WO1999008485A1 - Recipients electriques de chauffage de liquide - Google Patents

Recipients electriques de chauffage de liquide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999008485A1
WO1999008485A1 PCT/GB1998/002348 GB9802348W WO9908485A1 WO 1999008485 A1 WO1999008485 A1 WO 1999008485A1 GB 9802348 W GB9802348 W GB 9802348W WO 9908485 A1 WO9908485 A1 WO 9908485A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sensor
sensor device
enzyme
responsive
contact
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1998/002348
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO1999008485A9 (fr
Inventor
John Crawshaw Taylor
Keith Barrie Doyle
Original Assignee
Strix Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9716561.7A external-priority patent/GB9716561D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9716560.9A external-priority patent/GB9716560D0/en
Application filed by Strix Limited filed Critical Strix Limited
Priority to GB0002566A priority Critical patent/GB2346529A/en
Priority to EP98937666A priority patent/EP1002447A1/fr
Priority to AU86388/98A priority patent/AU8638898A/en
Publication of WO1999008485A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999008485A1/fr
Publication of WO1999008485A9 publication Critical patent/WO1999008485A9/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/265—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an inorganic material, e.g. ceramic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/004—Enzyme electrodes mediator-assisted
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
    • C12Q1/006—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes for glucose
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/414—Ion-sensitive or chemical field-effect transistors, i.e. ISFETS or CHEMFETS
    • G01N27/4145—Ion-sensitive or chemical field-effect transistors, i.e. ISFETS or CHEMFETS specially adapted for biomolecules, e.g. gate electrode with immobilised receptors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/262—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an insulated metal plate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/28—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H05B3/30—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material on or between metallic plates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
    • H05B3/82—Fixedly-mounted immersion heaters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/308—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells at least partially made of carbon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to sensor devices, and more particularly to improved sensor devices useful in analytical methods involving the detection or measurement of pH changes, especially in enzyme-based biosensor systems, and to analytical methods using them.
  • Bio-sensors have been found to be very successful in use for such purposes, especially when the bio-component is an enzyme .
  • An enzyme has the advantage that it can be more specific to the analyte sought and also, when the analyte itself is not sufficiently electro-active, can be used to interact with the analyte to generate another species which is electro-active and to which the electrode can respond to produce the desired output signals.
  • the classic example of such a sensor is the glucose oxidase enzyme-electrode, in which an immobilised glucose oxidase enzyme catalyses the oxidation of glucose to form hydrogen peroxide, which is then detected and determined by amperometric measurement of the effect it produces (increase in electrical current) at a polarised electrode (typically platinum) . Measurements can be made conveniently in the usual manner, polarising the platinum electrode at 650 mV against an Ag/AgCl reference.
  • amperometric sensors and their use suffer from the limitation that other electro-active species present in a sample under examination (additional to the analyte sought) can cause interference, and also that enzymes do not always produce -electro-active products. Consequently some alternative to amperometric transduction is desirable.
  • Such buffering components may be present in the sample itself or may be deliberately added, for example as a stabiliser or a preservative for the sample.
  • a persistent problem encountered with pH-sensitive sensors is derived from the presence of any buffering salts in the sample matrix.
  • samples of high buffering capacity the pH change induced by the enzyme is not detected by the sensing surface, hence no change in signal is observed and a false interpretation of the sample's composition is drawn.
  • samples that have a variable buffering capacity will result in a significant "drift" in the sensor signals, again leading to practical limitations in their use.
  • the senor which is responsive to ionic changes in the media in contact with it, and especially the pH, is associated with an adjacent enzyme, so that interaction of the enzyme with the selected analyte can produce a change in the ionic content, especially the pH, at the sensor surface.
  • hydrocarbon precursor gases e.g. propane, butane or acetylene
  • glow-discharge deposition by laser-induced chemical vapour decomposition, by a dual-ion beam technique, or by introduction of the hydrocarbon gases directly into a saddle-field source.
  • a saddle-field source is a source of ions produced by a collision between gas atoms excited by thermionic emission, and this method is preferred because it allows heat- sensitive materials to be coated by a beam that is uncharged -- so facilitating the coating of insulating or non- conductive materials.
  • Its properties can vary according to the particular raw materials used and its mode of formation. It can also be made in other ways, for example by sputtering solid carbon, as an alternative to dissociating hydrocarbon gases.
  • the sensor which is responsive to ionic changes of media in contact with it, and especially to changes in pH, may be any of those known in the art .
  • responsive sensors are field effect transistor devices, which are commonly made of solid semiconductor materials, for example silicon - though other materials or mixtures of materials may be used.
  • An especially useful conducting polymer is poly (pyrrole) . This is made is known manner, for example by electro-polymerisation or oxidation of pyrrole, usually in aqueous solution - the polymer precipitating as it is formed. Other known conducting polymers can be used if desired.
  • Another example of its use is in a sensor sensitive to penicillin, based on pol (pyrrole) with an overlaying layer of immobilised penicillinase. Upon exposure to penicillin, the polymer becomes more conductive (through protonation) which is detected by an increase in drain current passing through the conducting polymer film.
  • impedance (resistance) measurements can be used as the measure of polymer conductivity as, in principle, both drain current and impedance provide the same information regarding the film conductivity, though the latter is recognised as being a more sensitive technique.
  • the thickness of the DLC coating may vary according to the particular requirements desired for the performance of the sensor and the system to be analysed.
  • the thickness of the DLC coating or deposit may be in the range 0.01 to 1.0 nm, but thicker or thinner coatings may be used if desired.
  • a typical and convenient coating deposit is one approximately 0.5 nm thick, but this is not necessarily the optimum for all purposes.
  • the optimum thickness in any particular case will depend upon such factors as the nature (physical and chemical) of the material upon which the DLC is deposited, and its porosity or permeability, and the particular enzyme and substrate concerned, and the characteristics appropriate to the intended use of the sensor.
  • the coating with DLC is conveniently carried out at a rate which allows the deposit to adhere to the membrane material and form a coating of the desired thickness - preferably also evenly coated so as to cover substantially all the surface without leaving any areas too thinly covered or even un-*covered.
  • the deposition may be carried out at a rate of up to 0.5 nm per hour, though higher or lower rates may be used if desired.
  • the invention is applicable to a variety of enzyme systems which act to form acidic or basic products which can change the pH of the media in which they act .
  • the principal example is an enzyme which hydrolyses a substrate
  • ammonia is strongly basic, but can also be applied to systems in which other pH- altering compounds can be formed, for example amines.
  • the commonest enzyme we find useful is urease, which hydrolyses urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia.
  • the improved sensors according to the present invention have the advantage that their range of linear response (i.e. the relationship between the sensor output signal and the amount of the substrate analyte) is extended, in comparison with known sensors . This makes them much more useful in practical clinical or laboratory conditions; by their use, the ease, speed and reliability of measurement or detection can be extended considerably.
  • the levels of urea analyte present may be in a region (e.g. 20 mM urea) which too high for sensors to be used satisfactorily.
  • the present invention does not eliminate entirely the need for some dilution of a sample, nevertheless it does reduce it considerably because the DLC-coated sensors of our invention have an increased range of linear response. The result of this is that sample dilution becomes far less critical and one can simplify considerably the previous need to carry out multiple tests (by several dilution steps) to determine the optimum degree of .dilution for the particular sample under test .
  • the electrode of our invention can be used to carry out the method of our invention by simple immersion in a predetermined volume of a buffer solution to which the sample to be analysed has been added, and applying an alternating voltage (AC) , with a superimposed bias voltage, so that measurements of the impedance can be made.
  • AC alternating voltage
  • This measurement procedure may be done in conventional manner, using conventional equipment. Measurements of the impedance (resistance) may be taken and the measurements taken and recorded as desired, intermittently or continuously. For this, conventional apparatus may be used. Samples of the media for examination may be obtained by standard methods . The quantity of sample should be sufficient to cover the sensor and the current measured at a fixed time or after a stable response has been achieved. Likewise, samples of other media may be obtained in any convenient manner and brought into contact with a sensor of the present invention for the purpose of component detection. If desired, the procedure may also be calibrated by use of solutions containing known amounts of the substances sought, and its accuracy this checked and confirmed.
  • the procedure may be carried out using known amounts of compounds which are considered to be potentially troublesome by their expected ability to interfere with the measurement, so that the degree of interference (if any) can be established.
  • Conventional apparatus may be used, for the cell, electrodes and the measurement and recording of the impedance relationships for the samples under test. Measurements may be made continuously or intermittently, as desired.
  • the pH of the sample/buffer mixture being examined may vary in the pH range 5 to 8 within which lies the pH optimum of many enzymes.
  • the selected pH for an assay mixture may be chosen to be close to 7.4, which is the physiological pH of blood plasma.
  • the sample under examination may be stirred or not, as desired or convenien .
  • An inter-digitating electrode (“IDE”) is used as the starting device.
  • This comprises a base of an insulating material carrying on its surface two electrically separate conducting arrays which intermesh with each other so that they form, over the surface of the base, a pattern combining the two conducting elements which do not make contact with each other.
  • This pattern area forms a "sensing area" which can respond to the conductivity of any media spread across it and contact both conducting element arrays .
  • the two conducting elements are connected electrically to simple terminals by which they can be connected into an electrical circuit, for example for measurement of the electrical impedance (resistance) between the two element arrays. It was made as follows : -
  • Gold inter-digitated electrodes were fabricated by photo-lithography and consisted of a gold layer (500 nm thick) deposited on to an insulating silicon substrate which comprised a 1 nm thermal oxide layer on which a 0.16 nm layer of silicon nitride had been deposited. A 30 nm chromium layer assured adhesion of the gold on to this underlying substrate.
  • the IDA consisted of 50 digits, each 10 um wide and 500 urn long, separated by a 15 um gap.
  • the formed poly (pyrrole) precipitates from the aqueous solution on to the electrode surface and eventually forms a smooth film bridging the inter-digitating electrodes .
  • the urease enzyme layer becomes entrapped and thereby immobilised. It was found that the growth of conducting polymer across the electrode gap could be more readily achieved by using a three-electrode system with the IDE as the working electrode, a separate counter (platinum flag, 2 x 3 cm) and an Ag/AgCl reference.
  • the coated electrode was washed with a saline buffer (50 mM, at pH 7.4, containing 50 mM potassium chloride) to avoid enzyme de-naturation and to remove excess reagents .
  • the monomer is oxidised, which makes it reactive and able to combine with further oxidisable monomers.
  • the polymer becomes insoluble and is deposited on to the surface of the electrode and its support.
  • the polymer deposit grows across the digits and thereby provides an electrical connection between them.
  • it is the ammonia formed by the action of the enzyme on urea that de-protonates the poly (pyrrole) polymer -- thereby resulting in an increase in its resistance to current flow between adjacent electrodes which is detected by impedance measurement.
  • the resulting sensor device was coated with a layer of diamond-like carbon 0.5 nm thick by deposition of the DLC by striking a plasma in an atmosphere containing hydrocarbon vapour (methane) .
  • the DLC was deposited at a rate of l Angstrom a second, and the resulting DLC was in an insulating, inert, flexible and bio-compatible thin film.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Cookers (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des dispositifs de détection sensibles aux changements ioniques, et en particulier aux changements de pH, des milieux en contact avec eux, l'élément détecteur étant recouvert de carbone de type diamant, et elle concerne aussi des procédés d'analyse permettant d'utiliser ces dispositifs. Le dispositif de la présente invention est particulièrement applicable aux systèmes dans lesquels le changement de pH mesuré est le résultat d'une action enzymatique, en particulier de la formation d'un produit de base, comme par exemple lorsqu'on utilise une uréase comme enzyme pour former l'ammoniaque de l'urée. L'élément détecteur préféré est un dispositif à semi-conducteur, en particulier un transistor à effet de champ à enzymes dans lequel l'enzyme est liée à la surface d'un semi-conducteur conjointement avec un polymère conducteur, de préférence un polypyrrole. Pour effectuer les mesures, par exemple pour déterminer les taux d'urée dans le sang, on mesure généralement l'impédance du détecteur lorsqu'il est en contact avec une solution tampon du prélèvement à examiner.
PCT/GB1998/002348 1997-08-05 1998-08-05 Recipients electriques de chauffage de liquide WO1999008485A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0002566A GB2346529A (en) 1997-08-05 1998-08-05 Electric liquid heating vessels
EP98937666A EP1002447A1 (fr) 1997-08-05 1998-08-05 Recipients electriques de chauffage de liquide
AU86388/98A AU8638898A (en) 1997-08-05 1998-08-05 Sensor devices and analytical methods using them

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9716560.9 1997-08-05
GB9716561.7 1997-08-05
GBGB9716561.7A GB9716561D0 (en) 1997-08-05 1997-08-05 Electric heaters
GBGB9716560.9A GB9716560D0 (en) 1997-08-05 1997-08-05 Electric liquid heating vessels

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999008485A1 true WO1999008485A1 (fr) 1999-02-18
WO1999008485A9 WO1999008485A9 (fr) 2000-06-02

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1998/002348 WO1999008485A1 (fr) 1997-08-05 1998-08-05 Recipients electriques de chauffage de liquide

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EP (1) EP1002447A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1124773C (fr)
AU (1) AU8638898A (fr)
GB (1) GB2346529A (fr)
WO (1) WO1999008485A1 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102379034A (zh) * 2009-04-02 2012-03-14 特莱美克科技私人有限公司 热电极组件
US9149220B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2015-10-06 Dexcom, Inc. Advanced analyte sensor calibration and error detection
US9433376B2 (en) 2012-03-16 2016-09-06 Dexcom, Inc. Systems and methods for processing analyte sensor data
US10349873B2 (en) 2006-10-04 2019-07-16 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US11000215B1 (en) 2003-12-05 2021-05-11 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US11331022B2 (en) 2017-10-24 2022-05-17 Dexcom, Inc. Pre-connected analyte sensors
US11350862B2 (en) 2017-10-24 2022-06-07 Dexcom, Inc. Pre-connected analyte sensors
US11382539B2 (en) 2006-10-04 2022-07-12 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor

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CN100499944C (zh) * 2007-10-01 2009-06-10 卫民 一种厚膜电热器的制作方法
CN107770887A (zh) * 2016-08-22 2018-03-06 上海福沃机械有限公司 组合式电加热管
CN107495833A (zh) * 2017-10-10 2017-12-22 湖北华强日用玻璃有限公司 隔热保温玻璃电热壶的加热底盘
CN108087853A (zh) * 2017-12-19 2018-05-29 广东美的厨房电器制造有限公司 厚膜蒸汽发生装置和具有其的家用电器

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2253551A (en) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-09 Electrolux Cookers Heating element in cooking vessel wall
EP0574310A1 (fr) * 1992-06-11 1993-12-15 Seb S.A. Plaque chauffante pour récipient chauffant, notamment pour bouilloire
EP0585015A1 (fr) * 1992-08-13 1994-03-02 Pifco Limited Dispositif à chauffer des liquides
WO1998003038A1 (fr) * 1996-07-15 1998-01-22 Philips Electronics N.V. Element chauffant

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2253551A (en) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-09 Electrolux Cookers Heating element in cooking vessel wall
EP0574310A1 (fr) * 1992-06-11 1993-12-15 Seb S.A. Plaque chauffante pour récipient chauffant, notamment pour bouilloire
EP0585015A1 (fr) * 1992-08-13 1994-03-02 Pifco Limited Dispositif à chauffer des liquides
WO1998003038A1 (fr) * 1996-07-15 1998-01-22 Philips Electronics N.V. Element chauffant

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11627900B2 (en) 2003-12-05 2023-04-18 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US11020031B1 (en) 2003-12-05 2021-06-01 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US11000215B1 (en) 2003-12-05 2021-05-11 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US11382539B2 (en) 2006-10-04 2022-07-12 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US10349873B2 (en) 2006-10-04 2019-07-16 Dexcom, Inc. Analyte sensor
US10980461B2 (en) 2008-11-07 2021-04-20 Dexcom, Inc. Advanced analyte sensor calibration and error detection
CN102379034A (zh) * 2009-04-02 2012-03-14 特莱美克科技私人有限公司 热电极组件
US10004442B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2018-06-26 Dexcom, Inc. Advanced analyte sensor calibration and error detection
US10610141B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2020-04-07 Dexcom, Inc. Advanced analyte sensor calibration and error detection
US9848809B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2017-12-26 Dexcom, Inc. Advanced analyte sensor calibration and error detection
US10448873B2 (en) 2011-04-15 2019-10-22 Dexcom, Inc. Advanced analyte sensor calibration and error detection
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AU8638898A (en) 1999-03-01
GB2346529A (en) 2000-08-09
WO1999008485A9 (fr) 2000-06-02
CN1124773C (zh) 2003-10-15
CN1270753A (zh) 2000-10-18
EP1002447A1 (fr) 2000-05-24
GB0002566D0 (en) 2000-03-29

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