WO2000011410A1

WO2000011410A1 - Ventilating system

Info

Publication number: WO2000011410A1
Application number: PCT/GB1999/002766
Authority: WO
Inventors: Michael Fussell; John Bradley
Original assignee: Nuaire Limited
Priority date: 1998-08-22
Filing date: 1999-08-23
Publication date: 2000-03-02
Also published as: AU5437399A; DE69912616D1; EP1105687B1; AU744141B2; NZ509926A; EP1105687A1; GB9818305D0; ATE253713T1

Abstract

A ventilating system for a building comprises fan means (14) arranged to draw air in from selected locations and deliver this air into the accommodation space (13) of the building, a plurality of temperature sensors (T0, T1, T2, T3), one for each location from which the fan means may draw air and one for the accommodation space, and control means responsive to the temperature sensors to select the location from which the fan means draws in air.

Description

VENTILATING SYSTEM

This invention relates to a system for ventilating dwellings and other buildings.

It is known to provide a dwelling with a ventilation system which comprises a fan mounted in the loft or roof space of the building and arranged to discharge air into the accommodation or living space of the building. This places the living space under a slight positive pressure, which forces air to flow out of the building through gaps in windows, doors etc: the effect is that the living space is subjected continuously to a ventilating flow of air, which acts to remove or prevent the build up of condensation and also to remove or prevent the possible build up of radon gas. Such ventilating systems are often installed in dwellings to overcome the tendency in some buildings for damp conditions to develop or possibly radon gas to accumulate. Typically the ventilating system draws in its air from within the roof space of the dwelling, but this air may be cold in winter and hot in summer and (in both these cases) it is undesirable to draw this air into the living space of the building. We have now devised a ventilating system which avoids or alleviates the problem of delivering air into the dwelling which is inappropriately cold in winter or inappropriately warm in summer.

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a ventilating system for a building, the system comprising fan means arranged to draw air in from selected locations and deliver said air into an accommodation space of the building, a plurality of temperature sensors, one for each location from which the fan means is arranged to draw air and one for the accommodation space of the building, and control means responsive to said temperature sensors to select the location from which said fan means draws in air.

Preferably the control means controls the fan means in accordance with the difference between the sensor in the accommodation space and at least one of the other sensors (preferably a sensor in the loft space) , at least in the event that this temperature difference exceeds a predetermined amount, in order to reduce the temperature difference.

In particular, the system may be arranged to draw in the warmest available air in the winter. It is known that the effect of the sun's rays on the roof tiles is to create a layer of warm air adjacent the tiles: an enclosed space may be formed under the roof tiles on the most southerly- facing side of the building, to provide a location from which the ventilating system may draw its air; alternatively, an enclosed space may be provided over the surface of the roof tiles. The roof space itself may form another location from which the system is able to draw its air. When the solar- heated air in the enclosed space is of a higher sensed temperature than the roof space, then the ventilating system draws its air from this enclosed space. If the temperature of the warmest available air is greater, by more than a predetermined amount, than the temperature within the accommodation space of the building, preferably the control means causes the fan means to run at a higher-than-normal speed in order to increase the flow rate. However, if the warmest available air is above a predetermined maximum temperature, then the system draws in air from the next warmest inlet, or a mixture of air from different inlets, or the fan is reduced in speed or even switched off altogether. Also, if the warmest available air falls below a predetermined minimum temperature, the fan is reduced in speed or switched off.

Preferably, for use in summer, the ventilating system is able to draw in air from the exterior of the building, preferably on the most northerly- facing side of the building, for example under the eaves. The system is then arranged to draw in air from the exterior of the building, or from within the roof space, or possibly from the solar-heated enclosed space. Especially at night, the air in the roof space or solar-heated enclosed space can be considerably cooler than the air within the accommodation space of the building. If the coolest available air is cooler, by more than a predetermined amount, than the air within the building, preferably the speed of the fan means is increased. If the coolest available air is below a predetermined temperature, then air is drawn in from the next coolest inlet or a mixture of air from different inlets is drawn in, or the fan may be reduced in speed or even switched off altogether.

Preferably the control means has a first operating mode for use in winter and a second operating mode for use in summer. A manual selector may be provided for selecting the operating mode. Instead, the control means may include a timer for automatically changing the operating mode at appropriate times of the year. As another option, the control means may be arranged to monitor the temperature indicated by one or more of the temperature sensors over a period of time, to determine when to make a change of operating mode: in particular, the control means may respond to the temperature of the air being delivered into the accommodation space. Preferably a solar cell or thermoelectric cell is provided, to generate electrical power from the sun's rays. The ventilating system may be powered from this cell, or from a battery charged by the cell, when sufficient power is available in this way: at other times, the system is powered from the mains. When the fan means is required to run at its higher speed, the additional power is preferably drawn from the solar or thermoelectric cell, or from the battery charged from this cell.

The ventilating system may comprise a second fan means for withdrawing air from within the accommodation space of the building and expelling it to the exterior of the building. In this case, preferably a heat exchanger is provided for transferring heat between the air being expelled from, and the air being delivered into, the accommodation space. Accordingly, in cold weather conditions, warm air being expelled, e.g. from a kitchen or bathroom or living room, may be used to pre-warm the incoming air: alternatively, in warm weather conditions, the air being expelled may be used to cool the incoming air. Preferably the control means is arranged to stop or reduce the speed of the second fan means, or to bypass the heat exchanger, in the event of the temperature of the expelled air being lower than the incoming air, in cold weather conditions, or higher than the incoming air, in warm weather conditions.

The ventilating system may comprise a heat storage means coupled to a duct for incoming air and arranged to store heat from incoming warm air during daytime and return heat to the incoming air during night time. Embodiments of this invention will now be described by way of examples only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGURE 1 is a schematic section through a dwelling incorporating a ventilating system in accordance with this invention; and

FIGURE 2 is a similar sectional view, showing various modifications applicable to the system shown in Figure 1.

Referring to the drawing, there is shown a conventional house comprising a tiled apex roof 10, a roof space 11 formed under the roof and above the upstairs ceiling 12 of the house, and a main accommodation space 13 , which comprises a plurality of rooms including living, reception and bedrooms.

A ventilating unit 14 is mounted in the roof space 11 and has a plurality of inlet ducts 15, 16, 17 connected to it, with flaps or shutters provided in the ventilating unit 14 for selectively opening and closing the corresponding ends of the inlet ducts 15, 16, 17. An outlet duct 18 extends from the ventilating unit 14 through the ceiling 12 to a diffuser 19 mounted to the ceiling, for example in the landing of the house. The ventilating unit 14 includes a fan (not shown) driven by an electric motor.

The first inlet duct 15 extends between the ventilating unit 14 and a point located within the roof or loft space 11. The second inlet duct 16 extends between the ventilating unit 14 and an enclosed space 20 which is formed in the roof space 11 under the tiles or roof covering of the most southerly- facing side of the roof. This enclosed space 20 may be formed as a partition 22 fitted to extend parallel to the tiled surface of the roof and between adjacent roof trusses: air is able to enter the enclosed space 20, from the exterior, through vents provided in the roof or through the gaps between tiles.

The third inlet duct 17 extends between the ventilating unit 14 and a point located externally of the house, preferably on the most northerly- facing side of the house and conveniently under the eaves .

A temperature sensor T_x, T₂, T₃ is disposed adjacent the inlet to each inlet duct 15, 16, 17, the temperature sensors being connected by respective cables to a controller of the ventilating unit 14. The ventilating unit 14 is also connected via respective cables to a temperature sensor T₀ and switch S, which are mounted inside the accommodation space 13 of the house .

The switch S comprises a selector which is operable between winter and summer settings. In the winter setting of this selector, the ventilating unit 14 drives its fan to draw air, normally at a low flow rate, along one of the ducts 15, 16 or 17, depending on which one will provide the warmest air (as determined by the sensors T₁₇ T₂ and T₃) : the flaps or shutters of the ventilating unit close off the remaining inlet ducts. This flow of air is delivered through the outlet duct 18 and into the accommodation space of the house, via the diffuser 19 on the ceiling 12, with the effect of maintaining a slight positive air pressure inside the house: air is forced to flow out of the house through gaps m the doors or windows etc. so that the house is subjected to a slight positive pressure and a continuous ventilating flow of air, which acts to remove or prevent the build up of condensation and also acts to remove or prevent the possible build up of radon gas. Air is always drawn from the warmest point and thus no significant heat loss should occur. However, the fan flow rate is preferably reduced or the fan switched off if the incoming-air temperatures indicated by sensors T_x, T₂ and T₃ are below a predetermined minimum level, m order to prevent very cold air from being drawn into the house.

When the temperature sensed inside the house, by sensor T₀, is substantially below the temperature sensed by any of the sensors T_{l l} T₂ or T₃ , the ventilating unit 14 increases the speed of its fan and draws air from the inlet duct 15, 16 or

17 which has the warmest air as its inlet. Typically, the warmest air will be m the enclosed space 20 under the most southerly- facing side of the roof 10. Thus, it will be appreciated that air, which is warmer than the air inside the accommodation space 13 of the house, is drawn from the roof space 11 through either the first, second or third inlet ducts 15, 16 or 17 and supplied by the ventilating unit to raise the temperature inside the accommodation space 13 of the house.

The ventilating unit 14 draws power from mams supply. However, preferably a solar cell 28 is mounted to the exterior of the most southerly- facing side of the roof 10: the ventilating unit may be arranged to draw its power from the solar cell 28 or from a battery charged by the solar cell 28, instead of from the mams supply, when the output of the solar cell is sufficient. Also, the additional power that is required when the fan speeds up is preferably provided by the solar cell 28 or by the battery charged by the solar cell.

When the selector of switch S is set to its summer setting, the fan normally operates at a slow speed to provide a flow of air into the house, as hereinbefore described. The air is preferably drawn from whichever of inlet ducts 15, 16, 17 has the coolest air at its inlet, provided that this air is not too cold (in which case air is drawn from the next coolest inlet or a mixture is drawn from various inlets, or the fan is stopped altogether) .

If the temperature sensed inside the house, by sensor T₀, is substantially above the temperature being sensed by one of the sensors T₁₇ T₂, T₃, the ventilating unit 14 increases the speed of its fan and draws air from the duct 15, 16,17 which has the coolest air at its inlet.

Sometimes the air inside the roof space 11 is not at such a low temperature as the exterior air, especially the exterior air immediately adjacent the most northerly- facing side of the roof. Thus, the inlet duct 17 may be used to draw air from this point on hot days.

Thus, it will be appreciated that air, which is cooler than the air inside the main accommodation space 13 of the house, is drawn by the ventilating unit through a selected inlet duct 15, 16, 17 and passed into the accommodation space of the house, in order to provide cooling in the summer. Again, the power for the fan is provided by the solar cell 28 or by the rechargeable battery when the output of the solar cell or its battery is sufficient: also, the additional power required, when increased fan speed is demanded, may be provided from the solar cell or the battery charged by it.

In one modification, and as shown in Figure 2, a solar heater 20' is installed on the south-facing side of the roof, instead of the enclosed space 20 being formed under the roof covering. The solar heater 20' comprises a planar enclosure to which the inlet end of the duct 16 is connected, the enclosure having vents or openings for the inlet of replacement air from the exterior. The air within the enclosure is heated by the solar radiation.

In another modification, also shown in Figure 2, the ventilating unit 14 includes a fan for withdrawing air from the living space of the building, via a duct 24, and expelling the withdrawn air to the exterior via a duct 26. The unit 14 includes a heat exchanger 14a, for exchanging heat between the air being expelled and the air being drawn through one of the inlet ducts and delivered into the living space via the air delivery duct 18. When the winter mode is selected by the selector switch S, then if the air being expelled is warmer than the incoming air, the heat exchanger 14a serves to enhance the temperature of the incoming air. Similarly when summer mode is selected, then if the air being expelled is cooler than the incoming air, the heat exchanger serves to reduce the temperature of the incoming air. In winter, if the temperature of the expelled air (as sensed by a sensor T₄) is lower than the incoming air, then the extractor fan is stopped or reduced in speed, or the heat exchanger is bypassed. In summer, if the temperature of the expelled air is higher than the incoming air, then again the extractor fan is stopped or reduced in speed, or the heat exchanger is bypassed.

In a further modification shown in Figure 2, a heat store 30 is provided and coupled to one of the inlet ducts (preferably the duct 16 from the solar heating panel 20' on the roof surface or the enclosure 20 under the roof surface) . the heat store 30 may comprise a tank of water and serves to store heat from the incoming warm air during the day, then transfer this heat back to the incoming cool air at night . Where the heat store 30 is a water tank, then this may be used as a supply of hot water. The water tank may be provided with an electric immersion heater for using electricity at low cost overnight to heat the water.

Whilst the ventilating system which has been described has a switch for selecting winter or summer modes of operation, the switch may be arranged to select an "automatic" mode. In this case, a temperature sensor T₅ is provided, e.g. in the unit 14 or the outlet duct 18, to sense the temperature of the air being delivered into the living space. Then, if the temperature of the air being delivered is below a threshold value, the controller of the ventilating system determines which source is able to provide the warmest air, and selects the corresponding inlet duct 15, 16 or 17. If instead the temperature of the delivered air is above the threshold value, the controller determines which source is able to provide the coolest air, and selects the corresponding inlet duct 15, 16 or 17. Preferably the threshold temperature is manually selectable via the switch S. In a further modification, the system may simply run at all times in automatic mode, and not have the facility for selecting winter or summer modes. In the automatic mode, preferably the controller is arranged to reduce the speed of or to stop the air delivery fan if the temperature of the available air, sensed at T₁₇ T₂ and T₃, is excessively cold (when warm air is demanded) or excessively warm (when cool air is demanded: further, the fan speed is preferably increased if the interior temperature (sensed at T₀) is substantially lower than the available inlet air (when warm air is demanded) or substantially higher than the available inlet air (when cool air is demanded) .

It will be appreciated that the above-described ventilating systems act to deliver warm air (and not cold air) into the building during winter or cold weather conditions, and act to deliver cool air (and not warm air) into the building during summer or warm weather conditions.

Claims

1) A ventilating system for a building, the system comprising fan means arranged to draw air in from selected locations and deliver said air into an accommodation space of the building, a plurality of temperature sensors, one for each location from which the fan means is arranged to draw air and one for the accommodation space of the building, and control means responsive to said temperature sensors to select the location from which said fan means draws in air.

2) A ventilating system as claimed in claim 1, in which said control means is arranged for selecting the location with the warmest available air under cold weather conditions, and for selecting the location with the coolest available air under warm weather conditions.

3) A ventilating system as claimed in claim 2, in which said control means is responsive to the temperature of air being delivered into the accommodation space of the building, to determine whether to select the warmest available air or the coolest available air.

4) A ventilating system as claimed in claim 2 or 3 , comprising means for selecting a winter mode or a summer mode of operation.

5) A ventilating system as claimed in any preceding claim, in which said control means is arranged to control the flow rate of the fan means in accordance with the difference in temperature between the temperature in the accommodation space of the building and the temperature of the available inlet air, or in accordance with the available air inlet temperature. 6) A ventilating system as claimed in claim 5, in which said control means is arranged to stop said fan means or reduce the flow rate of said fan means in the event of the available inlet air temperature being below a minimum level or above a maximum level .

7) A ventilating system as claimed in claim 5 or 6, in which said control means is arranged to increase the flow rate of said fan means, in cold weather conditions, in the event of the temperature of the accommodation space of the building being lower than the temperature of the available inlet air by greater than a predetermined amount.

8) A ventilating system as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 7, in which said control means is arranged to increase the flow rate of said fan means, in warm weather conditions, in the event of the temperature of the accommodation space of the building being higher than the temperature of the available inlet air by greater than a predetermined amount .

9) A ventilating system as claimed in any preceding claim, in which one of the locations from which the fan means is able to draw air comprises an enclosed space positioned on or under the roof covering and arranged for the enclosed volume of air to be heated by solar radiation.

10) A ventilating system as claimed in any preceding claim, in which one of the locations from which the fan means is able to draw air is an exterior location where little or no solar radiation is received.

11) A ventilating system as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising second fan means for withdrawing air from within the accommodation space of the building and expelling it to the exterior of the building.

12) A ventilating system as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a heat exchanger for transferring heat between the air being expelled from, and the air being delivered into, the accommodation space.

13) A ventilating system as claimed in claim 12, in which said control means is arranged to stop or reduce the flow rate or said second fan means, or to bypass said heat exchanger, in the event that the temperature of the expelled air is lower than the incoming air, in cold weather conditions, or higher than the incoming air, in warm weather conditions.

14) A ventilating system as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising a heat storage means coupled to a duct for incoming air and arranged to store heat from incoming warm air during daytime and return heat to the incoming air during night time.