Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
  • F17C3/005—Underground or underwater containers or vessels
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
  • F17C3/02—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation
  • F17C3/022—Land-based bulk storage containers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
  • F17C3/02—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation
  • F17C3/04—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation by insulating layers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/01—Shape
  • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
  • F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/01—Shape
  • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
  • F17C2201/0119—Shape cylindrical with flat end-piece
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/05—Size
  • F17C2201/052—Size large (>1000 m3)
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/03—Thermal insulations
  • F17C2203/0304—Thermal insulations by solid means
  • F17C2203/0337—Granular
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0636—Metals
  • F17C2203/0639—Steels
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0678—Concrete
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
  • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
  • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
  • F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
  • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
  • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
  • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
  • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
  • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
  • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
  • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
  • F17C2227/0302—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating
  • F17C2227/0304—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating using an electric heater
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
  • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
  • F17C2227/0367—Localisation of heat exchange
  • F17C2227/0388—Localisation of heat exchange separate
  • F17C2227/039—Localisation of heat exchange separate on the pipes
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
  • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
  • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
  • F17C2250/0439—Temperature
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
  • F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
  • F17C2260/011—Improving strength
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0134—Applications for fluid transport or storage placed above the ground
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0142—Applications for fluid transport or storage placed underground
  • F17C2270/0144—Type of cavity
  • F17C2270/0147—Type of cavity by burying vessels

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a storage installation for liquified gases, such as LNG, i.e. gases which at temperatures below 0°C boil at atmospheric pressure and which can be liquified by further cooling.
• liquified gases such as LNG, i.e. gases which at temperatures below 0°C boil at atmospheric pressure and which can be liquified by further cooling.
• Such gases may be stored in excavated rock cavities and which constitute a so-called ground depot.
• the alternative to such ground depots is tanks laid into the ground, entirely above the ground level, or tanks partly above and partly below the ground level. If the facility is positioned entirely or partly below ground level, the storage may be above, at or below the ground- water level.
• the pressure above the liquified gas may be about 1 bar abs., normally slightly higher, such as 1 ,1 bar abs.. In the liquified gas the pressure, of course, increases downwards from the surface of the liquid but the pressure would be lower than in the possibly surrounding ground-water.
• the low temperature of the gas can be maintained by feeding the gas (gaseous phase) above the surface of the liquid to a refrigerator to be recondenced to a liquid which is fed back into the tanks, according to conventional techniques.
• Tanks of steel or tanks of concrete lined with steel have been employed as tanks on or below the ground. Due to the lower temperature level highly costly special steel must be used, as steel of a more normal type becomes brittle at low temperatures. The cost for producing such installations is a serious disadvantage. Through the present invention an installation has been arrived at which solves the above problems and which also is considerably cheaper than prior art facilities for storing liquified gases at temperatures below about -45°C (in tanks of steel).
• the installation according to the present invention for storing gases in a cavity defined by rock or an outer concrete shell comprises a tank for the gas, the tank being made of concrete and possibly thermally insulated, the installation being characterized in that the tank is entirely or partly surrounded by a mass filling a space between the tank and the rock or the concrete shell, the mass itself being thermally insulating and capable of causing sealing.
• the sealing is performed by the mass filling the space or void, either by means of the mass as such or by means of one or more membranes which may be placed within the mass, or on the outer or inner face thereof.
• the invention makes it possible to make such an installation either in an excavated rock cavity , or in loose sou, partly within the loose soil and partly above ground level, or entirely above ground level.
• loose soil refers to any substance that is not a solid matter, such as earth, sand, shingle, gravel, or a mixture thereof.
• the loose soil may be arranged around the installation, or a depression may be formed in the loose soil in which the installation is placed.
• an outer shell encapsules the tank, the shell absorbs the pressure from within the mass filling the space such that the installation is independent from the surrounding medium which, as indicated, may be loose soil, partly loose soil and partly atmospheric air, or atmospheric air exclusively.
• the mass filling the space may be clay, for example, possibly added a thermally insulating material.
• An exemplary additive is loose Leca. The addition of such a material may eventually lead to the avoidance of arranging separate thermal insulation on and/or in the tank, or that such insulation may be substantially reduced.
• clay When being cooled from 0°C to a certain temperature, clay has the capability of expanding, and hence it will maintain a tight engagement with the rock or the shell, and with the concrete tank.
• a "crushable material” may be arranged as a shim between the clay and the tank, or between the clay and the shell, such that this "crushable material” crumbles at a certain pressure and prevents the transfer of a to high pressure onto the tank and/or shell. If insulation is placed between the mass and concrete this insulation may act as "crushable material”.
• the mass filling the space may be a natural or a factory-made product.
• An exemplary natural product is clay with a large contents of fine particles.
• Exemplary factory-made products are clay in the form of powder or pellets (bentonite) to which water, finely grounded limestone, slag from industrial processes, flight ashes (e.g. vulcanic), silica dust, etc., may be added.
• it is not mandatory it is an advantage for the mass to be thermally insulating. Insulation may be arranged in layers inside or outside the tank.
• heat may be supplied to the mass.
• the mass is clay or a similar material which becomes brittle and tends to break up at lower temperatures, heat may be supplied such that the mass or portions thereof be kept at a temperature across the entire or portions of the thickness being higher than the temperature at which the mass transforms from being plastic to being brittle.
• the mass contains one or more membranes, heat may be supplied to avoid cooling down of the membrane or membranes to a temperature where it/they becomes/become brittle or is/are likely to break.
• the supply of heat makes the choice of material for the membrane or membranes less critical. For example, steel of a normal grade, i.e. not an expensive special steel, may be used.
• the insulation material also provides the effect that the mass and rock or shell are not subjected to such a low temperature as when insulation is not used. Thus, problems regarding sealing of the storage can be avoided.
• the mass between the tank and rock or shell may be of such a kind that it does not contract nor break up at the temperatures occuring in this region.
• heating means such as tubes, hoses, heating elements, combined with temperature sensors, may be mounted, such that heating can be effected to prevent the temperature from being so low that cracking of the mass occurs, or the membrane or membranes becomes/become brittle.
• Such heating means are first put in service when the installation is approaching its approximate stable operation state, as heating during the starting- up would prolong the time for starting-up.
• the thermal insulation of the concrete tank may be external and/or internal. In any case, an insulation material must be used which the product does not penetrate into and which does not react with the product, since cracks in the concrete tank will occur.
• FIG. 1 to 5 show an installation having a tank located in a cavity excavated in rock
• Figs. 6 to 9 show an outer shell around a tank.
• Fig. 1 shows a horizontal section through an embodiment of an installation according to the invention.
• Fig. 2 shows a vertical section through an installation according to the invention.
• Fig. 3 shows a vertical section through a somewhat different embodiment of an installation according to the invention.
• Fig. 4 shows a horizontal section through an installation according to the invention, with one membrane located in the mass surrounding the concrete tank.
• Fig. 5 shows a vertical section through the installation of Fig. 4.
• FIG. 6 shows a horizontal section through another embodiment of an installation according to the invention.
• Fig. 7 shows a vertical section through the installation of Fig. 6.
• Fig. 8 shows a horizontal section through an installation according to the invention, with a membrane located in the mass surrounding the concrete tank.
• Fig. 9 shows a vertical section through the installation of Fig. 8.
• Figure 1 may be regarded as a section through each of the insulated tanks shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
• Fig. 1 shows a concrete tank 2 having a circular cross-section.
• a layer of thermal insulation 3 is arranged outside the tank 2, and the unit comprising a tank 2 and the insulation is surrounded by a mass 5 which also bears against the surrounding rock 6.
• the tank 2 contains liquified gas.
• "crushable material" 4 is inserted, this material being intended to crack if the outer pressure against the tank 2 exceeds a certain value, thus preventing the tank 2 to be overloaded because of swelling of the mass 5 when cooled.
• the rock wall generally will not be of a regular shape, such as that shown, but rather be irregular.
• Figs. 2 and 3 show vertical cross-sections through two alternative embodiments which have in common that the cylindrical portion of the tank 2, the insulation 3, the "crushable material” 4 and the mass 5 may be disposed as shown in figure 1. Also, the roof 7 is similarly constructed as the cylindrical portion, except that the roof 7 is shown as being dome-shaped. "Crushable elements" 4 are inserted in the roof 7, too. Contrary to the embodiment of Fig. 2, the embodiment of Fig. 3 comprises crushable material underneath the concrete tank.
• Fig. 2 comprises a concrete sole 8 having branches 9 (ribs, posts) down to the rock, and in between these branches there are voids containing insulation and mass, correspondingly as the wall and roof of the tank.
• the sole 8 and branches 9 support the rest of the tank 2.
• the embodiment of Fig. 3 comprises, on the other hand, a bottom 10 constructed with insulation as the rest of the tank, while a mass 5 corresponding to that surrounding the tank and covering the roof 7 forms the foundation for the tank.
• the tank 2 and the insulation 3 are completely surrounded by the mass 5 which also supports the tank.
• the bottom of the tank 2 and the insulation 3 beneath the bottom are dome-shaped, correspondingly as the roof 7. It is well known that dome-shaped end portions are far more capable of withstanding loading from outside than planar end portions, for example.
• the embodiment of Figs. 4 and 5 is similar to the embodiment of Figs. 1 and 3 by comprising the same elements but differ therefrom by the fact that the mass 5 contains a sealing membrane 11. It should be understood that the membrane may be located inside or outside the mass and that one or more membranes 11 may be employed. In this case, the mass 5 may be a liquid permeable material, such as sand.
• Fig. 6 illustrates a concrete tank 2 having a circular cross-section.
• a layer of thermal insulation 3 is arranged outside the tank 2, and the unit comprising the tank 2 and the insulation is surrounded by a mass 5 which also bears against a surrounding shell 10 made of concrete.
• the tank 2 contains liquified gas.
• a "crushable material" 4 is inserted between the insulation 3 and mass 5, being intended to crack if the outer pressure against the tank 2 exceeds a certain value, thus preventing overloading of the tank 2 and/or shell 10 due to the swelling of the mass 5 when cooled.
• the Fig. illustrates an installation surrounded by loose soil 8.
• the loose soil may be arranged around the installation, or a depression may be excavated in loose soil in which the installation is entirely or partly disposed.
• Fig. 7 is a vertical cross-sectional view through the installation shown in Fig. 6. Besides the elements that appear from Fig. 6, Fig. 7 shows a dome-shaped bottom 6 and a dome-shaped top 7 of the tank 2, a roof covering 12 made of metal or some other weather proof material, a shell bottom 9 and an upper shell collar 11. It is well known that dome-shaped end portions are far more capable of withstanding loading from outside than planar end portions, for example.
• the installation is located in a depression in the loose soil 8, or the loose soil 8 is arranged around the installation, such that only the top 7 and the roof covering 12 extend above the loose soil 8.
• Figs. 8 and 9 is similar to the embodiment of Figs. 6 and 7 by comprising the same elements, but differ therefrom by the fact that the mass 5 contains a sealing membrane 13. It should be understood that the membrane may be located outside or inside the mass 5 and that one or more membranes 13 may be employed. In this case, the mass 5 may be a liquid permeable material, such as sand.
• insulation may also be mounted internally in the tank 2. It is also envisaged to add to the mass 5 sufficient insulating material, such as Leca, such that the insulation on or in the tank 2 can be omitted, except that the top 7 should be insulated if it is not covered by the mass 5.
• insulating material such as Leca

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Priority Applications (6)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=26648903

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (11)

Families Citing this family (8)

Citations (7)

• 1998
  • 1998-11-25 NO NO19985502A patent/NO310319B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1999
  • 1999-10-08 RU RU2001112779/06A patent/RU2244204C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-10-08 ID IDW00200100948A patent/ID29941A/id unknown
  • 1999-10-08 KR KR1020017004625A patent/KR20010090789A/ko active IP Right Grant
  • 1999-10-08 WO PCT/NO1999/000307 patent/WO2000025059A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1999-10-08 CA CA002346842A patent/CA2346842C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1999-10-08 EP EP99951269A patent/EP1125084A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1999-10-08 CN CN99812025A patent/CN1105258C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1999-10-08 AU AU63738/99A patent/AU764312B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1999-10-08 JP JP2000578592A patent/JP2002528691A/ja active Pending
  • 1999-10-08 BR BR9914406-9A patent/BR9914406A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation

Patent Citations (7)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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