Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
  • A01N1/10—Preservation of living parts
  • A01N1/12—Chemical aspects of preservation
  • A01N1/122—Preservation or perfusion media
  • A01N1/126—Physiologically active agents, e.g. antioxidants or nutrients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
  • A01N1/10—Preservation of living parts
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
  • A01N1/10—Preservation of living parts
  • A01N1/12—Chemical aspects of preservation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to the resuspension of blood platelets and/or platelet concentrates after separation of the platelets or platelet concentrate from the blood of a donor. More specifically, the present invention concerns platelet suspensions, media in which platelets may be resuspended, the suspension of platelets in such media, and methods for obtaining or preparing such suspensions.
• Whole blood is made up of various cellular components such as red cells, white cells and platelets suspended in its liquid component, plasma.
• Whole blood can be separated into its constituent components (cellular or liquid), and the separated component can be administered to a patient in need of that particular component.
• platelets can be removed from the whole blood of a healthy donor, collected, and later administered to a cancer patient, whose ability to make platelets has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
• platelets are collected by continuously or intermittently introducing whole blood from a donor into a centrifuge chamber wherein the whole blood is separated into its constituent components, including platelets, based on the densities of the different components.
• the platelets are often concentrated to form a layer of packed platelets with some residual plasma (hereinafter "platelet concentrate").
• platelet concentrate For storage and/or transfusion to the patient, however, the platelet concentrate must be resuspended in a liquid medium, such as plasma.
• CS-3000 ® Plus Blood Cell Separator made by Baxter Healthcare Corporation of Deerfield, IL.
• the Baxter CS-3000® Plus is an automated continuous flow centrifuge capable of performing numerous blood separation procedures, including plateletpheresis.
• platelets are separated from whole blood in two "stages".
• red blood cells and white blood cells are separated from platelets and plasma.
• the separated red blood cells and white blood cells are returned to the donor and the platelets and plasma ("platelet-rich plasma") proceed to the second stage for further processing.
• the platelet-rich plasma is separated into plasma depleted of platelets (platelet-poor plasma) and a platelet concentrate, which as defined above, includes platelets and residual plasma. Most of the plasma is returned to the donor, but some remains with the platelet concentrate.
• the platelet concentrate is then resuspended by mixing the platelet concentrate with an additional amount of plasma. After the platelets have resuspended, they may be transfused to a patient.
• AMICUSTM Separator also an automated continuous flow blood cell separator made by Baxter Healthcare Corporation.
• red blood cells and white blood cells are also separated from platelet-rich plasma in a first stage and the platelet-rich plasma is then separated into platelet poor plasma and platelet concentrate in a second stage.
• the collected platelet concentrate is also resuspended in additional plasma.
• platelets can also be collected on systems where the donor is not connected to the instrument during the plateletpheresis procedure.
• whole blood is collected from a donor.
• the container of collected whole blood is then centrifuged to separate the platelet rich plasma in a first stage from the other components.
• platelets are separated from plasma to form a platelet concentrate.
• the platelet concentrate is then resuspended in a liquid, such as plasma.
• plasma is effective for resuspending platelets, it may not be the ideal medium for platelet resuspension for several reasons.
• plasma itself is a valuable blood component that can be used or further processed for use in the treatment of patients with other disorders. Thus, it would be desirable to save the plasma for end uses other than platelet resuspension.
• platelets often do not completely resuspend in plasma and/or complete resuspension of platelets in plasma occurs over an extended period of time. Platelets that have not completely resuspended may be unsuitable for further processing or transfusion because of the presence of platelet aggregates (i.e. clumps of platelets). Platelet aggregates are undesirable because they can clog transfusion filters commonly used in platelet transfusions and/or platelet processing, such as filters designed for removal of white cells. Lower throughput because of clogged filters results in fewer platelets administered to a patient.
• the present invention is directed to a suspension of platelets that includes a platelet concentrate that is suitable for administration to a patient, a salt solution, and is substantially free of platelet aggregates.
• the present invention is also directed to the method for providing a suspension of platelets.
• the method includes providing a quantity of whole blood and separating the platelets from the whole blood, concentrating the platelets, and resuspending the platelet concentrate.
• the method may further include administering the platelet suspension to a patient.
• Platelet concentrates can be obtained by any known techniques.
• platelet concentrates can be prepared by separating whole blood into its components, including platelet concentrates, using an automated cell separator such as the CS-3000® Plus, AMICUSTM, other devices, and/or manual blood collection systems.
• an automated cell separator such as the CS-3000® Plus, AMICUSTM, other devices, and/or manual blood collection systems.
• anticoagulated whole blood is introduced into a separation chamber within a rotating centrifuge (spinning at approximately 1600 rpm) .
• anticoagulated whole blood is separated into red and white cells on the one hand and platelet-rich plasma on the other hand.
• the platelet-rich plasma is then pumped from the separation chamber into a second collection chamber within the rotating centrifuge. There the platelet-rich plasma is separated into platelet poor plasma and platelet concentrate.
• the platelet collection procedure results in a platelet concentrate (as defined above) having a volume of anywhere between 5-150 ml, depending on the volume of the collection chamber.
• the number of platelets collected is typically between 3 to 12 X 10 u platelets.
• anticoagulated whole blood is introduced into a rotating centrifuge (spinning at approximately 3200 rpm) and is separated (in a first stage) into red and white blood cells on the one hand and platelet-rich plasma on the other hand.
• the platelet-rich plasma is further separated (in a second stage) into platelet poor plasma and platelet concentrate.
• the final volume of the platelet concentrate is approximately 5-35 ml (which, as described above, includes a portion that is platelets and the remainder of which is plasma).
• the number of platelets collected is typically between 3 to 12 X 10 11 platelets, and more typically, approximately 4 X 10 11 platelets.
• the collected platelet concentrate was typically resuspended in a large volume of plasma.
• platelet concentrate collected on the AMICUSTM is typically resuspended in at least 150 ml of plasma.
• the volume of plasma needed for resuspension will depend on the number of platelets collected i.e. platelet yield).
• no additional plasma i.e. beyond the plasma which is part of the platelet concentrate
• the platelet concentrate is combined with a substance capable of resuspending the platelet concentrate.
• the substance can be a solid powder (such as, but not limited to, NaCl or KC1), a suspension or a solution , such as a salt solution.
• a salt solution anywhere between 5-500 ml of the solution may be combined with the platelet concentrate to resuspend the platelet concentrate. More typically, the volume of the solution is between 20-40 ml. The volume of solution needed to resuspend the platelets will depend on the number of platelets collected.
• the container of platelet concentrate and resuspension solution may be shaken or otherwise agitated to assist in resuspension.
• solutions suitable for resuspension of platelets include several salt solutions such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KC1). Typically, the concentration of salt in the solution is approximately 0.9% A 0.9% sodium chloride solution and 1.12% potassium chloride solution are suitable for resuspending platelets. It has also been discovered that hypertonic solutions (i.e. solutions having an osmolality greater than 0.9% NaCl) are useful in the resuspension of platelets. For example, and as described in more detail below, 1.8% NaCl solutions are also effective in quickly and efficiently resuspending the platelet concentrate.
• salt solutions such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KC1).
• concentration of salt in the solution is approximately 0.9% A 0.9% sodium chloride solution and 1.12% potassium chloride solution are suitable for resuspending platelets.
• hypertonic solutions i.e. solutions having an osmolality greater than 0.9% NaCl
• 1.8% NaCl solutions are also effective in quickly and efficiently re
• KC1 solution has also been shown to be effective for resuspending platelets.
• Other variants of the above-identified solutions are also suitable, such as a 0.9% sodium chloride solution with amiloride or a 1.8% sodium chloride solution with amiloride.
• Still other concentrations of the sodium chloride and potassium chloride solutions are also possible, such as concentrations between 0.45%-3.0%.
• the final platelet suspension includes anywhere between 5-150 ml of platelet concentrate, and more typically approximately 30-35 ml of platelet concentrate (as defined above) and approximately 5-500 ml, and more typically 20-30 ml of the salt solution used for resuspension.
• Platelets resuspended in the salt solutions may be suitable for transfusion soon after resuspension and, in any event, in less than 24 hours. If the platelets are not to be transfused immediately, and storage of the platelets is required, the platelet concentrate and salt solution may be further combined with a quantity of plasma and/or a platelet storage medium. It should be understood that for the platelet suspensions to be suitable for transfusion to a patient, the suspension should be substantially isotonic (i.e.
• the osmotic pressure outside the platelet cell is substantially equal to the osmotic pressure inside the cell.
• combining the platelet concentrate with 0.9% NaCl which is an isotonic solution, does not significantly affect the osmolality of the suspension and, therefore the suspension may be suitable for transfusion to a patient.
• a hypertonic solution such as a 1.8% NaCl, further dilution of the suspension may be required before the suspension can be administered to a patient.
• the platelets were collected from different donors A- G on either the AMICUSTM (donors A,B,C,D,F,G and H) or the CS-3000® Plus (donor E)in the manner described above.
• the collected platelet concentrates were resuspended in plasma and stored at 20-24° centigrade and were 4-6 days old when tested. Platelet samples from those platelet resuspensions were prepared in the manner described below.
• test solutions used were plasma, Thrombosol®, Platelet Additive Solution III (PASIII), and the salt solutions 0.9% saline, 0.45 sodium chloride, 0.45 sodium chloride with amiloride, 0.9 sodium chloride with amiloride, 1.8% sodium chloride, 1.8% sodium chloride with amiloride, 0.9% magnesium chloride, and 1.8% magnesium chloride, 1.12% potassium chloride and 2.24% potassium chloride.
• test solutions were either obtained from commercially available sources or prepared from powder.
• 0.9% NaCl used is available and was obtained from Baxter Healthcare Corporation of Deerfield, IL.
• Other test solutions were prepared from powder in ways that are known to those of skill in the art.
• 0.9% NaCl can be prepared by dissolving 900 g of NaCl in approximately 0.1 liter of water to obtain the 0.9% concentrations for the salt solutions.
• the hypertonic NaCl, KC1 and MgCl solutions can be prepared by dissolving NaCl, KC1 and MgCl in water in ways known to those of skill in the art to arrive at the concentrations set forth in Tables I and II.
• Thrombosol® is a platelet storage medium available from Lifecell Corporation of The Woodlands, Texas. Thrombosol® includes amiloride, ticlopidine and dipryridamole in DMSO and sodium nitroprusside, adenosine, and heparin in a phosphate buffered saline. A more detailed description of Thrombosol® is set forth in a U.S. Patent No. 5,622,867. The Thrombosol® solution used in the tests described below was prepared as described in Connor, J. etal.
• PAS III is a platelet storage medium available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation and is manufactured in La Chatre, France. PAS III includes dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate and sodium chloride.
• VORTEX TEST- ime for total resuspension Approximately 4 ml of the platelet suspension (as prepared above) was placed in a clean test tube. The test tube was centrifuged at 3200 rpm for approximately 8 minutes in a Sorval RT 6000 Centrifuge with Hi000B rotor to pellet the platelets. The tubes were removed from the centrifuge and all the plasma was removed without disturbing the platelet pellet. Four (4) ml of the test solutions (described above) were individually added to individual tubes without disturbing the pellet and the tube was vortexed in a Vortex Mixer available from Scientific Products (catalog #S8223-1) at high speeds for approximately 15 seconds.
• a second series of tests using the same test solutions was conducted to determine the degree of platelet resuspension in 10 seconds of time.
• 0.5 ml of platelet concentrate collected on the AMICUSTM and/or CS- 3000® was placed in a clean siliconized flat bottom glass Chronolog aggregometer tube.
• the tube was centrifuged at 3200 rpm for 20 minutes to pellet the platelets .
• the tube was removed from the centrifuge and all plasma was removed without disturbing the platelet pellet.
• the test solutions 0.5 ml
• the stir bar was added to the tube.
• the tube was inserted into a standard blood aggregometer in the platelet-rich plasma area.
• a baseline absorbance was obtained and the stir bar was switched on to 800 rpm.
• the absorbance was recorded on a strip chart recorder over time. The recording was allowed to continue until platelet concentrate was completely resuspended.
• the strip chart recordings were analyzed by measuring the pen deflection at complete resuspension compared to pen deflection at 10 seconds after the stir bar motor was started.
• the results in Table I show the percent resuspension in 10 seconds.
• Tables I and II set forth the aggregometer and vortex test results for donors A-G. All tests were performed in triplicate and mean values and standard deviations are reported. An "*" indicates that there was no resuspension after 2 hours .
• test solutions that were hypertonic seemed to resuspend the platelets faster and with greater efficiency than plasma or some of the other test solutions.
• the method of the present invention provides a new, unique, simple and inexpensive method whereby platelets can be completely resuspended and substantially free of aggregates.
• use of the alternative, inexpensive salt solutions for platelet resuspension preserves blood plasma for other important end uses.

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• 1997
  • 1997-06-09 US US08/871,115 patent/US6063624A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1998
  • 1998-05-15 CA CA002290389A patent/CA2290389A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-05-15 BR BR9810088-2A patent/BR9810088A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1998-05-15 WO PCT/US1998/010029 patent/WO1998056247A1/en not_active Ceased
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• 2000
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• 2001
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