WO2000000502A1 - ADNc DE CYTOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASE DU MAIS (CYP71C3v2) - Google Patents

ADNc DE CYTOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASE DU MAIS (CYP71C3v2) Download PDF

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WO2000000502A1
WO2000000502A1 PCT/US1999/014117 US9914117W WO0000502A1 WO 2000000502 A1 WO2000000502 A1 WO 2000000502A1 US 9914117 W US9914117 W US 9914117W WO 0000502 A1 WO0000502 A1 WO 0000502A1
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sequence
seq
cyp71c3v2
leu
plant
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PCT/US1999/014117
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Mary A. Schuler
Michael W. Persans
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The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois
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Publication of WO2000000502A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000000502A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0071—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C12N9/0077—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14) with a reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor (1.14.15)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8274—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for herbicide resistance

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to maize P450 cytochromes. More specifically, this invention relates to polynucleotide sequences that encode a maize P450 cytochrome and a method for using these polynucleotide sequences to confer herbicide resistance.
  • cytochrome P450 monooxygenases reductively cleave molecular dioxygen to produce functionalized organic substrates.
  • P450s cytochrome P450 monooxygenases
  • These b-type cytochromes range in size from 45 to 65 kD (average 55kD) and contain a protoporphyrin IX he e prosthetic group covalently attached to the cysteine of a highly conserved F—G-R- C-G motif found near the C-terminus . Except for these few conserved amino acids, the structural variations between P450 proteins are extensive.
  • P450s are involved in the biosynthesis of lignins, flavonoids/anthocyanins, phytoalexins, alkaloids and a variety of other plant secondary compounds as well as the detoxification of herbicides (See: Bolwell et al . , (1994) Phytochem . 37:1491-1506; Durst and O'Keefe, (1995) Drug Metab . Drug Interactions 12:171-187; Schuler, (1996) Crit . .Rev. Plant Sci . 15:235-284).
  • cDNAs for plant P450s have been cloned.
  • the CYP71A1 sequence encoding p-chloro-N- methylaniline demethylase from avocado (Bozak et al., (1990) Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 87:3904-3918; Bozak et al., (1992) Plant Physiol . 100:1976-1981), multiple CYP73A sequences encoding trans-cinnamic acid hydroxylases (t-CAH) (Fahrendorf and Dixon, (1993) Arch. Biochem . Biophys . 305:509-515; Mizutani et al.
  • CYP80 sequence encoding berbamunine synthase from barberry (Kraus and Kutchan, (1995) Proc. Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 92:2071-2075), a CYP90 sequence encoding a C23- cathasterone hydroxulase from Arajbi opsis (Szekeres et al., (1996) Cell 85:171-182), a CYP83 sequence encoding ferulate-5- hydroxylase from Arabidopsis (Meyer et al., (1996) Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci .
  • a fusion construct bearing a chloroplast transit sequence and a bacterial P450 (CYP105A1) isolated from Streptomyce ⁇ gri ⁇ eolu ⁇ has been engineered into the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) nuclear genome from which it was expressed and targeted to chloroplasts .
  • CYP105A1 a bacterial P450 isolated from Streptomyce ⁇ gri ⁇ eolu ⁇
  • U.S. Patent 5,212,296 As a result of effective coupling with the endogenous chloroplast ferrodoxin, this heterologous catabolic P450 mediates the N-dealkylation of the sulfonylurea R7402 proherbicide, thereby producing the active form of this herbicide (within the chloroplast) . Id .
  • This patent does not disclose or suggest targeting of plant P450 cytochromes to the endogenous reticulum (e.r.) for coupling with e.r. -localized NADPH-dependent P450 re ⁇ uctase to confer herbicide resistance to plants.
  • a fusion construct containing rat CYP1A1 protein fused with the yeast NADPH-dependent P450 reductase was engineered into the tobacco nuclear genome (Shiota et al., (1994) Plant Physiol . 106:17-23). Targeting of this heterologous P450 to microsomal membranes confers resistance to 50 ⁇ M chlortoluron (a phenyl urea herbicide) on transgenic plants. Id . To date, other prospective herbicide-detoxifying P450s have not been characterized beyond the level of metabolic activities and spectral binding analyses.
  • the present invention relates to an isolated and purified polynucleotide that consists essentially of a nucleotide sequence that is a) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; b) sequences that are complementary to the sequence of (a) ; c) sequences that, on expression, encode a polypeptide encoded by the sequence of (a) .
  • the polynucleotide is a DNA molecule and has the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID N0:1. Additionally, the polynucleotide may be an RNA molecule.
  • the present invention also relates to an expression vector that contains the polynucleotide described above that has the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:l.
  • the expression vector contains a promoter that is operatively linked to the polynucleotide.
  • the present invention also relates to an oligonucleotide of from about 15 to about 50 nucleotides that contain a nucleotide sequence of at least 15 nucleotides that are identical or complementary to the contiguous sequence of the polynucleotide described above.
  • the present invention also relates to a host cell transformed with the expression vector described above.
  • the transformed host cell may be a yeast, plant or bacterial cell.
  • the present invention also relates to an isolated and purified polypeptide of about 534 amino acids that has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the present invention also relates to transgenic plants that contain the polynucleotide having SEQ ID NO:l and which are resistant to one or more herbicides.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for controlling undesired vegetation in a location containing agronomically useful plants that have been transformed with an isolated polynucleotide have SEQ ID NO: 1 and are resistant to one or more herbicides.
  • the method involves applying to the location an effective amount of one or more herbicides.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for identifying compounds having herbicidal activity.
  • the method involves transforming an organism with an isolated polynucleotide having SEQ ID NO:l, treating the transformed organism with one or more compounds, and finally, identifying and selecting those compounds which exhibit herbicidal activity.
  • Figure 1 shows the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence for CYP71C3v2 cDNA.
  • the underlined bold letters (F—G- R-C-G) designate highly conserved amino acid sequences found in most P450 he e binding domains.
  • the start and stop codons as well as the putative polyadenylation signals ar ⁇ simply underlined.
  • the lower case sequence representing six base pairs of 5' nontranslated sequence and the first coding nucleotide was derived from a RACE-amplified DNA clone primed with the 3 ' Sal2 primer.
  • the locations of the two CYP71C3v2 introns are designated by triangles located above the CYP71C3v2 nucleotide sequence.
  • CYP71C3v2 cDNA clones Multiple polyadenylation sites detected in the CYP71C3v2 cDNA clones are designated with arrows.
  • the sequences of CYP71C3v2 introns 1 and 2 are shown at the bottom of the figure.
  • the slashes at the beginning and end of these sequences designate the 5 1 and 3 1 splice sites for each intron.
  • Intron sequences containing adenosine and thymidine (AT) -rich tracts (AU in mRNA) are underlined.
  • Figure 2 shows the derived amino acid sequences for the NA PCR 1-5 clones generated by reverse tran ⁇ cription-PCR amplification of naphthalic anhydride-treated 6.5-day-old seedling mRNAs.
  • the asterisks designate highly conserved amino acids in the P450 heme binding domain. Amino acids represented in the 5' PN-3 PCR primer are above the sequence.
  • Figure 3 shows the structure of the CYP71C3V2 cDNA.
  • the open box designates the coding sequence and the thick lines designate the 5 1 and 3' nontranslated regions.
  • the positions and lengths of the two introns present in the CYP71C3v2 gene are depicted above the cDNA.
  • the second of these introns is retained in the CYP71C3v2a cDNA.
  • Restriction sites and nucleotide positions are designated above the cDNA diagram. Amino acid positions and conserved P450 motifs are designated below the cDNA diagram.
  • Figure 4 shows the alignment of the CYP71C3V2 amino acid sequence with the maize CYP71C3vl, CYP71C1, CYP71C2, CYP71C4, CYP78, and CYP88 sequences described by Frey et al., (1995) Mol . Gen . Genet . 246:100-109, Larkin, (1994) Plant Mol . Biol . 25:343- 353, Winkler and Helentjaris (1995) Plant Cell 7:1307-1317.
  • the asterisks designate highly conserved amino acids in the P450 heme binding domain.
  • the alignment of the amino acid sequences in this Figure was generated using the Clustal W sequence alignment program.
  • Figure 5 shows the DNA sequences for the following oligonucleotide primers that are used in the present invention: 5 1 PN-3, 3' PC-1, Notl oligo (dT) , 3' pYES SEQ, 5' ENG, INT PR1, INT PR2, INT PR3, INT PR4 , INT PR5 , INT PR6 , 3' ENG, 3' Sal2 , tCAH 5 ' and tCAH 3 ' .
  • Figure 6 shows 1 ug poly (A) + mRNA isolated from control (C) , naphthalic anhydride-treated (NA) or naphthalic anhydride plus triasulfuron-treated (NA/T) 2.5-day or 6.5-day seedlings electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose-formaldehyde gels, transferred to Hybond-N nylon membrane and probed with the first 580 bp of CYP71C3v2 cDNA and subsequently with the constitutive maize 1055 cDNA (Sachs, M. , (1991) Molecular Response to Anoxic Stress in Maize . In Plant Life Under Oxygen Deprivation. M.B. Jackson, D.D. Davies, and H.
  • CYP71C3v2 mRNA levels were quantified by phosphorimager analysis and normalized relative to the 1055 mRNA level. The level of induction for each treatment is reported below each lane relative to the level of CYP71C3v2 mRNA in control seedlings of the same age.
  • Figure 7 shows 1 ug poly (A) + mRNA isolated from control (C) , naphthalic anhydride-treated (NA) or naphthalic anhydride plus triasulfuron-treated (NA/T) 2.5-day or 6.5-day seedlings electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose-formaldehyde gels, Northern blotted and probed with the CYP73A7 RT-PCR product and subsequently with the constitutive maize 1055 cDNA (Sachs, M. , (1991) Molecular Response to Anoxic Stress in Maize . In Plant Life Under Oxygen Deprivation. M.B. Jackson, D.D. Davies, and H. Lambers, eds.
  • CYP73A (t-CAH) mRNA levels were quantified by phosphorimager analysis and normalized relative to the 1055 mRNA level. The level of induction for each treatment is reported below each lane relative to the level of CYP73A mRNA in control seedlings of the same age.
  • Figure 8 shows maize B73 genomic DNA restriction digested with BamHI (lane 3), EcoRI (lane 4), Hindlll (lane 5), Xhol (lane 6) and Xbal (lane 7) was electrophoresed on a 0.8% agarose gel, blotted to Hybond-N nylon membrane and hybridized with a 32 P- labeled CYP71C3v2 cDNA 3' end probe (bp 1350-1800) at high stringency. The sizes of the molecular weight standards in lane 1 are shown at the left.
  • Figure 9 shows CYP71C3v2 genomic DNA and cDNA PCR amplified with the INT PR primer sets depicted in the diagram at the bottom of the figure.
  • the bands PCR amplified from genomic DNA with the INT PR 1+6 and 2+5 primer sets were cloned and sequenced. These PCR products were found to contain CYP71C3v2 introns 1 and 2, respectively.
  • Figure 10 shows the expression of CYP71C3v2 mRNA in yeast.
  • the CYP71C3v2 cDNA was cloned into the pYES (Invitrogen) yeast expression vector.
  • mRNA was isolated from W(R) yeast containing the pYES plasmid only and from W(R) , WAT11, and WAT21 yeast containing the CYP71C3V2 cDNA in the pYES vector.
  • Approximately 1 ug of each mRNA was Northern blotted and probed with the CYP71C3V2 CDNA.
  • FIG 11 shows the carbon monoxide (CO) difference spectra of yeast microsomes.
  • Microsomes were isolated from 8.5 hour galactose-induced W(R) , WAT11, and WAT21 yeast containing the pYES plasmid with and without the CYP71C3V2 CDNA.
  • Figure 12 shows the complementation of yeast with the CYP71C3V2 cDNA.
  • Figure 12(A) shows W(R) yeast (containing pYES ⁇ CYP71C3V2) grown to saturation (O.D. 2.0-2.2) at 30°C, diluted to 1 x 10 4 cells/ml, plated (100 ⁇ l) on YGIM plates ⁇ 60 ⁇ M herbicide and regrown on selection media for 6 days at 30°C.
  • Figure 12(B) shows DBY2616 yeast (containing pYES ⁇ CYP71C3v2) grown to saturation (O.D.
  • Figure 12(c) shows DBY2616 yeast (cured of the pYES and CYP71C3v2/pYES plasmids by 5-FOA treatment) grown to saturation (O.D. 2.0-2.2) at 30°C, diluted to 1 x 10 4 cells/ml, plated (100 ⁇ l) on YGIM plates ⁇ 40 ⁇ M herbicide and regrown on selection media for 6 days at 30°C.
  • Figure 12(c) shows DBY2616 yeast (cured of the pYES and CYP71C3v2/pYES plasmids by 5-FOA treatment) grown to saturation (O.D. 2.0-2.2) at 30°C, diluted to 1 x 10 4 cells/ml, plated (100 ⁇ l) on YGIM plates ⁇ 40 ⁇ M herbicide and regrown on selection media for 6 days at 30°C.
  • Figure 12(D) shows W(R) yeast (cured of the pYES and CYP71C3v2/pYES plasmids by 5-FOA treatment) grown to saturation (O.D. 2.0-2.2) at 30°C, diluted to 1 x l ⁇ " cells/ml, plated (100 ⁇ l) on YGIM plates ⁇ 60 ⁇ M herbicide and regrown on selection media for 6 days at 30°C.
  • Figure 13 shows the results when 1 ⁇ g poly(A) + mRNA isolated from nutrient broth control (Nut Br C) , Erwinia stuartii-treated (E. stuartii ) or Acidovorax avenae-treated (A. avenae) 6.5-day- old seedling shoots were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose- formaldehyde gels, transferred to Hybond-N nylon membrane and probed at high stringency with the 5 • terminal sequence (base pairs 1-580 relative to the first coding nucleotide) of the CYP71C3v2 cDNA and subsequently with the constitutive maize 1055 cDNA (Sachs, 1991 "Molecular Response to Anoxic Stress In Maize. In Plant Life Under Oxygen Deprivation", MB Jackson, D.D. Davies, , ⁇ M Stamm PCT/US99/14117
  • CYP71C3V2 mRNA levels were quantified by phosphori ager analysis and normalized relative to the 1055 mRNA levels. The relative induction levels for CYP71C3v2 mRNA after each treatment compared to the CYP71C3v2 mRNA in control seedlings of the same age are shown in each lane.
  • the present application also contains a sequence listing that contains 19 sequences.
  • the sequence listing contains nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences.
  • the base pairs are represented by the following base codes:
  • amino acids shown in the application are in the L-form and are represented by the following amino acid-three letter abbreviations:
  • the present invention provides isolated and purified polynucleotides that encode the maize P450 cytochrome CYP71C3v2, expression vectors containing those polynucleotides, host cells transformed with those expression vectors, and a process of conferring herbicide resistance to organisms such as yeast, plants and bacteria, that are transformed with these polynucleotides .
  • the present invention provides an isolated and purified polynucleotide that encodes the maize cytochrome P450 designated CYP71C3V2.
  • a polynucleotide of the present invention that encodes CYP71C3v2 is an isolated and purified polynucleotide that comprises (a) a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l, (b) sequences that are complementary to the sequence of (a) , and sequences that, when expressed, encode a polypeptide of (a) .
  • the present invention also contemplates naturally occurring allelic variations and mutations of the DNA sequences set forth above so long as those variations and mutations code, on expression, for an CYP71C3v2 of this invention as set forth hereinafter.
  • the present invention also includes DNA sequences which hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions to the DNA sequences set forth above. Stringent hybridization conditions are well known in the art and define a degree of sequence identity greater than 70% to 80%.
  • SEQ ID NO:l is a full length cDNA clone of CYP71C3v2.
  • SEQ ID NO:l is a full length cDNA clone of CYP71C3v2.
  • the present invention contemplates those other DNA and RNA molecules which, on expression, encode for the polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO:l and its allelic variants. Having identified the amino acid sequence of CYP71C3v2, and with knowledge of all triplet codons for each particular amino acid, it is possible to describe all such encoding RNA and DNA sequences.
  • DNA and RNA molecules other than those specifically disclosed herein and, which molecules are characterized simply by a change in a codon for a particular amino acid are within the scope of this invention. Also within the scope of this invention are those nucleic acid sequences which code for natural and synthetic allelic variants of the CYP71C3v2 protein sequence.
  • a simple change in a codon for the same amino acid residue within a polynucleotide will not change the structure of the encoded polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO:l See Figure 1
  • a CCC codon for proline exists at nucleotide positions (See e.g., nucleotide positions 103-105).
  • proline can be encoded by a CCG codon (See e.g., nucleotide positions 166-168) and the CCT codon (See e.g. , nucleotide positions 175-177) .
  • the present invention also contemplates oligonucleotides from about 15 to about 50 nucleotides in length, which serve as primers and hybridization probes for the screening of DNA libraries and the identification of DNA or RNA molecules that encode CYP71C3v2 and related sequences.
  • primers and probes are characterized in that they will hybridize to polynucleotide sequences encoding CYP71C3V2 or related cytochrome P450 proteins.
  • An oligonucleotide probe or primer contains a nucleotide sequence of at least 15 nucleotides that is identical to, nearly identical to or complementary to a contiguous sequence of a CYP71C3V2 polynucleotide of the present invention.
  • an oligonucleotide probe is 25 nucleotides in length, at least 15 of those nucleotides are identical or complementary to a sequence of the CYP71C3v2 polynucleotide of the present invention.
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription coupled with polymerase chain reaction amplification
  • mRNA was reverse transcribed and PCR amplified using a 3 1 oligo (dT) primer (3' PC-1, shown in Figure 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6) complementary to the poly(A) tract of mRNAs and a 1024-fold degenerate primer (5* PN- 3, shown in Figure 5 and SEQ ID NO: 5) encoding part of a conserved amino acid sequence (EEF-PERF) located approximately 30 amino acids upstream from the heme-binding cysteine.
  • dT 3 1 oligo
  • PN- 3 1024-fold degenerate primer
  • RT-PCR products were cloned using BamHI and EcoRI sites included in the 5' and 3' RT-PCR primers and 90 transformants with inserts in the 300-500 bp range were sequenced from their 5 1 end to identify clones containing the conserved F—G-R-C-G P450 heme-binding motif and those containing this set of amino acids were fully sequenced.
  • Five distinct P450 clones (NA PCR 1-5) were identified within this group of 90 clones (see Figure 2) . Comparison of the degenerate 5 ' PCR primer regions in these clones and the poly (A) addition sites indicated that NA PCR 1 had been independently isolated seven times and the remaining clones (NA PCR 2-5) had been isolated once in this screening.
  • NA PCR 1 shared 98%, 65%, 60% and 46% amino acid identity with maize CYP71C3vl, CYP71C2, CYP71C1 and CYP71C4 sequences (hydroxylases in the DIMBOA biosynthetic pathway) (Frey et al., (1995) Mol . Gen . Genet . 246:100-109; Frey et al., (1997) Science 277 : 696-699) , 35% amino acid identity with the maize CYP78 sequence Larkin, (1994) Plant Mol . Biol .
  • NA PCR 2 has nucleotide and amino acid sequences identical to those defined for NA PCR 1 except for the presence of 12 alternate nucleotides and an EcoRI site at the 3 » end of the clone; as a result of these differences, NA PCR 2 lacks seventeen C-terminal amino acids encoded in NA PCR 1.
  • NA PCR 3 shares 56% amino acid identity with the tobacco CYP92A2 and CYP92A3 sequences (Czernic et al., (1996) Plant Mol . Bio . 31:255- 265) , 45% amino acid identity with the maize CYP78 sequence (Larkin, (1994) Plant Mol . Biol .
  • NA PCR 4 shares 43% amino acid identity with the Catharanthus roseu ⁇ CYP72 sequence (Vetter et al., (1992) Plant Physiol . 100:998-1007) and only 13-22% amino acid identity with other sequenced maize P450s.
  • the short NA PCR 5 sequence extending from the 5' PN-3 primer to an internal BamHI site, shares limited amino acid identity (32%) with the C. roseu ⁇ CYP72 sequence.
  • NA PCR 1 was 32% identical at the amino acid level to NA PCR 3, 14% identical to NA PCR 4 and only 6% identical to NA PCR 5; NA PCR 3 was 19% identical to NA PCR 4 and 5% identical to NA PCR 5; NA PCR 4 is 10% identical to NA PCR 5.
  • Northern analysis of NA- and NA/T- treated poly (A) + mRNA with the 32 P-labeled NA PCR 1 probe suggested NA PCR 1 (and related) transcripts were induced 2.8- fold in 2.5-day-old NA-treated seedlings (relative to control seedlings) and 5.0-fold in 2.5-day-old NA/T-treated seedlings. This analysis further suggested that NA PCR 1 transcripts were induced to the same extent (2.0-fold) in 6.5-day-old NA-and NA/T- treated seedlings.
  • control mRNA from 6.5-day old etiolated seedlings was RT-PCR amplified using the t-CAH 5 1 primer (See Figure 5 and SEQ ID NO: 18) encoding amino acids 320-326 that occur upstream of the conserved heme-binding region and the t-CAH 3' primer (See Figure 5 and SEQ ID NO: 19) complementary to nucleotides encoding amino acids 463-469 that occur downstream of the conserved heme-binding region.
  • cDNAs corresponding to NA PCR 1 were isolated from a cDNA library constructed with 2.5-day-old NA/T-treated seedling mRNA in the pYES yeast expression vector (Invitrogen) . Of 34 positives detected with the 32 P-labeled NA PCR 1 probe at high stringency, six clones potentially representing NA PCR 1 or NA PCR 2 were 1.6 kb or larger. Sequencing of these indicated that five were identical derivatives of the same coding and 3 ' nontranslated sequence, designated CYP71C3V2 . The sole difference between these five sequences occurred in the 3 ' nontranslated region where three alternate polyadenylation sites were used to generate individual transcripts.
  • CYP71C3v2a The remaining clone, designated CYP71C3v2a , retained a 124 nucleotide intron between amino acids 325 and 326 in the CYP71C3v2 sequence.
  • the six nucleotide 5' nontranslated region and first coding adenosine designated by lower case letters in Figure 1 were derived by RACE amplification of the cDNA library with a CYP71C3v2-specific primer, 3 1 Sal2 (shown in Figure 5 and SEQ ID NO: 17), and pYES vector primers (T7 or 3' pYES SEQ; Figure 5).
  • Nucleotide sequencing of the CYP71C3v2 cDNA clone revealed a 1847 bp cDNA.
  • the body of the corresponding CYP71C3v2 gene sequence is interrupted by two introns which subdivide the coding region into three sections.
  • Figure 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA clone of CYP71C3v2. The sequences of the two introns present in clones PCR-amplified from inbred 73 genomic DNA are shown at the bottom of the figure. Without the two introns, the full length of the cDNA sequence (5'NT, coding, 3'NT, short poly(A) tract) is 1846 bp.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 contains the sequence of CYP71C3v2 without the introns.
  • the first intron and second introns are shown at the bottom of Figure 1 and in SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4, respectively.
  • the first introns occurs between amino acids 178 and 179 and the second intron occurs between amino acids 325 and 326.
  • the present invention provides a CYP71C3V2 polypeptide.
  • the CYP71C3v2 polypeptide of the present invention is a polypeptide of about 534 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of CYP71C3v2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the present invention also contemplates amino acid residue sequences that are substantially duplicative of the sequences set forth herein such that those sequences demonstrate similar biological activity to disclosed sequences.
  • Such contemplated sequences include those sequences characterized by a minimal change in amino acid residue sequence or type (e.g., conservatively substituted sequences) .
  • hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: Arg (+3.0); Lys (+3.0); Asp (+3.0); Glu (+3.0); Ser (+0.3); Asn (+0.2); Gin (+0.2); Gly (0); Pro (-0.5); Thr (-0.4); Ala (-0.5); His (-0.5); Cys (-1.0); Met (-1.3); Val (-1.5); Leu (-1.8); He (-1.8); Tyr (-2.3); Phe (-2.5); and Trp (-3.4). It is understood that an amino acid residue can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value (e.g., within a value of plus or minus 2.0) and still obtain a biologically equivalent polypeptide.
  • a similar hydrophilicity value e.g., within a value of plus or minus 2.0
  • substitutions can be made on the basis of similarity in hydropathic index.
  • Each amino acid residue has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics.
  • Those hydropathic index values are: He (+4.5); Val (+4.2); Leu (+3.8); Phe (+2.8); Cys (+2.5); Met (+1.9); Ala (+1.8); Gly (-0.4); Thr (-0.7); Ser (-0.8); Trp (-0.9); Tyr (-1.3); Pro (-1.6); His (-3.2); Glu (- 3.5); Gin (-3.5); Asp (-3.5); Asn (-3.5); Lys (-3.9); and Arg (- 4.5) .
  • a value of within plus or minus 2.0 is preferred.
  • poly (A) + mRNAs from 2.5-day-old and 6.5-day-old control, NA-treated and NA/T-treated maize seedlings (inbred line B73 which was released to the public about twenty years ago by Dr. Arnold Hallauer at Iowa State University) seedlings were hybridized with the CYP71C3v2 cDNA probe using high stringency conditions that prevent cross-hybridization of NA PCR 1, 3, 4 and 5 cDNA sequences with one another. Subsequent hybridization with a maize 1055 cDNA probe for a constitutive transcript (Sachs, 1991 "Molecular Response to Anoxic Stress In Maize.
  • CYP71C3v2 transcripts are induced 2.8-fold in 2.5-day-old NA-treated seedlings and 5.0-fold in 2.5- day-old NA/T-treated seedlings relative to control seedlings of the same ages (see Figure 6, lanes 1-3) .
  • CYP71C3v2 transcripts are induced to the same extent (2.0-fold) in NA- and NA/T-treated 6.5-day-old seedlings (see Figure 6, lanes 4-6).
  • CYP71C3v2 transcripts whose endogenous levels are not developmentally regulated, maize CYP73A7 (t-CAH) transcripts are 4.2-fold more abundant in 6.5-day-old seedlings than in 2.5-day- old seedlings (see Figure 7, lanes 1 versus 4). Also in contrast to CYP71C3V2 transcripts, CYP73A7 transcripts are not significantly induced in 2.5-day and 6.5-day-old seedlings by either NA- or NA/T-treatment.
  • genomic DNA from maize was restriction digested and hybridized at high stringency with a probe representing the 3 ' terminus of the CYP71C3v2 cDNA (base pairs 1320-1800 relative to the first coding nucleotide) (See Figure 8) or a probe representing the 5' terminus of CYP71C3V2 cDNA (base pairs 1- 580) .
  • Digestion of the genomic DNA with a series of restriction enzymes that do not cleave within the CYP71C3v2 cDNA sequence and hybridization with either of these probes identified a single genomic DNA fragment hybridizing with CYP71C3v2 cDNA.
  • CYP71C3V2 is encoded by a single copy P450 gene or a small number of closely linked P450 genes.
  • maize genomic DNA (inbred B73) was PCR amplified with primers spanning different regions of the gene.
  • PCR amplification of genomic DNA with the 5' ENG (shown in Figure 5 and SEQ ID NO: 9) and 3' ENG (shown in Figure 5 and SEQ ID NO: 16) primers positioned at either end of the CYP71C3v2 coding sequence generate products that are approximately 220 nucleotides larger than those generated from the CYP71C3v2 cDNA and 100 nucleotides larger than that generated from the CYP71C3V2 cDNA (See Figure 9 right, lanes 1-3) .
  • PCR amplification of genomic DNA and CYP71C3v2a cDNA with the INT PR1/INT PR6 primer set generates products that are approximately 100 nucleotides larger than the product generated with the CYP71C3V2 cDNA (See Figure 9 left, lanes 2 and 3) .
  • PCR amplification of genomic DNA with the INT PR2/INT PR5 primer set generates a product that is approximately 125 nucleotides larger than the product generated with either of the cDNAs (See Figure 9 left, lanes 3 and 4) .
  • the subsequent cloning and sequencing of the larger amplified products indicated that two introns of 97 and 124 nucleotides occur within the CYP71C3v2 coding sequence.
  • the first of these introns occurs between amino acids 178 and 179 and the second intron occurs between amino acids 325 and 326.
  • Chromosomal mapping of the CYP71C3v2 gene in recombinant inbred populations has mapped this sequence to a single locus on the short arm of maize chromosome 4.
  • the present invention also provides DNA constructs comprising all or part of the polynucleotide sequence encoding CYP71C3v2.
  • a "construct” as used herein is a polynucleotide comprising nucleic acid sequences not normally associated in nature, such as a prokaryotic sequence and a eukaryotic sequence.
  • a "construct” comprises a vector, such as a plasmid, viral, and/or episomal origin, and a sequence to be transcribed.
  • the DNA construct will contain at least one promoter.
  • the promoters may be heterologous, meaning that they are not naturally operably linked to the CYP71C3v2 gene.
  • the promoter selected for use in the DNA construct will depend upon the type of organism in which the gene is to be expressed. For example, promoters useful for expression in plants are known in the art and can be inducible, constitutive, tissue specific, derived from eukaryotes, procaryotes or viruses, or have various combinations of these characteristics.
  • promoters examples include the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, the ph tohemagglutmin (PHA) promoter, ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcs) promoters and chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Cab) promoters.
  • PHA ph tohemagglutmin
  • rbcs ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
  • Cab chlorophyll a/b binding protein
  • the minimal traits of the vector are that the desired nucleic acid sequence be introduced in a relatively intact state. For example, if plant cells are to be transformed with the DNA construct, any vector that will produce a plant carrying the introduced DNA sequence should be sufficient.
  • suitable vectors include the Ti plasmid vectors, shuttle vectors designed merely to maximally yield high numbers of copies, episomal vectors containing minimal sequences necessary for ultimate replication once transformation has occurred, transposon vectors, homologous recombination vectors, mini-chromosome vectors, and viral vectors.
  • the selection of vectors and methods to construct them are commonly known to persons of ordinary skill in the art and are described in general technical references, such as Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Vols. 1-3, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the vector may also include any additional attached polynucleotide sequences which will confer resistance to the degradation of the polynucleotide fragment to be introduced, which assists in the process of genomic integration or which provides a means to easily select for transformed cells or plants are advantageous and greatly decrease the difficulty of selecting useable transgenotes .
  • expression vectors will contain selection markers, such as kanamycin resistance, hygromycin resistance, to permit detection and/or selection of those cells transformed with the desired DNA sequences (see- U.S. Patent Number 4,704,362, which is herein incorporated by reference.)
  • Useful vectors will generally contain sequences that allow replication in a prokaryotic host useful for cloning the DNA sequences of the present invention.
  • the most commonly used prokaryotic hosts are strains of Escherichia coli , although other prokaryotes, such as Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas may also be used, and are well known in the art.
  • Useful vectors may also contain other sequence elements useful for cloning (for example restriction sites) or expression (for example, enhancer sequences) .
  • polynucleotides of the present invention will be cloned in the sense orientation into expression vectors so that they are expressed as essentially full length polypeptides .
  • Useful expression vectors are well known in the art and are readily available.
  • expression vectors containing polyadenylation sites and translation regulatory sequences such as translation start sites
  • transformation means alteration of the genotype (including episomal genes) of a target organism by the introduction of a nucleic acid sequence.
  • the nucleic acid sequence need not necessarily originate from a different source, but it will, at some point, have been external to the cell into which it is to be introduced.
  • the host organism can be yeast cells, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae , plant cells such as maize cells, insect cells such as Tn5 cells and bacterial cells such as E . coli and Pseudomana ⁇ .
  • yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • plant cells such as maize cells
  • insect cells such as Tn5 cells
  • bacterial cells such as E . coli and Pseudomana ⁇
  • the host cells to be transformed with the expression vector hereinbefore described contain a gene that encodes NADPH-dependent P450 reductase.
  • the NADPH-dependent P450 reductase may correspond to the host cell's endogenous copy or to an exogenous copy derived from a heterologous organism.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells may contain a DNA construct that allow them to overexpress Arabidop ⁇ i ⁇ NADPH-dependent P450 reductase isoform 1.
  • the host cells overexpress either the endogenous or exogenous NADPH-dependent P450 reductase.
  • plant refers to whole plants and plant-derived tissues.
  • plant-derived tissues refers to differentiated and undifferentiated tissues of plants, including, but not limited to roots, shoots, leaves, pollen, ovules, seeds, tumor tissue, and various forms of cells in culture such as intact cells, protoplasts, embryos and callus tissue. Plant-derived tissues may be in planta or in organ, tissue or cell culture.
  • a “monocotyledonous plant” refers to a plant whose seeds have only one cotyledon, or organ of the embryo that stores and absorbs food.
  • a “dicotyledonous plant” refers to a plant whose seeds have two cotyledons.
  • a “protoplast” refers to a plant cell without a cell wall or extracellular matrix.
  • the foreign nucleic acid which comprises the construct of the present invention, may be introduced into a host organism in a number of different ways, which are well known in the art.
  • the foreign nucleic acid may be introduced into plant cells by microinjection, by using polyethylene glycol (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722), by electroporation (Fromm et al. (1985) Proc. Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 82:5824-5828), by high ballistic penetration by small particles with the nucleic acid either within the matrix of small beads or particles, or on the surface (Klein et al., (1987) Nature 327:70- 73) .
  • a preferred method of introducing the nucleic acid segments into plant cells is to infect a plant cell, an explant, a meristem or a seed with a genetically engineered Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogene ⁇ strain carrying the segment.
  • a genetically engineered Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogene ⁇ strain carrying the segment Within the T-DNA segment of its full-size Ti plasmid or on an abbreviated binary Ti plasmid vector containing the T-DNA boundary sequences the Agrobacterium tumafaciens Ti plasmid is, if used, the wild-type Ti plasmid and must be "disarmed", i.e., have its tumor-inducing activity removed, prior to use.
  • the gene segment be linked to a selectable marker, for example, kanamycin resistance.
  • a selectable marker for example, kanamycin resistance.
  • this Agrobacterium infection process is facilitated by vacuum infiltration of embryonic tissue (as in Becktold et al., (1993) C.R . Acad . Sci . Paris 316:1194-1199).
  • Examples of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains that can be used include LBA4404, as described by Hoeke a et al., (1983) Nature 303:179-180, and EHA101 as described by Hoot et al. , (1986) J . Bacteriol . 168:1297-1301.
  • a preferred Agrobacterium rhizogene ⁇ strain is 15834, as described by Birot et al., (1987) Plant Phy ⁇ iol . Biochem . 25:323-325.
  • the Ti plasmid is transmitted to plant cells upon infection by Agrobacterium tumefacien ⁇ , and is stably integrated into the plant genome (Horsch et al. , (1984) Science 233:496-498; Fraley et al. , (1983) Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 80:4803-4807) .
  • the transformed plant cells are placed under antibiotic selection and grown in tissue culture media to form culture shoots, roots, and eventually intact plants which can be propagated in soil.
  • Ti plasmids contain two regions essential for the production of transformed cells. One of these, named transfer DNA (T-DNA), induces tumor formation. The other, termed virulent region, is essential for the introduction of the T-DNA into plants.
  • T-DNA transfer DNA
  • the transfer DNA region which transfers to the plant genome, can be increased in size by the insertion of the foreign nucleic acid sequence without its transferring ability be affected. By removing the tumor-causing genes so that they no longer interfere, the modified Ti plasmid an then be used as a vector for the transfer of the gene constructs of the invention into an appropriate plant cell, such being a "disabled Ti vector".
  • Method (1) requires an established culture system that allows plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts.
  • Method (2) requires (a) that the plant cells or tissues can be transformed by AgroJbacteriujn and (b) that the transformed cells or tissues can be induced to regenerate into whole plants.
  • Method (3) requires regeneration or micropropagation or simply "propagation" of Arabidop ⁇ i ⁇ seeds transformed with a vector.
  • T-DNA containing plasmid In the binary system, to have infection, two plasmids are needed: a T-DNA containing plasmid and a vir plasmid. Any one of a number of T-DNA containing plasmids can be used, the only requirement is that one be able to select independently for each of the two plasmids .
  • a Ti plasmid segment carrying the desired DNA se ment is integrated in the nuclear chromosome and transformed cells can be selected by using a selectable marker linked to the desired DNA segment.
  • selectable markers include, but are not limited to, antibiotic resistance, herbicide resistance or visually-assayable activities. Other selectable markers known in the art may be used in this invention.
  • transgenote refers to he immediate product of the transformation process and to resultant whole transgenic plants.
  • regeneration means growing a whole or complete transgenic organism.
  • the term regeneration relates to growing a whole plant form a plant cell, a group of plant cells, a plant part, a plant piece (e.g., from a protoplast, callus, or tissue part) , or the propagation of seeds transformed with Agrobacterium by vacuum infiltration.
  • Transgenic organisms can be screened by biochemical, molecular biological, and other assays. For example, various assays may be used to determine whether a particular plant, plant part, or transgenote cell shows an increase (i.e., overexpression) or reduction (i.e., suppression) of the CYP71C3V2 gene. Typically the change in expression or activity of the transgenote will be compared to levels found in wild-type (e.g., untransformed) plants of the same type.
  • the effect of the introduced construct (transgene) on the level of expression or activity of the endogenous gene will be established from a comparison of sibling plants with and without the construct containing the desired DNA fragment.
  • mRNA levels can be measured by Northern blotting, primer extension, ribonuclease protection, quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) , and other methods well known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., (1989)). Protein can be measured in a number of ways including immunological methods such as by ELISA or Western blotting.
  • the inventors of the present invention have found that organisms containing a gene encoding NADPH-dependent P450 reductase which are transformed with an expression vector containing the polynucleotide shown in SEQ ID NO:l, exhibit tolerance to herbicides such as triasulfuron. Therefore, the present invention can be used for creating transgenic organisms such as yeast, plants and bacteria that are resistant to herbicides as herbicidal compounds.
  • the term "resistant” refers to the capability of an organism or cell to grown in the presence of selective concentrations of an inhibitor.
  • the term “herbicide” refers to a compound which inhibits the metabolism, growth, or replication of the cells or whole organism. Additionally, the present invention contemplates a method for making herbicide resistant organisms. The method involves transforming organisms with a polynucleotide having SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • cDNA for galactose-inducible expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered using the pYES vector (Stratagene) .
  • the engineered CYP71C3v2/pYES construct and the empty pYES vector (lacking a cDNA segment) were transformed into the DBY2616 yeast strain (ura “ , his “ , lys " , sue " ) and into the W(R) , WAT11 and WAT21 yeast strains.
  • the DBY2616 a publically available strain, expresses endogenous levels of yeast NADPH-dependent P450 reductase.
  • the W(R) strain derived from the W303-1B strain overexpresses yeast NADPH P450 reductase from a hybrid GALIO/CYCI promoter preceding the yeast NADPH-dependent P450 reductase coding sequence (Pompon et al., (1996) Meth . Enzymol . 272:51-64).
  • the WAT11 AND WAT21 strains which are deleted for the endogenous yeast NADPH P450 reductase gene, overexpress Arabidop ⁇ i ⁇ NADPH-dependent P450 reductase isoforms 1 and 2 from the same hybrid GALIO/CYCI promoter fused to the Arabidop ⁇ i ⁇ NADPH-dependent P450 reductase coding sequences.
  • mRNAs isolated from these various yeast strains were initially hybridized with the maize CYP71C3V2 cDNA probe and subsequently with a constitutive yeast DPMI cDNA probe (Orlean et al. , (1988) J. Biol . Chem .
  • microsomal protein obtained from each of these yeast strains grown under the same conditions used for Northern analysis was monitored by carbon monoxide (CO) -difference analysis (O ura and Sato, (1964) J. Biol . Chem . 239:2370-2378).
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • the W(R) strain transformed with the engineered CYP71C3v2/pYES construct expressed a significant amount of P450 protein with a CO- difference maximum at 420 nm.
  • CO-difference quantitation indicates that the W(R) strain containing the engineered CYP71C3v2/pYES construct expresses 432 pmol P450/mg microsomal protein compared to 164 pmol P450/mg microsomal protein in the W(R) strain containing the pYES vector. Comparable quantitation of the P450 protein levels in the WAT11 and WAT21 strains express significantly less exogenous P450 protein (about 4-5 fold) and more P420 protein than the W(R) strain (See Figure 11, bottom) .
  • the levels of P450 protein in the WAT11 and WAT21 strains containing the engineered CYP71C3v2/pYES construct are at least two-fold over the endogenous P450 levels in the WAT11 and WAT21 strains containing the pYES vector alone.
  • the engineered CYP71C3v2/pYES construct and the pYES vector were analyzed first in the DBY2616 yeast strain that expresses endogenous levels of yeast NADPH-dependent P450 reductase.
  • the DBY2616 yeast contain an acetolactate synthase (ALS) sensitive to triasulfuron.
  • ALS acetolactate synthase
  • galactose- induced DBY2616 yeast expressing the CYP71C3v2/pYES construct are tolerant to 40 ⁇ M triasulfuron (see Figure 12B) and sensitive to 60 ⁇ M triasulfuron.
  • DBY2616 strains containing the CYP71C3v2/pYES construct and pYES vector were cured of their plasmids with a 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) treatment and replated on minimal media containing triasulfuron.
  • 5-FOA 5-fluoroorotic acid
  • CYP71C3v2/pYES construct and the pYES vector were transformed into a W(R) LEU2 strain (ura “ , ade “ , his “ , trp “ ) and plated on minimal media containing triasulfuron.
  • the engineered W(R) strain that overexpresses yeast NADPH P450 reductase was converted to a leucine auxotroph by transformation with a LEU2 gene.
  • galactose-induced W(R) LEU2 transformants expressing the CYP71C3v2/pYES construct are tolerant to 60 ⁇ M triasulfuron.
  • 5-FOA-cured DBY2616 strains 5-FOA-cured W(R) LEU2 strains are sensitive to 60 ⁇ M triasulfuron (see Figure 12D) .
  • the present invention also contemplates a method for controlling undesired vegetation in a location containing an agronomically useful plant that is being cultivated.
  • the plant has been transformed with an isolated polynucleotide having SEQ ID NO:l and, as a result, is resistant to one or more herbicides.
  • the method involves applying an effective amount of one or more herbicides to a location containing the hereinbefore described transformed plant to control all undesired vegetation.
  • undesired vegetation refers to those plants which compete with other plants for food and nutrients and/or are harmful to other agronomically useful plants growing in the same location.
  • weeds such as pigweed, velvet leaf, lambs quarters, Chenopodium album and quack grass
  • the location to which the herbicide is applied may be a field, garden or container containing the hereinbefore described transformed plant.
  • an effective amount of herbicide to be applied to the location can be easily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. Typically, an effective amount is that amount of herbicide required to inhibit the metabolism, growth or replication of the undesired vegetation. An effective amount of herbicide may be applied to a location in one application or in a number of applications depending upon what the conditions of the location dictate.
  • the present invention also contemplates a method for identifying compounds having herbicidal activity. More specifically, the method involves treating an organism, such as yeast, bacteria or plants transformed with an isolated polynucleotide having SEQ ID NO.l and is resistant to herbicides one or more compounds.
  • the organism may be treated with the compound(s) once or more that once depending upon what the experimental conditions dictate. After the organism has been treated, it is examined over a period of time to determine if any of the tested compounds has any effect on the metabolism, growth and/or replication of the organism. Any compound or combination of compounds which effects the metabolism, growth or replication of the organism is then identified as having herbicidal activity and selected. Such selected compound and/or combination of compounds can be further tested and/or developed as a herbicide.
  • Captan-treated corn seeds Zea may ⁇ inbred B73
  • seeds (not treated with Captan) were sterilized using a 30% (v/v) bleach solution containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween-20 for 45 minutes and washed four times with 400 ml of sterile distilled water.
  • NA naphthalic anhydride
  • 100 g of seeds were coated with the inducer by shaking the seeds vigorously in a 100 ml bottle with 1 g dry powdered NA. Seeds were then arranged in rows on sterile white teri towels and moistened with sterile distilled water.
  • the teri towels were subsequently sandwiched between cafeteria trays and placed upright in a tub of distilled water.
  • the seeds were grown at 25-30°C for 2.5 or 6.5 days.
  • the seedlings were triasulfuron-treated by soaking the teri towel with 25 ml of a solution containing (0.052% (w/v) ) of a 75% (w/w) powder of the commercial form of triasulfuron (Amber, provided by CIBA-Geigy, Greensboro, NC) corresponding to a final concentration of 1 mM triasulfuron.
  • Amber provided by CIBA-Geigy, Greensboro, NC
  • Example la Six-day-old maize coleoptiles grown as outlined above in Example la, were pricked with a 25 gauge needle and injected at the base, half way along the length, and at the tip with a sterile nutrient broth solution.
  • the sterile nutrient broth solution injected contained either no bacteria or a saturated culture of the maize pathogenic bacteria Erwinia stuartii or the maize pathogenic bacteria Acidovorax avenae .
  • the plants were allowed to grow for an additional 12-16 hours after treatment before harvesting- for mRNA analysis.
  • Example lc RNA Extractions and RT-PCR
  • GuISCN extraction buffer 4 M guanidinium isothiocyanate, 25 mM sodium citrate (pH 7.0), 0.5% (w/v) N-lauroyl sarkosine, 0.1M ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
  • the samples were mixed with 0.5 ml 2 M sodium acetate (pH 4.0) and 5 ml water-saturated phenol, and 1 ml of chloroform was added, the samples were mixed and centrifuged at 7000xg for 15 minutes at 4°C.
  • the aqueous phase ( ⁇ 7 ml) was precipitated at 4°C with an equal volume of isopropanol.
  • the nucleic acids were collected by centrifugation 3300xg for 10 minutes at 4°C, and each pellet was resuspended in 2 ml of 4 M LiCl, vortexed, and centrifuged at 3300xg for 10 minutes at 4°C.
  • Poly(A) + mRNA was isolated from approximately 1 mg of total RNA using the rapid mRNA purification kit (Amresco, Solon, OH) as outlined in the manufacturer's directions. The mRNA was resuspended in sterile water and stored at -80°C. Typically, 10 ⁇ g mRNA were recovered per mg total RNA.
  • 100 ng mRNA isolated from naphthalic anhydride-treated 6.5-day-old seedlings were reverse transcribed at 50°C for 30 minutes in a 50 ⁇ l reaction containing 4 U AMV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI) and 100 pmol PC-1 oligo(dT) primer (Table 1) in lxPCR buffer (50 mM KC1, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 200 ⁇ M dNTPs, 50 ⁇ g/ l gelatin).
  • the first strand cDNA products were PCR amplified in a 50 ⁇ l reaction containing 2.5 U Taq polymerase (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) , 100 pmol of the degenerate PN-3 and nondegenerate PC-1 oligo(dT) primers (See Figure 5) . Twenty five cycles of PCR amplification were performed with each consisting of: 95 C C denaturation for 1 minutes, 42°C or 60°C annealing for 2 minutes and 72°C extension for 2 minutes. A final 5 minutes 72°C extension step was done to complete synthesis of all DNA strands.
  • pBluescript SK + vector (Stratagene, LaJolla, CA) and half of the RT-PCR products derived from a single amplification reaction were mixed, extracted with phenol:chloroform (1:1), ethanol precipitated, resuspended in sterile water and restriction digested with 10 U EcoRI and 10 U BamHI for 2 hours at 37°C.
  • the restriction cut products were reextracted with phenol: chloroform, ethanol precipitated, and ligated using 1 U T4 DNA ligase.
  • the EcoRI-BamHI inserts of 800 ampicillin-resistant transformants were sized on 2.2% agarose gels and those in the 300-500 bp range (90 clones) were sequenced using T3 and T7 primers complementary to the Bluescript SK + vector (Stratagene) and a Sequenase 2.0 kit (U.S. Biochemicals, Cleveland, OH) .
  • RT-PCR clones containing the conserved F—G-R-C- G P450 sequence were sequenced in their entirety.
  • a maize CYP73A7 ft-CAH RT-PCR clone was obtained by RT-PCR amplification using the conditions outlined above and the degenerate tCAH 5' and tCAH 3' primers (See Figure 5) complementary/identical to conserved amino acids 320-326 and 463- 469 in the pea t-CAH (CYP73A9; Frank et al., (1996) Plant Physiol . 110:1035-1046) sequence. These sequences are also conserved in the maize t-CAH sequence (CYP73A7; Potter et al., (1995) Drug Metabol . Drug Interact . 12:317-327).
  • Blots were probed with denatured 32 P-labeled probes added directly to the prehybridization solution at 60-65°C for 12-16 hours. Blots were washed twice for 15 minutes at 60-65°C with 40 mM of Na 2 P0 4 (pH 7.2), 5% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mg/ml BSA, washed once for 5-30 minutes at 60 to 65°C in 40 mM of Na 2 P0 4 (pH 7.2), 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and autoradiographed at -80°C.
  • hybridization signals were quantified by Phosphorimagery (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA) and compared after normalization to the level of constitutive maize 1055 mRNA (Sachs, M. , (1991) Molecular Response to Anoxic Stre ⁇ in Maize . In Plant Life Under Oxygen Deprivation. M.B. Jackson, D.D. Davies, and H. Lambers, eds. (Netherlands, Academic Publishing) , pp. 129-139) .
  • 3 ⁇ g of mRNA from naphthalic anhydride/triasulfuron-treated 2.5-day-old maize seedlings were reverse transcribed at 42°C for 1.5 hours using 33 U AMV reverse transcriptase (Promega) in a 50 ⁇ l reaction containing lx RT buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KC1, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT, 0.5 mM spermidine) , 500 ⁇ M dNTPs, 20 U RNAsin (Promega) and 5.7 ⁇ g Notl oligo(dT) primer (See Figure 5) .
  • lx RT buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KC1, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM DTT, 0.5 mM spermidine
  • 500 ⁇ M dNTPs 20 U RNAsin (Promega
  • the cDNA was phenol: chloroform (1:1) extracted, ethanol precipitated, dried and resuspended in 38 ⁇ l sterile water, 10 ⁇ l 5x end-polishing buffer (90 mM (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , 330 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 33 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 200 ⁇ M dNTPs) .
  • the repair reaction was carried out with 10 U T4 DNA polymerase (Gibco BRL) for 1 hour at 37°C, phenol:chloroform (1:1) extracted and ethanol precipitated.
  • the 5 ' end of the CYP71C3v2 cDNA was cloned by RACE amplification of DNA extracted from the NA/T 2.5-day-old seedling cDNA library using the 3'Sal2 primer specific for the CYP71C3v2 transcript (See Figure 5) and the T7 vector primer (Stratagene) or 3'pYES SEQ primer (See Figure 5) specific for the pYES vector. 30 PCR cycles were performed, each consisting of a 95°C denaturation for 1 minute, 55-65°C annealing for 2 minutes and 72°C extensions for 2 minutes. The resulting PCR products were cloned into pBluescript SK + and six clones were sequenced using T3 and T7 vector primers. The longest of the six RACE clones obtained by this strategy contained 6 nucleotides preceding the translation initiation site.
  • urea extraction buffer which contains 7 M urea, 312 mM NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 1% N-lauroyl sarkosine, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), was added to the tube and the tissue was thawed at room temperature with frequent gentle mixing.
  • the sample was mixed with 500 ⁇ l of phenol: chloroform (1:1) and the tubes were incubated at 37°C for 15 minutes in a rotary shaker.
  • the contents of the Falcon 2059 tube were transferred to a 1.5 ml microfuge tube and centrifuged at 14,000xg for 10 minutes.
  • the aqueous phase (-500 ⁇ l) was transferred to a fresh 1.5 ml tube containing 50 ⁇ l of 4.4 M NHjOAc, mixed with 700 ⁇ l isopropanol and centrifuged at 14,000xg for 1 minute.
  • the DNA pellet was resuspended in 360 ⁇ l of sterile water, reprecipitated with 50 ⁇ l 4.4 M NH 4 OAc and 700 ⁇ l isopropanol and centrifuged at 14,000xg for 1 minute.
  • the final DNA pellet was washed once with 70% ethanol, dried for 10- 15 in by inverting the tubes on a kimwipe and resuspended in 50- 100 ⁇ l of sterile water. Typically, 50 ⁇ g of genomic DNA were recovered per gram of coleoptile tissue.
  • genomic DNA 40 ⁇ g was digested with 60 U of each restriction enzyme for 6-8 hours at 37°C, electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gels containing lx TBE and capillary-blotted to Hybond N nylon membranes overnight using lOx SSC.
  • the membranes were UV- crosslinked and prehybridized in 200 mM of Na 2 HP0 4 (pH 7.2), 5% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mg/ml sheared salmon sperm DNA for at least 2 hours at 65°C.
  • the blots were hybridized for 12- 16 hours at 60-65°C with 32 P-labeled randomly primed DNA probes added directly to the prehybridization solution.
  • the blots were washed twice for 15 minutes at 60-65°C with 40 mM Na 2 HP0 4 (pH 7.2), 5% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mg/ml BSA and once for 30 minutes at 60-65°C with 40 mM of Na 2 HP0 4 (pH 7.2), 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA) and autoradiographed at -80°C.
  • the yeast strains used were DBY2616 (MATa; his 4-539am, lys 2- 01am, ura 3-52, sue 2-437) (Kaiser and Botstein, (1986) Mol . Cell Biol . 6:2382-2391) and three derivatives of W303-1B (MAT ⁇ ; ade 2-1, hi ⁇ -3-11, -15, trp 1-1, leu 2-3, -112, ura 3-1; can R ; cyr + ) (Pompon et al., (1996) Meth . Enzymol . 272:51-64) designated W(R) , WAT11 and WAT21.
  • DBY2616 expresses constitutive levels of yeast NADPH-dependent P450 reductase.
  • W(R) overexpresses yeast NADPH-dependent P450 reductase
  • WAT11 overexpresses Arabidopsi ⁇ NADPH-dependent P450 reductase isoform 1
  • WAT21 overexpresses Arabidop ⁇ i ⁇ NADPH-dependent P450 reductase isoform 2 (Id . ) .
  • Example 1j Construction of CYP71C3v2 Yeast Expression Vector
  • 50 ng of plasmid DNA were amplified using the 5' ENG and 3' ENG primers (See Figure 5) in 50 ⁇ l of lx PCR buffer (50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 200 ⁇ M dNTPs, 50 ⁇ g/ml gelatin) containing 5 U of Vent DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) .
  • PCR amplification Twenty five cycles of PCR amplification were performed consisting of: 95°C denaturation for 1 minute, 65°C annealing for 2 minute and a 72°C extension for 2 min. A final 5 minutes at 72°C extension step was included to complete the synthesis of all DNA strands.
  • the PCR products were phenol:chloroform (1:1) extracted, ethanol precipitated, resuspended in 20 ⁇ l of sterile water, digested with 10 U of Hindlll and Xbal and subcloned into Hindlll-Xbal digested pYES2 vector.
  • Example 11 Yeast Growth Conditions for P450 Expression
  • the W(R) , WAT11 and WAT21 yeast strains were grown in 2 ml of 2X CSM-URA GLU (Bio 101 complete supplemented media containing 2% glucose, and lacking uracil) in a 15 ml Falcon 2059 tube shaken overnight at 200 rpm and 30°C. 1 ml of the culture was added to 50 ml of 2X CSM-URA GLU and shaken in a 125 ml erlenmeyer flask at 150 rpm for -8 hrs at 30°C to an O.D. of 1.2- 1.3 ( ⁇ 7-8xl0 7 cells/ml) and induced by adding sterile 20% galactose (glucose-free grade Sigma, St.
  • 2X CSM-URA GLU Bio 101 complete supplemented media containing 2% glucose, and lacking uracil
  • Example l Yeast RNA Extractions
  • the yeast pellet was resuspended in 2 ml of GuISCN extraction buffer (4 M guanidiniu isothiocyanate, 25 mM sodium citrate (pH 7.0), 0.5% (w/v) N-lauroyl sarkosine, 0.1 M ⁇ -mercaptoethanol) , 0.2 ml 2 M sodium acetate (pH 4.0), 2 ml water-saturated phenol and 0.4 ml chloroform, split into four equal volumes, and bead-beaten with a Mini-Beadbeater three times for 20 seconds at 5,000 rpm at 4°C using 0.5 mm glass beads in 2 ml tubes.
  • GuISCN extraction buffer 4 M guanidiniu isothiocyanate, 25 mM sodium citrate (pH 7.0), 0.5% (w/v) N-lauroyl sarkosine, 0.1 M ⁇ -mercaptoethanol) , 0.2 ml 2 M sodium acetate (pH 4.0),
  • the samples were centrifuged at 13,000xg for 10 minutes and the supernatants were transferred to 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes.
  • the aqueous phase was precipitated at 4°C with an equal volume of isopropanol.
  • the nucleic acids were collected by centrifugation at I4,000xg for 10 minutes at 4°C, and each pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml of 4 M LiCl, vortexed, and centrifuged at 14,000xg for 10 minutes at 4°C.
  • Each pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml TE buffer containing 0.5% SDS and an equal volume of chloroform was added.
  • nucleic acids were reprecipitated at 4°C after adding one-tenth volume of 2 M sodium acetate (pH 5.0) and an equal volume of isopropanol.
  • the nucleic acids were pelleted at 14,000xg for 15 minutes at 4°C and washed once with 70% ethanol and once with 100% ethanol.
  • the samples were air dried for 15 minutes, resuspended in 100 ⁇ l sterile water and frozen at -80°C. Typically, 200 ⁇ g total RNA was recovered per 50 ml yeast culture.
  • Poly (A) + mRNA was isolated from apprr>ximately 1 mg of total RNA using the rapid mRNA purification kit (Amresco, Solon, OH) as outlined in the manufacturer's directions. The mRNA was resuspended in sterile water and stored at -80°C. Typically, 10 ⁇ g mRNA were recovered per mg total yeast RNA.
  • Microsomes were isolated by pelleting yeast cells from each 50 ml culture at 2,000xg for 6 minutes, washing with 50 ml of sterile water and repelleting them at 2,000xg for 6 minutes.
  • the yeast cells were resuspended in 1.0-1.5 ml of microsome isolation buffer (MIB) containing 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M sucrose, 10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT, 50 ⁇ g/ml aprotinin, leupeptin and pepstatin, and bead-beaten with a Mini-Beadbeater (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, OK) three times for 20 sec at 5,000 rpm at 4°C using 0.5 mm glass beads in a 2 ml tube.
  • MIB microsome isolation buffer
  • the samples were centrifuged at 13,000xg for 1 minute and the supernatants transferred to 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. An additional 1 ml of MIB was added to the 2 ml tube and the yeast were bead-beaten twice for 20 seconds at 5,000 rpm at 4°C. The samples were centrifuged at 13,000xg for 1 minute and the supernatants combined.
  • Microsomes were pelleted by centrifugation at 150,000xg for 1 hour and 15 minutes and resuspended in 1 ml of microsomal storage buffer (MSB) containing 10 mM KP0 4 (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 20% glycerol, to a final protein concentration of 2-4 mg/ml.
  • MSB microsomal storage buffer
  • CO difference spectra and total P450 quantifications were performed on samples containing 2-4 mg/ml microsomal protein using the method of Omura and Sato, (1964) J . Biol . Chem . 239:2370-2378.
  • the W(R) yeast strain was made auxotrophic for leucine by transformation with the LEU2 gene contained on the pADNS plasmid.
  • yeast strains DBY2616 and W(R) containing the CYP71C3v2/pYES plasmid or the empty pYES vector were grown at 30°C in 50 ml of YGIM (a yeast nitrogen base media containing 5g/L ammonium sulfate and lacking amino acids, 4% galactose, 20 mg/L histidine, 20 mg/L tryptophan, 20 mg/L lysine) with shaking at 150 rpm for 36-48 hours to 1.0-1.5xl0 8 cells/ml.
  • YGIM a yeast nitrogen base media containing 5g/L ammonium sulfate and lacking amino acids, 4% galactose, 20 mg/L histidine, 20 mg/L tryptophan, 20 mg/L lysine
  • the yeast used in the complementation assay above were cured of their pYES plasmids by 5-FOA treatment.
  • the yeast were grown overnight in 2x CSM-LEU GLU (Bio 101 complete supplemented media containing 2% glucose and lacking leucine) plus 20 mg/L uracil, diluted to approximately l.OxlO 4 cells/ml and plated on 2x CSM-LEU GLU plus 20 mg/L uracil plates containing 4 mM 5-FOA.
  • ATC TCG CTC CAG GAG CTG GTG GCC AAG TAC GGG CAC AAC GGG TTC CTG 288 lie Ser Leu Gin Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Tyr Gly His Asn Gly Phe Leu 80 85 90
  • MOLECULE TYPE protein
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des polynucléotides isolés et purifiés, codant le cytochrome P450 du maïs (CYP713Cv2), des vecteurs d'expression contenant ces polynucléotides, des cellules hôtes transformées à l'aide de ces vecteurs d'expression, ainsi qu'un procédé destiné à conférer une résistance aux herbicides à des organismes transformés à l'aide de ces polynucléotides.
PCT/US1999/014117 1998-06-26 1999-06-23 ADNc DE CYTOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASE DU MAIS (CYP71C3v2) WO2000000502A1 (fr)

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AU47087/99A AU4708799A (en) 1998-06-26 1999-06-23 Maize cytochrome p450 monooxygenase cdna (cyp71c3v2)

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US9075998P 1998-06-26 1998-06-26
US60/090,759 1998-06-26

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PCT/US1999/014689 WO2000000585A2 (fr) 1998-06-26 1999-06-28 ADNc DE MONOOXYGENASE DE CYTOCHROME P450 DE MAIS (CYP71C3v2)

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BRPI0213411B1 (pt) 2001-10-19 2015-11-03 Sumitomo Chemical Co dna codificando uma proteína de metabolização de herbicida, seu uso, vetor e micro-organismo transgênico compreendendo o mesmo, métodos de produção de um transformante, da referida proteína, de obtenção e detecção do referido dna e de identificação de uma célula compreendendo o referido dna
JP4736480B2 (ja) 2004-05-17 2011-07-27 住友化学株式会社 雑草防除方法
JP4720223B2 (ja) 2004-05-18 2011-07-13 住友化学株式会社 除草活性化合物耐性植物

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US5212296A (en) * 1989-09-11 1993-05-18 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Expression of herbicide metabolizing cytochromes

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
O'KEEFE D.P., ET AL.: "PLANT EXPRESSION OF A BACTERIAL CYTOCHROME P450 THAT CATALYZES ACTIVATION OF A SULFONYLUREA PRO-HERBICIDE.", PLANT PHYSIOLOGY., AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS, ROCKVILLE, MD., US, vol. 105., 1 January 1994 (1994-01-01), US, pages 473 - 482., XP002924849, ISSN: 0032-0889 *
PIERREL M. ET AL.: "Catalytic properties of the plant cytochrome P450 CYP73 expressed in yeast Substrate specificity of a cinnamate hydroxylase.", EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY, WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD., GB, vol. 224., no. 03., 1 January 1994 (1994-01-01), GB, pages 835 - 844., XP002100396, ISSN: 0014-2956, DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00835.x *
SCHULER M. A.: "PLANT CYTOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASES.", CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES., CRC PRESS, BOCA RATON, FL., US, vol. 15., no. 03., 1 January 1996 (1996-01-01), US, pages 235 - 284., XP002915100, ISSN: 0735-2689 *
SHIOTA N. ET AL.: "Herbicide-resistant tobacco plants expressing the fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase", PLANT PHYSIOLOGY., AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS, ROCKVILLE, MD., US, vol. 106., 1 January 1994 (1994-01-01), US, pages 17 - 23., XP002100395, ISSN: 0032-0889, DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.1.17 *

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AU4962699A (en) 2000-01-17
WO2000000585A3 (fr) 2000-04-20

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