WO1999063055A1 - Genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism and methods of use thereof - Google Patents
Genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism and methods of use thereof Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999063055A1 WO1999063055A1 PCT/US1999/012121 US9912121W WO9963055A1 WO 1999063055 A1 WO1999063055 A1 WO 1999063055A1 US 9912121 W US9912121 W US 9912121W WO 9963055 A1 WO9963055 A1 WO 9963055A1
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- C12P23/00—Preparation of compounds containing a cyclohexene ring having an unsaturated side chain containing at least ten carbon atoms bound by conjugated double bonds, e.g. carotenes
Definitions
- the present invention describes nucleic acid sequences for eukaryotic genes encoding e lycopene ⁇ -cyclase (also known as ⁇ -cyclase and ⁇ lycopene cyclase), isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPP) and ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase as well as vectors containing the same and hosts transformed with said vectors.
- the present invention also provides methods for augmenting the accumulation of carotenoids, changing the composition ofthe carotenoids, and producing novel and rare carotenoids.
- the present invention provides methods for controlling the ratio or relative amounts of various carotenoids in a host.
- the invention also relates to modified lycopene e-cyclase, LPP isomerase and ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase. Additionally, the present invention provides a method for screening for genes and cDNAs encoding enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism.
- Carotenoid pigments with cyclic endgroups are essential components ofthe photosynthetic apparatus in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (e.g., cyanobacteria, algae and plants; Goodwin, 1980).
- the symmetrical bicyclic yellow carotenoid pigment ⁇ - carotene (or, in rare cases, the asymmetrical bicyclic ⁇ -carotene) is intimately associated with the photosynthetic reaction centers and plays a vital role in protecting against potentially lethal photooxidative damage (Koyama, 1991).
- ⁇ -carotene and other carotenoids derived from it or from -carotene also serve as light-harvesting pigments (Siefermann-Harms, 1987), are involved in the thermal dissipation of excess light energy captured by the light- harvesting antenna (Demmig- Adams & Adams, 1992), provide substrate for the biosynthesis of the plant growth regulator abscisic acid (Rock & Zeevaart, 1991 ; Parry & Horgan, 1991 ), and are precursors of vitamin A in human and animal diets (Krinsky, 1987). Plants also exploit carotenoids as coloring agents in flowers and fruits to attract pollinators and agents of seed dispersal (Goodwin, 1980).
- carotenoids are also of agronomic value in a number of important crops.
- Carotenoids are currently harvested from a variety of organisms, including plants, algae, yeasts, cyanobacteria and bacteria, for use as pigments in food and feed.
- the probable pathway for formation of cyclic carotenoids in plants, algae and cyanobacteria is illustrated in Figure 1.
- Two types of cyclic endgroups or rings are commonly found in higher plant carotenoids, these are referred to as the ⁇ (beta) and e (epsilo ) rings (Fig. 3).
- the precursor acyclic endgroup (no ring structure) is referred to as the ⁇ (psi) endgroup.
- ⁇ and ⁇ endgroups differ only in the position ofthe double bond in the ring.
- Carotenoids with two ⁇ rings are ubiquitous, and those with one ⁇ and one e ring are common, but carotenoids with two e rings are uncommon, ⁇ -carotene (Fig. 1) has two ⁇ - endgroups and is a symmetrical compound that is the precursor of a number of other important plant carotenoids such as zeaxanthin and violaxanthin (Fig. 2).
- Fig. 1 has two ⁇ - endgroups and is a symmetrical compound that is the precursor of a number of other important plant carotenoids such as zeaxanthin and violaxanthin (Fig. 2).
- Genes encoding enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis have previously been isolated from a variety of sources including bacteria (Armstrong et al., 1989, Mol. Gen. Genet. 216, 254-268; Misawa et al, 1990, J.
- phytoene desaturases from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus and from higher plants and green algae carry out a two-step desaturation to yield (-carotene as a reaction product.
- a second enzyme ((- carotene desaturase), similar in amino acid sequence to the phytoene desaturase, catalyzes two additional desaturations to yield lycopene.
- a single desaturase enzyme from Erwinia herbicola and from other bacteria introduces all four double bonds required to form lycopene.
- the Erwinia and other bacterial desaturases bear little amino acid sequence similarity to the plant and cyanobacterial desaturase enzymes, and are thought to be of unrelated ancestry. Therefore, even with a gene in hand from one source, it may be difficult to identify a gene encoding an enzyme of similar function in another organism. In particular, the sequence similarity between certain ofthe prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes encoding enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis is quite low.
- a first object of this invention is to provide purified and/or isolated nucleic acids which encode enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis; in particular, lycopene e-cyclase , IPP isomerase and ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase.
- a second object of this invention is to provide purified and/or isolated nucleic acids which encode enzymes which produce novel or uncommon carotenoids.
- a third object ofthe present invention is to provide vectors containing said genes.
- a fourth object ofthe present invention is to provide hosts transformed with said vectors.
- Yet another object ofthe present invention is to provide a method for screening for eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes and cDNAs which encode enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism.
- An additional object ofthe invention is to provide a method for manipulating carotenoid biosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms by inhibiting the synthesis of certain enzymatic products to cause accumulation of precursor compounds.
- Another object ofthe invention is to provide modified lycopene e-cyclase, LPP isomerase and ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase.
- a subject ofthe present invention is an isolated and/or purified nucleic acid sequence which encodes for a protein having lycopene e-cyclase, IPP isomerase or ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase enzyme activity and having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 14-
- the invention also includes vectors which comprise any ofthe nucleic acid sequences listed above, and host cells transformed with such vectors.
- Another subject ofthe present invention is a method of producing or enhancing the production of a carotenoid in a host cell, comprising inserting into the host cell a vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence which encodes for a protein having lycopene e-cyclase, IPP isomerase or ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase enzyme activity, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a promoter; and expressing the heterologous nucleic acid sequence to produce the protein.
- Yet another subject ofthe present invention is a method of modifying the production of carotenoids in a host cell, the method comprising inserting into the host cell a vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence which produces an RNA and/or encodes for a protein which modifies lycopene e-cyclase, IPP isomerase or ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase enzyme activity, relative to an untransformed host cell, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a promoter; and expressing the heterologous nucleic acid sequence in the host cell to modify the production ofthe carotenoids in the host cell, relative to the untransformed host cell.
- the present invention also includes a method of expressing, in a host cell, a heterologous nucleic acid sequence which encodes for a protein having lycopene e-cyclase, IPP isomerase or ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase enzyme activity, the method comprising inserting into the host cell a vector comprising the heterologous nucleic acid sequence, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a promoter; and expressing the heterologous nucleic acid sequence.
- Another subject ofthe present invention is a method for screening for genes and cDNAs which encode enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation ofthe putative pathway of ⁇ -carotene biosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae and plants.
- the enzymes catalyzing various steps are indicated at the left.
- Target sites ofthe bleaching herbicides NFZ and MPT A are also indicated at the left.
- DMAPP dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
- FPP farnesyl pyrophosphate
- GGPP geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
- GPP geranyl pyrophosphate
- IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
- LCY lycopene cyclase
- MVA mevalonic acid
- MPTA 2-(4- methylphenoxy)triethylamine hydrochloride
- NFZ norflurazon
- PDS phytoene desaturase
- PSY phytoene synthase
- ZDS (-carotene desaturase
- PPPP prephytoene pyrophosphate.
- Figure 6 is an alignment ofthe predicted amino acid sequences of A. thaliana ⁇ - carotene hydroxylase (SEQ ID NO: 4) with those ofthe bacterial ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase enzymes from Alicalgenes sp. (SEQ ID NO: 5) (Genbank D58422), Erwinia herbicola EholO (SEQ ID NO. : 6) (GenBank M872280), Erwinia uredovora (SEQ ID NO. : 7) (GenBank
- Figure 11 is an alignment ofthe amino acid sequences predicted by IPP isomerase cDNAs isolated from ⁇ . thaliana (SEQID NO.: 16 and 18), H. pluvialis (SEQID NOS.: 14 and 15), Clarkia breweri (SEQ ID NO.: 17) (See, Blanc & Pichersky, Plant Physiol. (1995) 108:855; Genbank accession no. X82627) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO.: 19) (Genbank accession no. J05090).
- Figure 12 is a DNA sequence ofthe cDNA encoding an IPP isomerase isolated from Tagetes erecta (marigold; SEQ ID NO: 13). This cDNA is incorporated into the plasmid pPMDPl. xxx's denote a region not originally sequenced. Figure 21 A shows the complete marigold sequence.
- Figure 15A shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:24) and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NO:25) of a potato e-cyclase cDNA.
- Figure 15B shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:26) of a chimeric lettuce/potato lycopene e-cyclase. Amino acids in lower case are from the lettuce cDNA and those in upper case are from the potato cDNA. The product of this chimeric cDNA has e-cyclase activity and converts lycopene to the monocyclic ⁇ -carotene.
- Figure 17A shows the nucleotide sequence of the Adonis palaestina Ipil (SEQ ID NO:28) and Figure 17B shows the nucleotide sequence ofthe Adonis palaestina Ipi2 (SEQ ID NO: 29).
- Figure 18A shows the nucleotide sequence ofthe Haematoccus pluvialis Ipil (SEQ ID NO:l 1) and Figure 18B shows the nucleotide sequence ofthe Haematoccus pluvialis Ipi2 (SEQ ID NO:30).
- Figure 20 shows the nucleotide sequence ofthe Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Ipil (SEQ ID NO:33).
- Figure 21 A shows the nucleotide sequence ofthe Tagetes erecta (marigold) Ipil (SEQ ID NO:34) and Figure 21B shows the nucleotide sequence ofthe Oryza sativa (rice) Ipil
- Figure 22 shows a amino acid sequence alignment of various plant and green algal isopentenyl isomerases (IPI) (SEQ ID NOS: 16, 36-45).
- IPI green algal isopentenyl isomerases
- Figure 23 shows a comparison between Adonis palaestina e-cyclase cDNA #3 and cDNA #5 nucleotide sequences.
- Figure 24 shows a comparison between Adonis palaestina e-cyclase cDNA #3 and cDNA #5 predicted amino acid sequences.
- Figure 25 shows a sequence alignment of various plant ⁇ - and e-cyclases. Those sequences outlined in grey denote identical sequences among the e-cyclases. Those sequences outlined in black denote identical sequences among both the ⁇ - and e-cyclases.
- Figure 26 shows a sequence alignment ofthe plant e-cyclases from Figure 25. Those sequences outlined in black denote identical sequences among the e-cyclases.
- Figure 27 is a dendrogram or "tree” illustrating the degree of amino acid sequence similarity for various lycopene ⁇ - and e-cyclases.
- Figure 28 shows a comparison between Arabidopsis e-cyclase and lettuce e-cyclase predicted amino acid sequences.
- the present invention includes an isolated and/or purified nucleic acid sequence which encodes for a protein having lycopene e-cyclase, IPP isomerase or ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase enzyme activity and having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 14-
- Nucleic acids encoding lycopene e-cyclase, ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase and IPP isomerases have been isolated from several genetically distant sources.
- IPP isomerase catalyzes the reversible conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
- IPP isomerase cDNAs were isolated from the plants A. thaliana, Tagetes erecta (marigold), Adonis palaestina (pheasant's eye), Lactuca sativa
- the present inventors have also isolated nucleic acids encoding the enzyme lycopene e-cyclase, which is responsible for the formation of e-endgroups in carotenoids.
- the A. thaliane e-cyclase adds an e ring to only one end ofthe symmetrical lycopene while the related ⁇ -cyclase adds a ring at both ends.
- the A. thaliana cDNA ofthe present invention is shown in Figure 4 and SEQ ID NO: 1.
- a plasmid containing this gene was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville MD 20852 on March 4, 1996 under ATCC accession number 98005 (pATeps - A. thaliana).
- lycopene e-cyclases have been identified in lettuce and in Adonis palaestina (cDNA #5) which encode enzymes that convert lycopene to the bicyclic e- carotene ( ⁇ , ⁇ -carotene).
- An additional cDNA from Adonis palaestina (cDNA #3) encodes a lycopene e-cyclase which converts lycopene into ⁇ -carotene (e, ⁇ -carotene) and differs from the lycopene e-cyclase which forms bicyclic e-carotene (e,e-carotene) by only 5 amino acids.
- One or more of these amino acids may be modified by alteration ofthe nucleotide sequence in the #5 cDNA to obtain an enzyme which forms the bicyclic e,e-carotene.
- the sequences of the Adonis palaestina and Arabidopsis thaliana e-cyclases have about 70% nucleotide identity and about 72% amino acid identity.
- Adonis palaestina clone #3 and clone #5 the specific amino acids responsible for the addition of an extra e ring have been identified ( Figure 24). Specifically, amino acid 55 is Thr in clone #3 and Ser in clone #5, amino acid 210 is Asn in clone #3 and Asp in clone #5, amino acid 231 is Asp in clone #3 and Glu in clone #5, amino acid 352 is He in clone #3 and Val in clone #5, and amino acid 524 is Lys in clone #3 and Arg in clone #5. It can be appreciated that these changes are quite conservative, as only one change, at amino acid 210, changes the charge ofthe protein.
- nucleic acids ofthe invention encoding the enzymes as presently disclosed may be altered to increase a particularly desirable property ofthe enzyme, to change a property ofthe enzyme, or to diminish an undesirable property ofthe enzyme.
- Such modifications can be by deletion, substitution, or insertion of one or more amino acids, and can be performed by routine enzymatic manipulation ofthe nucleic acid encoding the enzyme (such as by restriction enzyme digestion, removal of nucleotides by mung bean nuclease or BaBl, insertion of nucleotides by Klenow fragment, and by religation ofthe ends), by site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as by low fidelity PCR or those obtained through mutations in hosts that are producers ofthe enzymes.
- routine enzymatic manipulation ofthe nucleic acid encoding the enzyme such as by restriction enzyme digestion, removal of nucleotides by mung bean nuclease or BaBl, insertion of nucleotides by Klenow fragment, and by religation ofthe ends
- site-directed mutagenesis or may be accidental, such as by low fidelity PCR or those obtained through mutations in hosts that are producers ofthe enzymes.
- Mutations can be made in the nucleic acids ofthe invention such that a particular codon is changed to a codon which codes for a different amino acid. Such a mutation is generally made by making the fewest nucleotide changes possible.
- a substitution mutation of this sort can be made to change an amino acid in the resulting protein in a non- conservative manner (i.e., by changing the codon from an amino acid belonging to a grouping of amino acids having a particular size or characteristic to an amino acid belonging to another grouping) or in a conservative manner (i.e., by changing the codon from an amino acid belonging to a grouping of amino acids having a particular size or characteristic to an amino acid belonging to the same grouping).
- Such a conservative change generally leads to less change in the structure and function ofthe resulting protein.
- a non-conservative change is more likely to alter the structure, activity or function ofthe resulting protein.
- the present invention should be considered to include sequences containing conservative changes which do not significantly alter the activity or binding characteristics ofthe resulting protein.
- Amino acids with nonpolar R groups Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline,
- Phenylalanine, Tryptophan and Methionine Phenylalanine, Tryptophan and Methionine.
- Amino acids with uncharged polar R groups Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine and Glutamine.
- Amino acids with charged polar R groups (negatively charged at Ph 6.0): Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid.
- Basic amino acids (positively charged at pH 6.0): Lysine, Arginine and Histidine.
- Another grouping may be those amino acids with phenyl groups: Phenylalanine, Tryptophan and Tyrosine.
- Another grouping may be according to molecular weight (i.e., size of R groups). Particularly preferred substitutions are:
- Amino acid substitutions may also be introduced to substitute an amino acid with a particularly preferable property.
- a Cys may be introduced to provide a potential site for disulfide bridges with another Cys.
- a His may be introduced as a particularly "catalytic" site (i.e., His can act as an acid or base and is the most common amino acid in biochemical catalysis).
- Pro may be introduced because of its particularly planar structure, which induces ⁇ -turns in the protein's structure.
- sequence dissimilarity between about 50-70 to about 90-120 (depending on the particular sequence). Thereafter, the sequences are fairly conserved, except for small pockets of dissimilarity between about 275-295 to about 285-305 (depending on the particular sequence), and between about 395-415 to about 410-
- the present invention is intended to include those nucleic acid and amino acid sequences in which substitutions, deletions, additions or other modifications have taken place, as compared to SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 14-21, 23 or 25-27, without destroying the activity ofthe enzyme.
- the substitutions, deletions, additions or other modifications take place at the 5' end, or any other of those positions which already show dissimilarity between any ofthe presently disclosed amino acid sequences (see also Figure 25) or other amino acid sequences which are known in the art and which encode the same enzyme (i.e., lycopene e- cyclase, IPP isomerase or ⁇ -carotene hydroxylase).
- nucleic acid and amino acid sequence similarity and identity is measured using sequence analysis software, for example, the Sequence Analysis, Gap, or BestFit software packages ofthe Genetics Computer Group (University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705), MEGAlign (DNAStar, Inc., 1228 S. Park St., Madison, Wisconsin 53715), or MacNector (Oxford Molecular Group, 2105 S. Bascom Avenue, Suite 200, Campbell, California 95008).
- sequence analysis software for example, the Sequence Analysis, Gap, or BestFit software packages ofthe Genetics Computer Group (University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705), MEGAlign (DNAStar, Inc., 1228 S. Park St., Madison, Wisconsin 53715), or MacNector (Oxford Molecular Group, 2105 S. Bascom Avenue, Suite 200, Campbell, California 95008).
- sequence analysis software for example, the Sequence Analysis, Gap, or BestFit software packages ofthe Genetics Computer Group
- Transformed E. coli can be cultured using conventional techniques.
- the culture broth preferably contains antibiotics to select and maintain plasmids. Suitable antibiotics include penicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, etc. Culturing is typically conducted at 15-40°C, preferably at room temperature or slightly above (18-28°C), for 12 hours to 7 days.
- Cultures are plated and the plates are screened visually for colonies with a different color than the colonies ofthe host E. coli transformed with the empty plasmid cloning vector.
- E. coli transformed with the plasmid, pAC-B ⁇ TA (described below), produce yellow colonies that accumulate ⁇ -carotene.
- colonies which contain a different hue than those formed by E. co/t/pAC-B ⁇ TA would be expected to contain enzymes which modify the structure or accumulation of ⁇ -carotene.
- Similar ⁇ . coli strains can be engineered which accumulate earlier products in carotenoid biosynthesis, such as lycopene, ⁇ -carotene, etc.
- E.coli cells transformed with this new plasmid pAC-BETA-04 form orange colonies on LB plates (vs. yellow for those containing pAC-BETA) and cultures accumulate substantially more ⁇ -carotene (ca. two fold) than those that contain pAC-BETA.
- E.coli strain DH10BZIP was chosen as the host cell for the screening and pigment production, although we have also used TOP10F' and XLl-Blue for this purpose.
- DH10B cells were transformed with plasmid pAC-BETA-04 and were plated on LB agar plates containing chloramphenicol at 50 ⁇ g/ml (from United States Biochemical Co ⁇ oration).
- the phagemid Arabidopsis cDNA library was then introduced into DH10B cells already containing pAC-BETA-04. Transformed cells containing both pAC-BETA-04 and Arabidopsis cDNA library phagemids were selected on chloramphenicol plus ampicillin (150 ⁇ g/ml) agar plates.
- a single colony was used to inoculate 50 ml of LB containing ampicillin and chloramphenicol in a 250-ml flask. Cultures were incubated at 28°C for 36 hours with gentle shaking, and then harvested at 5000 ⁇ m in an SS-34 rotor. The cells were washed once with distilled H 2 O and resuspended with 0.5 ml of water. The extraction procedures and HPLC were essentially as described previously (Cunningham et al, 1994).
- the plasmid pAC-ZETA was constructed as follows: an 8.6-kb Bglll fragment containing the carotenoid biosynthetic genes of E. herbicola (GenBank M87280; Hundle et al., 1991) was obtained after partial digestion of plasmid pPL376 (Perry et al., 1986; Tuveson et al., 1986) and cloned in the BamHI site of pACYC184 to give the plasmid pAC-EHER.
- the resulting plasmid, pAC-BETA retains functional genes for geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (crtE), phytoene synthase (crtB), phytoene desaturase (crtl), and lycopene cyclase (crtY).
- crtE geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase
- crtB phytoene synthase
- crtl phytoene desaturase
- lycopene cyclase crtY
- thaliana was constructed by excising the e-cyclase in clone y2 as a PvuI-PvuII fragment and Hgating this piece in the SnaBI site of a plasmid (pSPORT 1 from GIBCO-BRL) that already contained the ⁇ -cyclase (Cunningham et al., 1996).
- Media components were from Difco (yeast extract and tryptone) or Sigma (NaCl).
- Biochemical Co ⁇ oration were used, as appropriate, for selection and maintenance of plasmids.
- the titre ofthe excised phagemid was determined and the library was introduced into a lycopene-accumulating strain of E. coli TOP 10 F ' (this strain contained the plasmid p AC-LYC) by incubation of the phagemid with the E. coli cells for 15 min at 37 °C. Cells had been grown overnight at 30° C in LB medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) maltose and 10 mM MgSO 4 (final concentration), and harvested in 1.5 ml microfuge tubes at a setting of 3 on an Eppendorf micro fuge (5415C) for 10 min.
- the pellets were resuspended in 10 mM MgSO 4 to a volume equal to one-half that ofthe initial culture volume.
- Transformants were spread on large (150 mm diameter) LB agar petri plates containing antibiotics to provide for selection of cDNA clones (ampicillin) and maintenance of pAC-LYC (chloramphenicol). Approximately 10,000 colony forming units were spread on each plate. Petri plates were incubated at 37 C for 16 hr and then at room temperature for 2 to 7 days to allow maximum color development.
- Plates were screened visually with the aid of an illuminated 3x magnifier and a low power stage-dissecting microscope for the rare, pale pinkish-yellow to deep-yellow colonies that could be observed in the background of pink colonies. A colony color of yellow or pinkish-yellow was taken as presumptive evidence of a cyclization activity. These yellow colonies were collected with sterile toothpicks and used to inoculate 3ml of LB medium in culture tubes with overnight growth at 37 °C and shaking at 225 cycles/min. Cultures were split into two aliquots in microfuge tubes and harvested by centrifugation at a setting of 5 in an Eppendorf 5415C microfuge.
- ⁇ -carotene or pigments such as lutein that are derived from ⁇ -carotene, is desirable, whether for the color properties, nutritional value or other reason, one may overexpress the e-cyclase or express it in specific tissues.
- agronomic value of a crop is related to pigmentation provided by carotenoid pigments the directed manipulation of expression ofthe e-cyclase gene and/or production ofthe enzyme may be of commercial value.
- the predicted amino acid sequence ofthe A. thaliana e-cyclase enzyme was determined. A comparison ofthe amino acid sequences ofthe ⁇ - and e-cyclase enzymes of
- Arabidopsis thaliana (Fig. 13) as predicted by the DNA sequence ofthe respective cDNAs (Fig. 4 for the e-cyclase cDNA sequence), indicates that these two enzymes have many regions of sequence similarity, but they are only about 37% identical overall at the amino acid level.
- the degree of sequence identity at the DNA base level only about 50%, is sufficiently low such that we and others have been unable to detect this gene by hybridization using the ⁇ cyclase as a probe in DNA gel blot experiments.
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CA002330167A CA2330167A1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-06-02 | Genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism and methods of use thereof |
BR0007128-5A BR0007128A (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-06-02 | Genes for the biosynthesis and metabolism of carotenoids and their application method |
JP2000552251A JP2002517187A (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-06-02 | Carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism genes and methods of use |
EP99927130A EP1088054A4 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-06-02 | Genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism and methods of use thereof |
BR9917265-8A BR9917265A (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-06-02 | Genes for the biosynthesis and metabolism of carotenoids and their application method |
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WO1999055887A2 (en) * | 1998-04-24 | 1999-11-04 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes |
WO2000032788A2 (en) * | 1998-11-30 | 2000-06-08 | Chr. Hansen A/S | Method for regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in marigolds |
EP1268752A1 (en) * | 2000-03-07 | 2003-01-02 | Cargill, Incorporated | Production of lutein in microorganisms |
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WO2004018385A2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-03-04 | Sungene Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | Method for the production of zeaxanthin and/or the biosynthetic intermediates and/or subsequent products thereof |
US6821749B1 (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 2004-11-23 | Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha | Methods of producing carotenoids using DNA molecules encoding isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase |
WO2007006094A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2007-01-18 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Wheat pigment |
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US20100088781A1 (en) * | 2007-02-21 | 2010-04-08 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Repre Sented By The Minister Of Agriculture And Agrifoo | Altering carotenoid profiles in plants |
Citations (1)
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WO1997036998A1 (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-09 | University Of Maryland College Park | Genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism and a system for screening for such genes |
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AU5897796A (en) * | 1995-05-17 | 1996-11-29 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Dna sequences encoding a lycopene cyclase, antisense sequenc es derived therefrom and their use for the modification of c arotenoids levels in plants |
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1999
- 1999-06-02 AU AU44109/99A patent/AU4410999A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-02 JP JP2000552251A patent/JP2002517187A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-06-02 BR BR0007128-5A patent/BR0007128A/en unknown
- 1999-06-02 CA CA002330167A patent/CA2330167A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-02 EP EP99927130A patent/EP1088054A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-06-02 WO PCT/US1999/012121 patent/WO1999063055A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (1)
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WO1997036998A1 (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-09 | University Of Maryland College Park | Genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism and a system for screening for such genes |
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See also references of EP1088054A4 * |
Cited By (17)
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US6821749B1 (en) * | 1995-03-10 | 2004-11-23 | Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha | Methods of producing carotenoids using DNA molecules encoding isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase |
WO1999055887A3 (en) * | 1998-04-24 | 2000-04-13 | Du Pont | Carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes |
WO1999055887A2 (en) * | 1998-04-24 | 1999-11-04 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes |
WO2000032788A2 (en) * | 1998-11-30 | 2000-06-08 | Chr. Hansen A/S | Method for regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in marigolds |
WO2000032788A3 (en) * | 1998-11-30 | 2000-10-05 | Chr Hansen As | Method for regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in marigolds |
US6232530B1 (en) | 1998-11-30 | 2001-05-15 | University Of Nevada | Marigold DNA encoding beta-cyclase |
EP1268752A4 (en) * | 2000-03-07 | 2004-06-30 | Cargill Inc | Production of lutein in microorganisms |
EP1268752A1 (en) * | 2000-03-07 | 2003-01-02 | Cargill, Incorporated | Production of lutein in microorganisms |
WO2003033600A1 (en) | 2001-10-17 | 2003-04-24 | Clariant International Ltd | Trichromatic dyeing process and dye mixtures used therein |
US7410594B2 (en) | 2001-10-17 | 2008-08-12 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Trichromatic dyeing process and dye mixtures used therein |
WO2004018693A2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-03-04 | Sungene Gmbh & Co.Kgaa | Method for the production of ketocarotinoids in flower petals on plants |
WO2004018695A3 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-10-14 | Sungene Gmbh & Co Kgaa | Method for producing ketocarotinoids in plant fruit |
WO2004018385A3 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-10-21 | Sungene Gmbh & Co Kgaa | Method for the production of zeaxanthin and/or the biosynthetic intermediates and/or subsequent products thereof |
WO2004018695A2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-03-04 | Sungene Gmbh & Co.Kgaa | Method for producing ketocarotinoids in plant fruit |
WO2004018693A3 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-12-09 | Sungene Gmbh & Co Kgaa | Method for the production of ketocarotinoids in flower petals on plants |
WO2004018385A2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-03-04 | Sungene Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | Method for the production of zeaxanthin and/or the biosynthetic intermediates and/or subsequent products thereof |
WO2007006094A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2007-01-18 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Wheat pigment |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1088054A4 (en) | 2003-05-07 |
JP2002517187A (en) | 2002-06-18 |
AU4410999A (en) | 1999-12-20 |
WO1999063055A9 (en) | 2000-03-09 |
EP1088054A1 (en) | 2001-04-04 |
CA2330167A1 (en) | 1999-12-09 |
BR0007128A (en) | 2001-07-17 |
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