH 7
Figure imgf000050_0001
Figure imgf000050_0002
Figure imgf000050_0003
SCHEME 1 (continued)
Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000051_0002
NaHMDS.THF
Figure imgf000051_0003
Figure imgf000051_0004
SCHEME 1 (continued)
Figure imgf000052_0001
HCI, EtOAc
Figure imgf000052_0003
SCHEME 1 (continued)
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000053_0002
SCHEME 1 (continued)
Figure imgf000054_0001
Figure imgf000054_0002
Figure imgf000054_0003
XII SCHEME 2
Figure imgf000055_0001
CICH2CH2CI
Figure imgf000055_0002
Figure imgf000055_0003
XIII
SCHEME 2 (continued)
Figure imgf000056_0001
Figure imgf000056_0002
Figure imgf000056_0003
NaHMDS, THF
Figure imgf000056_0004
SCHEME 2 (continued)
Figure imgf000057_0001
SCHEME 3
Figure imgf000058_0001
XVIII
Figure imgf000058_0002
Figure imgf000058_0003
SCHEME 3 (continued)
Figure imgf000059_0001
H
XX
Figure imgf000059_0002
SCHEME 3 (continued)
Figure imgf000060_0001
XXIV SCHEME 4
Figure imgf000061_0001
Figure imgf000061_0002
Figure imgf000061_0003
SCHEME 4 (continued)
Figure imgf000062_0001
Figure imgf000062_0002
NaHMDS, THF
HCI, EtOAc
Figure imgf000062_0003
Figure imgf000062_0004
SCHEME 4 (continued)
Figure imgf000063_0001
H2 10%Pd/C
SCHEME 4 (continued)
Figure imgf000064_0001
SCHEME 5
Figure imgf000065_0001
XXIX
Figure imgf000065_0002
Figure imgf000065_0003
SCHEME 5 (CONT'D)
Figure imgf000066_0001
Figure imgf000066_0002
pH6
XXX
Figure imgf000066_0003
H 2) NaH, THF, DMF
SCHEME 5 (continued)
Figure imgf000067_0001
SCHEME 5 (Continued)
Figure imgf000068_0001
XXXI
SCHEME 6
Figure imgf000068_0002
SCHEME 6 (continued)
Figure imgf000069_0001
SCHEME 6 (continued)
Figure imgf000070_0001
SCHEME 7
Figure imgf000071_0001
CICH2CH2CI
1. NaH, pyridine 2. CuBr«SMe2, reflux
Figure imgf000071_0002
SCHEME 8
Figure imgf000072_0001
EtOAc
Figure imgf000072_0002
Figure imgf000072_0003
SCHEME 8 (continued)
Figure imgf000073_0001
NaHMDS, THF
Figure imgf000073_0002
HCI, EtOAc
Figure imgf000073_0003
Figure imgf000073_0004
2. HCI SCHEME 8 (continued)
Figure imgf000074_0001
Figure imgf000074_0002
SCHEME 8 (continued)
Figure imgf000075_0001
Figure imgf000075_0002
SCHEME 9
O
Figure imgf000076_0001
XXXV
Figure imgf000076_0002
Figure imgf000077_0001
SCHEME 10
Figure imgf000078_0001
Figure imgf000078_0002
SCHEME 10 (continued)
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000079_0002
Figure imgf000079_0003
SCHEME 10 (continued)
Figure imgf000080_0001
SCHEME 11
Figure imgf000081_0001
Figure imgf000081_0002
Figure imgf000081_0003
SCHEME 11 (continued)
Figure imgf000082_0001
SCHEME 12
Figure imgf000082_0002
Ph 2. 5% aqueous HCI |_J |
XXXVIII
Figure imgf000082_0003
SCHEME 13
Figure imgf000083_0001
NaBH 4 (excess) 2OH
Figure imgf000083_0002
Figure imgf000083_0003
SCHEME 14
Figure imgf000084_0001
SCHEME 15
Figure imgf000085_0001
SCHEME 16
Figure imgf000086_0001
2
Figure imgf000086_0002
In a preferred embodiment of the instant invention the compounds of the invention are selective inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase. A compound is considered a selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase, for example, when its in vitro farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitory activity, as assessed by the assay described in Example 3, is at least 100 times greater than the in vitro activity of the same compound against geranylgeranyl-protein transferase-type I in the assay described in Example 4. Preferably, a selective compound exhibits at least 1000 times greater activity against one of the enzymatic activities when comparing geranylgeranyl-protein transferase -type I inhibition and farnesyl-protein transferase inhibition.
It is also preferred that the selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase is further characterized by: b) an IC5Q (a measure of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibition of the prenylation of newly synthesized K-Ras protein more than about 100-fold higher than the IC50 for the inhibition of the farnesylation of hDJ protein. When measuring such IC50S the assays described in Examples 8 and 9 may be utilized.
It is also preferred that the selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase is further characterized by: c) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibition of K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells at least 100-fold greater than the IC50 for inhibition of the farnesylation of the protein hDJ in cells.
It is also preferred that the selective inhibitor of farnesyl- protein transferase is further characterized by: d) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against H-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells at least 1000 fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against H-rαs-CVLL
(SEQ.ID.NO.: 1) dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells. When measuring Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells the assays described in Example 7 may be utilized. In another preferred embodiment of the instant invention the compounds of the invention are dual inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I. Such a dual inhibitor may be termed a Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor and will exhibit certain characteristics when assessed in in vitro assays, which are dependent on the type of assay employed.
In a SEAP assay, such as described in Examples 7, it is preferred that the dual inhibitor compound has an in vitro inhibitory activity (IC50) that is less than about 12μM against K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells. The Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may also be characterized by: a) an IC5Q (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibiting K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells between 0J and 100 times the IC5Q for inhibiting the farnesylation of the protein hDJ in cells; and b) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) for inhibiting K4B-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than 5-fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against expression of the SEAP protein in cells transfected with the pCMV-
SEAP plasmid that constitutively expresses the SEAP protein.
The Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may also be characterized by: a) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against H-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than
2 fold lower but less than 20,000 fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against H-ms-CVLL (SEQ.ID.NO.: 1) dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells; and b) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against H-rαs-CVLL dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than 5-fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against expression of the SEAP protein in cells transfected with the pCMV- SEAP plasmid that constitutively expresses the SEAP protein.
The Class II prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may also be characterized by: a) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against
H-Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than 10-fold lower but less than 2,500 fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against H-ras-CVLL (SEQ.ID.NO.: 1) dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells; and b) an IC50 (a measurement of in vitro inhibitory activity) against
H-rαs-CVLL dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells greater than 5 fold lower than the inhibitory activity (IC50) against expression of the SEAP protein in cells transfected with the pCMV- SEAP plasmid that constitutively expresses the SEAP protein. A method for measuring the activity of the inhibitors of prenyl-protein transferase, as well as the instant combination compositions, utilized in the instant methods against Ras dependent activation of MAP kinases in cells is described in Example 7.
The instant compounds are useful as pharmaceutical agents for mammals, especially for humans. These compounds may be administered to patients for use in the treatment of cancer. Examples of the type of cancer which may be treated with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, colorectal carcinoma, exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, myeloid leukemias and neurological tumors. Such tumors may arise by mutations in the ras genes themselves, mutations in the proteins that can regulate Ras activity (i.e., neurofibromin (NF-1), neu, src, abl, lck, fyn) or by other mechanisms.
The compounds of the instant invention inhibit farnesyl- protein transferase and the farnesylation of the oncogene protein Ras. The instant compounds may also inhibit tumor angiogenesis, thereby affecting the growth of tumors (J. Rak et al. Cancer Research, 55: 4575-4580 (1995)). Such anti-angiogenesis properties of the instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment of certain forms of vision deficit related to retinal vascularization.
The compounds of this invention are also useful for inhibiting other proliferative diseases, both benign and malignant, wherein Ras proteins are aberrantly activated as a result of oncogenic mutation in other genes (i.e., the Ras gene itself is not activated by mutation to an oncogenic form) with said inhibition being accomplished by the administration of an effective amount of the compounds of the invention to a mammal in need of such treatment. For example, a component of NF-1 is a benign proliferative disorder.
The instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment of certain viral infections, in particular in the treatment of hepatitis delta and related viruses (J.S. Glenn et al. Science, 256:1331-1333 (1992). The compounds of the instant invention are also useful in the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by inhibiting neointimal formation (C. Indolfi et al. Nature medicine, 1:541-545(1995). The instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment and prevention of polycystic kidney disease (D.L. Schaffner et al. American Journal of Pathology, 142:1051-1060 (1993) and B. Cowley, Jr. et a FASEB Journal, 2.A3160 (1988)).
The instant compounds may also be useful for the treatment of fungal infections.
The instant compounds may also be useful as inhibitors of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and therefore useful in the prevention and therapy of arteriosclerosis and diabetic vascular pathologies. The compounds of this invention may be administered to mammals, preferably humans, either alone or, preferably, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition, according to standard pharmaceutical practice. The compounds can be administered orally or parenterally, including the intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes of administration.
The pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to mask the unpleasant taste of the drug or delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a water soluble taste masking material such as hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose, or a time delay material such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate buryrate may be employed.
Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water soluble carrier such as polyethyleneglycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
Aqueous suspensions contain the active material in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethylene-oxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, saccharin or aspartame.
Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisol or alpha-tocopherol.
Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of an oil-in- water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavouring agents, preservatives and antioxidants.
Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous solutions. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable oil-in-water microemulsion where the active ingredient is dissolved in the oily phase. For example, the active ingredient may be first dissolved in a mixture of soybean oil and lecithin. The oil solution then introduced into a water and glycerol mixture and processed to form a microemulation.
The injectable solutions or microemulsions may be introduced into a patient's blood-stream by local bolus injection.
Alternatively, it may be advantageous to administer the solution or microemulsion in such a way as to maintain a constant circulating concentration of the instant compound. In order to maintain such a constant concentration, a continuous intravenous delivery device may be utilized. An example of such a device is the Deltec CADD-PLUS™ model 5400 intravenous pump.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butane diol. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
Compounds of Formula A may also be administered in the form of a suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non- irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.
For topical use, creams, ointments, jellies, solutions or suspensions, etc., containing the compound of Formula A are employed. (For purposes of this application, topical application shall include mouth washes and gargles.)
The compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles and delivery devices, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
As used herein, the term "composition" is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specific amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specific ingredients in the specified amounts.
When a compound according to this invention is administered into a human subject, the daily dosage will normally be determined by the prescribing physician with the dosage generally varying according to the age, weight, sex and response of the individual patient, as well as the severity of the patient's symptoms.
In one exemplary application, a suitable amount of compound is administered to a mammal undergoing treatment for cancer. Administration occurs in an amount between about 0J mg/kg of body weight to about 60 mg/kg of body weight per day, preferably of between 0.5 mg/kg of body weight to about 40 mg/kg of body weight per day.
The compounds of the instant invention may also be co-administered with other well known therapeutic agents that are selected for their particular usefulness against the condition that is being treated. For example, the compounds of the instant invention may also be co-administered with other well known cancer therapeutic agents that are selected for their particular usefulness against the condition that is being treated. Included in such combinations of therapeutic agents are combinations of the instant farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors and an antineoplastic agent. It is also understood that such a combination of antineoplastic agent and inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase may be used in conjunction with other methods of treating cancer and/or tumors, including radiation therapy and surgery.
Examples of an antineoplastic agent include, in general, microtubule-stabilizing agents ( such as paclitaxel (also known as Taxol®), docetaxel (also known as Taxotere®), epothilone A, epothilone B, desoxvepothilone A, desoxvepothilone B or their derivatives); microtubule- disruptor agents; alkylating agents, anti-metabolites; epidophyllotoxin; an antineoplastic enzyme; a topoisomerase inhibitor; procarbazine; mitoxantrone; platinum coordination complexes; biological response modifiers and growth inhibitors; hormonal/anti-hormonal therapeutic agents and haematopoietic growth factors.
Example classes of antineoplastic agents include, for example, the anthracycline family of drugs, the vinca drugs, the mitomycins, the bleomycins, the cytotoxic nucleosides, the taxanes, the epothilones, discodermolide, the pteridine family of drugs, diynenes and the podophyllotoxins. Particularly useful members of those classes include, for example, doxorubicin, carminomycin, daunorubicin, aminopterin, methotrexate, methopterin, dichloro-methotrexate, mitomycin C, porfiromycin, 5-fl.uorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, gemcitabine, cytosine arabinoside, podophyllotoxin or podo-phyllotoxin derivatives such as etoposide, etoposide phosphate or teniposide, melphalan, vinblastine, vincristine, leurosidine, vindesine, leurosine, paclitaxel and the like. Other useful antineoplastic agents include estramustine, cisplatin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, tamoxifen, ifosamide, melphalan, hexamethyl melamine, thiotepa, cytarabin, idatrexate, trimetrexate, dacarbazine, L-asparaginase, camptothecin, CPT-11, topotecan, ara-C, bicalutamide, flutamide, leuprolide, pyridobenzoindole derivatives, interferons and interleukins.
The preferred class of antineoplastic agents is the taxanes and the preferred antineoplastic agent is paclitaxel. Radiation therapy, including x-rays or gamma rays which are delivered from either an externally applied beam or by implantation of tiny radioactive sources, may also be used in combination with the instant inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase alone to treat cancer. Additionally, compounds of the instant invention may also be useful as radiation sensitizers, as described in WO 97/38697, published on October 23, 1997, and herein incorporated by reference.
The instant compounds may also be useful in combination with other inhibitors of parts of the signaling pathway that links cell surface growth factor receptors to nuclear signals initiating cellular proliferation. Thus, the instant compounds may be utilized in combination with farnesyl pyrophosphate competitive inhibitors of the activity of farnesyl-protein transferase or in combination with a compound which has Raf antagonist activity. The instant compounds may also be co-administered with compounds that are selective inhibitors of geranylgeranyl protein transferase. In particular, if the compound of the instant invention is a selective inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase, co-administration with a compound(s) that is a selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl protein transferase may provide an improved therapeutic effect.
In particular, the compounds disclosed in the following patents and publications may be useful as farnesyl pyrophosphate- competitive inhibitor component of the instant composition: U.S. Ser. Nos. 08/254,228 and 08/435,047. Those patents and publications are incorporated herein by reference.
In practicing methods of this invention, which comprise administering, simultaneously or sequentially or in any order, two or more of a protein substrate-competitive inhibitor and a farnesyl pyrophosphate-competitive inhibitor, such administration can be orally or parenterally, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes of administration. It is preferred that such administration be orally. It is more preferred that such administration be orally and simultaneously. When the protein substrate- competitive inhibitor and farnesyl pyrophosphate-competitive inhibitor are administered sequentially, the administration of each can be by the same method or by different methods.
The instant compounds may also be useful in combination with an integrin antagonist for the treatment of cancer, as described in U.S. Ser. No. 09/055,487, filed April 6, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference.
As used herein the term an integrin antagonist refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to an integrin(s) that is involved in the regulation of angiogenisis. or in the growth and invasiveness of tumor cells. In particular, the term refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the αvβ3 integrin, which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the αvβδ integrin, which antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to both the αvβ3 integrin and the αvβδ integrin, or which antagonize, inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s) expressed on capillary endothelial cells. The term also refers to antagonists of the αlβl, α2βl, αδβl, α6βl and α6β4 integrins. The term also refers to antagonists of any combination of αvβ3 integrin, αvβδ integrin, αlβl, α2βl, αδβl, α6βl and α6β4 integrins. The instant compounds may also be useful with other agents that inhibit angiogenisis and thereby inhibit the growth and invasiveness of tumor cells, including, but not limited to angiostatin and endostatin. The instant compounds may also be useful in combination with an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) for the treatment of cancer. Compounds which have inhibitory activity for HMG-CoA reductase can be readily identified by using assays well-known in the art. For example, see the assays described or cited in U.S. Patent 4,231,938 at col. 6, and WO 84/02131 at pp. 30-33. The terms "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor" and "inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase" have the same meaning when used herein.
Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include but are not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see US Patent No. 4,231,938; 4,294,926; 4,319,039), simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see US Patent No. 4,444,784; 4,820,850; 4,916,239), pravastatin (PRAVACHOL®; see US Patent Nos. 4,346,227; 4,537,859; 4,410,629; δ,030,447 and 5, 180,589), fluvastatin (LESCOL®; see US Patent Nos. δ,3δ4,772; 4,911,165; 4,929,437; 5,189,164; 5,118,853; 5,290,946; 5,3δ6,896), atorvastatin (LIPITOR®; see US Patent Nos. 5,273,995; 4,681,893; 5,489,691; 5,342,952) and cerivastatin (also known as rivastatin and BAYCHOL®; see US Patent No. 5,177,080). The structural formulas of these and additional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used in the instant methods are described at page 87 of M. Yalpani, "Cholesterol Lowering Drugs", Chemistry & Industry, pp. 85-89 (5 February 1996) and US Patent Nos. 4,782,084 and 4,885,314. The term HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention. An illustration of the lactone portion and its corresponding open-acid form is shown below as structures I and II.
Figure imgf000098_0001
Lactone Open-Acid
I II
In HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor's where an open-acid form can exist, salt and ester forms may preferably be formed from the open-acid, and all such forms are included within the meaning of the term "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor" as used herein. Preferably, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is selected from lovastatin and simvastatin, and most preferably simvastatin. Herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" with respect to the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor shall mean non-toxic salts of the compounds employed in this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free acid with a suitable organic or inorganic base, particularly those formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc and tetramethylammonium, as well as those salts formed from amines such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine, l-p-chlorobenzyl-2-pyrrolidine-l'-yl-methylbenzimidazole, diethylamine, piperazine, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. Further examples of salt forms of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may include, but are not limited to, acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynapthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, pamaote, palmitate, panthothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide, and valerate. Ester derivatives of the described HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor compounds may act as prodrugs which, when absorbed into the bloodstream of a warm-blooded animal, may cleave in such a manner as to release the drug form and permit the drug to afford improved therapeutic efficacy. Similarly, the instant compounds may be useful in combination with agents that are effective in the treatment and prevention of NF-1, restenosis, polycystic kidney disease, infections of hepatitis delta and related viruses and fungal infections. If formulated as a fixed dose, such combination products employ the combinations of this invention within the dosage range described above and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) within its approved dosage range. Combinations of the instant invention may 5 alternatively be used sequentially with known pharmaceutically acceptable agent(s) when a multiple combination formulation is inappropriate.
The compounds of the instant invention are also useful as a component in an assay to rapidly determine the presence and
10 quantity of farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase) in a composition.
Thus the composition to be tested may be divided and the two portions contacted with mixtures which comprise a known substrate of FPTase (for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus) and farnesyl pyrophosphate and, in one of the mixtures, lδ a compound of the instant invention. After the assay mixtures are incubated for an sufficient period of time, well known in the art, to allow the FPTase to farnesylate the substrate, the chemical content of the assay mixtures may be determined by well known immunological, radiochemical or chromatographic techniques. Because
20 the compounds of the instant invention are selective inhibitors of
FPTase, absence or quantitative reduction of the amount of substrate in the assay mixture without the compound of the instant invention relative to the presence of the unchanged substrate in the assay containing the instant compound is indicative of the presence of
2δ FPTase in the composition to be tested.
It would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that such an assay as described above would be useful in identifying tissue samples which contain farnesyl-protein transferase and quantitating the enzyme. Thus, potent inhibitor compounds of the instant
30 invention may be used in an active site titration assay to determine the quantity of enzyme in the sample. A series of samples composed of aliquots of a tissue extract containing an unknown amount of farnesyl- protein transferase, an excess amount of a known substrate of FPTase (for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus) and farnesyl pyrophosphate are incubated for an appropriate period of time in the presence of varying concentrations of a compound of the instant invention. The concentration of a sufficiently potent inhibitor (i.e., one that has a Ki substantially smaller than the concentration of enzyme in the assay vessel) required to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the sample by 50% is approximately equal to half of the concentration of the enzyme in that particular sample.
EXAMPLES
Examples provided are intended to assist in a further understanding of the invention. Particular materials employed, species and conditions are intended to be further illustrative of the invention and not limitative of the reasonable scope thereof.
EXAMPLE 1
(±)18-(3-Chlorophenyl)-16J6a,17,18,19,20-hexahydro-17-oxo-5H- 6,10-metheno-22H-benzo[b]pyrazino[2,l-e]imidazo[4,3-b] [1,6,9] oxadiazacvclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile dihydrochloride
Step A: Preparation of l-triphenylmethyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)- imidazole
To a solution of 4-(hydroxymethyι)imidazole hydrochloride (3δ.0 g, 260 mmol) in 250 mL of dry DMF at room temperature was added triethylamine (90.6 mL, 650 mmol). A white solid precipitated from the solution. Chlorotriphenylmethane (76J g, 273 mmol) in 500 mL of DMF was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours, poured over ice, filtered, and washed with ice water. The resulting product was slurried with cold dioxane, filtered, and dried in vacuo to provide the titled product as a white solid which was sufficiently pure for use in the next step. Step B: Preparation of l-triphenylmethyl-4-(acetoxymethyl)- imidazole
Alcohol from Step A (260 mmol, prepared above) was suspended in δOO mL of pyridine. Acetic anhydride (74 mL, 780 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reaction was stirred for 48 hours during which it became homogeneous. The solution was poured into 2 L of
EtOAc, washed with water (3 x 1 L), 5% aq. HCI soln. (2 x 1 L), sat. aq.
NaHCθ3, and brine, then dried (Na2 θ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude product. The acetate was isolated as a white powder which was sufficiently pure for use in the next reaction.
Step C: Preparation of 4-cyano-3-fluorotoluene
To a degassed solution of 4-bromo-3-fluorotoluene (50.0 g, 264 mmol) in 500 mL of DMF was added Zn(CN)2 (18.6 g, 169 mmol) and Pd(PPh3)4 (6.1 g, 5.3 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 80 °C for 6 hours, then cooled to room temperature. The solution was poured into EtOAc, washed with water, sat. aq. NaHC03, and brine, then dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude product. Purification by silica gel chromatography (0-δ% EtOAc/hexane) provided the titled product.
Step D: Preparation of 4-cvano-3-fluorobenzylbromide
To a solution of the product from Step C (22.2 g, 16δ mmol) in 220 mL of carbontetrachloride was added N-bromosuccinimide (29.2 g, 164 mmol) and benzoylperoxide (1.1 g). The reaction was heated to reflux for 30 minutes, then cooled to room temperature. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to one-third the original volume, poured into EtOAc, washed with water, sat. aq. NaHCθ3, and brine, then dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude product. Analysis by 1H NMR indicated only partial conversion, so the crude material was resubjected to the same reaction conditions for 2.5 hours, using 18 g (102 mmol) of N-bromosuccinimide. After workup, the crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% EtOAc/hexane) to provide the desired product. Step E: Preparation of l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyι)-5-(acetoxymethyl)- imidazole hvdrobromide
A solution of the product from Step B (36.72 g, 96.14 mmol) and the product from Step D (20.67 g, 96.14 mmol) in 250 L of EtOAc was stirred at 60°C for 20 hours, during which a white precipitate formed. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and filtered to provide the solid imidazolium bromide salt. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to a volume of 100 mL, reheated at 60°C for two hours, cooled to room temperature, and filtered again. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to a volume 40 mL, reheated at 60°C for another two hours, cooled to room temperature, and concentrated in vacuo to provide a pale yellow solid. All of the solid material was combined, dissolved in 300 mL of methanol, and warmed to 60°C. After two hours, the solution was reconcentrated in vacuo to provide a white solid which was triturated with hexane to remove soluble materials. Removal of residual solvents in vacuo provided the titled product hydrobromide as a white solid which was used in the next step without further purification.
Step F: Preparation of l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyι)-5-
(hydroxymethyl)imidazole
To a solution of the product from Step E (31.87 g, 89.77 mmol) in 300 mL of 2:1 THF/water at 0°C was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (7.δ3 g, 179 mmol). After two hours, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo to a 100 mL volume, stored at 0°C for 30 minutes, then filtered and washed with 700 L of cold water to provide a brown solid. This material was dried in vacuo next to P205 to provide the titled product as a pale brown powder which was sufficiently pure for use in the next step without further purification.
Step G: Preparation of l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)-5- imidazolecarboxaldehvde
To a solution of the alcohol from Step F (2.31 g, 10.0 mmol) in 20 mL of DMSO at 0°C was added triethylamine (δ.6 mL, 40 mmol), then Sθ3-pyridine complex (3.89 g, 2δ mmol). After 30 minutes, the reaction was poured into EtOAc, washed with water and brine, dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the aldehyde as a pale yellow powder which was sufficiently pure for use in the next step without δ further purification.
Step H: Preparation of N-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylenediamine hydrochloride
To a solution of 3-chloroaniline (30.0 mL, 284 mmol) in δOO
10 mL of dichloromethane at 0°C was added dropwise a solution of 4 N HCI in 1,4-dioxane (80 mL, 320 mmol HCI). The solution was warmed to room temperature, then concentrated to dryness in vacuo to provide a white powder. A mixture of this powder with 2-oxazolidinone (24.6 g, 282 mmol) was heated under nitrogen atmosphere at 160°C for 10 hours, lδ during which the solids melted, and gas evolution was observed. The reaction was allowed to cool, forming the crude diamine hydrochloride salt as a pale brown solid.
Step I: Preparation of N-(ter^butoxycarbonyl)---V'-(3-
20 chlorophenvDethylenediamine
The amine hydrochloride from Step H (ca. 282 mmol, crude material prepared above) was taken up in 600 mL of THF and δOO mL of sat. aq. NaHC03 soln., cooled to 0°C, and di-tert-butylpyrocarbonate (61.6 g, 282 mmol) was added. After 30 h, the reaction was poured into EtOAc, 2δ washed with water and brine, dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the titled carbamate as a brown oil which was used in the next step without further purification.
Step J: Preparation of N-[2-(ter--butoxycarbamoyl)ethyl]-N-(3-
30 chlorophenyl)-2-chloroacetamide
A solution of the product from Step I (77 g, ca. 282 mmol) and triethylamine (67 mL, 480 mmol) in 600 mL of CH2CI2 was cooled to 0°C. Chloroacetyl chloride (2δ.δ mL, 320 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reaction was maintained at 0°C with stirring. After 3 h, another portion of chloroacetyl chloride (3.0 mL) was added dropwise. After 30 min, the reaction was poured into EtOAc (2 L) and washed with water, sat. aq. NH4CI soln, sat. aq. NaHC03 soln., and brine. The solution was dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the δ chloroacetamide as a brown oil which was used in the next step without further purification.
Step K: Preparation of 4-(ter- butoxycarbonyl)-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-2- piperazinone
10 To a solution of the chloroacetamide from Step J (ca. 282 mmol) in 700 mL of dry DMF was added K2CO3 (88 g, 0.64 mol). The solution was heated in an oil bath at 70-7δ°C for 20 hours, cooled to room temperature, and concentrated in vacuo to remove ca. δOO mL of DMF. The remaining material was poured into 33% EtOAc/hexane, washed with lδ water and brine, dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the product as a brown oil. This material was purified by silica gel chromatography (2δ-δ0% EtOAc/hexane) to yield pure product, along with a sample of product (ca. 6δ% pure by HPLC) containing a less polar impurity.
20
Step L: Preparation of 2- 3enzyloxy)benzyl alcohol
To a stirring solution of 2-(benzyloxy)benzaldehyde (lOg, 47 mmol) in lOOmL of Ethanol, NaBH4 was added as a solid in small portions. The reaction temperature was controlled with a room
2δ temperature water bath. After stirring for 30 minutes, the reaction was quenched by slow addition of 3N HCI. This solution was extracted with EtOAc and the organic portion washed with water, Sat. Na2C03 and brine. The solution was dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the benzy alcohol which was used in the next step 30 without further purification.
Step M: Preparation of 2- 3enzyloxy)benzylbromide
A solution of N-Bromosuccinimide (1.84g, 10.36 mmol) in δOmL of CH2C12 was cooled in a wet ice/acetone bath. Dimethyl sulfide (0.91 mL, 12.44 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred for 10 minutes. The product from Step L (1.48g, 6.91 mmol) in 25mL of CH2C12 was added and the reaction was stirred at 0°C for 4.δ hours. The reaction was poured into water/ice and seperated layers. The organic portion was washed with brine , dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the benzyl bromide.
Step N: Preparation of 4-(tert-butylcarbonyl)-3-( 2-(benzyloxy)benzyl)- l-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-piperazinone A solution of the product from Step K in dry THF was cooled to -78 °C. A solution of Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in THF (1M, 3.2 mL, 3.2 mmol) was added slowly and the reaction stirred for 4δ minutes. A solution of the product from Step M (8δ9 mg, 3.2 mmol) in 1 mL of THF was added slowly and the reaction stirred for 2.δ hours. The reaction was quenched at -78 °C by the addition of H20, warmed to room temperature and diluted with EtOAc. The layers were seperated and the organic portion washed with sat. NaHC03 solution and brine, dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide of the alkylated piperazinone.
Step O: Preparation of 3-( 2-(benzyloxy)benzyl)-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-2- piperazinone hydrochloride
Through a solution of the product from Step N (l.Og, 2.0 mmol) in 25 mL of ethyl acetate at 0°C was bubbled anhydrous HCI gas for 5 minutes. After 30 minutes, the solution was concentrated in vacuo to provide the titled salt as a white foam which was used in the next reaction without further purification.
Step P: Preparation of 3-[2-(benzyloxy)benzyl]-l-(3-chlorophenyl)-4- [l-(4-cyano-3-fluorobenzyl)-5-imidazolimidazolylmethyl]-2- piperazinone
To a solution of the amine hydrochloride from Step O (δ81 mg, 1.31 mmol) in 8 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane was added 4A molecular sieves (δOO mg), followed by sodium triacetoxyborohydride (416 mg, 1.96 mmol). The aldehyde from Step G (300 mg, 1.31 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred for 16 hours. The reaction was poured into EtOAc, washed with sat. aq. NaHCθ3 and brine, dried (Na2SO-t), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by silica gel chromatography (0-10% MeOH in EtOAc) provided the titled product.
Step Q: Preparation of l-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-[l-(4-cyano-3- fluorobenzyl)-δ-imidazolimidazolylmethyl]- of 3-[2- (hydroxy)benzyl]-2-piperazinone
To a solution of the benzyl ether from Step P (300 mg, 0.48 mmol) in δ mL of 1:1 MeOH/EtOAc was added trifluoroacetic acid (0J0 mL) and 10% palladium on carbon (lδO mg). The solution was stirred under a balloon atmosphere of hydrogen at room temperature. After 18 hours, the solution was filtered through celite, and the filter pad was rinsed with 1:1 MeOH/EtOAc. Concentrated in vacuo and purified on six lmm preperative TLC plates run in CHCl3:MeOH:NH4OH (90:10:1) to yield 80 mg as a 2:1 mixture of the titled compound along with the des- chloro compound. This mixture was used as is for the next step.
Step R: Preparation of (±)18-(3-c-alorophenyl)-16,16a,17, 18, 19,20- hexahydro-17-oxo-δH-6,10-metheno-22H-benzo- [&]pyrazino[2,l-e]imidazo[4,3-b][l,6,9]oxadiaza- cyclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile dihydrochloride To a solution of the product from Step Q (80 mg, ca. OJδ mmol) in 5 mL of DMSO was added cesium carbonate (106 mg, 0.30 mmol). The reaction was warmed to 50°C under argon for one hour, then heated to 80°C for 1.5 hours, allowed to cool to 50°C and stir for 2 hours more. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature. The solution was poured into EtOAc and washed with water and brine, dried (Na2SO-ι), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting product was purified on four O.δ mm preperative TLC plates run in CHCl3:MeOH:NH4OH (90:10:1) The compound was converted to the HCI salt by dissolving in a minimal amount of CH2CI2 and treating with
- lOδ excess saturated HCl/ether solution, and concentrating in vacuo to provide the titled product.
FAB mass spectrum m/e δlO (M+l).
Analysis calculated for C29H24ClN5O2 - 2.00 HCI ' 0.10 H20:
C, δ9.δ6; H, 4.δ2; N, 11.98; Found: C, δ9.60; H, 4.84; N, 11.71.
EXAMPLE 2
(±)16J6aJ7,18J9,20-Hexahydro-17-oxo-18-phenyl-5H-6J0-metheno- 22H-benzo[b]pyrazino[2J-e]imidazo[4,3- /V]|J,6,91oxadiazacvclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile dihydrochloride
The titled compound was isolated as a product of Step R of example 1 as a white powder.
FAB mass spectrum m/e 476 (M+l).
Analysis calculated for C29H25N5O2* 2.00 HCI * 1.15 H20: C, 65.38; H, 5.3δ; N, 13.15;
Found: C, 6δ.3δ; H, δ.42; N, 12.75.
EXAMPLE 3
In vitro inhibition of ras farnesyl transferase
Transferase Assays. Isoprenyl-protein transferase activity assays are carried out at 30°C unless noted otherwise. A typical reaction contains (in a final volume of δO μL): [3H]farnesyl diphosphate, Ras protein , δO mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 10 μM ZnCl2, 0.1% polyethyleneglycol (PEG) (15,000-20,000 mw) and isoprenyl-protein transferase. The FPTase employed in the assay is prepared by recombinant expression as described in Omer, C.A., Krai, A.M., Diehl, R.E., Prendergast, G.C., Powers, S., Allen, CM., Gibbs, J.B. and Kohl, N.E. (1993) Biochemistry 32:δl67-δl76. After thermally pre-equilibrating the assay mixture in the absence of enzyme, reactions are initiated by the addition of isoprenyl-protein transferase and stopped at timed intervals (typically δ lδ min) by the addition of 1 M HCI in ethanol (1 mL). The quenched reactions are allowed to stand for lδ m (to complete the precipitation process). After adding 2 mL of 100% ethanol, the reactions are vacuum- filtered through Whatman GF/C filters. Filters are washed four times with 2 mL aliquots of 100% ethanol, mixed with scintillation fluid (10 mL) 10 and then counted in a Beckman LS3801 scintillation counter.
For inhibition studies, assays are run as described above, except inhibitors are prepared as concentrated solutions in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide and then diluted 20-fold into the enzyme assay mixture. Substrate concentrations for composition or inhibitor ICδO determinations lδ are as follows: FTase, 6δ0 nM Ras-CVLS (SEQ.ID.NO.: 1), 100 nM farnesyl diphosphate.
The compounds useful in the instant invention described in the above Examples 1-2 were tested for inhibitory activity against human FPTase by the assay described above and were found to have IC50 of < 10
20 μM.
EXAMPLE 4
Modified-ZVi vitro GGTase inhibition assay 2δ The modified geranylgeranyl-protein transferase inhibition assay is carried out at room temperature. A typical reaction contains (in a final volume of δO μL): [3H]geranylgeranyl diphosphate, biotinylated Ras peptide, δO mM HEPES, pH 7.5, a modulating anion (for example 10 mM glycerophosphate or 5mM ATP), 5 mM MgCl2,
30 10 μM ZnCl2, 0.1% PEG (15,000-20,000 mw), 2 mM dithiothreitol, and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I(GGTase). The GGTase- type I enzyme employed in the assay is prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,832, incorporated by reference. The Ras peptide is derived from the K4B-Ras protein and has the following sequence: biotinyl-
35 GKKKKKKSKTKCVIM (single amino acid code) (SEQ. ID.NO.: 2). Reactions are initiated by the addition of GGTase and stopped at timed intervals (typically lδ min) by the addition of 200 μL of a 3 mg/mL suspension of streptavidin SPA beads (Scintillation Proximity Assay beads, Amersham) in 0.2 M sodium phosphate, pH 4, containing δO δ mM EDTA, and 0.5% BSA. The quenched reactions are allowed to stand for 2 hours before analysis on a Packard TopCount scintillation counter.
For inhibition studies, assays are run as described above, except compositions or inhibitors are prepared as concentrated solutions in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide and then diluted 25-fold into the enzyme 0 assay mixture. IC50 values are determined with Ras peptide near KM concentrations. Enzyme and substrate concentrations for inhibitor IC50 determinations are as follows: 75 pM GGTase-I, 1.6 μM Ras peptide, 100 nM geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
5 EXAMPLE 5
Cell-based vitro ras farnesylation assay
The cell line used in this assay is a v-ras line derived from either Ratl or NIH3T3 cells, which expressed viral Ha-ras p21. The 0 assay is performed essentially as described in DeClue, J.E. et al., Cancer Research δl:712-717, (1991). Cells in 10 cm dishes at δ0-7δ% confluency are treated with the test compound or composition (final concentration of solvent, methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide, is 0.1%). After 4 hours at 37°C, the cells are labeled in 3 ml methionine-free DMEM supple-mented with δ 10% regular DMEM, 2% fetal bovine serum and 400 mCi[3 S]methionine (1000 Ci/mmol). After an additional 20 hours, the cells are lysed in 1 ml lysis buffer (1% NP40/20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5/5 mM MgCl2/lmM DTT/10 mg/ml aprotinen/2 mg/ml leupeptin/2 mg/ml antipain/0.5 mM PMSF) and the lysates cleared by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 4δ min. Aliquots 0 of lysates containing equal numbers of acid-precipitable counts are bought to 1 ml with IP buffer (lysis buffer lacking DTT) and immunoprecipitated with the ras-specific monoclonal antibody Y13-269 (Furth, M.E. et al., J. Virol. 43:294-304, (1982)). Following a 2 hour antibody incubation at 4°C, 200 ml of a 25% suspension of protein A-Sepharose coated with rabbit anti rat IgG is added for 4δ min. The immunoprecipitates are washed four times with IP buffer (20 nM HEPES, pH 7.5/1 mM EDTA/1% Triton X- 100.0.5% deoxycholate/0J%/SDS/0J M NaCl) boiled in SDS-PAGE sample buffer and loaded on 13% acrylamide gels. When the dye front reached the bottom, the gel is fixed, soaked in Enlightening, dried and autoradiographed. The intensities of the bands corresponding to farnesylated and nonfarnesylated ras proteins are compared to determine the percent inhibition of farnesyl transfer to protein.
EXAMPLE 6
Cell-basediπ. vitro growth inhibition assay
To determine the biological consequences of FPTase inhibition, the effect of the compounds or compositions of the instant invention on the anchorage-independent growth of Ratl cells transformed with either a v-ras, v-raf, or v-mos oncogene is tested. \Cells transformed by v-Raf and v-Mos maybe included in the analysis to evaluate the specificity of compounds or instant compositions for Ras-induced cell transformation. Rat 1 cells transformed with either v-ras, v-raf, or v-mos are seeded at a density of 1 x 104 cells per plate (3δ mm in diameter) in a 0.3% top agarose layer in medium A (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum) over a bottom agarose layer (0.6%). Both layers contain 0.1% methanol or an appropriate concentration of the compound or instant composition (dissolved in methanol at 1000 times the final concentration used in the assay). The cells are fed twice weekly with 0.5 ml of medium A containing 0.1% methanol or the concentration of the instant compound. Photomicrographs are taken 16 days after the cultures are seeded and comparisons are made.
EXAMPLE 7
Construction of SEAP reporter plasmid pDSElOO The SEAP reporter plasmid, pDSElOO was constructed by ligating a restriction fragment containing the SEAP coding sequence into the plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI. The SEAP gene is derived from the plasmid pSEAP2-Basic (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). The plasmid pCMV- δ RE-AKI was constructed by Deborah Jones (Merck) and contains δ sequential copies of the 'dyad symmetry response element' cloned upstream of a 'CAT-TATA' sequence derived from the cy tome alo virus immediate early promoter. The plasmid also contains a bovine growth hormone poly-A sequence.
10 The plasmid, pDSElOO was constructed as follows. A restriction fragment encoding the SEAP coding sequence was cut out of the plasmid pSEAP2-Basic using the restriction enzymes EcoRl and Hpal. The ends of the linear DNA fragments were filled in with the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA Polymerase I. The 'blunt ended' DNA lδ containing the SEAP gene was isolated by electrophoresing the digest in an agarose gel and cutting out the 1694 base pair fragment. The vector plasmid pCMV- RE-AKI was linearized with the restriction enzyme Bgl-II and the ends filled in with Klenow DNA Polymerase I. The SEAP DNA fragment was blunt end ligated into the pCMV-RE-AKI vector
20 and the ligation products were transformed into DHδ-alpha E. coli cells (Gibco-BRL). Transformants were screened for the proper insert and then mapped for restriction fragment orientation. Properly oriented recombinant constructs were sequenced across the cloning junctions to verify the correct sequence. The resulting plasmid contains the SEAP
2δ coding sequence downstream of the DSE and CAT-TATA promoter elements and upstream of the BGH poly-A sequence.
Alternative Construction of SEAP reporter plasmid. pDSElOl
The SEAP repotrer plasmid, pDSElOl is also constructed by 30 ligating a restriction fragment containing the SEAP coding sequence into the plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI. The SEAP gene is derived from plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP.
The plasmid pDSElOl was constructed as follows: A restriction fragment containing part of the SEAP gene coding sequence was cut out of the plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP using the restriction enzymes Apa I and Kpnl. The ends of the linear DNA fragments were chewed back with the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA Polymerase I. The "blunt ended" DNA containing the truncated SEAP gene was isolated by 5 electrophoresing the digest in an agarose gel and cutting out the 1910 base pair fragment. This 1910 base pair fragment was ligated into the plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI which had been cut with Bgl-II and filled in with E. coli Klenow fragment DNA polymerase. Recombinant plasmids were screened for insert orientation and sequenced through the ligated 0 junctions. The plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI is derived from plasmid pCMVIE- AKI-DHFR (Whang , Y., Silberklang, M., Morgan, A., Munshi, S., Lenny, A.B., Ellis, R.W., and Kieff, E. (1987) J. Virol., 61, 1796-1807) by removing an EcoRI fragment containing the DHFR and Neomycin markers. Five copies of the fos promoter serum response element were inserted as 5 described previously (Jones, R.E., Defeo-Jones, D., McAvoy, E.M., Vuocolo, G.A., Wegrzyn, R.J., Haskell, KM. and Oliff, A. (1991) Oncogene, 6, 745- 751) to create plasmid pCMV-RE-AKI.
The plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP was constructed as follows. The SEAP 0 gene was PCRed, in two segments from a human placenta cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligos.
Sense strand N-terminal SEAP : δ' GAGAGGGAATTCGGGCCCTTCCTGCAT δ GCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGGGC 3' (SEQ.ID.N0..3)
Antisense strand N-terminal SEAP: δ' GAGAGAGCTCGAGGTTAACCCGGGT GCGCGGCGTCGGTGGT 3' (SEQ.ID.NO. :4) 0
Sense strand C-terminal SEAP: δ' GAGAGAGTCTAGAGTTAACCCGTGGTCC CCGCGTTGCTTCCT 3' (SEQ.ID.N0..5) Antisense strand C-terminal SEAP: δ' GAAGAGGAAGCTTGGTACCGCCACTG GGCTGTAGGTGGTGGCT 3' (SEQ.ID.N0..6)
δ The N-terminal oligos (SEQ.ID.NO.: 4 and SEQ.ID.NO.: δ) were used to generate a lδ60 bp N-terminal PCR product that contained EcoRI and Hpal restriction sites at the ends. The Antisense N-terminal oligo (SEQ.ID.NO.: 4) introduces an internal translation STOP codon within the SEAP gene along with the Hpal site. The C-terminal oligos
10 (SEQ.ID.NO.: δ and SEQ.ID.NO.: 6) were used to amplify a 412 bp
C-terminal PCR product containing Hpal and Hindlll restriction sites. The sense strand C-terminal oligo (SEQ.ID.NO.: δ) introduces the internal STOP codon as well as the Hpal site. Next, the N-terminal amplicon was digested with EcoRI and Hpal while the C-terminal lδ amplicon was digested with Hpal and Hindlll. The two fragments comprising each end of the SEAP gene were isolated by electrophoresing the digest in an agarose gel and isolating the lδ60 and 412 base pair fragments. These two fragments were then co-ligated into the vector pGEM7zf(-) (Promega) which had been restriction digested with EcoRI
20 and Hindlll and isolated on an agarose gel. The resulting clone, pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP contains the coding sequence for the SEAP gene from amino acids.
Construction of a constitutively expressing SEAP plasmid pCMV-SEAP 2δ An expression plasmid constitutively expressing the SEAP protein was created by placing the sequence encoding a truncated SEAP gene downstream of the cy tome galo virus (CMV) IE-1 promoter. The expression plasmid also includes the CMV intron A region δ' to the SEAP gene as well as the 3' untranslated region of the bovine growth hormone 30 gene 3' to the SEAP gene.
The plasmid pCMVIE-AKI-DHFR (Whang et al, 1987) containing the CMV immediate early promoter was cut with EcoRI generating two fragments. The vector fragment was isolated by agarose electrophoresis and re ligated. The resulting plasmid is named pCMV- AKI. Next, the cytomegalovirus intron A nucleotide sequence was inserted downstream of the CMV IE1 promter in pCMV-AKI. The intron A sequence was isolated from a genomic clone bank and subcloned into pBR322 to generate plasmid pl6T-286. The intron A sequence was mutated at nucleotide 1856 (nucleotide numbering as in Chapman, B.S., Thayer, R.M., Vincent, K.A. and Haigwood, N.L., Nuc.Acids Res. 19, 3979-3986) to remove a Sad restriction site using site directed mutagenesis. The mutated intron A sequence was PCRed from the plasmid pl6T-287 using the following oligos.
10
Sense strand: 5' GGCAGAGCTCGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAG 3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 7)
Antisense strand: 5' GAGAGATCTCAAGGACGGTGACTGCAG 3' lδ (SEQ.ID.NO.: 8)
These two oligos generate a 991 base pair fragment with a Sad site incorporated by the sense oligo and a Bgl-II fragment incorporated by the antisense oligo. The PCR fragment is trimmed with
20 Sad and Bgl-II and isolated on an agarose gel. The vector pCMV-AKI is cut with Sad and Bgl-II and the larger vector fragment isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The two gel isolated fragments are ligated at their respective Sad and Bgl-II sites to create plasmid pCMV-AKI-InA. The DNA sequence encoding the truncated SEAP gene
2δ is inserted into the pCMV-AKI-InA plasmid at the Bgl-II site of the vector. The SEAP gene is cut out of plasmid pGEM7zf(-)/SEAP (described above) using EcoRI and Hindlll. The fragment is filled in with Klenow DNA polymerase and the 1970 base pair fragment isolated from the vector fragment by agarose gel electrophoresis. The pCMV-AKI-InA vector is
30 prepared by digesting with Bgl-II and filling in the ends with Klenow DNA polymerase. The final construct is generated by blunt end ligating the SEAP fragment into the pCMV-AKI-InA vector. Transformants were screened for the proper insert and then mapped for restriction fragment orientation. Properly oriented recombinant constructs were sequenced across the cloning junctions to verify the correct sequence. The resulting plasmid, named pCMV-SEAP, contains a modified SEAP sequence downstream of the cytomegalovirus immediately early promoter IE-1 and intron A sequence and upstream of the bovine growth hormone poly-A sequence. The plasmid expresses SEAP in a constitutive manner when transfected into mammalian cells.
Cloning of a Myristylated viral-H-rαs expression plasmid A DNA fragment containing viral-H-rαs can be PCRed from plasmid "H-l" (Ellis R. et al. J. Virol. 36, 408, 1980) or "HB-11 (deposited in the ATCC under Budapest Treaty on August 27, 1997, and designated ATCC 209,218) using the following oligos.
Sense strand:
5'TCTCCTCGAGGCCACCATGGGGAGTAGCAAGAGCAAGCCTAAGGAC CCCAGCCAGCGCCGGATGACAGAATACAAGCTTGTGGTGG3'. (SEQ.ID.NO.: 9) Antisense: δ'CACATCTAGATCAGGACAGCACAGACTTGCAGC 3'. (SEQ.ID.NO.: 10)
A sequence encoding the first 15 aminoacids of the v-src gene, containing a myristylation site, is incorporated into the sense strand oligo. The sense strand oligo also optimizes the 'Kozak' translation initiation sequence immediately 5' to the ATG start site. To prevent prenylation at the viral-rαs C-terminus, cysteine 186 would be mutated to a serine by substituting a G residue for a C residue in the C- terminal antisense oligo. The PCR primer oligos introduce an Xhol site at the δ' end and a Xbal site at the 3'end. The Xhol-Xbal fragment can be ligated into the mammalian expression plasmid pCI (Promega) cut with Xhol and Xbal. This results in a plasmid in which the recombinant myr- viral-H-ras gene is constitutively transcribed from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector. Cloning of a viral-H-rαs-CVLL expression plasmid
A viral-H-rαs clone with a C-terminal sequence encoding the amino acids CVLL can be cloned from the plasmid "H-l" (Ellis R. et al. J. Virol. 36, 408, 1980) or "HB-11 (deposited in the ATCC under Budapest Treaty on August 27, 1997, and designated ATCC 209,218) by PCR using the following oligos.
Sense strand: δ'TCTCCTCGAGGCCACCATGACAGAATACAAGCTTGTGGTGG-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 11)
Antisense strand:
5'CACTCTAGACTGGTGTCAGAGCAGCACACACTTGCAGC-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 12)
The sense strand oligo optimizes the 'Kozak' sequence and adds an Xhol site. The antisense strand mutates serine 189 to leucine and adds an Xbal site. The PCR fragment can be trimmed with Xhol and Xbal and ligated into the Xhol -Xbal cut vector pCI (Promega). This results in a plasmid in which the mutated viral-H-rαs-CVLL gene is constitutively transcribed from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector.
Cloning of c-H-rαs-Leu61 expression plasmid
The human c-H-rαs gene can be PCRed from a human cerebral cortex cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligonucleotide primers.
Sense strand:
5'-GAGAGAATTCGCCACCATGACGGAATATAAGCTGGTGG-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 13)
Antisense strand: 5'-GAGAGTCGACGCGTCAGGAGAGCACACACTTGC-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.:
14)
The primers will amplify a c-H-rαs encoding DNA fragment with the primers contributing an optimized 'Kozak' translation start sequence, an EcoRI site at the N-terminus and
- llδ a Sal I stite at the C-terminal end. After trimming the ends of the PCR product with EcoRI and Sal I, the c-H-ras fragment can be ligated ligated into an EcoRI -Sal I cut mutagenesis vector pAlter-1 (Promega). Mutation of glutamine-61 to a leucine can be accomplished δ using the manufacturer's protocols and the following oligonucleotide:
5'-CCGCCGGCCTGGAGGAGTACAG-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 15)
After selection and sequencing for the correct nucleotide 0 substitution, the mutated c-H-rαs-Leu61 can be excised from the pAlter-1 vector, using EcoRI and Sal I, and be directly ligated into the vector pCI
(Promega) which has been digested with EcoRI and Sal I. The new recombinant plasmid will constitutively transcribe c-H-rαs-Leu61 from the
CMV promoter of the pCI vector. 5
Cloning of a c-N-rαs-Val-12 expression plasmid
The human c-N-rαs gene can be PCRed from a human cerebral cortex cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligonucleotide primers. 0
Sense strand:
5'-GAGAGAATTCGCCACCATGACTGAGTACAAACTGGTGG-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 16)
δ Antisense strand: δ'-GAGAGTCGACTTGTTACATCACCACACATGGC-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 17)
The primers will amplify a c-N-rαs encoding DNA fragment with the primers contributing an optimized 'Kozak' translation start 0 sequence, an EcoRI site at the N-terminus and a Sal I stite at the C- terminal end. After trimming the ends of the PCR product with EcoRI and Sal I, the c-N-ras fragment can be ligated into an EcoRI -Sal I cut mutagenesis vector pAlter-1 (Promega). Mutation of glycine-12 to a valine can be accomplished using the manufacturer's protocols and the following δ oligonucleotide:
5'-GTTGGAGCAGTTGGTGTTGGG-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 18) After selection and sequencing for the correct nucleotide substitution, the mutated c-N-rαs- Val- 12 can be excised from the pAlter-1 vector, using EcoRI and Sal I, and be directly ligated into the vector pCI 5 (Promega) which has been digested with EcoRI and Sal I. The new recombinant plasmid will constitutively transcribe c-N-rαs-Val-12 from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector.
Cloning of a c-K-rαs-Val-12 expression plasmid 10 The human c-K-rαs gene can be PCRed from a human cerebral cortex cDNA library (Clontech) using the following oligonucleotide primers.
Sense strand: lδ δ'-GAGAGGTACCGCCACCATGACTGAATATAAACTTGTGG-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 19)
Antisense strand: δ'-CTCTGTCGACGTATTTACATAATTACACACTTTGTC-3' 20 (SEQ.ID.NO.: 20)
The primers will amplify a c-K-rαs encoding DNA fragment with the primers contributing an optimized 'Kozak' translation start sequence, a Kpnl site at the N-terminus and a Sal I site at the C- 2δ terminal end. After trimming the ends of the PCR product with Kpn I and Sal I, the c-K-rαs fragment can be ligated into a Kpnl -Sal I cut mutagenesis vector pAlter-1 (Promega). Mutation of cysteine-12 to a valine can be accomplished using the manufacturer's protocols and the following oligonucleotide:
30 δ'-GTAGTTGGAGCTGTTGGCGTAGGC-3' (SEQ.ID.NO.: 21)
After selection and sequencing for the correct nucleotide substitution, the mutated c-K-rαs- Val- 12 can be excised from the pAlter-1 3δ vector, using Kpnl and Sal I, and be directly ligated into the vector pCI (Promega) which has been digested with Kpnl and Sal I. The new recombinant plasmid will constitutively transcribe c-K-rαs-Val-12 from the CMV promoter of the pCI vector.
SEAP assay δ Human C33A cells (human epitheial carcenoma - ATTC collection) are seeded in 10cm tissue culture plates in DMEM + 10% fetal calf serum + IX Pen/Strep + IX glutamine + IX NEAA. Cells are grown at 37°C in a δ% CO2 atmosphere until they reach δO -80% of confluency. The transient transfection is performed by the CaPθ4
10 method (Sambrook et al., 1989). Thus, expression plasmids for H-rαs, N-rαs, K-rαs, Myr-rαs or H-rαs-CVLL are co-precipitated with the DSE- SEAP reporter construct. For 10cm plates 600μl of CaCl2 -DNA solution is added dropwise while vortexing to 600μl of 2X HBS buffer to give 1.2ml of precipitate solution (see recipes below). This is allowed to sit at room lδ temperature for 20 to 30 minutes. While the precipitate is forming, the media on the C33A cells is replaced with DMEM (minus phenol red; Gibco cat. # 31053-028)+ 0.5% charcoal stripped calf serum + IX (Pen/Strep, Glutamine and nonessential aminoacids). The CaPθ4-DNA precipitate is added dropwise to the cells and the plate rocked gently to distribute. DNA 20 uptake is allowed to proceed for 5-6 hrs at 37°C under a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
Following the DNA incubation period, the cells are washed with PBS and trypsinized with 1ml of 0.0δ% trypsin. The 1 ml of trypsinized cells is diluted into 10ml of phenol red free DMEM + 0.2% 2δ charcoal stripped calf serum + IX (Pen Strep, Glutamine and NEAA ). Transfected cells are plated in a 96 well microtiter plate (lOOμl/well) to which drug, diluted in media, has already been added in a volume of lOOμl. The final volume per well is 200μl with each drug concentration repeated in triplicate over a range of half-log steps. 30 Incubation of cells and test compound or composition is for 36 hrs at 37° under CO2. At the end of the incubation period, cells are examined microscopically for evidence of cell distress. Next, lOOμl of media containing the secreted alkaline phosphatase is removed from each well and transferred to a microtube array for heat treatment at 65°C for 1 hr to inactivate endogenous alkaline phosphatases (but not the heat stable secreted phosphatase).
The heat treated media is assayed for alkaline phosphatase by a luminescence assay using the luminescence reagent CSPD®D (Tropix, Bedford, Mass.). A volume of δO μl media is combined with 200 μl of CSPD cocktail and incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature. Luminesence is monitored using an ML2200 microplate luminometer (Dynatech). Luminescence reflects the level of activation of the fos reporter construct stimulated by the transiently expressed protein.
10
DNA-CaP04 precipitate for 10cm. plate of cells Ras expression plasmid (lμg/μl) lOμl DSE-SEAP Plasmid (lμg/μl) 2μl
Sheared Calf Thymus DNA (lμg/μl) 8μl lδ 2M CaCl2 74μl dH20 δ06μl
2X HBS Buffer
280mM NaCl 20 lOmM KCl
1.5mM Na2HP04 2H20
12mM dextrose
50mM HEPES
Final pH = 7.05 25
Luminesence Buffer (26ml)
Assay Buffer 20ml
Emerald Reagent™ (Tropix) 2.5ml lOOmM homoarginine 2.5ml
30 CSPD Reagent® (Tropix) 1.0ml
Assay Buffer
Add 0.05M Na2C03 to O.OδM NaHC03 to obtain pH 9.5.
Make ImM in MgCl2 EXAMPLE 8
The processing assays employed in this example and in δ Example 9 are modifications of that described by DeClue et al [Cancer Research 51, 712-717, 1991].
K4B-Ras processing inhibition assay
PSN-1 (human pancreatic carcinoma) cells are used for
10 analysis of protein processing. Subconfluent cells in 100 mm dishes are fed with 3.δ ml of media (methionine-free RPMI supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum or cysteine-free/methionine-free DMEM supplemented with 0.03δ ml of 200 mM glutamine (Gibco), 2% fetal bovine serum, respectively) containing the desired concentration of lδ test compound, lovastatin or solvent alone. Cells treated with lovastatin (δ-10 μM), a compound that blocks Ras processing in cells by inhibiting a rate-limiting step in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, serve as a positive control. Test compounds or compositions are prepared as lOOOx concentrated solutions in DMSO to yield a final solvent concentration of
20 0.1%. Following incubation at 37°C for two hours 204 μCi/ml [35S]Pro- Mix (Amersham, cell labeling grade) is added.
After introducing the label amino acid mixture, the cells are incubated at 37°C for an additional period of time (typically 6 to 24 hours). The media is then removed and the cells are washed once with
25 cold PBS. The cells are scraped into 1 ml of cold PBS, collected by centrifugation (10,000 x g for 10 sec at room temperature), and lysed by vortexing in 1 ml of lysis buffer (1% Nonidet P-40, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 160 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM DTT, 10 μg/ml AEBSF, 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 2 μg/ml
30 leupeptin and 2 μg/ml antipain). The lysate is then centrifuged at 15,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C and the supernatant saved.
For immunoprecipitation of Ki4B-Ras, samples of lysate supernatant containing equal amounts of protein are utilized. Protein concentration is determined by the bradford method utilizing bovine
35 serum albumin as a standard. The appropriate volume of lysate is brought to 1 ml with lysis buffer lacking DTT and 8 μg of the pan Ras monoclonal antibody, Y13-259, added. The protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice at 4°C for 24 hours. The immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) coated with rabbit antiserum to rat IgG (Cappel) δ by tumbling at 4°C for 4δ minutes. The pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in 100 μl elution buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1% SDS). The Ras is eluted from the beads by heating at 9δ°C for δ minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation (lδ,000 x g for 30 sec. 0 at room temperature).
The supernatant is added to 1 ml of Dilution Buffer 0.1% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris pH 7.4) with 2 μg Kirsten-ras specific monoclonal antibody, c-K-ras Ab-1 (Calbiochem). The second protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice 5 at 4°C for 1-2 hours. The immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) coated with rabbit antiserum to rat IgG (Cappel) by tumbling at 4°C for 45 minutes. The pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in Laemmli sample buffer. The Ras is eluted from the beads by heating at 0 95°C for 5 minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation. The supernatant is subjected to SDS-PAGE on a 12% acrylamide gel (bis-acrylamide:acrylamide, 1:100), and the Ras visualized by fluorography.
5 hDJ processing inhibition assay
PSN-1 cells are seeded in 24-well assay plates. For each compound to be tested, the cells are treated with a minimum of seven concentrations in half-log steps. The final solvent (DMSO) concentration is 0.1%. A vehicle-only control is included on each 0 assay plate. The cells are treated for 24 hours at 37°C / 5% C02.
The growth media is then aspirated and the samples are washed with PBS. The cells are lysed with SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing 5% 2-mercaptoethanol and heated to 95°C for δ minutes. After cooling on ice for 10 minutes, a mixture of nucleases is added to reduce viscosity of the samples.
The plates are incubated on ice for another 10 minutes. The samples are loaded onto pre-cast 8% acrylamide gels and δ electrophoresed at lδ mA gel for 3-4 hours. The samples are then transferred from the gels to PVDF membranes by Western blotting.
The membranes are blocked for at least 1 hour in buffer containing 2% nonfat dry milk. The membranes are then treated with a monoclonal antibody to HDJ-2 (Neomarkers Cat. # MS-22δ), washed, 10 and treated with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody. The membranes are then treated with a fluorescent detection reagent and scanned on a phosphorimager.
For each sample, the percent of total signal corresponding to the unprenylated species of HDJ (the slower-migrating species) is lδ calculated by densitometry. Dose-response curves and ICδO values are generated using 4-parameter curve fits in SigmaPlot software.
EXAMPLE 9
20 K4B-Ras processing inhibition assay
PSN-1 (human pancreatic carcinoma) cells are used for analysis of protein processing. Subconfluent cells in lδO mm dishes are fed with 20 ml of media (RPMI supplemented with lδ% fetal bovine serum) containing the desired concentration of test composition, prenyl-
2δ protein transferase inhibitor, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor or solvent alone. Cells treated with lovastatin (δ-10 μM), a compound that blocks Ras processing in cells by inhibiting a rate-limiting step in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, serve as a positive control. Test compounds or compositions are prepared as lOOOx concentrated solutions in DMSO to
30 yield a final solvent concentration of 0.1%.
The cells are incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, the media is then removed and the cells are washed twice with cold PBS. The cells are scraped into 2 ml of cold PBS, collected by centrifugation (10,000 x g for 5 min at 4°C) and frozen at -70 °C Cells are lysed by thawing and
35 addition of lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, δO mM NaCl, 1% CHAPS, 0.7 μg/ml aprotinin, 0.7 μg/ml leupeptin 300 μg/ml pefabloc, and 0.3 mM EDTA). The lysate is then centrifuged at 100,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C and the supernatant saved. The supernatant may be subjected to SDS- PAGE, HPLC analysis, and/or chemical cleavage techniques. The lysate is applied to a HiTrap-SP (Pharmacia Biotech) column in buffer A (δO mM HEPES pH 7.2) and resolved by gradient in buffer A plus 1 M NaCl. Peak fractions containing Ki4B-Ras are pooled, diluted with an equal volume of water and immunoprecipitated with the pan Ras monoclonal antibody, Yl3-2δ9 linked to agarose. The protein/antibody mixture is incubated at 4°C for 12 hours. The immune complex is washed 3 times with PBS , followed by 3 times with water. The Ras is eluted from the beads by either high pH conditions (pH>10) or by heating at 95°C for 5 minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation. The supernatant may be subjected to SDS-PAGE, HPLC analysis, and/or chemical cleavage techniques.
EXAMPLE 10
Rapl processing inhibition assay
Protocol A:
Cells are labeled, incubated and lysed as described in Example 9.
For immunoprecipitation of Rapl, samples of lysate supernatant containing equal amounts of protein are utilized. Protein concentration is determined by the bradford method utilizing bovine serum albumin as a standard. The appropriate volume of lysate is brought to 1 ml with lysis buffer lacking DTT and 2 μg of the Rapl antibody, Rapl/Krevl (121) (Santa Cruz Biotech), is added. The protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice at 4°C for 1 hour. The immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) by tumbling at 4°C for 45 minutes. The pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in 100 μl elution buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1% SDS). The Rapl is eluted from the beads by heating at 9δ°C for 5 minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation (lδ,000 x g for 30 sec. at room temperature).
The supernatant is added to 1 ml of Dilution Buffer (0.1% Triton X-100, δ mM EDTA, δO mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris pH 7.4) with 2 μg Rapl antibody, Rapl/Krevl (121) (Santa Cruz Biotech). The second protein/antibody mixture is incubated on ice at 4°C for 1-2 hours. The immune complex is collected on pansorbin (Calbiochem) by tumbling at 4°C for 45 minutes. The pellet is washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer lacking DTT and protease inhibitors and resuspended in Laemmli sample buffer. The Rapl is eluted from the beads by heating at 95°C for δ minutes, after which the beads are pelleted by brief centrifugation. The supernatant is subjected to SDS-PAGE on a 12% acrylamide gel (bis- acrylamide: acrylamide, 1:100), and the Rapl visualized by fluorography.
Protocol B:
PSN-1 cells are passaged every 3-4 days in 10cm plates, splitting near-confluent plates 1:20 and 1:40. The day before the assay is set up, 5x 106 cells are plated on 15cm plates to ensure the same stage of confluency in each assay. The media for these cells is RPM1 1640 (Gibco), with lδ% fetal bovine serum and lx Pen/Strep antibiotic mix.
The day of the assay, cells are collected from the 15cm plates by trypsinization and diluted to 400,000 cells/ml in media. 0.5ml of these diluted cells are added to each well of 24-well plates, for a final cell number of 200,000 per well. The cells are then grown at 37 C overnight. The compounds or compositions to be assayed are diluted in DMSO in 1/2-log dilutions. The range of final concentrations to be assayed is generally 0.1-100μM. Four concentrations per compound is typical. The compounds are diluted so that each concentration is lOOOx of the final concentration (i.e., for a lOμM data point, a lOmM stock of the compound is needed).
2μL of each lOOOx compound stock is diluted into 1ml media to produce a 2X stock of compound. A vehicle control solution (2μL DMSO to 1ml media), is utilized. 0.5 ml of the 2X stocks of compound are added to the cells. After 24 hours, the media is aspirated from the assay plates. Each well is rinsed with 1ml PBS, and the PBS is aspirated. 180μL SDS- PAGE sample buffer (Novex) containing 5% 2-mercaptoethanol is added to each well. The plates are heated to 100°C for δ δ minutes using a heat block containing an adapter for assay plates. The plates are placed on ice. After 10 minutes, 20μL of an RNAse/ DNase mix is added per well. This mix is lmg/ml DNasel (Worthington
Enzymes), 0.2δmg/ml Rnase A (Worthington Enzymes), O.δM Tris-HCl pH8.0 and δOmM MgCh^. The plate is left on ice for 10 minutes. Samples
10 are then either loaded on the gel, or stored at -70°C until use.
Each assay plate (usually 3 compounds, each in 4-point titrations, plus controls) requires one lδ-well 14% Novex gel. 2δμl of each sample is loaded onto the gel. The gel is run at 15mA for about 3.5 hours. It is important to run the gel far enough so that there will lδ be adequate separation between 21kd (Rapl) and 29kd (Rab6).
The gels are then transferred to Novex pre-cut PVDF membranes for 1.5 hours at 30V (constant voltage). Immediately after transferring, the membranes are blocked overnight in 20ml Western blocking buffer (2% nonfat dry milk in Western wash buffer (PBS + 0.1%
20 Tween-20). If blocked over the weekend, 0.02% sodium azide is added. The membranes are blocked at 4°C with slow rocking.
The blocking solution is discarded and 20ml fresh blocking solution containing the anti Rap la antibody (Santa Cruz Biochemical SC1482) at 1:1000 (diluted in Western blocking buffer) and the anti
25 Rab6 antibody (Santa Cruz Biochemical SC310) at 1:5000 (diluted in Western blocking buffer) are added. The membranes are incubated at room temperature for 1 hour with mild rocking. The blocking solution is then discarded and the membrane is washed 3 times with Western wash buffer for 15 minutes per wash. 20ml blocking solution containing 1:1000
30 (diluted in Western blocking buffer) each of two alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibodies (Alkaline phosphatase conjugated Anti-goat IgG and Alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-rabbit IgG [Santa Cruz Biochemical]) is then added. The membrane is incubated for one hour and washed 3x as above. About 2ml per gel of the Amersham ECF detection reagent is placed on an overhead transparency (ECF) and the PVDF membranes are placed face-down onto the detection reagent. This is incubated for one minute, then the membrane is placed onto a fresh transparency sheet, The developed transparency sheet is scanned on a phosphorimager and the Rapla Minimum Inhibitory Concentration is determined from the lowest concentration of compound or composition that produces a detectable Rapla Western signal. The Rapla antibody used recognizes only unprenylated/unprocessed Rapla, so that the precence of a detectable Rapla Western signal is indicative of inhibition of Rapla prenylation.
EXAMPLE 11
In vivo tumor growth inhibition assay (nude mouse)
In vivo efficacy as an inhibitor of the growth of cancer cells δ may be confirmed by several protocols well known in the art. Examples of such in vivo efficacy studies are described by N. E. Kohl et al. (Nature Medicine, 1:792-797 (1995)) and N. E. Kohl et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91:9141-9146 (1994)).
Rodent fibroblasts transformed with oncogenically mutated
10 human Ha-rαs or Ki-rαs (10 cells/animal in 1 ml of DMEM salts) are injected subcutaneously into the left flank of 8-12 week old female nude mice (Harlan) on day 0. The mice in each oncogene group are randomly assigned to a vehicle, compound or combination treatment group. Animals are dosed subcutaneously starting on day 1 and daily for lδ the duration of the experiment. Alternatively, the test combination composition or prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor may be administered by a continuous infusion pump. Compound, compound combination or vehicle is delivered in a total volume of 0.1 ml. Tumors are excised and weighed when all of the vehicle-treated animals exhibited lesions of
20 0.5 - 1.0 cm in diameter, typically 11-15 days after the cells were injected. The average weight of the tumors in each treatment group for each cell line is calculated.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A compound of the formula A:
Figure imgf000130_0001
A
wherein:
Rla, Rib RIC an(j Rid are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, perfluoro Cχ-C6 alkyl, R10O-,
RnS(0)m-, Rl0C(O)NR10-, (RlO)2N-C(0)-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, RlOOC(O)-, N3, -N(RlO)2, or
RϋOC^NRiO-, c) unsubstituted or substituted Cχ-C6 alkyl wherein the substitutent on the substituted Ci-Cρ alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocyclic, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, perfluoro Ci-Cβ alkyl, Rl°0-, R S(0)m-, Rl0c(O)NR10-, (R!0)2N-C(O)-, CN, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, R10C(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, N3, -N(R10)2, and RHOC(O)-NRl0-;
R^a, R2b an(j R3a are independently selected from: H; unsubstituted or substituted Cχ.8 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C2-8 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C2-8 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle,
Figure imgf000131_0001
wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl or heterocycle, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) C1-4 alkyl,
Figure imgf000131_0002
c) (CH2)PNR6R7 d) halogen, e) CN,
2) C3-6 cycloalkyl,
3) OR6, 4) SR4, S(0)R4 SO2R4,
5) — NR6R7
Figure imgf000131_0003
8) -°γNR6R7
O
Figure imgf000132_0001
11 ) — S02-NRbR
Figure imgf000132_0002
14)
^τ 0 0Rβ
15) N3, or
16) F; or
R^a and R^a are attached to the same C atom and are combined to form - (CH2)u - wherein one of the carbon atoms is optionally replaced by a moiety selected from: 0, S(0)m, -NC(O)-, and -N CORiO)- ;
and R^a and R3a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R4 is selected from: Cl-4 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl. heterocycle, aryl. unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) HO.
R1 1 o
f) — S02R11 , or
g) N(RlO)2;
R5, R and R'7 are independently selected from: H; Cl-4 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) aryl or heterocycle c) halogen, d) HO,
Figure imgf000133_0001
) — S02R11 or
g) N(R10)2; or
R" and R ' may be joined in a ring; and independently, R5 and R^ may be joined in a ring;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-Cβ alkenyl,
C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br, RlOO-, R S(0)m- R10C(O)NR10-, (RlO)2NC(0)-, R102N-C(NR10)-, CN, NO2, R10C(O)-, Rl°OC(0)-, N3, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR 0-, and c) Ci-Cg alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br, RlOO-, RllS(0)m-, R10C(O)NH-,
(R10)2NC(O)-, Rl02N-C(NRlO)-, CN, RlOC(O)-, RlOOC(O)-,
N3, -N(RlO)2, or Rl0θC(O)NH-;
R9 is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F,
CI, Br, RlOO-, RnS(0)m-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, (R10)2NC(O)-, R102N-C(NR10)-, CN, NO2, R10C(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, N3, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Br, RlOO-, R S(0)m-, R10C(O)NR10-, (RlO)2NC(0)-, R102N-C(NR10)-, CN, R10C(O)-, Rl0θC(O)-, N3, -N(RlO) , or RHθC(0)NR10-;
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, Cl-Cρ alkyl, benzyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
RU is independently selected from Cl-Cβ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRIOC(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(0)2N(RlO)-, -N(RlO)S(0)2-, and S(0)m;
A2 is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRIOC(O)-, O, -N(Rl0)-, -S(0)2N(RlO)-, -N(RlO)S(0)2-, S(0)m and -C(Rld)2-; Gl> G^ and G^ are independently selected from: H2 and 0;
W is heterocycle;
V is selected from: a) heterocycle, and b) aryl;
X and Y are independently selected from: a bond, -C(=0)- or -S(=0)m-;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or more of:
I) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4 or g) -C(0)NR6R7, 2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6,
5) NR6R7,
6) CN, 7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4,
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
II) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; Z^ is selected frorr L: a bond, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or more of:
1) Cl-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6'
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) NO2,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4,
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from: 1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: Ci-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6- e) NR6R7, f) CN, g) N02, 5 h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4 j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; or 2) unsubstituted Ci-Cρ alkyl, substituted CI-CQ alkyl, 0 unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the substituted C1-C6 alkyl and substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl is substituted with one or two of the following: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, 6 c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) -NR6C(0)R7, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, g) halogen, or 0 h) perfluoroalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; δ q is l or 2; r is O to δ; s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; and u is 4 or 5;
0 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
2. The compound according to Claim 1 of the formula A:
Figure imgf000138_0001
A
wherein:
Rla and Rid are independently selected from: hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;
Rl° and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-Cβ alkenyl, and c) unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cβ alkyl wherein the substitutent on the substituted C1-C6 alkyl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, Rl°0- and -N(RlO)2;
R2b and R^a are independently selected from: H and CH3; R^a is independently selected from H;
Figure imgf000138_0002
or Ci-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl,
2) heterocycle, 3) OR6,
4) SR4, S0 R4, or
Figure imgf000139_0001
and R^a and R^a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R is selected from:
Ci-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R6 and R7 are independently selected from:
H; Ci-4 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocycle, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C2-Cβ alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, R10C(0)NR10-,
CN, N02, (RlO) N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl substituted by: unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R 0C(0)NR10-, (R10)2N-C(NR10)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
R9 is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C2-Cβ alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, CI-CQ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, RHS(0)m-, R10C(O)NRl0., CN> Nθ2, (RlO)2N-C(NRl )-, RlOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-, and c) Ci-Cρ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, RHS(0)m-, R10C(0)NR10-, CN,
(RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-;
RIO is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
RU is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRIOC(O)-, O, -N(RlO)-, -S(0)2N(RlO)-, -N(RlO)S(0)2-, and S(0)m;
A2 is selected from: a bond, -C(O)-, -C(O)NRl0-, -NRl°C(0)-, 0, -N(RlO)-, -S(0)2N(RlO)-, -N(RlO)S(0)2-, S(0)m and
-C(Rld)2-;
Gl» G^ and G^ are independently selected from: H2 and 0;
V is selected from: a) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, and b) aryl;
W is a heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, or 5 isoquinolinyl;
X is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Y is a bond or -C(=0)-; 10
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is independently substituted with lδ one or two of:
1) Cl-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cl-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl,
20 d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle, 26 3) halogen,
4) OR6> δ) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02, 30 8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; Z2 is selected from L: a bond, unsubstituted or substituted aryl and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted independently with one or two of:
1) Cl-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4 or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6-
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N0 ,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4,
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 . Z is selected fron. L:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Cl-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
Ci-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR6a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6. e) NR6R '> ) CN, g) N02, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4 j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; or
2) unsubstituted Ci-Cβ alkyl, substituted CI-CQ alkyl, unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the substituted C1-C6 alkyl and substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl is substituted with one or two of the following: a) Cl-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) -NR C(0)R7, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, g) halogen, or h) perfluoroalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is l or 2; r is 0 to 5; s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; and u is 4 or 5;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
3. The compound according to Claim 1 of the formula B:
Figure imgf000144_0001
B
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen or Ci-Cβ alkyl;
R ° and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) Cl-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(Rl°)2;
R^a is selected from H and CH3; R^a is selected from H; .NR6R7
O and Ci-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl,
2) heterocycle, 3) OR6,
4) SR6a, SO2R4, or
Figure imgf000145_0001
and any two of R^a and R^a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R is selected from:
Ci-4 alkyl and C3-G cycloalkyl. unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy. b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R6 and R are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C-6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, R10C(0)NR10-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, Rl θC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl substituted by Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-,
Rl0C(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2N-C(NRl )-, RlOc(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, RlOC(0)NRlO-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RH0C(0)NR1°-, and c) Ci-Cρ alkyl substituted by: unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, Rl O-, R1 C(O)NR1°-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(O)NR10-; R9 is hydrogen or methyl;
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
RU is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and 0;
Gl> G2 and G^ are independently selected from: H2 and O;
V is selected from: a) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, and b) aryl;
X is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Y is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is independently substituted with one or two of:
1) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle
3) halogen,
4) OR6.
5) NR R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4,
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
Ci-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6- e) NR6R7, f) CN, g) N02, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4, j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl; or
2) unsubstituted Ci-Cβ alkyl, substituted C1-C6 alkyl, unsubstituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein the substituted C1-C6 alkyl and substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl is substituted with one or two of the following: a) Cl-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) -NR6C(0)R7, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, g) halogen, or h) perfluoroalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to δ; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
4. The compound according to Claim 1 of the formula C:
Figure imgf000149_0001
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen and Ci-Cβ alkyl;
Rl° and Rlc are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl )2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(Rl )2;
R^a is selected from H and CH3; R a is selected from H;
Figure imgf000149_0002
and Ci-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl,
2) heterocycle, 3) OR6,
4) SR a, S02R4, or
5) \ .NR6R7
Y O ;
and any two of R a and R^a are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R is selected from:
Cl-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy. b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) Cι-C-6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl0c(O)NR10-, CN, N02, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, RIOOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl substituted by Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-, RlOC(0)NRlO-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C -Cβ alkenyl, C -Cβ alkynyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl°C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (Rl )2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R10C(0)NR1°-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or R11OC(O)NR10-;
R9 is hydrogen or methyl;
δ RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, CI-CQ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
RU is independently selected from Ci-Cβ alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl; 0
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and O;
Gl and G^ are independently selected from: H2 and O, provided that at least one and only one of Gl and G^ are O; 6
X is a bond or -C(=0)-;
Y is a bond or -C(=0)-;
0 Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of: 5 1) Cl-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, 0 e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen, 4) OR6-
5) NR R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
ID C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3
Z is selected from: 1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: Ci-4 alkoxy, NR R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6- e) NR6R7, f) CN, g) NO2, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4, j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
- 160 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
δ. The compound according to Claim 4 of the formula D:
Figure imgf000153_0001
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;
Rl° and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(RlO)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, and c) C\-CQ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, RlOO-, or -N(Rl°)2;
R^a is selected from H and CH3; R a is selected from H;
Figure imgf000153_0002
lδl - and Ci-5 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of:
1) aryl,
2) heterocycle,
3) OR6,
4) SR6a, S02R , or
5) \^NR6R7
Y O ; and any two of R2 and R3 are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
10
R is selected from:
Cχ-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl. unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, lδ b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
R6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, 20 b) C1-C6 alkyl, C2-Cβ alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, CN, N02, (RlO)2N-C(NRl )-, RlOC(O)-, Rl°OC(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl substituted by Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-, 26 Rl0C(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, Rl°OC(0)-,
-N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, 30 b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, RlOO-, Rl°C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (Rl°)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOc(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, RlOO-, R10C(0)NR10-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or RHOC(0)NR10-;
5
R is hydrogen or methyl;
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C\-CQ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl; 0
RU is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and O; 6
X is a bond;
Y is a bond;
0 Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of: δ 1) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Cl-4 alkoxy, b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, 0 e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
- 163 4) OR6.
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02,
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
11) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected fron 1:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
Ci-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0) R a, or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6- e) NR R7, f) CN, g) N02, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4, j) -C(0)NR6R7, or k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
- 164 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
6. The compound according to Claim δ of the formula E:
Figure imgf000157_0001
wherein:
Rla is selected from: hydrogen and Ci-Cβ alkyl;
Rl° and Rl° are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, Rl°0-, -N(Rl°)2 or C2-Cβ alkenyl, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, Rl O-, or -N(RlO)2;
R^ is selected from H and CH3; R2a is selected from H;
156 - \ .NR6R7
Y o ; and Cl-6 alkyl, unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of: 1) aryl, 5 2) heterocycle,
3) OR6,
4) SR6a, S0 R4, or
5) \ NR6R7
Y O ;
10 and any two of R and R^ are optionally attached to the same carbon atom;
R is selected from:
Ci-4 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted lδ with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, b) halogen, or c) aryl or heterocycle;
20 R6 and R7 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, R10C(0)NR10-, CN, N02, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, RlOC(O)-, RlOθC(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or
26 RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl substituted by C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-, Rl0C(O)NRl0-, (RlO)2N-C(NRl )-, RlOc(O)-, Rl°OC(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-;
30 R8 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C\-CQ alkyl, C2-Cρ alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-Cβ perfluoroalkyl, F, CI, Rl°0-, Rl°C(O)NRl0-, CN, NO2, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, Rl°C(0)-, -N(RlO)2, or RllOC(O)NRl0-, and c) Ci-Cβ alkyl substituted by unsubstituted or substituted aryl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, Rl°0-, R10C(O)NR10-, (RlO)2N-C(NRlO)-, Rl0c(O)-, -N(RlO)2, or R11OC(O)NR10-;
R9 is hydrogen or methyl; 0
RlO is independently selected from hydrogen, C -CQ alkyl, benzyl and unsubstituted or substituted aryl;
RU is independently selected from Ci-Cβ alkyl and unsubstituted or 5 substituted aryl;
Al is selected from: a bond, -C(O)- and 0;
X is a bond; 0
Y is a bond;
Zl is selected from: unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or δ substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of:
1) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with: a) Ci-4 alkoxy, 0 b) NR6R7, c) C3-6 cycloalkyl, d) aryl or heterocycle, e) HO, f) -S(0)mR4, or
- 167 g) -C(0)NR6R7,
2) aryl or heterocycle,
3) halogen,
4) OR6.
5) NR6R7,
6) CN,
7) N02)
8) CF3;
9) -S(0)mR4
10 10) -C(0)NR6R7, or
ID C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
3 Z is selected from:
1) a unsubstituted or substituted group selected from aryl, heteroaryl, arylmethyl, heteroarylmethyl, arylsulfonyl, lδ heteroarylsulfonyl, wherein the substituted group is substituted with one or more of the following: a) Ci-4 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with:
Ci-4 alkoxy, NR6R7, C3-6 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heterocycle, HO, -S(0)mR6a, 20 or -C(0)NR6R7, b) aryl or heterocycle, c) halogen, d) OR6. e) NR6R7, 2δ f) CN, g) N02, h) CF3; i) -S(0)mR4 j) -C(0)NR6R7, or
30 k) C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
- 168 - r is 0 to δ; and s is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
7. A compound selected from:
(±)18-(3-Chlorophenyl)-16,16aJ7,18J9,20-hexahydro-17-oxo-δH-6J0- metheno-22H-benzo[b]pyrazino[2,l-e]imidazo[4,3- b][l,6,9]oxadiazacyclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile
Figure imgf000161_0001
(±)16,16a,17,18,19,20-Hexahydro-17-oxo-18-phenyl-5H-6,10-metheno- 22H-benzo [b]pyrazino [2J-e]imidazo [4,3- h] [l,6,9]oxadiazacyclopentadecine-9-carbonitrile
Figure imgf000161_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.
8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, and dispersed therein, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 1.
9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, and dispersed therein, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 3.
10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, and dispersed therein, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 4.
11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, and dispersed therein, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 7.
12. A method for inhibiting farnesyl-protein transferase which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 8.
13. A method for inhibiting farnesyl-protein transferase which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 9.
14. A method for inhibiting farnesyl-protein transferase which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 10.
16. A method for inhibiting farnesyl-protein transferase which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 11.
16. A method for treating cancer which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 8.
5 17. A method for treating cancer which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 9.
18. A method for treating cancer which comprises
10 administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 10.
19. A method for treating cancer which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective lδ amount of a composition of Claim 11.
20. A method for treating neurofibromin benign proliferative disorder which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim
20 8.
21. A method for treating blindness related to retinal vascularization which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 8.
26
22. A method for treating infections from hepatitis delta and related viruses which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 8.
30 23. A method for preventing restenosis which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 8.
24. A method for treating polycystic kidney disease which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of Claim 8.
25. A pharmaceutical composition made by combining the compound of Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
26. A process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a compound of Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
PCT/US1999/024948 1998-10-29 1999-10-26 Inhibitors of prenyl-protein transferase WO2000025788A1 (en)

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US8580257B2 (en) 2008-11-03 2013-11-12 Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. Antibodies that specifically block the biological activity of kidney associated antigen 1 (KAAG1)
US8937163B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2015-01-20 Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof
US11084872B2 (en) 2012-01-09 2021-08-10 Adc Therapeutics Sa Method for treating breast cancer

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JP2002519427A (en) * 1998-07-02 2002-07-02 メルク エンド カムパニー インコーポレーテッド Prenyl protein transferase inhibitors

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US8580257B2 (en) 2008-11-03 2013-11-12 Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. Antibodies that specifically block the biological activity of kidney associated antigen 1 (KAAG1)
US9855291B2 (en) 2008-11-03 2018-01-02 Adc Therapeutics Sa Anti-kidney associated antigen 1 (KAAG1) antibodies
US8937163B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2015-01-20 Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof
US9393302B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2016-07-19 Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof
US9828426B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2017-11-28 Adc Therapeutics Sa Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof
US10597450B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2020-03-24 Adc Therapeutics Sa Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof
US11084872B2 (en) 2012-01-09 2021-08-10 Adc Therapeutics Sa Method for treating breast cancer

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